Comm Exam 3

Servant Leadership

-A leadership philosophy and a set of leadership practices --Robert Greenleaf, The Servant as Leader --Stephen Covey, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People -The servant leader put the needs of others first and helps subordinates develop their own abilities -Qualities of the servant leader: awareness, listening, empathizing, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, healing, commitment to the growth of others, building community

Transformational Leadership Theory

-A new theory, transformational leadership emphasize the importance of relationships in leadership -The leader empowers group members to work independently and encourages collaboration between members of the group -Qualities of the transformational leader --High moral and ethical standards --Strong visions for the future --Challenges the status quo and encourages innovation --Recognizes and builds strengths and capabilities of followers and encourages their development

Aristotle's Rhetoric

-A rhetor is a speaker (and can be a person, corporation, an organization, or even the government) -According to Aristotle, rhetors offer two types of proofs: -Inartistic proofs are things which are there:facts, statistics, oaths, documents, contracts, constitutions and the like -Artistic proofs are things which the speaker creates in the audience -There are, Aristotle continues, three types of artistic proofs: --Ethos, pathos, logos

Interactive Media and the Individual

-Anonymity (true removal of any identity) and pseudoanonymity (false projection of identity) --Increasingly less opportunity for anonymity online --"No erasers on the Internet" --Three issues between anonymity and online identity ---Informative aspect of the identity ---Anonymity provides capacity to liberate speech ---Freedom may lead to less responsible communicators: Trolling, Spam, Phishing

Social Media Audiences

-Are you always aware of your audiences? -Collapsing contexts - In social media, not knowing exactly who is reading one's posts. --Lurkers -Spreadability - The ease with which content can be spread on social media.

Rehabilitating Rhetoric

-Aristotle (350 B.C.E.) famously responded to Plato in The Rhetoric (a guidebook for teaching the ethical use of rhetorical skills) -Cicero was the greatest Roman orator, believed rhetoric should be used for the public good and that eloquence without wisdom was feeble (and even dangerous) -Along with a series of ethical guidelines, Cicero also laid out three purposes for public speaking --To instruct (speaking to perform) --To please (speaking to entertain) --To win over (speaking to persuade) -Augustine believed rhetoric should be used to impart divine truth

Definitions of Rhetoric

-Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the art of finding, in any given situation, all of available means of persuasion." -Quintilian: "Rhetoric is the art of speaking well." -George Campbell: [Rhetoric] is the art or talent by which discourse is adapted to its end. The found ends of discourse are to enlighten the understanding, please the imagination, move the passion, and influence the will." -Douglas Ehninger: [Rhetoric is] that discipline which studies all of the ways in which men may influence each other's thinking and behavior through the strategic use of symbols." -One central theme regardless of definition- Every rhetor holds a social position --Determines his/her right to speak or access civic speaking spaces --Varies across cultures

Organizational Communication and the Individual

-Assimilation - The communicative, behavioral, and cognitive processes that influence individuals to join, identify with, become integrated into, and (occasionally) exit an organization. --Organizational identification - The stage of assimilation that occurs when an employee's values overlap with the organization's values. -Supervisor-Subordinate Communication --semantic-information distance - Describes the gap in information and understanding between supervisors and subordinates on specific issues. --upward distortion - Occurs when subordinates present information to superiors in a more positive light than is warranted.

Theories of Relationship Development

-Attraction Theory -Uncertainty Reduction Theory -Predicted Outcome Theory Social Exchange Theory -Equity Theory

Attraction Theory

-Attraction theory - theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together. -Based on: ---proximity - How physically close one is to others. --attractiveness - The appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities (social), or behavior (task). ---matching hypothesis - The tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are. --similarity - Degree to which people share the same values, interests, and background.

