Comm Final

unethical listening behaviors

defensive selective selfish hurtful pseudo

centrality

degree to which an individual sends and receives messages from others in the group

cohesion

degree to which group members have bonded and consider themselves to be one entity

self disclosure

deliberately revealing info about oneself, 2 dimensions: breadth and depth

contact cultures

depend on touch as an important form of communication

reward power

derives from capacity to provide rewards

agenda

details subject and goal of meeting and logistics like time, place, or log-in conference call information

media literate

developing an understanding of your own media habits and critically evaluating and analyzing media sources and messages

powerful language

fluent, direct, and doesn't use powerless markers; higher ratings on competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, social/economic status, message effectiveness

action-oriented listeners

focused on tasks; organize info into concise and relevant themes, tend to keep discourse on track, valuable in meeting and as members of teams/organizations

study group

formed for specific purpose of helping students prepare for exams

competent communication

generally refers to effective and appropriate communication

responding

generating some kind of feedback

distractor

goes off on tangents or tells irrelevant stories

overaccomodate

going too far in changing your language or changing your language based on incorrect or stereotypical notion of another group

storming

group inevitably experiences conflicts over issues such as who will lead group and what roles members will play

self-directed work team

group of skilled workers who take responsibility for producing high-quality finished work

cultural identity

how individuals view themselves as a member of a specific culture, influences communication choices and how messages from others interpreted, reinforced by messages received by people from similar cultures

volume

how loud or soft the voice is

interaction appearance theory

how people change their attributions of someone they more they interact

have common goals

identify with one another because have one or more goals in common, may be specific or general and shared sense of purpose helps define a group

inoculation theory

inoculation is more effective than support in building up resistance because listeners exposed to a weak version of the counterarguments tend to develop an immunity to later arguments favoring that side

questioning techniques

inquiries that a listener can make to coordinate what the speaker is saying with what the listener is hearing

sexual-arousal touch

intense form of touch that often reveals intimacy (between spouses or romantic partners) but also used in non-intimate relationships that are sexual in nature

self-presentation

intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes

equivocal language

intentional imprecise language; helps to manage "face" for self and others

understanding

interpreting and making sense of message

auditory processing disorder

learning disability that makes it difficult for individuals to process info they hear

ritualizing

learning rules for managing conversations and relationships

classic management approach

likens organizations to machines, with a focus on maximizing efficiency

selfish listening

listen only for needs

people-oriented listeners

listen with relationships in mind, tend to be most concerned with feelings of others, good at assessing moods of others, able to listen in nonjudgmental way

monopolistic listening

listening in order to control the communication interaction

primary groups

long-lasting groups that form around the relationships that mean the most to their members (i.e. family or friends)

logical reasoning

make consistent, rational inferences from data; construct good theories/models

"guilt trip"

manipulate someone to get your goals accomplished

communication processing

means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate info you receive

performing

members combine their skills and knowledge to work toward group's goals and overcome hurdles

low power distance culture

members readily offer opinions without extra encouragement from leader

schemas

memory bases that each individual organizes and adapts their perceptions into

interruptions

men more often than women

feedback

message from the receiver to the send that illustrates responses that occur when 2 people communicate (verbal, nonverbal, or both)

channel

method through which communication occurs; need to communicate

tone

modulation of the voice, usually expressing a particular feeling or mood

social-polite touch

more interpersonal than functional-professional; often polite acknowledgement of the other person

informal-formal dimension

more psychological, dealing with our perception of personal versus impersonal situations

ambushing

more strategic, find weaknesses and pulls them out at strategic/embarrassing times

time-oriented listeners

most concerned with efficiency, prefer clear and to the point info as well as time limitations

cyberbullying

multiple abusive attacks on individual targets conducted through electronic channels

memorized speech

must be planned before, written, committed to memory

selecting

must choose one sound over others when faced with competing stimuli

elder

name given to online group member who has participated a long time; opposite of newbie

two guidelines for effective delivery

naturalness and poise

predictability vs. novelty

need for stability through predictable relational interaction and need for new and exciting experiences

complementing

nonverbal behavior that matches without mirroring the verbal message it accompanies (say good job, pat on back)

affect displays

nonverbal behaviors that convey feelings, moods, and reactions, often unintentional and reflect sender's emotions, show of feelings/emotions (i.e. jumping around out of excitement)

supportive climates

offer communicators a change to honestly and considerately explore the issues involved in conflict situation

intergroup contact theory

one prominent idea for addressing intercultural challenges holds that interaction between members of different social groups generates a possibility for more positive attitudes to emerge

high power distance cultures

people with less power accept position as basic fact of life and experience more anxiety when they communicate with those of higher status and likely to accept coercion as normal; unlikely to challenge authority

shared identity

perceive themselves as a group, recognize other members of group, have specific feelings toward those individuals, experience sense of belongings in group

intrinsic rewards

personally satisfying rewards that result from an exchange of intimacy

attraction

physical attractiveness, similarily, proximity

public-private dimension

physical space that affects our nonverbal communication

pseudolistening

pretending to listen, not paying attention

experimental research

purpose is to draw causal conclusions; manipulate causal, independent variables and measure effect/outcome (dependent variable); need random assignment and good manipulation; there is limited participant sample and it is an artificial setting, hard to generalize results beyond participants and lab environments

tactics that maintain conflict

quid pro quo, combining escalation/reduction tactics

norms

recurring patterns of behavior or thinking that come to be accepted in a group as the "usual" way of doing things

