COMM421 EXAM 2

NV Dimensions: Immediacy

"actions that signal closeness, intimacy and availability for communication rather than avoidance and greater psychological distance." Examples: smiling, touching, eye contact, proximity, and vocal animations Expressive "high-contact" cultures: openly display immediacy Warmer climate countries, near equator; interpersonally "warm" Arab countries, Jews, Eastern Europeans, Russians, and virtually all of Latin America Southern, modern countries and non-Asian Cultures are most expressive Low-contact cultures: little display of immediacy Colder climate countries; interpersonally "cool" Northern Europe, and virtually every Asian country Northern countries, northern parts of individual countries, and Northeast Asia are least intimate

According to Kale, ethical communicators should do the following

1. Address people of other cultures with the same respect that the communicators would like to receive themselves 2. Try to describe the world as they perceive it as accurately as possible 3. Encourage people of other cultures to express themselves in their unique natures 4. Strive for identification with people of other cultures

5 categories of Kinesic behavior & what they mean:

1. Emblem - NV behavior with a direct verbal meaning (two finger peace sign, waving hello) 2. Illustrator - NV behaviors that accompany verbal behavior (showing how big the mountain is) 3. Affect Display - Show feelings and emotions (blushing) 4. Regulators - Help synchronize back and forth nature of conversation (head nod, eye contact) 5. Adaptors - Occur as a reaction to ones psychological state (tapping pencil, fidgeting)

3 conditions are related to uncertainty and anxiety management behaviors

1. Expectations about future interactions with another person 2. Incentive value: the perceived likelihood that the other person can fulfill various needs that you have 3. Degree of Deviance: Deviant behaviors are those that are not typically expected because they are inconsistent with the common norms that govern particular social situations.

What Is Face?

1. Haslett: face is communicative universal, not just situationally invoked the positive self-image one projects during interaction which is supported by others

4 corporate value dimension approaches

1. Impartial conflict approach - Combination of an individualistic and small power distance orientation -Personal freedom & equality 2. Status-achievement conflict approach - Combo of an individualistic and large power distance -Personal freedom & earned inequality 3. Benevolent approach - Combo of a collectivist and large power distance -Obligation to others & asymmetrical interaction treatment 4. Communal approach - Combo of collectivist and small power distance -Recognition of authentic interdependent connection to others & genuine interpersonal equality

Three Levels of Identity

1. Individual Identity 2. Relational Identity 3. Collective (group) Identity

Politeness Theory

1. Most heavily researched approach to facework 2. Emphasis on positive face, negative face, power differences and degree of imposition among its dimensions 3. Critiques Focus on negative and positive face concerns Ignoring the multifunctionality of facework strategies Failing to be sensitive to cultural conceptualizations of face and facework

Nonverbal Codes (8)

1. Physical Appearance 2. Proxemics - space and distance 3. Chronemics - meaning, usage and communication of time (monochromic, polychromic) 4. Kinesic - body in motion (gestures, movements) 5. Haptics (touch) 6. Oculesics (eyes) - contact, blinks 7. Vocalics (paralanguage) - NV voice cues 8. Olfactics (smell)

The big 4 emotions that underlie facework

1. Pride 2. Shame 3. Guilt 4. Redemption

Cultures vary in their nonverbal behaviors in 3 ways:

1. Repertoire: specific behaviors that are enacted. Certain movements, body positions, postures, vocal intonations, gestures, spatial requirements, and even dances and ritualized actions are specific to a particular culture. 2. Display rules: govern when and under what circumstances various nonverbal expressions are required, preferred, permitted or prohibited. Ex: how far apart people should stand when talking to one another, whom to touch, and when to look directly at others. They indicate the intensity of the behavior that is acceptable. 3. Interpretations: meanings that are attributed to particular nonverbal behaviors. Random: the behavior has no particular meaning to anyone Idiosyncratic: interpretation suggests that the behaviors are unique to special individuals or relationships and they have meanings only to those people Shared: meaning and significance, when a group of people jointly attribute the same meaning to a particular nonverbal act Cultures differ in what they regard as random, idiosyncratic and shared.