Improving Ethical Media Consumption

-Be an active agent - Seek out media that meet your needs, think about the basis for your media choices -Broaden your media horizons - Seek a range of views on world events -Talk back - Question content, framing, ethical implications

Ethics of Small Group Communication

-Being truthful --You are making contributions that affect larger collective decisions -Communicate authentically, group cohesion and trust are important to the performance and success of groups. --Use inclusive language --Listen with an open mind while evaluating others' contributions. --Help prevent groupthink -Consider the collective actions of the group members --The ethics of fairness and taking responsibility for one's own actions apply, but accept collective responsibility as well

Impact of Historical and Social Forces

-Bullying --Repeated, hostile behaviors intended to do harm that occur over an extended period --30% of workers have been bullied -Sexual Harassment --Unwanted sexual attention that interferes w/ ability to do one's job --Primarily a communicative behavior, quid pro quo, inappropriate displays, touching, names, date requests, displays w/ sexual content -Employee Privacy & Monitoring --Also includes drug testing, message and location monitoring, keystroke logging --Personality & psychological testing --Monitoring can decrease morale & increase worker stress

Why study close relationships?

-Close relationships are distinguished by their frequency, intensity, and diversity of contact as well as their level of intimacy, importance, and satisfaction. -People in close relationships see each other as unique and irreplaceable -"Communication is the foundation on which all relationships are built" -Relationships with friends, lovers, and family members offer a sense of belonging, help alleviate loneliness, and are central to psychological and physical health.

Interactive Media and the Individual

-Consequences of anonymity and pseudoanonymity --Cyberbullying ---Anonymous ---Infinite number of viewers can participate --Deception ---Providing false information ---Projecting a false identity

The Individual, Relationship Communication, and Society

-Cultural norms -Legal policies - marriage, hospital visitation, finances --Homosexual relationships are probably the relationships most affected by policy debate -The practices of specific institutions --Religions --Business organizations -Social norms of relationship types - married with children, married without children, unmarried parents, FWB

Aversive Communication Behaviors in Relationships

-Deception - Concealment, distortion, or dishonesty in communication. -Truth bias - The tendency to not suspect one's intimates of deception. -Jealousy - A complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing relationship. -Interpersonal violence - Physical violence against a partner or child. -Battering describes relationships in which one individual uses violence as a way to control and dominate their partner -Situational couple violence - couples may engage in pushing, shoving, slapping, or throwing objects, but they typically don't engage in beating one another severely or using weapons, in contrast to battering -Sexual coercion - Physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex.

Power, Access, and Digital Inequalities

-Digital divide - Inequity of access between the technology "haves" and "have nots." -Cultural capital - Cultural knowledge and cultural competencies that people need to function effectively in society. -Technocapital - Access to technological skills and resources.

Globalization and Digital Inequalities

-Digital readiness - People's preparedness and comfort in using digital tools for learning. -Reducing Digital Inequalities: What Keeps People Offline? -Mental access - motivation and access -Material access to digital hardware -Skills access -Knowledge of computer applications

Organizational Dilemmas

-Emotion Labor - process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job. More specifically, workers are expected to regulate their emotions during interactions with customers, co-workers and superiors. -Burnout - A chronic condition that results from the accumulation of daily stress, which manifests itself in a specific set of characteristics, including exhaustion, cynicism, and ineffectiveness. -Work-life conflict - Difficulty balancing job and home responsibilities.

Equity Theory

-Equity theory - Theory that argues that people are more satisfied in relationships they perceive as fair, that is, where their costs are balanced by their rewards. -Underbenefitted people perceive that their costs exceed their rewards. -Overbenefitted people perceive that their rewards exceed their costs. -Equity - Perception that one's costs (or inputs) are balanced by one's rewards (or outputs).