3 signs of mindlessness

reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, uncritical evaluation

openness

refers to an organization's awareness of its own imbalances and problems

hierarchy

refers to layers of power and authority in an organization

authoritativeness

refers to speaker's perceived command of a given subject - how intelligent, informed, competent, and prestigious we think speaker is

character

refers to speaker's perceived intentions and trustworthiness

defensive listening

responding with aggression and arguing with the speaker without fully listening to the message

phonological rules

rules about how words should be pronounced

syntactic rules

rules about placement of words in sentence

adaptors

satisfy some physical or psychological need, not conscious behaviors, used to reduce bodily tension often responding to heightened emotional stimulation, more frequent when stressed/impatient/bored, often indicative of negative feelings, way to regulate emotion/psychological state (i.e. twirling hair)

research

set of systematic procedures for gathering credible information about some object or process

speech repertoires

sets of complex language behaviors or "files" of language possibilities

broadcasting

signals carried over the airwaves from a station transmitter to a receiver

co-cultures

smaller groups of people within a culture who are distinguished by features such as race, religion, age, generation, political affiliation, gender, sexual orientation, economic status, educational level, occupation, etc.

mediated communication

some technology that is used to deliver messages between sources and receivers

troll

someone in an online group who intentionally inserts irrelevant inflammatory comments into discussion in order to stir up controversy

demographic analysis

speaker considers general characteristics of audience members

topical organization

speaker moves from one topic to the next in a way that clearly demonstrates how they are related

referent power

stems from admiration, respect, or affection that followers have for a leader

ethics

study of moral choices individuals make in relationships with others

countercoalitions

subgroup positions itself against another on an issue, can leave anyone who isn't affilated with subgroup in awkward position

field experiment

subjects to be treated and observed are people living in a community, working in a factor, going to school, or carrying on normal activities in some natural setting

attraction-similarity hypothesis

suggests that the extent to which we project ourselves onto another person is the direct result of the attraction we feel for that person

relational history

sum of shared experiences of individuals invoked in a relationship

triangle of meaning

symbol (word), object (referent) - bottom points; arbitrary connection between symbol and object; connected by thought (reference) - top point

nonverbal codes

symbols we use to send messages without, or in addition to, words

love-intimacy touch

used by romantic partners, partners, and children, even very close friends and family that communicates deep closeness (i.e. kissing, embracing, caressing)

functional-professional touch

used to perform a job

informational listening

used to understand a message main goal: to process and accurately understood what's being said

appreciative listening

used when your goal is simply to take pleasure in sounds that you receive

powerless language

uses lots of hedges, hesitations, intensifiers, tag questions, disclaimers; seen as likable and good-natured

spatial organization

uses space or geographic position as an organizing principle

media multitasking

using more than one media type at the same time

pitch

variations in voice that give prominence to certain words or syllables

hyperbole

vivid, colorful language used by collectivistic cultures with great emotional intensity and exaggeration often

back channel cues

vocalizations signal when we want to talk versus when we are just encouraging others (saying "mhm" and "uh-huh" and nodding)

social comparison theory

we compare ourselves to others as we develop our ideas about ourselves

external attribution

we see it as caused by the situation or other factors outside the person's control

matching hypothesis

we seek relationships with others who have comparable levels of attractiveness

the referential function

we use language to "refer" to things and ideas; categorize things and label them; group things with similar characteristics

relational network

web of relationships that connect individuals to one another, everyone has one

interdependence

what we do affects others and what others do affects us

outgroups

"others"

feminine cultures

-"nurturing cultures" -place value on relationships and quality of life -place greater value on affection, friendliness, and social support between people -less concerned with assertiveness and more with understanding others -Portugal, Scandinavian cultures, Chile

the relational context

communication shaped by expectations and goals for a relationship; expectations/goals vary and change over time; choose different language for different relationships

hyperpersonal communication

communication that is even more personal and intimate than face-to-face interaction

social information processing theory (SIP)

communicators use unique language and stylistic cues in their online messages to develop relationships that are just as close as those that grow from face-to-face content

analogy

comparison between two things or situations on basis of their partial similarities

two dimensions of credibility

competence and honesty

behavioral flexibility

competent communicators adapt communication skills for use in variety of life situations

illustrators

complements verbal messages and help visually explain what is being said, can be used to increase influence in relationships (i.e. using hands when talking, pointing)

direct evidence

compliments, insults, support, or negative remarks

task roles

concerned with accomplishment of group's goals, especially activities that need to be carried out for group to achieve its objectives i.e.: info giver, info seeks, elaborator, initiator, administrator, moderator, elder

productive conflict

conflict that is managed effectively

unproductive conflict

conflict that is managed poorly and has negative impact on individuals and relationships involved

communication climate

conflicts can stem from certain atmospheres, feelings, around different relationships (uncertain, defensive, and supportive)

human relations approach

considers human needs of organizational members

human resources approach

considers organizational productivity from the workers' perspectives and considers them assets to who can contribute their useful ideas to improve the organizaiton

dual level of interpersonal messages

contextual level: the "what" relational level: info about how interactants feel about themselves and each other in the relationship

friendship-warmth touch

conveys liking and effection between people who know each other well (i.e. hugging friends)

regulating

coordinating verbal interaction to help us navigate back-and-forth of communication in a constructive and appropriate manner

Dyad

couple (2 people)

antigroup roles

create problem by serving individual priorities at expense of group needs i.e.: blocker, avoider, recognition seeker, distractor, troll

self-denigration

criticizing/attacking self, most negative

Integrating stage

cultivate opinions as couple, others treat you as couple, common property, speak alike, sense of obligation/identity together

high uncertainty avoidance cultures

cultures that are more anxious about unknown; Portugal, Greece, Peru, Japan

low uncertainty avoidance cultures

cultures with higher tolerance for risk and ambiguity

self-censorship

carefully monitoring their own content and eliminating messages that might offend their viewers or sponsors

passing away

characterized by gradual fading of a relationship; loses its vitality

accenting

clarifying and emphasizing specific information in a verbal message

friendship

close and caring relationship between 2 people that is perceived as mutually satisfying and beneficial

intimacy

closeness and understanding of a relational partner

perception

cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understandings

empirical observation

collect data, make systematic observations/measurement

spontaneous development

the partners wind up spending more time together

masculine cultures

-"achievement culture" -places value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness -make clearer distinctions between sexes -Mexico, Japan, Italy

group

collection of more than two people who share some kind of relationship, communicate in an interdependent fashion, and collaborate toward some shared purpose

What is communication?