3 types of face concern

1. Self-face concern o Protective concern for one's own identity image when one's own face is threatened in the conflict. o American's most commonly practice this o Experience identity-based frustration, emotional vulnerability, shame, hurt, or anger 2. Other-face concern o Concern for accommodating the other conflict party's identity image in the conflict situation 3. Mutual-face concern o Concern for both parties' images and the image of the relationship

Tae-Seop Lim suggests that there are 3 types of face needs:

1. The Need for Control: Control Face is concerned with individual requirements for freedom and personal authority. It is related to people's need for others to acknowledge their individual autonomy and self-sufficiency. The claim for control face is embodied in the desire to have freedom of action 2. The need for Approval: Approval Face is concerned with individual requirements for affiliation and social contact. It is related to people's need for others to acknowledge their friendliness and honesty. The Chinese call this lien or the integrity of moral character. It is maintained by acting with good jen "human" 3. The need for Admiration: Admiration Face is concerned with individual needs for displays of respect from others. It is related to people's need for others to acknowledge their talents and accomplishments. There is a need for others to acknowledge a person's success capabilities, reputation, and accomplishments.

The adaptation process has multiple dimensions associated with it. Intercultural effectiveness consists of 3 dimensions

1. The ability to deal with psychological stress 2. Skill in communicating with others both effectively and appropriately 3. The proficiency in establishing interpersonal relationships

David Kale: there are 2 values that transcend all cultures

1. The human spirit requires that all people must struggle to improve their world and to maintain their own sense of dignity, always within the context of their own particular culture. The guiding principle of any universal code of intercultural communication should be to protect the worth and dignity of the human spirit 2. A world at peace All ethical codes must recognize the importance of working toward a world in which people can live at peace with themselves and one another

Conditions of an intercultural face threatening process

1. The more important the culturally appropriate facework rule that is violated, the more severe the perceived FTP 2. The larger the cultural distance between the conflict parties, the more mistrust and/or misunderstanding cumulate in the FTP 3. The more important the conflict topic or imposition of the conflict demand, as interpreted from distinctive culture angels, the more severe the perceived FTP 4. The more power the conflict initiator has over the conflict recipient, the more severe the perceived FTP by the recipient 5. The more harm or hurtfulness the FTP produces, the more time and effort is needed to repair the FTP

7 core premises that underlie universal face

Acknowledgement of mutual face by honoring both self and other face A viable self-other orientation is a marker of intercultural identity 2. Recognition of the multimodal nature of human communication and that both actions and words negotiate face 3. Displaying trust Trust supports the routines of social life and social interaction 4. Displaying respect 5. Displaying empathy and affect 6. Acknowledgement of a plurality of beliefs, values and behaviors in the search for common interests 7. Acknowledges equity across participants - all have voice

Cultural attitudes towards conflict

Collectivist cultures: value indirectness and ambiguity, conflicts and confrontations are typically avoided. Rather than trying to resolve the problem directly, people in collectivist cultures will attempt to maintain the external smoothness of the relationship. Individualist cultures: people's approach to conflict will be action-oriented. The conflict is revealed and named.

Conflict face-negotiation theory

Competent intercultural facework interaction can be improved by increasing ones awareness and knowledge on other countries face saving techniques.

Rapport Management Theory

Developed by Spencer-Oatey Used in intercultural contexts Suggests that people's behavioral expectations, face sensitivities and interactional wants help us to understand how people manage interpersonal relationships i. Rapport: harmony and smoothness of relations between people ii. Behavioral expectations: reflect the multiple conventions and protocols across communicative contexts

Experimental Equivalence

Differing life experiences are another hurdle the interpreter must overcome. The words presented must have some meaning within the experimental framework of the person to whom the message is directed. Ex: if people have never seen a TV for instance, a translation of the phrase, "I am going to stay home and watch TV" would have virtually no meaning to them.