Ethics and Interactive Media

-Ethics and Online Identity --Assess the harm you may do to others --Communication is interactive and reciprocal -Privacy Issues --Respect the privacy of others --Increasing opportunities for privacy violation -Posting Ethical Messages --When disclosing feelings and opinions online, you are vulnerable to attacks --Discussion needs to be civil -Building Ethical Mediated Relationships --Provide enough information to recipients to discern the tone of the message --Consider which form of communication is appropriate

Ethos, Pathos, Logos

-Ethos - credibility --Situated Ethos (inherent within the speaker) --Invented Ethos (the persona created by the speaker) -Pathos - emotion --Understanding the audience (Aristotle uses the example of anger) --Imagining the emotion, channeling the emotion --Using effective language -Logos - logic --General reasoning or argumentation

Effective Small Group Communication Practices

-Four communication practices lead to task effectiveness and member satisfaction (relational effectiveness) 1.Equal participation 2.A consensus decision-making style 3.A cooperative conflict style 4.A respectful communication style

Improving Your Organizational Communication Skills

-Four steps in a strategic approach to conflict management -Strategy control - Assessing the available information and options to increase one's understanding of the conflict and the other party: 1.Decide what your goal is. 2.Decide if the issue is worth confronting—or worth confronting now 3.Try to understand the other party's goals, that is, what they want 4.Plan the interaction

Maintaining Friendships

-Friends use assurances, positivity, open discussion, and listening as well as simply spending time together

Ending Relationships

-Romantic relationships may end due to a lack of autonomy, compatibility, and supportiveness, as well infidelity. -Sudden death - Process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant or due to a betrayal. -Passing away - Process by which relationships decline over time.

Relationship Development through CMC

-Friendships --Increased field of available people to connect to --Hyperpersonal relationships --Relationships through interactive media overcome limits of time and space ---Dialectical view: strengthens and weakens relationships ----Weaknesses: lack of nonverbal cues, asynchrocity ----Strengths: continuity regardless of distance -Romantic Relationships --Finding similar others - search criteria --Getting past the gates - shared purpose and information --Achieving intimate exchanges - building from an established base --Emerging concerns - revenge porn, catfishing

Functions of Organizational Communication

-Function - The goals and effects of communication. -Production - A function of organizational communication in which activity is coordinated toward accomplishing tasks. -Maintenance - A function of organizational communication in which the stability of existing systems is preserved. -Innovation - A function of organizational communication by means of which systems are changed.

Group work is an eventuality.

-Group hate - the distaste and aversion that many people feel toward working in groups

Why do we study groups?

-Groups are a fact of life -Enhanced college performance -Enhanced career success (employers value communication, interpersonal skills, and the ability to work in teams) -Enhance personal life (involvement in small groups beyond work or school)

Groupthink

-Groupthink occurs when a homogenous highly cohesive group is so concerned with maintaining unanimity that they fail to evaluate all their alternatives and options. It is a negative, and potentially disastrous, group process characterized by "excessive concurrence thinking." -Preventing Groupthink --Encourage members to raise objections and concerns --Assigning one or more member to play the role of the devil's advocate --Requiring the group to develop multiple scenarios

Structure of Organizational Communication

-Hierarchy --power structure in which some members exercise authority over others. --chain of command, who reports to whom -Structure & Flow --Upward communication - communication with superiors. --Downward communication - communication with subordinates (job duties, explanations, info, feedback) --Horizontal communication (needed for socialization) - communication with peers.

What do Media Scholars Study?

-How Individuals Resist Media Messages --Why do we resist? - politics, religion, preference, age, gender, ethnicity, sexuality --It's more than just not watching a particular show on TV. It's about not allowing TV/media to shape our identities

Interactive Media and the Individual

-How can it affect work relationships? --Technologies have improved people's ability to do their jobs -How can it affect superior-subordinate communication? --Areas of concern in the workplace ---Status and boundary issues, Surveillance issues, Confidentiality issues -How can it affect peer communication? --Lack of information about colleagues if just interact online ---Increases uncertainty ---Potential for disagreements and misunderstandings

Decision-Making Phases

-How do small groups arrive at good decisions? -Phase 1. Orientation - primary tension - The uncertainty commonly felt in the beginning phase of decision making. -Phase 2. Conflict - secondary (recurring) tension - Conflict or tension found in the second or conflict phase of the decision-making process. -Phase 3. Emergence - The third phase of the decision-making process; occurs when group members express a cooperative attitude. -Phase 4. Reinforcement- reinforcement phase The final phase of the decision-making process when group members reach consensus, and members feel a sense of accomplishment.