-An exchange of meaningful symbols -A process (ongoing, systematic activity) -Contextual (dyads, groups, media, etc)

extemporaneous speaking

combines careful speech outlining and planning with spontaneity of impromptu speaking

greatest factors in impression formation

-info about stable traits -info from a credible source -info we receive first -info about extreme or unusual behavior -info about negative traits -info about "central" traits

legitimate power

comes from an individual's role or title

expert power

comes from information or knowledge that a leader possesses

chain networks

-information passed from one member to the next rather than shared among members -practical for sharing written info -can lead to frustration and miscommunication when information is conveyed through other codes like spoken words

features of language

-is rule-governed (grammar) -is capable of dispalcement (communicating intangible things like dream, etc.) -meanings of symbols/words arbitrary

nonverbal codes

-paralanguage -personal appearance -oculesics -kinesics -proxemics -chronemics -haptics

Why model communication?

-Help visualize and organize information clearly -Make predictions about behavior -Suggest new ideas for understanding communication

3 assumptions of science

1) assumption of an orderly universe 2) assumption of cause-effect relationships 3) assumption of scientific integrity

4 main spheres of influence

1) communicators 2) relational context 3) situational context 4) cultural context

scientific method steps

1) empirical observation 2) logical reasoning 3) objectivity 4) public dialogue

types of listening

1) people-oriented 2) action-oriented 3) content-oriented 4) time-oriented

the listening process

1) selecting 2) attending 3) understanding 4) remembering 5) responding

3 influences on cognitions

1) self-concept 2) self-esteem 3) self-efficacy

6 basic stages of research process

1) specify the goals of research 2) reviewing prior research reports 3) make the necessary observations 4) analyze the data 5) reach conclusions 6) report the results

Troester and Mester's 5 guidelines for productions of more civil language in the workplace

1) use no words rather than offensive ones 2) use words appropriate to your specific listener 3) choose temperate and accurate words over inflammatory ones when commenting on ideas, issues, or persons 4) use objective, respectful, and nondiscriminatory language 5) use clean language at all times when at work

indirect evidence

innuendo, gossips, subtle nonverbal cues, lack of communication

population

all the people about whom generalizations are to be made from the results of the survey

adaptability

allowing for change and growth in light of changing times and circumstances

nonverbal communication's relation to verbal communication

-complements, substitutes for, regulates, and contradicts verbal

3 social science research methods

-content analysis -survey research -experimental research

strategies for setting group goals

-define goals in terms of problems to be solved -establish clear performance standards -identify resources group will need to accomplish its goals -recognize contingencies -determine how to monitor and report progress toward goals

adjourning

-for groups whose project or task has come to an end -reflect on accomplishments and failures -determine whether group will disassemble or take on another project -members may opt to maintain relationships even if no longer working together

stages of group development

-forming -storming -norming -performing -adjourning

compromise

-goal: both gain -trade off: both lose -tactics: restating positions instead of needs, experimental integration

passive aggressive style of conflict

-goal: express discontent, but not openly -tactics: keep main grievance to self, send subtle and indirect negative messages

conflict accommodation

-goal: let other have his/her way, appease -tactics: openly giving in, passive agreement

conflict avoidance

-goal: stay away from conflict entirely -tactics: physical avoidance, changing the subject, denial, postponement, resorting to formal rules, controlling the process, gunnysacking

cognitive forces

-group member's thoughts and beliefs -affect how everyone in group perceives, interprets, evaluates, stores, and retrieves info

forming

-group members try to negotiate who will be in charge and what group's goal will be -purpose to make friends, "fit in", and learn about group's or other's objectives

problem-solving process

-identifying problem -analyzing problem -generating solutions -evaluating and choosing solutions -implementing solution -assessing the results

personal appearance

-body displays -clothing and accessories -can signal authority, legitimacy, belonging

oculesics

-study of the use of the eyes to communicate, covers importance of eyes in communication eye contact/gaze -avoidance often taken as dishonesty, insincerity, discomfort -eye contact can signal confidence, immediacy -can increase perceptions of attractiveness

Characteristics of Communication (6)

-symbolic -code is shared -culturally bound -intentionality -channel -transactional

kinesics

-the aspects of gestures and body movements that send nonverbal messages -illustrators -emblems -affect displays -adapters -regulators

low-context cultures

-use direct language and relies less on situational factors to communicate -blame placed on personality or internal factors

public spatial zone of communication

12 ft. and beyond; allows for distance between interactants (i.e. performances)

personal spatial zone of communication

18 in.-4 ft.; communication with friends, relatives, colleagues

genetic-similarity hypothesis

2 individuals who hail from the same ethnic group are more genetically similar than 2 individuals from different ethnic groups

social spatial zone of communication

4-12 ft.; most comfortable for communicating in professional settings (i.e. business meetings)

organizational cultures

an organization's unique set of beliefs, values, norms, and ways of doing things

Organizational

Communication among members of an organization or between different organizations; formal organizational structure (written down somewhere, may be a "boss"); formal and informal networks, rules, and norms

tactics that reduce conflict

ask for more info, metacommunication, respond to different levels of conflict, accept responsibility