NV Dimensions: Power Distance

High PDI: power concentrated into fewer people i. Most southern countries near the equator (exception: France) ii. Asian and African culture maintain hierarchical iii. India, Cast determines status, "Untouchables" = lowest caste, still prohibits interclass dating iv. Kinesic behavior: people are only allowed to express positive emotions to high-status and negative to low-status Low PDI: equality in power i. Northern European or of Northern European origin ii. Unaware of vocal volume and how it may be offensive to others

Advertising in High vs. Low Context Culture

High-context cultures have less information in their ads, and follow a looser structure - Asian ads tended to depict the problems of others - US ads focused on a specific individual's problems - Asian ads focused on benefits such as group harmony and family integrity (RELATIONSHIP BENEFIT) - US ads focused more on self-improvement (SELF-RELATED benefit)

Three major differences between Holistic and Analytical orientation

Holistic views focus on an object's relation to the environment Holistic views view objects in terms of their relationships with each other (table and bowl: both necessary for eating a meal) Holistic orientations focus more on experience-based knowledge vs abstract knowledge Holistic cultures are fact-based, Analytical cultures focus more on abstract

Idiomatic Equivalence

Idiom: an expression that has a meaning contrary to the usual meaning of the words. Ex: "eat your heart out" "it's raining cats and dogs" The challenge for interpreters is to understand the intended meanings of idiomatic expressions and to translate them into the other language.

NV Dimensions: Individual vs. Collectivist

Individualistic cultures: Value personal rights and freedom; may be basis of loneliness, selfishness, pollution and narcissism; European cultures ii. Take immediate actions iii. Openly express emotions to those in in-group and in out-groups iv. Use confrontation strategies when dealing with issues v. More casual relationships than in Collectivist cultures Collectivists cultures: i. Advocate we-identity, Asian and South American cultures ii. Slow at making decisions iii. More coordinated sense of kinesic behavior because groups match each other's expressions iv. Discouraged to displaying a range of emotions to those in out groups v. Use avoidance, a third party when dealing with an issue Divisions within the US: i. Midwest and Mid-Atlantic are most individualistic; Southeast is most traditional and least individualistic ii. Subculture variations: African Americans (individualism) and Mexican Americans (group harmony)

Who decides for the organization? (I vs. C)

Individualistic: Organizations likely empower their negotiators to make decisions that are binding on the company. Such decisions are made rapidly and without consultation from the home office once the negotiations have begun Collectivistic: Organizations may require extensive consultations among the delegation members and with the home office at each step in the negotiation process, as so no single individual has the exclusive power for decision making.

What motivates people to work? (I vs. C)

Individualistic: People work because they are motivated by the possibility of individual rewards Collectivistic: Group support and solidarity with one's colleagues are a primary motivator

What is the basis for business relationships? (I vs. C)

Individualistic: They often emphasize personal integrity in judging another's trustworthiness. Collectivistic: It is vital that businesspeople establish cordial interpersonal relationships and maintain them over time. You need more than just a brief social exchange to produce the degree of understanding necessary to establish a business agreement. Culture emphasizes one's commitment to the group or the organization.

Who speaks for the organization? (I vs. C)

Individualistic: a single person may represent a company in its negotiations. Collectivistic: a group of representatives would likely be involved in negotiations

Intercultural facework collision

Interaction frictions that happen due to intercultural misunderstandings or ignorance between two or more members of different cultural communities. o Behavioral expectancy violations o Communication clash issues

Conceptual Equivalence

It goes back to cultural patterns being part of a person's definition of reality. Conversation with people with radically different cultural patterns requires making sense of the variety of concepts that each culture defines as real and good.

NV Dimensions: Time Orientation

Long term: continuity, persistence, work orientation, etc. i. Prefer high status individuals: elders, corporate executives, professors, and government officials ii. Nonverbal communication is ritualized and prescribed iii. Most Asian countries and brazil, Confucianism Short term: instant gratification, quick results, short-ranged profits etc. i. Nonverbal communication is informal and liberated

NV Dimensions: Context

Low context cultures: Swiss, German, North American, and Scandinavian cultures: Tend to be logical, analytical, action oriented, and stress articulated messages High context cultures: China, Japan, Korea: Apologies are more implicit Mix of both: French, English, Italian Four principles to suggest differences in low context v. high context cultures 1. "Verbal Communication and other explicit codes are more prevalent in low-context cultures..." 2. "HC cultures do not value verbal communication the same way that LC cultures do" 3. "HC cultures are more reliant on and tuned in to nonverbal communication" 4. "In HC cultures, interactants expect more than LC Cultures"