Improving Your Relationship Communication Skills

-Hurtful messages - Messages that criticize, tease, reject, or otherwise cause an emotional injury to another. -Can we identify unintentionally hurtful messages as well as the intentionally hurtful messages?

Rhetoric - Good or Bad

-If "rhetoric" is a good thing, why are the phrases "empty rhetoric" or "that's merely rhetoric" so common? Blame Plato -The first communication professors, the Sophists, taught persuasive speaking skills in the Greek city-state, seen as unethical -Plato famously denounced the Sophists and their approach to teaching rhetoric -In the Gorgias, Plato compared Sophistic rhetoric to "cookery" in which ingredients were mixed together to create a tasty meal -According to Plato, persuasion should never triumph over the truth

What do Media Scholars Study?

-Impact of Media Messages on the Individual -Linear model - (Sender Message Channel Receiver) - how those messages affect receivers -Simple, can't really explain why people respond to messages in different ways -Mass media effects -- Influence - even though it's simple, it can explain why we copy what we see on TV.

3 Roles Media Play in Society

-Influencing Social Identities --Construct for us what it means to be something (woman, athlete, millionaire, politician) --Confirms our identities for us

How we communicate in relationships

-Initiating Romantic Relationships - Flirting, nonverbal signals, apps -Initiating Friendships - shared activity, reciprocal self disclosure --Social Penetration Theory --Communication and self-disclosure are essential to relationship development --Three dimensions ---breadth - range of topics ---depth - how detailed and personal your self-disclosures are ---frequency - how often it happens (needs to be reciprocal)

Why study social/interactive media?

-Interactive media are a constant reality in our lives and affect our daily activities in multiple ways. -Understanding interactive media and having good media skills will help you be more successful personally and professionally. -Uses of communication technologies -Connect with others - New relationships and maintaining relationships -Consume content - Get directions, read a book, civic engagement

What Are Interactive Media?

-Interactive media is any mediated form of communication -Use digital electronic storage -Can be sent to one or many -Interactive media is social media: 1.Blogs 2.Social Networking Sites (Facebook, Twitter) 3.Virtual social worlds (Second Life) 4.Collaborative projects (Wikis) 5.Content communities (YouTube or Pinterest) 6.Massive Multiplayer Online Games (Fortnite, WoW)

Social Exchange Theory

-Social exchange theory - Explains the development and longevity of relationships as a result of individuals' ability to maximize the rewards and minimize the costs of their relationships. -Rewards vs costs -Can a behavior be a reward for one member of the relationship and simultaneously be a cost for the other?

3 Roles Media Play in Society

-Interpreting Media Events --Media events - Occasions or catastrophes that interrupt regular programming --Funeral of John F. Kennedy, the Olympics, Princess Diana's funeral, attacks of September 11, 2001, George Floyd Protests --Sometimes media events are "created" through public relations/strategic communication - president calls a press conference --Events become spectacles- focus of attention and a shared experience

Small Group Communication and the Individual: Leadership

-Leadership defined as "an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend changes and outcomes that reflect their share purposes" -Leaders have an influence relationship - reciprocal -Leaders have an intention to change - Leader vs manager -Communication is the key to effective leadership -Strategic communication is purpose-directed

Interactive Media and the Individual

-Managing Identity --Impression management through self-presentation online: 1.Standard information - name, gender, profile picture 2.Sensitive personal information - email address, birthday, employer, curated photos 3.Potentially stigmatizing information - religious views, political views, sexual orientation, all photos --Not always sure who audience is

How Does Interactive Media Use Affect Our Communication Choices?

-Media Characteristics --Social presence - Degree of psychological closeness or immediacy engendered by various media. --Social presence theory - Theory that suggests face-to-face communication is generally high in social presence, and that media vary in the amount of social presence they convey. -Social Process - type of self presentation and self disclosure allowed in that type of media -Does each social networking site have their own rules, norms, and personality?