Small Group

Interaction among 3 or >3 people; limit 20-25; pursuing a communication goal or task; interact as a group; not necessarily face-to-face

Contextual levels of communication

Intrapersonal Interpersonal Small Group Organizational Public Intergroup/intercultural Mass

information seeker

asks for additional input or clarification of ideas or opinions that members have presented

vocalizations

ability of our voice to influence communication, give information about emotional/physical state (i.e. laughing, crying, sighting, yawning, moaning)

cognitive complexity

ability to consider multiple scenarios, formulate multiple theories, and make multiple interpretations when encoding and decoding messages

abstraction ladder

S.I. Hayakawa constructed; top rungs are highest level of abstraction (general/vague); lower level abstractions more specific

leadership

ability to direct or influence others' behaviors and thoughts toward a productive end

self-monitoring

ability to watch environment and others in it for cues as to how to present yourself in a particular situation

hurtful listening

attacking, ambushing, insensitive listening

reducing uncertainty

attempt to get info about the other person (increases liking): -passively (observe) -actively (seek info from third party) -interactively (talk to the other)

empathic listening

attempting to know how other person feels, listening with openness/sensitivity/caring

artifacts

accessories carried or used on the body for decoration or identification

demand characteristics

activities the subjects are required to perform, or other conditions they experience, that are not the same as they would be in normal circumstances

love (in context of relationships)

a deep affection for and attachment to another person involving emotional ties, with varying degrees of passion, commitment, and intimacy

discrimination

behavior toward a person or group based solely on their membership in a particular group, class, or category

rewards

elements of a relationship you feel good about, things about person or your relationship that benefit you in some way

intrinsic credibility

image that a speaker creates as a direct result of his or her speech

contrast effect

impression influenced by what just came beforehand (i.e. a tough act to follow)

jargon

technical language that is specific to members of a given profession or interest group or people who share a hobby, clear and concise meaning within a group

fundamental attribution error

tendency to assume others' behavior are caused by internal factors

autonomy vs. connection

tension between independence and dependence; want to be our own person while being a part of something else

hearing

the physiological process of perceiving sound, process by which sound waves are picked up by the ears and transmitted to the brain

trolling

the posting of provocative online messages to whole forums or discussion boards in order to elicit some type of general reaction

social exchange theory

the process of balancing the advantages and disadvantages of a relationship

how to make group experience positive

-avoid dominating other group members -stay focused on tasks -be friendly -show sensitivity and respect -demonstrate you value opinions of others -cooperate rather than compete

effect of language

-can signal group identities (age, culture, gender, etc.) -speech accommodation -influences judgments of people (perceptions of traits, abilities, etc.)

forces that shape group decisions

-cognitive forces -psychological forces -social forces

functions of relationships

-companionship -stimulation -achieving goals

transactional models

-continues forever, ongoing -feedback and transactional qualities (exchange, interdependence, and irreversibility) -no cognitive processing, no focus on symbols or message

relational dialectics perspective

development of relationships not based on stages, includes autonomy vs. connection, openness vs. closedness, and predictability vs. novelty

types of relationships

family, friendship, romantic, online

public dialogue

finding reported to and reviewed by scientific community

primacy effect

first communication is remembered somewhat better than second

status differences

group members who hold low position may avoid disagreeing with superiors because they fear retribution from those who have more power

generation

group of people who were born in a specific time frame, along with its events and social changes that shape attitudes and behavior

social forces

group standards for behavior that influence decision making

co-cultures

groups whose members share at least some of the general culture's system of thought and behavior, but which have distinct characteristics or group attitudes that both unify them and distinguish them from the general cultures

ingroups

groups with which we identify and to which we feel we belong

globalization

growing interdependence and connectivity of societies and economies around the world

regulators

help manage interactions (i.e. raising hand and lifting head means you want to speak)

the cultural context

helps determine what message appropriate/effective; affects our cognitions

communication privacy management

helps explain how people perceive info they hold about themselves and whether they will disclose or protect it

initiator

helps the group move toward its objective by proposing solutions, presenting new ideas, or suggesting new ways of looking at an issue the group is discussing

equivocation

high level of abstraction, using words that have unclear or misleading definitions, may be used to get out of awkward situations

time orientation

his/her personal associations with use of time; determines important a person ascribes to conversation content, length of interaction, urgency of interaction, punctuality

impact of size on group communication

if group is too big... -the interaction is more formal (someone might obtain permission to speak, and others may be reluctant to interrupt) -each members has limited opportunities to contribute -communication is less intimate; people don't want to self-disclose as much -interaction is more time-consuming -relationships increase in complexity because more participants are added

functions of self disclosure

impression management, intimacy management, reciprocity, catharsis, self-clarification/validation

moderator

in an online forum, the person who coordinates and sometimes screen comments of members

conflict triggers

inaccurate perceptions, incompatible goals, unbalanced costs and rewards, provocation

provocation

includes aggression, identity management, lack of fairness, incompetence, relationship threats

the situational context

includes social environment, physical place, specific events and situations, and specific mediated place (i.e. private message)

understatement

individualistic cultures use language that downplays emotional intensity or importance of events

communicators

individuals engaged in communication; influenced by cognitions (thoughts people have about themselves/others); cognitions inform behavior, which is received and decoded; successful ones have high degree of cognitive complexity