NV Dimensions: Gender

Masculine cultures: more rigid, values strength, assertiveness, competitiveness, etc. i. Negatively correlated with percentage of women in workforce; positively correlated with segregation of gender in higher education ii. Higher levels of stress Feminine (androgynous) cultures: gender roles are undetermined and can be expressed equally by women and men Scandinavian countries long history with equal rights for women Result in high esteem for men and women, both sexes are free to express whichever trait they find comfortable Vocalics are more relaxed and overall, show less tension between the sexes

Morphology

Morphemes: the smallest units of meaning in a language. Phonemes combine to form morphemes. All words contain at least one morpheme Used to form words

Time Orientations

Past-oriented: regard previous experiences and events as most important. They place emphasis on tradition and the wisdom passed down from their generations. Elders are respected, since they are a source of knowledge. Present-oriented: regard current experiences as most important. There is a major emphasis on spontaneity and immediacy and on experiencing each moment as fully as possible. They believe that fate or luck control their lives. Future-oriented: believe that tomorrow or some moment in the future is most important. Current activities are appreciated for the potential future benefits that might be obtained.

Rule Systems in Verbal Codes: Phonology

Phonemes: the basic sound units of a language Ex: The sounds you make when speaking, such as (k), (t), (a) Languages have different numbers of phonemes: English has 45. Other languages can range from 15-85. Phonology: the rules for combining phonemes Tell speakers which sounds to use and how to order them Ex: Cat: (k) (a) (t) sounds, these 3 phonemes can be re-arranged to form other combinations like act, tack or tka.

Colleen Ward, 2 primary dimensions of adaptation:

Psychological adaptation: one's personal well-being and good mental health while in the intercultural setting Sociolocultural adaptation: one's competence in managing the everyday social interactions that occur in daily life

Communicative Practices Supporting Universal Face

Respect Supported by the acknowledgement of another's face and projecting an appropriate attitude toward one's self and toward the situation Must be a commitment to the relationship present in intercultural encounters - a willingness to persevere across difficulties and disappointments to reach some common interests Communication itself implies a willingness to connect with others Multimodal communication It is important to note that Goffman's interaction order includes verbal and nonverbal communication as well as appropriately establishing the surrounding physical environment Facework is accomplished by one's gestures, tone of voice, dress, choice of setting, etc. Trust When we are open to interacting with another we are trusting that they will treat us with dignity Hofstede: Trust is present when members of your moral circle behave as upstanding members of that circle

Sapir Wharf Hypothesis

Sapir had an alternative view of language, asserting that language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. Whorf and him created theories of linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and the Whorfian hypothesis.

Schwartz' 4 broad dimensions of value constructs:

Self enhancement- incorporates power achievement, and hedonism Openness to change- reflects the novels of stimulation and novelty Self-transcendence- reflects the values of universalism and benevolence Conservativism- reflects the values of security, tradition, and conformity Cultures value as far as which is their priority

INCA model

Six components of intercultural competence (tolerance for ambiguity, behavioural flexibility, communicative awareness, knowledge discovery, respect for others and empathy)

Giddens' structuration theory:

The construction of identity is no longer bound to locality Globalization of social relationships has far reaching consequences for individuals' life goals and identity formation

Face threat potential

The degree to which a given set of actions may pose a potential threat to one or more aspects of people's face depends on three characteristics 1. associated with the control dimension of interpersonal communication. Relationships that have a large power or status difference among the participants have a great potential for people's actions to be interpreted as face threatening. Ex: Within a large organization, a verbal disagreement between a manager and her employees will have a greater potential to be perceived as face threatening that will an identical disagreement among employees who are equal in status. 2. associated with the affiliation dimension of interpersonal communication. Relationships that have a large social distance and less social familiarity have a great potential for actions to be perceived as face threatening. Ex: Close family members may say things to one another that they would not tolerate from more distant acquaintances. 3. related to culture specific evaluations that people make. Ex: passing a bowl of chips with one hand may be an insult in one culture, but normal in another

Vocabulary Equivalence

The interpreter seeks a word in the target language that has the same meaning in the source language. However, there might not be an equivalence of words. There might be several words in the target language that have similar meanings to the word in the source language, so the interpreter must select the world that best fits the intended ideas. The interpreter can also use a combo of words in the target language to approximate the original word, or he may use different words to help the listener understand the meaning of the original message. Ex: The language of Igbo in Nigeria has no word for "window." There is no word for efficiency in Russia.