How Does Interactive Media Use Affect Our Communication Choices?

-Media Characteristics --Some lack the capability of nonverbal cues --Some are asynchronous in nature ---Synchronous (sent and received at the same time) ---Asynchronous (sent and received at different times) --Media richness theory - information carrying capacity ---Face-to-face is most rich, text messages are least rich

Media economics

-Media dominated by large corporations -They affect what we see & hear -Political economy research --Focuses on understanding economic relations in media industry --Also focus on government regulations -Culture industries --Organizations that produce, distribute, show media

Why study mass media and communication?

-Media messages and images shape how people view the world and others -The media environment is an interaction because people select programs to watch -Media provides both information and entertainment

What do Media Scholars Study?

-Media scholars (as well as advertisers and marketers) want to know who is watching what. --That's how we study the effects of particular media "texts" (TV show, movie, specific ad, etc) -Choice - how do you decide what to watch/listen/read...etc? Your preferences change over time. --Selective exposure - choose messages that are consistent with our attitudes/beliefs/values/interests and stay away from messages that are inconsistent or challenge our perspectives.

Relationship Models - Turning Point Model

-Model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship.

Relationship Models - Knapp's Stage Model

-Model of relationship development that views relationships as occurring in "stages" and focuses on how people communicate as relationships develop and decline.

The Individual, Communication Technology, and Society

-Multimodality - The range or breadth of Internet activities. -People most likely to have access to interactive media in U.S. --Young or middle aged --College degree or current student --Comfortable income --Urban or suburban area --Physically abled

Disengagement Relationship Strategies - Romantic

-Negative identity management - Communicating in ways that arouse negative emotions to make the other person upset enough to agree to break off the relationship. -De-escalation strategies - A broad category that includes promising some continued closeness and suggesting that the couple might reconcile in the future. -Justification strategies - Providing a reason or excuse for ending the relationship. -Positive tone strategies- Communicating concern for the rejected partner and trying to make the person feel better. -Behavioral de-escalation - Avoiding the partner.

Organizational Communication

-Organizations from a communication perspective --Organizations are "the set of interactions that members of groups use to accomplish their individual and common goals" --Communication scholars argue that communication constitutes organizations --Two important aspects of organizations definition ---Organizations are composed of group members' interactions ---Organizational members pursue goals

The Importance of Studying Media

-Pervasiveness of screened content -How can it help create a bond or sense of community? -How do we use the media for information and entertainment? Media Scholars study: -Impact of media messages on the individual -How individuals choose media messages -How/why individuals resist media messages

Ethics and Close Relationships

-Practice "authentic communication" - communication that is open, honest, and genuine (no hidden motives) -We need to avoid the three "pitfalls" of inauthentic communication --Topic avoidance --Meaning denial --Disqualification

Predicted Outcome Theory

-Predicted outcome theory - Theory that attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion. -Initial contact in relationships focuses on how safe, competent, and interesting the other is. -If something goes wrong at the beginning the interaction can immediately end and cut off any potential relationship.

Maintaining Romantic Relationships

-Relational maintenance - Behaviors that couples perform that help maintain their relationships. We have connected yet competing needs -Primary Relational Dialectics 1.Autonomy & Connection - we like our independence and alone time, but we still want to feel close to them and be with them 2.Expressiveness & Privacy - you want and need self-disclosure, the relationship can't move on without it, but we also have the need to keep some things to ourselves, for ourselves. TMI vs. "I feel like I don't know anything about you, you're so secretive." 3.Change & Predictability - we like predictability, we like security and knowing where we stand with someone, but sometimes we want to be surprised, sometimes we want a little spontaneity

Individual, Organizational Communication, & Society

-Societal & Historical Influences on Organizations --Workers gained a voice in organizations by 1930s --General systems theory - Theory that organizations are a system composed of many subsystems and embedded in larger systems, and that organizations should develop communication strategies that serve both. --Globalization -Influence of Organizations on Individuals and Society --New social contract - profit over people, shareholders over employees, increase in contingent employees, job holders more fearful of changing jobs --Competitiveness and urgent organizations - responding to new demands

Why study rhetorical communication?