communication apprehension

individuals feeling uncomfortable participating in group conversation when contribution might be helpful

organizational heroes

individuals who have achieved great things for the organization through persistence and commitment, often in face of great risk

blocker

indulges in destructive comm, including opposing all ideas and stubbornly reintroducing an idea after group has rejected/bypassed it

slang

informal language, nonstandard, particular to a specific group

low language

informal, easygoing; often involving slang; for comfortable environments

Halo effect

initial perceptions influence how we perceive later information

steps of mentor-protege relationships

initiation, cultivation, separation, redefinition

administrator

keeps conversation on track and ensures meetings begin and end on time

tactics that escalate conflict

labeling/name calling, threats, issue expansion, coalition formation, breaking relational rules

linguistic determinism

language influences how we see the world around us

high power distance culture

leader needs to make effort to encourage everyone to participate

social cognitive theory

learn behavior by watching behaviors of those whom we have identified as models

culture

learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people; it is the composite of their shared beliefs, values, and practices

social group

membership in group offers opportunities to form relationships with others

repeating

mirrors the verbal message, offering a clear nonverbal cue that repeats the verbal message (i.e. hold up fingers while saying number, shake head and say no)

surveillance

monitoring of employees to see how they're using technology

high language

more formal, polite, or "mainstream" language; used in business contexts, classroom, formal social gatherings

chronological organization

move from a review of the past into discussion of contemporary and conclude with projection into future OR start by discussing current situation and trace its origin backward in time

emblems

movements and gestures that have a direct verbal translation in a particular group or cultures, substitute for verbal messages, commonly known nonverbal signals (i.e. thumbs up or OK)

information giver

offers facts, beliefs, personal experience, or other input

proximity

one of the first criteria of relationship formation simply meaning nearness

tacit persistence

one or both partners refuses to give up the relationship

representative sample

one that has been chosen in such a way that the people included are like those in the entire population in all important aspects relevant to the research

strong family communication qualities

openness, affection, discipline, humor, and sarcasm

self-serving bias

our positive outcomes due to internal factors and negative outcomes due to external/situational factors

attending

part of selecting, but also focus attention on presence and communication of someone else

relationship repair stage

partners may attempt to save/repair relationship by changing behavior, interactions, or expectations

indecency

patently offensive, sexual or excretory, activities or organs; talking about or showing sexual or other bodily functions in a very lewd or vulgar way

networks

patterns of interaction governing who speaks with whom in a group and about what

defensive climates

people involved feel threatened

flaming

posting of online messages that are deliberately hostile or insulting toward a particular individual, usually intended only to provoke anger

self-fulfilling prophecies

prediction that causes an individual to alter his/her behavior in way that makes prediction more likely to occur

anticlimax order

present stronger argument first and then proceed to weaker arguments

census

procedure for counting and assessing attributes of an entire population

sampling

procedure for picking from a pop. An adequate and manageable smaller number, who, on average, are like those in larger pop.

organizational assimilation

process by which newcomers learn the nuances of the organization and determine if they fit in

encoding

process of mentally constructing a message for production

decoding

process of receiving a message by interpreting/assigning meaning to it

mindlessness

processing info passively

elaborator

provides further clarification of points often adding to what others have said

Bonding

public ritual, formal binding, social and institutional support

psychological forces

refer to group members' personal motives, emotions, attitudes, and values

social roles

reflect individuals' personality traits and interests i.e.: harmonizer, gatekeeper, sensor

avoider

refuses to engage in groups proceedings or by joking or changing the subject

coercive power

stems from person's ability to threaten or harm others

chronemics

study of how people perceive the use of time and how they structure time in their relationships

proxemics

study of the way we use and communicate with space, distance, territory; interpersonal distances, claiming our space; 4 spacial zones (intimate, personal, social, and public)

grammar

system of rules of a language that serves as a mechanism for creation of words, phrases, and sentences

language

system of symbols (words) that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings, governed by grammatical rules, influenced by various contexts

social identity theory

you have a personal identity theory that is your sense of your unique individual personality, and you also have a social identity that is the part of your self-concept that comes from your group memberships

mimicry

the synchronized and usually unconscious pattern of imitating or matching gestures, body position, tone, and facial expressions to create social connections between people, used to enhance immediacy

social capital

the valuable resources (like information and support) that come from having connections and relationships among people

attribution processes

the way we assign explanations for people's behavior

impression formation

the way we combine information to get a general sense of a person

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the words a culture uses (or doesn't use) influence thinking

costs

things that upset or annoy you, cause you stress, or damage your own self-iamge or lifestyle

uncertain climates

those in which at least one of the people involved in unclear, vague, tentative, awkward about the goals, expectations, and potential outcomes of the conflict situation

self-actualization

thought/feelings get when you know you have negotiated a communication situation as well as possible

mindfulness

to be focused at the task at hand

openness vs. closedness

to become close individual must share info with relationship partner, but by revealing info the private self becomes vulnerable

ethos

to refer to personal characteristics of a speaker that influence audience

questionnaires

when researches depends on interviewing subjects, normally used for recording purposes, pose each question in a standardized way so all subjects asked same questions in same way (helps interviewer observe each case uniformly)

convergence

when speakers shift language or nonverbal behaviors toward each other's way of communicating

behavioral confirmation

when we act in a way that makes our expectations about a group come true

self-adequacy

when you assess communication competence as sufficient/acceptable

critical listening

when you evaluate or analyze information, evidence, ideas, or opinions

intensifiers

women more often than men

Tannen study

women saw conversations as negotiations for closeness and connection with others; men experienced it as struggle for control, independence, and hierarchy