Face Negotiation Theory

The pioneering work of Stella Ting-Toomey Suggests that face is negotiated in all cultures and may be problematic in interpersonal situations Face varies depending on individualism vs. collectivisism and power distance

Quasilogical Style

The preferred style for members of many Western cultures. The preference is to use objective statistics and testimony from expert witnesses as evidence. The evidence is then connected to the conclusion in a way that resembles formal logic. In formal logic, once the listener accepts or believes the individual pieces of evidence, the conclusions follow logically and must also be accepted. The speaker or persuader will connect the evidence to the persuasive conclusion by using such words as thus, hence, and therefore. Underlying assumption of this style is that if the idea is true, it simply needs to be presented in a logical way so that its truthfulness becomes apparent to all. They believe events can be objectively established and verified, you can find a right, wrong, truth and falseness.

Semantics

The study of the meaning of words Ex: Dictionary: defines what a word means in that language The study of the relationship between words and what they stand for or represent Ex: when a baby is being taught to name the parts of the body. She is being taught the vocab of a language Denotative and Connotative meanings

INCA model - 6 components of Intercutural Competence

Tolerance for ambiguity Behavioral flexibility Communicative awareness Knowledge discovery Respect for others Empathy

U-curve and W-curve hypothesis of cultural adaptation

U-curve: the initial intercultural contacts are characterized by a positive, almost euphoric, emotional response. As fatigue mounts and culture shock sets in, however, the individual's responses are more and more negative, until finally a low point is reached. Then, gradually, the individual develops a more positive attitude and the new culture seems less foreign, until a positive emotional response once again occurs. W-curve: This includes the person's responses to her or his own culture upon return. It posits that a second wave of culture shock called re-entry shock: may occur when the individual returns home and must readapt to the once taken-for-granted practices that can no longer be followed without question.

NV Dimensions: Uncertainty

Uncertainty: "to value risk and ambiguity over certainty and stability" High levels of uncertainty avoidance: black and white; rules are clear; limited decision making i. Dominate in cultures which originated in the Mediterranean region ii. Catholic and Islamic countries iii. Disagreements and non-comfortable situations are not ideal Low Levels of uncertainty avoidance: tolerant; see shades of grey i. Dominated by cultures from Northern Europe and three Asian cultures ii. Protestant, Hindu, Buddhist countries iii. More likely to treat strangers with kindness and warmth

Fons Trompenaar's Universalism-particularism

Universal cultures prefer to make business decisions based on a consistent application of rules - Individualistic businesspeople apply the same value standards to all Particular cultures choose instead to adapt the rules to specific circumstances and relationships - Collectivist cultures tend to apply different value standards to ingroups and outgroups

Issues of Interpretation/Translation

Whether the words or the ideas of the original should be conveyed Whether the translation should reflect the style of the original or that of the translator Whether an interpreter should correct cultural mistakes

Verbal code

a set of rules about the use of words in the creation of messages. Words can be spoken or written, so verbal codes can include both oral (spoken) language and non-oral (written) language

Nonverbal functions in intercultural communication

a. Providing Information b. Managing Impressions c. Expressing emotion d. Regulating interactions e. Conveying relationship messages

2 principles determine behavioral expectations

a. equity principle: suggests that people believe they have a right to personal consideration from others and to be treated fairly b. association principle: suggests that people are entitled to be treated in light of their relationship with others

Face (Mientzu)

achievement or external accomplishments

Holistic/Analytical

belief in the world existing as overlapping waves all part of one whole vs increased importance on the traits of the objects themselves East Asia displays HOLISTIC orientation Individualist cultures have an ANALYTICAL orientation

Individualistic cultures & Face

concerns about message clarity and preserving one's own face are more important that maintaining the face of others, since tasks are more important than relationships and individual autonomy must be preserved. Direct, dominating and controlling face-negotiation strategies are common

Presentational Style

emphasizes and appeals to the emotional aspects of persuasion. People rather than the idea itself are what make an idea persuasive. Ideas are not inherently persuasive, how they are presented is what makes them compelling. An immutable truth does not exist, and there are no clear rights or wrongs to be discovered The persuader uses language to create an emotional response The rhythmic qualities of words and the ability of words to move the hearer visually and auditorily are fundamental to this style of persuasion. Language of this style of persuasion is filled with sensory words that induce the listener to look, see, hear, feel and believe

Giles Communication accommodation theory

explains why people in intercultural conversations may choose to converge or diverge their communication behaviors to that of others

Kinesics

gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behavior, and other physical displays that can be used to communicate.