-The Advantages of Studying Rhetoric --Understand viewpoints surrounding social issues --Understand cultures --Critically evaluate and respond to persuasive messages --Become better communicators

Style Theory

-This approach argues a leader's manner or style of leading a group determines her or his success -Three common styles: --The authoritarian leader takes charge and has a high level of intellect and experience (Example: military, sports, or crisis) --The democratic leader invites great input from group members (Example: politics and most social groups) --A laissez-faire leader allows complete freedom for the group in making decisions (Example: low stakes activities such as dining groups)

Trait Theory

-Thomas Carlyle theorized "the history of the world was the biography of great men" -Qualities of "great men" -Often male, tall, and often good looking -The most important traits include ambition (drive), self-confidence, integrity, intelligence, and knowledge -Challenged by more contemporary theories which argue "state" is more important than "trait"

Five Theories of Leadership

-Trait Theory (leaders are born) -Functional Theory (leadership behavior can be learned) -Style Theory (the leaders' manner or style determine his or her success) -Transformational Leadership Theory (the leader empowers the group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion) -Servant Leadership Theory (the leader seeks to ensure that other people's highest priority needs are being served to increase teamwork and personal involvement)

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

-Uncertainty reduction theory - Theory that argues relationship development is facilitated or derailed by participants' efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other. -When initiating new relationships, we try to reduce uncertainty about ourselves in a positive and pleasant manner to a potential partner. -If mutually desirable and we have more opportunities to interact, we tend to increase our levels of disclosure and to solicit more personal disclosure from the other person. -This process continues until the two participants either form a relationship or cease to have opportunities to interact.

3 Roles Media Play in Society

-Understanding the world - able to see/learn about cultures from all over the world --However - media controls those messages through AGENDA SETTING (want you to believe the world is happy and good...) --Cultivation Theory - how you learn a culture, it's attitudes, values, and beliefs

Functional Theory

-Unlike trait theory, functional theory argues leadership behavior can be learned (even by group members who are not "leadership types") -Leadership duties can also pass from person to person depending on the task -Group success does not depend on task or relational behaviors, but rather on whether group members exhibit the required role behavior when necessary -A related idea is shared leadership where a group functions more like a partnership

What Is Small Group Communication?

-We define small group communication as: "communication among a small number of people who share a common purpose or goal, who feel connected to each other, and who coordinate their behavior." --A small number of people - Three to seven --A common purpose - Working together toward a goal --Feel a connection with each other --May exert an influence on each other - Positive or negative

Ethics & Organizational Communication

-We tend to focus on individual rights & responsibilities -Communal approach focuses on the common good --Morality is based on consequences for the group -But when organizations are unethical, no individuals may be held responsible -The most ethical approach considers needs of individual & community and holds community and leaders responsible

Organizational Culture

-What is Organizational Culture? - A pattern of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors. -Formal structure - Officially designated channels of communication, reflecting explicit or desired patterns of interaction. -Informal structure - Unspoken but understood channels of communication, reflecting patterns that develop spontaneously (more like the grapevine). --Artifacts, languages, rites and rituals, ceremonies, stories, beliefs, and habits enacted by group members --Not static, changes over time --Artifacts, values and beliefs, underlying assumptions -Organizational climate - How organizational members feel about, or experience, the organization's culture.

Disengagement Relationship Strategies - Friendship

-Withdrawal/avoidance - Friendship termination strategy in which friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other. -Machiavellian tactics - Having a third party convey one's unhappiness about a relationship. -Positive tone strategies- communicate concern for the rejected friend and try to make the person feel better -Openness - Straightforwardly explaining why the relationship is ending.

Why study organizational communication?