profanity

words or expressions considered insulting, rude, vulgar, or disrespectful

euphemisms

words or phrases that substitute for terms that might be perceived as upsetting

gatekeeper

works to ensure that each member of the group contributes to discussions

Intrapersonal

Communication within a person; thinking about other people and processing information; making attributions, impressions

user-generated content

From home videos uploaded to Youtube to elaborate mash-ups of popular songs or artworks

attacking

a response to someone else's message with negative evaluations

groupthink

a situation in which group members strive to maintain cohesiveness and minimize conflict by refusing to critically examine ideas, analyze proposals, or test solutions

channel discrepancy

a situation in which one set of behaviors says one thing and another says something different

cultivation theory

a steady, long-term diet of heavy TV viewing results in perceptions of reality that match the view of reality presented on TV

boundary turbulence

a threat to your privacy boundaries, must readjust need for privacy against your need for self-disclosure and connection

control

ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others, and the manner in which their relationship are conducted; is finite (the more control one person has, the less the other people have)

behavioral flexibility

ability to have number of behaviors at your disposal and willingness to use different communication behavior in different situations

self-efficacy

ability to predict actual success from self-concept and self-esteem

work-life balance

achieving success in personal and professional life

accommodation

adapt and adjust language and nonverbal behaviors

speech accommodation

adjusting our langauge use with others; can shift toward/away from other person; adjustment baed on group identity; to gain acceptance and establishing belonging ("us"); to distinguish one's group or power (from "them)

uncertainty avoidance

all cultures to some degree adapt their behaviors in order to reduce uncertainty and risk

wheel network

all group members share information with one individual, and that individual shares info with the rest of the group -president -lowest shared centrality, highest efficiency

Interpersonal

Communication with another; face-to-face; involves self-disclosure, relational development/intimacy

supportive leadership style

-attends to group members' emotional needs -helpful when members are frustrated with task or each other -stress importance of positive relationships in group, remind members of group's importance, and express appreciation for members' talents and work ethic

Affiliation functions

-Feels good to be loved/liked/respected -Meets practical needs (stable life) -Meets emotional needs (companionship/intellectual stimulation)

What should a good communication model include?

-Key elements of communication -People (source/receiver), message/symbol, channel, noise, feedback, context -Important characteristics of communication -Cognitive processes (encoding, decoding, transmitting) -Transactional qualities (exchange, interdependence, irreversibility) -How everything fits together

What does language do to context?

-Reflects (who we are around, where we are, what cultural factors at play) -Builds on -Determines

process/interaction models

-Schramm (loop) and Berlo (no arrows) -feedback -emphasize cognitive process of communication (encoding and decoding)

all-channel networks

-all members are equal distance from each other and all members interact -no leader -equal centrality -useful for collaborative projects and brainstorming

directive leadership style

-controls group's communication by conveying specific instructions -works best when members unsure of what is expect of them, or how to carry out tasks of group -chart next steps in group's tasks and clarifying goals, plans, and desired outcomes

collaboration

-goal: "win/win" outcome -tactics: focusing on needs, high disclosure and avoiding blame, showing empathy and validating needs

challenging/competitive style of conflict

-goal: I win/you lose -tactics: assertiveness, direct aggression and hostility, presumptive attribution, threat or ultimatum

symptoms of groupthink

-participants reach outward consensus, avoid expressing disagreement -members who disagree are pressured to conform -tough questioned ignored -members spend more time justifying efforts than questioning

collectivist cultures

-perceive themselves as first and foremost members of a group -emphasize cooperation and group harmony, group decision making and long-term, stable friendships -communication governed by status and hierarchy -loyalty to the group and honor of family more important than individual needs or desires -generally concerned with relationship supports -avoid hurting feelings, apologize, and make efforts to help to maintain group's reputation and position of respect -Asian, Arab, Latin American

achievement-oriented leadership style

-sets challenging goals and communicates high expectations and standards -best when members see themselves as competent and are motivated to excel -leaders encourage out of the box thinking, compare group with other high performing groups, and keep members focused on tangible outcomes

linear models

-source to message to receiver -show communication as one way -no feedback or transactional qualities -allows for noise distortion

high-context cultures

-use contextual cues to interpret meaning and send subtle messages -likely to attribute a communication partner's behavior to factors related to situation than to an individual's personality -language that is indirect and sensitive to situational factors, preferring to observe those factors rather than comment on each one

individualist cultures

-value individuality -place value on autonomy and privacy, relatively little attention to status and hierarchy based on age or family connections -individual initiative and achievement rewarded -credit/blame assigned -US

participative leadership style

-views group members as equals and welcomes their opinions, summarizes points that have been raised, and identifies problems that need discussion rather than dictating solutions -best when members are competent and motivated -leaders guide and facilitate

paralanguage

-vocalized sounds that accompany words vocalization (crying, laughing, grunting) -voice qualities (pitch and volume, rate and fluency, quality [resonance, nasality], accent [pronunciation], intonation) -i.e. I didn't steal her dog

norming

-when norms emerge among members that govern expected behavior -group roles solidify, leader emerges -group identity grows stronger

functions of language

...

intimate spatial zone of communication

0-18 inches; usually reserved for spouses/romantic partners, close friends, and family; intimate message sent here

Intentionality

1 communication system: symbolic and intentional (giving info) 2nd system: based on expression of emotions and body movements, few cultural boundaries, spontaneous and unintentional (giving off info)

Public

1 or a few individuals to an audience; face-to-face with distance; relatively one-way