Chronemics

how people use, structure, interpret and understand time's passage.

Context orientation (I vs. C)

how things are understood - In collectivist cultures, the meaning is more important than the words - In individualist cultures, the explicit words are more important than the meaning

Conditions needed to define a group as a culture:

i. Wide scope of influence on the group's behavior, attitudes, values ii. Lifestyle practices transmitted from generation to generation iii. Lifestyle practices influence group members over a lifespan iv. Group has a shared communication system (not necessarily language)

Types of Adaptation: Seperation

if a cultures does not want positive relationships with another culture and if it also wishes to retain its cultural characteristics - Segregation: if the separation occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact, segregation is the result of the forced separation - Seclusion: if a non-dominant group chooses not to participate in the larger society in order to retain its own way of life, this separation is called seclusion

Muted Group Theory:

individuals who do not belong to the dominant group are often silenced by a lack of opportunities to express their experiences, perceptions, and worldviews. Dominant groups can mute the voices of subordinates and these subordinate groups may be obliged to use the language and communication styles of the dominant to be publicly recognized.

Intercultural communication

interaction between people who speak different languages.

"Firm" Deterministic hypothesis

language functions like a prison- once people learn a language; they are irrevocably affected by its particulars. It is never possible to translate effectively and successfully between languages, which make competent intercultural communication an elusive goal.

"Soft" hypothesis

language shapes how people think and experience their world, but this influence is not unceasing. Instead, it is possible for people from different initial language systems to learn words and categories sufficiently similar to their own so that communication can be accurate. Language plays a powerful role in shaping or influencing how people think and experience the world.

Affiliation

members of a culture use affiliation to interpret the degree of friendliness, liking, social warmth, or immediacy that is being communicated. Eye contact, open body stances, leaning forward, close physical proximity, touching, smiling, a friendly tone of voice, and other communication behaviors express affiliation. Edward Hall: High-contact cultures have a high degree of affiliation.

Face (Lien)

moral character an internal characteristic

Vocalics

nonspeech sounds, such as belching, laughing, and crying, and vocal filler sounds such as uh, er, um, and uh-huh Cultural differences in vocal communication: There are vast cultural differences in vocalic behaviors. The same Chinese words when said with a different vocalic tone or pitch can have vastly different meanings. Latinos speak much louder.

Types of Adaptation: Assimilation

occurs when it is deemed relatively unimportant to maintain one's original cultural identity but it is important to establish and maintain relationships with other cultures.

Dynamic Equivalence

one goal of good translation and interpretation

Formal Time System

refer to the ways in which the members of a culture describe and comprehend units of time. It can also be time intervals for particular events like the length of a soccer game. It includes agreements among members of a culture on important issues as the extent to which time is regarded as valuable and tangible and used or consumed

Jargon

refers to a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or experience Ex: Students at a university share a jargon related to general education requirements, registration techniques, add or drop procedures and activity fees.

Argot

refers to a specialized language that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their group from others who are in a more powerful position in society. Unlike jargon, argot is typically used to keep those who are not part of the group from understanding what members say to one another. Keep outsiders away.

Analogical Style

seeks to establish an idea (a conclusion) and to persuade the listener by providing an analogy, a story, or a parable in which there is either an implicit or explicit lesson to be learned. Ex: Once upon a time, storybook pattern, sermons of ministers and preachers The collective experience of groups of people (the culture) is persuasive, rather than the ideas themselves or the characteristics of a dynamic individual

Polychronic

several things are being done at the same time. Appointments will be quickly broken, schedules readily set aside, and deadlines unmet without guilt or apology. It is hard to keep on schedule when multiple appointments are made.

Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence

some languages make grammatical distinctions that others do not. Ex: when translating from the Hopi language into English, the interpreter ahs to make adjustments for the lack of verb tenses in Hopi because tense is a necessary characteristic of every English utterance.