-Your life is shaped by organizations everyday -Legislative bodies make laws/regulations Educational institutions create "knowledge" -Religious groups influence moral beliefs -Business corporations influence governments, education, and international relations

Relationship Models - Knapp's Stage Model - Five stages leading to termination

1.Differentiation - couples increase their interpersonal distance. 2.Circumscribing - Decrease in quantity and quality of communication, couples discuss safe topics. 3.Stagnating - which couples try to prevent change, no energy to fix problems, no energy to end. Go through daily routines and keep things the same. 4.Avoiding - try not to interact with each other. 5.Terminating - end the relationship. Sadface.

Relationship Models - Knapp's Stage Model -Five stages leading to commitment

1.Initiating -both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable. 2.Experimenting - people seek to learn about each other. 3.Intensifying - seek to increase intimacy and connectedness. 4.Integrating - Start to become a single unit, portray themselves as a couple. 5.Bonding -public commitment of some kind, also involves social and institutional support

Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Work

Advantages of Group Work: -Groups often make higher quality decisions -Creativity as a result of social facilitation -Promotes critical thinking Disadvantages of Group Work: -Time consuming -Might result in premature decisions -Silences divergent opinions -Not satisfying when group members dominate or withdraw social facilitation-the tendency for people to work harder and do better when others are around

Close Relationships and the Individual

Close relationships -defined by these qualities -Frequency -Intensity -Diversity of contact -Level of intimacy -Level of importance -Level of satisfaction

What do Media Scholars Study?

How Individuals Choose Media Messages: -Uses and Gratifications - what people get out of the media they use - why do you choose certain programs over others? --Information --Personal identity - fortify your identity --Integration and Social Interaction - help you connect with others (water cooler moments) --Entertainment - escape

Organizational Communication and the Individual 2

How do we minimize distance and distortion? -openness - Sharing ideas as well as listening to others in a way that avoids conveying negative or disconfirming feedback. -supportiveness - Providing subordinates with access to information and resources. -motivation - Feeling personally invested in accomplishing a specific activity or goal. -empowerment - Feeling capable of performing a job and having the authority to decide how to perform it well. -ingratiation - Behavior and communication designed to increase liking. -assertiveness - Expressing one's opinions forcefully without offending others. -rationality - The ability to communicate through reasoning, bargaining, coalition building, and assertiveness.

Mass Media and Communication

Media = plural of medium -Media are channels for information flow -Mediated communication for large audiences Six current changes in mass communication that are important: -New form, content, and substance -New kinds of interactive media -New media ownership patterns -New viewing patterns and audience habits -New patterns in family life -New patterns of interactive media use by youth Channels of communication; means by which messages are sent: Newspaper, magazines, books, e-books, movies, radio, music, television, internet

Media Sensitivity

Media Sensitivity - The awareness that media possess characteristics that affect their appropriateness and effectiveness in specific contexts. How Should You Communicate. . . -An invitation to a wedding? -A negative evaluation at work? -A request for a small favor? A big favor? -That you want to end your romantic relationship?

What do Media Scholars Study?

Media researchers want to know what you're exposing yourself to, why, for how long, and how it might be affecting your life. But, in addition to knowing how the media affects the individual, they also want to know how media is shaping society.

Rhetorical Communication

Rhetorical communication serves three functions in society: -Helps strengthen democratic societies -Helps people pursue justice -Helps people clarify their own beliefs and actions Becoming a rhetorical critic: -Rhetorical critic: An informed consumer of rhetorical discourse who is prepared to analyze rhetorical texts -Rhetorical criticism is a method for generating knowledge about rhetoric

Dewey Sequence of Problem Solving

Step 1. Define and Delineate the Problem Step 2. Analyze the Problem Step 3. Identify Alternative Solutions Step 4. Evaluate Proposed Solutions Step 5. Choose the Best Solution

Small Group Communication and the Individual: Roles

Two primary dimensions of communication process in small groups: 1.Task Communication - Focused on getting the job done and solving the problem at hand 2.Relational Communication - Focused on group maintenance and interpersonal relationships Three primary group roles: 1.Task roles - directly related to the accomplishment of groups goals 2.Relational roles - help establish the group's social atmosphere 3.Individual roles - dysfunctional to the group process