Primary functions that communication serves

1) Expressing affiliation 2) Achieving goals 3) Influencing others

Knapp's staircase model (stages of coming together) of relational stages

1) Initiating and experimenting 2) intensifying 3) integrating 4) bonding

Intergroup/Intercultural

Communication between members of different groups or cultures; interaction and identity influenced by group membership

Mass

Messages disseminated on a large scale; mediated (print/electronic); typically professional communicators; less immediate feedback

prejudice

a deep-seated feeling of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups usually based on negative stereotypes

passive listening

a failure to be an active participant

immediacy

a feeling of closeness, involvement, and warmth between people as communicated by nonverbal behavior

cultural myopia

a form of nearsightedness grounded in the belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people

team

a group that works together to carry out a project or specific endeavor or to compete against other teams

problem-solving group

a group with a specific mission (i.e. to help manage addiction)

isolation

a position from which a group member sends and receives fewer messages than other members

lack of self esteem

an individual doubts worth of contributions, leading to declining to speak in a group; fear of being wrong, being mocked, or creating a bad impression

symbols

arbitrary constructions (usually language or behaviors) that refer to people, things, and concepts

survey research

ask people what they think or do; can use telephone, mail, internet, face-to-face; purposes are to identify attitudes/behaviors in a population and examine relationships between attitudes/behaviors; need representative sample and good questions; limited because they rely on self-reports and cannot make causal conclusions

probing

asking questions that encourage specific and precise answers, aspect of cooperative conflict management strategies

stereotyping

assumption that a person has certain traits or behaviors because of group membership

experto credite

assumption that scholars have confidence in one another's published research findings

3 cognitive processes

attention, organization, interpretation

two dimensions of ethos

authoritativeness and character

6 characteristics of friendship

availability, caring, honesty, trust, loyalty, empathy

interdependent relationships

behavior of each member affects behavior of every other members; fostered by way group members adopt roles and collaborate to accomplish goals

gender

behavioral and cultural traits assigned to our sex, determined by the way members of particular culture define notions of masculine and feminine

communication skills

behavioral routines based on social understandings, used to achieve goals; it's not the skills you have, but how you use them; having skills increases behavioral options; doesn't guarantee communication competence

active listening

being an active participant in making choices about selecting, attending, etc.

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of your own culture or group and tendency to view other cultures through lens of your own

"literature"

body of research reports on any particular topic that appear in reputable journals, dissertations, or other publications

intergroup communication

branch of the discipline that focuses how communication between groups affects relationships and find that these have impacts on communication

recognition seeker

calls attention to themselves by boasting or by going on and on about qualifications or personal achievements

polychronic cultures

comfortable dealing with multiple people and tasks at once, don't adhere to schedules, less likely to make/attend to appointments; Mexico and India

peer communication

communication between individuals at the same level of authority in an organization

group decision support systems

computer programs designed to help groups collaborate and make more effective decisions

extrinsic credibility

credibility a source is thought to have prior to the time he or she delivers message

content-oriented listeners

critical listeners, carefully evaluate what is heard, prefer credible sources and examine info from variety of angles, effective when info is complex/detailed/challenging

predictors of relationships dissolution

criticism and complaints, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling

sleeper effect

differences resulting from speaker's credibility tended to diminish over time so that attitude change produced by high credibility source decreased and message from low credibility source gained ground, producing attitude change (because audience may have forgotten source)

connotative meaning

emotional, evaluative connections to a word, can have idiosyncratic and/or shared connotations too

collectivist (high context) cultures

emphasize group identity and needs

individualist (low context) cultures

emphasize personal needs, rights, and identity over those of the collective or group

evasion

employ high abstract language to avoid providing specific details

the system approach

employee is a person with feelings and ambitions who is valuable, contributing members of an organization

termination stage

end of a relationship; comes about by passing away and sudden death

low culture

entertainment that has appeals to most people's basic instincts, typified by lurid, sensational images and stories charged with sex, violence, scandal, and abuse

listening challenges

environmental factors, hearing and processing challenges, multitasking, boredom and overexcitement

types of love

eros (erotic, sexual) ludus (playful, casual) storge (love that lacks passion) pragma (committed, practical love) mania (intense, romantic love) agape (selfless, romantic love)

conflict styles

escapist, passive aggression, challenging/competitive, cooperative,

functional perspective

examines how communication behaviors work (or don't work) to accomplish our goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situations

social penetration theory

explain how partners move from superficial levels to greater intimacy (uses onion)

denotative meaning

explicit, agreed-upon meaning, can have > 1 denotation, typically widely shared among speakers of same language, can have idiosyncratic denotations (only they do it, i.e. silly)

sensor

expresses group feelings, moods, or relationships in an effort to recognize the climate and capitalize on it or modify it for the better

extrinsic rewards

external advantages you gain from association with another person

listening barriers

factors that interfere with our ability to listen in one-on-one situations because groups involve more people competing for your listening ear and attention

social loafing

failing to invest same level of effort in group that they would put in if they were working alone or with one other person

objectivity

remove/control personal bias; use standardized set of rules and procedures

reconciliation stage

repair strategy for rekindling extinguished relationship; spontaneous, third-party mediation, high affect, tacit persistence, mutual interaction, avoidance

politically correct language

replaces biased language that openly excludes certain groups with neutral terms

masking

replacing an expression that shows true feeling with an expression that shows appropriate feeling for a given interaction

citizen journalists

report and comment on events in their communities

reading from a manuscript

requires complete preparation

communication acquisition

requires we learn to use language appropriately and effectively in context of situation in addition to learning individual words

descriptive research

research aimed at revealing and describing order - stages, tendencies, configurations, or processes of human communication