Facework

the actions people take to deal with their own and others' face needs. Everyday actions that impose on another, such as requests, warnings, compliments, criticisms, apologies, and even praise may jeopardize the face of one or more participants in a communicative act.

Informal Time System

the assumptions cultures make about how time should be used or experienced. Cultures have unstated expectations about the timing and duration of such events. Ex: How long should you wait for someone? When is the proper time to arrive?

Pragmatics

the effect of language on human perceptions and behaviors Ex: If you are full, but a guest at someone's home in Pakistan, they will not accept your answer of no for a second helping until you say it 3 times. However you don't know this because sometimes the pragmatics of a language is deeply embedded in a culture. Humor: Requires a knowledge of the expected meanings of the words (semantics) and their extended effects (pragmatics)

Self-disclosure

the human tendency to reveal personal information about oneself and to explain one's inner experiences and private thoughts Breadth: the range of topics that are revealed Depth: the degree of personalness about oneself that is revealed. It can reveal superficial aspects or very private thoughts and feelings. Valence: whether the self-disclosure is positive or negative, and thus favorable or unfavorable. Timing: when the self-disclosure occurs in the course of the relationship. Target: the person to whom self-disclosing information is given.

Autonomy-connection dialectic

the most central source of tensions in interpersonal relationships. They either want a sense of separation from others (autonomy) AND a feeling of attachment to others (connection). Both needs are opposite, but occur simultaneously.

Collectivist cultures & Face

the mutual preservation of face is extremely important, because it is vital that people be approved and admired by others. Indirect, obliging, and smoothing face-negotiation strategies are common. Direct confrontations between people are avoided, concern for the feelings of others is heightened, and ordinary communication messages are seen as having a great face-threatening potential.

Territoriality

the need to protect and defend a particular spatial area. It is a set of behaviors that people display to show that they "own" or have the right to control the use of a particular geographic area. Cultures can differ in the degree of territoriality that its members tend to exhibit Cultures can differ in the range of possible places or spaces about which they are territorial. Cultures can differ in the typical reactions exhibited in response to invasion or contaminations of their territory

Technical Time System

the precise, scientific measurements of time that are calculated in such units as nanoseconds. This is applicable to research laboratory, not necessarily a culture. They are of little relevance to the common experiences that members of a culture share.

Intercultural personhood

the progression by which individuals move beyond the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of their initial cultural framework to incorporate other cultural realities.

Face

the public expression of inner self. It is the favorable social impression that a person wants others to have of him or her. It therefore involves a claim for respect and dignity from others.

Syntactics

the relationship of words to another Ex: Children when they first learn how to combine words into phrases Ex: In the English language, it is not acceptable to write, "On by the book desk door is the the."

Code Switching

the selection of the language to be used in a particular interaction by individuals who can speak multiple languages. The decision to use one language over another depends on the setting in which the interaction occurs- a social, public and formal setting vs. a personal, private and informal one. A person's conversational partner is another important factor in code-switching decisions.

Proxemics

the study of how people differ in their use of personal space. Personal space distances are culture-specific. People from cold climates use large physical distances when they communicate. Warmer climate people use close, personal distances.

Activation

the ways people react to the world around them. Some people seem very quick, excitable, energetic and lively. Others value calmness, peacefulness, and a sense of inner control. You evaluate a person as slow, active or inactive, swift or sluggish, relaxed or tense, and spirited or deliberate.

Monochronic

things should be done one at a time and time is segmented into precise, small units. Time is viewed as a commodity; it is scheduled, managed and arranged. People are very time-driven and view tardiness as a personal insult. An event is regarded as separate and distinct from all others

Types of Adaptation: Integration

when an individual or group retains its original cultural identity while seeking to maintain harmonious relationships with other cultures

Types of Adaptation: Marginalization

when individuals or groups neither retain their cultural heritage nor maintain positive contacts with the other cultural groups - Confusion and alienation - Those with a marginalization profile did the worst on both psychological and sociocultural adaptation outcomes

Symbols

words, actions and nonverbal codes that are needed for both verbal and nonverbal codes The definition between symbols and what they stand for is often highly arbitrary (random choice) especially for verbal symbols