proprietary research

research owned by those who pay to have the research conducted

instrumental rewards

resources and favors that partners give to one another

climax order

save strongest argument for last

mentor

seasoned, respected member of an organization who serves as role model for less experienced individual

recency effect

second message is remembered somewhat better than the first

behavioral affirmation

seeing or hearing what you want to see or hear in the communication of assorted group members

cooperative styles

seek to benefit both parties/relationship includes: compromise and collaboration

harmonizer

seeks to smooth over tension in group by settling differences among members

Intensifying stage

self disclosure, "we", nicknames, person idioms, words/tokens of affection

burnout

sense of apathy or exhaustion that results from long-term stress or frustration

self-esteem

set of attitudes that people hold about their own emotions, thoughts, abilities, skills, behavior, and beliefs; confidence in what they do, how they think and perform

focus group

set of individuals asked by a researcher to come together to give their opinions on a specific issue

support group

set of individuals who come together to address personal problems while benefiting from the support of others with similar issues

grammar

set of rules and conventions that dictates how they operate; media have grammar

code

set of symbols that are joined to create a meaningful message

family

small social group bound by ties of blood, civil contract, and a commitment to care for and be responsible for one another, usually in a shared household

cliques

small subgroups of individuals who have bonded together within a group

Initiating stage

small talk, initial display of self

purpose-oriented audience analysis

speakers asks themselves what information about audience is most important for speaker's purposes

linguistic relativity

speakers of different languages have different views of the world (i.e. masc/fem)

cognitive language

specific system of symbols that you use to describe people, things, and situations in your mind, influences language and message production, related to thoughts, attitudes, co-cultures, and society

impromptu delivery

speech presented with little preparation; thinking out loud; maximum spontaneity; lack of advance planning

hypothesis

statement that poses tentative and expected relationships between variables, derived from theory that predicts what variables related to others

content analysis

systematic, quantitative analysis of content messages; purpose is to describe media content; access image of particular group in media; need representative sample; need clear definitions of variables; limited in that it can only describe content and no info about effect on content on audiences, etc

pragmatics

the ability to use the symbol of systems of culture appropriately

sudden death

the abrupt, and for at least one partner, unexpected termination of a relationship

division of labor

the assumption that each part of an organization must carry out a specialized task in order for the organization to run smoothly

territoriality

the claiming of an area, with or without legal basis, through continuous occupation of that area

media richness

the degree to which a particular channel is communicative; face-to-face richest and messaging is least rich

listening fidelity

the degree to which the thoughts of the listener and the thoughts and intentions of the message producer match following their communication

power distance

the extent to which less powerful members of a group accept that power is distributed unequally

worldview

the framework through which you interpret the world and the people in it

agenda setting

the idea that extensive media coverage of a particular issue will "set the agenda" for what issues people are thinking and talking about

assimilation effect

the listener tends to assimilate or accept the change in attitude urged by the speaker

marketplace of ideas

the open forum in which ideas compete

avoidance

the partners avoid spending time together and begin to miss each other

mutual interaction

the partners begin talking more often following the dissolution, perhaps vowing to remain friends after their breakup

third-party mediation

the partners have a friend or family members mediate the reconciliation

high affect

the partners resolve to be nice and polite to one another and possibly remind each other of what they found attractive in first place

nonverbal communication

the process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words

listening

the process of recognizing, understanding, accurately interpreting, and responding effectively to the messages you hear

narrowcasting

the process of targeting small, specific audiences

human trafficking

the recruitment of people for exploitative purposes is negative of globalization

semantics

the relationship among symbols, objects, people, and concepts; refers to meaning that words have for people, either because of definitions or because of placement in a sentence's structure (syntax)

signal-to-noise ratio

the relationship between the essential and extraneous information contained in any message; measure of interference

civility

the social norm for appropriate behavior

causal organization

the speaker argues either from cause to effect or from effect to cause

low power distance cultures

tolerate less differences in power between people and communicate with those high in status with less anxiety; more likely to challenge status quo, to consider multiple options or possibilities for action, to resist coercion

haptics

touch -positive affect: hug -control: grab earlobe -ritual: handshake

noncontact cultures

touch-sensitve or even avoid touch

monochronic cultures

treat time as limited resource, US

quasi-experiment

treatment of the experiment occurs naturally

code switching and style switching

types of accommodating in which communicators change language and slang, tonality, pitch, rhythm, and inflection to fit into a particular group; may be ways to survive, to manage defensiveness/identity, to signal power/status

sexual harrassment

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature when it is so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in adverse employment decision

strategic topic avoidance

used by one or both relational partners to maneuver conversation away from undesirable topics because of potential for embarrassment, vulnerability, or relational decline

escapist style of conflict

want to prevent/get away from conflict; includes conflict avoidance and conflict accommodation

insensitive listening

we fail to pay attention to emotional content of someone's message

internal attribution

we see it as caused by the person/self; within the person's control

third person effects

well-documented tendency to assume that negative media messages and bias have a much greater influence on other people than on ourselves or people we think are like us

uncertainty reduction theory

when 2 people meet, their main focus is on decreasing the uncertainty about each other

unbalanced participation

when a group member dominates the conversation in a group, the less aggressive members may retreat from communicating

mass communication

when mediated communication occurs on a broad scale

declining stage

when relationship begins to come apart; uncertainty events, interference, and unmet expectations

self-concept

your awareness and understanding of who you are as interpreted by your thoughts, abilities, values, goals, and idea; developed by witnessing your reactions to situations, evaluating strengths/weaknesses, and watching others' reactions to you

selective listening

zero in only on bits of info that interest you, disregarding other parts of message