Communication 120 Final Exam

According to Dr. Beatty, researcher John Gottman is famous among communication scholars because

He can predict whether married couples will stay together or divorce

According to Dr. Tyler Harrison, "getting steamed" to a firefighter is:

the concern that they will be burned by steam coming off of wet gear

Jenny is looking through a popular women's magazine. She notices that most of the advertisements deal with beauty, looking young, or losing weight. These social values in the media are examples of __________.

the generalized other

The major distinction between the linear and interactive models of communication is ____________________.

the interactive model includes feedback, or a response to the message

According to Carter Toole, which is NOT a takeaway opr generalization he offered about sports communication in 2021

University of Miami sports face little local competition for attention and interest, as the Canes dominate the South Florida Sports Market

Which is the core manifestation of Culture accordining to Geert Hofstede?

Values

Which of the following is not part of visible culture (in the Cultural Iceberg)?

Views on child-raising

Three-year-old Elena calls every adult male "Daddy" because she doesn't yet make cognitive distinctions among men. This is an example of __________

a simple cognitive system

The statement that communication is systemic means that ____________________.

the various parts affect each other

Members of a collectivist culture __________.

think of themselves more as part of a group

Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as a component of interpersonal conflict?

third party interventions

According to Mars Fernandez-Burgos, when you say to your partner, 30 minutes before their final exam in Chemistry, "we need to talk" you are failing to

time sensitive communication well

Negating most of a person by spotlighting a single aspect of his/her identity, such as thinking of someone only as an athlete because they are know for their sports ability, even though that person is also intelligent, sensitive, and organized but a bit absent-minded.

totalizing

Gary is conducting an organizational communication study by using two different methodologies. He is giving the employees a questionnaire and he is also reviewing the minutes of the company's Board meetings over the past three years. Gary's research approach is a good example of ____________________.

triangulation

Dan asked Sarah to come and meet his parents. What is the name for this event that is about to occur in their relationship?

a turning point

Being in love makes your brain release

dopamine

Which of the following is NOT an example of mass communication?

e-mailing a friend

During her team's group problem-solving discussion, Lucinda sighs, "I'm sick of talking about markets and products. I feel frustrated with the drudgery of this group." Lucinda's comment is which type of contribution?

egocentric

Group norms __________.

emerge organically out of interactions within a group over time

Increased access to information made possible by electronic communication that links people all over the world creating a modern world-wide community is known as __________.

global village

Research has shown that babies in dysfunctional families are touched less often and less affectionately than babies in healthy families. This type of nonverbal behavior expressed through touch is referred to as:

haptics

Which is the most abstract term in the following words?

human

"One day I won't have to study any more. One day I'll know all this stuff." These statements illustrate __________.

hypothetical thought

The content level of meaning ____________________.

is the literal message

Which of the following is NOT true about nonverbal communication?

it does not vary over time

Based on physical qualities, including hair, complexion, weight and muscle tone, we may make inferences about others' personalities. This form of nonverbal communication which includes consideration of cultural meaning, values and expectations associated with how we look is which form of nonverbal communication?

physical appearance

When you are tired, stressed, or sick, you are likely to perceive things more negatively than when you are well rested. This is an example of __________.

physiological influences

Asha wanted to understand what lawyers looked for when they selected juries. She spent hours observing attorneys question potential jurors for upcoming trials to see if she could identify patterns. This type of research is called __________.

textual analysis

According to Carter Toole, during the 2020 season, due to COVID, radio station WQAM broadcast UM Football games from

the UM baseball stadium

How many Miami Dade County public schools currently participate in the MIami Dade Urban Debate League?

23

According to studies reported in the text, what percentage of waking time does the average person spend listening?

45-55 %

Nonverbal communication is estimated to account for what percentage of the total meaning of communication?

65-93%

Which of the following is true about organizations?

All organizations are linked to and are influenced by the context in which they are embedded

As a member of the Miami Dade Urban Debate League, Dewayne Martin was a student debater for

American Senior High School

This philosopher, the student of Plato, believed in the value of Rhetoric

Aristotle

Dean Karin Wilkins received her Bachelors Degree from

Bucknell University

Which, according to Professor Carr, is an example of fake (not real) news?

Dr. Seuss' long-time publishing company decided to stop printing several of his books, and these same books were ordered banned from school and public libraries after a study was released that said children were learning racist behavior by reading them.

The notion that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another is

Cultural relativism

A powerful way that communication shapes the self is the self-fulfilling prophecy. Which of the following best describes a self-fulfilling prophecy?

During music practice, the conductor informs Sally that she is repeatedly missing the same note. Sally tells herself she will miss the same note in the musical recital. During the recital, she misses the same note that she told herself she would miss .

Dr. Carcioppolo is friends with

Hannibal Buress

In the national survey Dean Wilkins conducted with the Arab American Institute, the researchers found that people who love the action-adventure genre in films or games

Have problematic prejudice within the United States

We learn our own culture's perspectives and rules by __________.

observing and interacting with others

Mike arrives at his class after the rest of the students and teacher have already begun discussing the topic for the day loosing discheveled. Mike doesn't make any contributions during discussion. Based on what you know, which of the following is (are) inferences about Mike?

He hadn't read the assignment so he couldn't contribute

Suzy is really upset and she feels like throwing a temper tantrum, even though she's 20 years old. Disregarding the social inappropriateness of her behavior, Suzy beats a door and then kicks it while in a public area. In this instance, Suzy's behavior was motivated by which aspect of herself?

I

Which of the following statements demonstrate that Adam is taking responsibility for his own thoughts and feelings?

I feel hurt by what you are saying

What communication theory did Dr. Harrison's team employ to overcome the barriers to firefighters' cleaning and decontamination of their gear in order to reduce cancer exposure and cancer risk?

Integrated Model of Behavioral Prediction

According to Beatty, the research on living together before marriage suggests that

Living together before marriage generally gives you false information about what its like to be married

Which is not identified as a layer of culture?

Personality

This philosopher, the student of Socrates, objected to rhetoric because it could allow bad people a tool with which they might wrongly manipulate the masses

Plato

The degree to which people are comfortable with influencing upwards, and accepting inequality in distribution of power in society refers to which of Gerte Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions?

Power distance

Pathos is

Proof which appeals to listeners' emotions

The Greek teacher called the "Father of Debate" was

Protagoras

Which is NOT a subject addressed in Dean Wilkin's upcoming book project?

Public speeches by Middle Eastern Leaders

According to Professor Carr, which is NOT considered a frequent soure of fake news?

Snopes

Which is NOT an interpretation of "Rhetoric"?

Socratic teaching method

The theory of humor which states that we are ready to laugh at others who we deem not as smart, good looking, wealthy or educated as ourselves is

Superiority theory

According by Dean Wilkins, the term "Middle East" comes from

The history of British naval ships

"In my sorority we recognize the sisters that make the dean's list each semester by putting a mini-box of Godiva's chocolates next to their dinner plates," Amy says. "That way, everyone realizes who has done well academically." This is an example of __________.

a rite

Symbols can be described as ____________________.

abstract, arbitrary, and ambiguous representations of other things

Cognitive schemata include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

abstractions

What advice did Dr. Giroux offer to public speakers concerned about their accents?

accents are sexy

Monroe's Motivated Sequence culminates in ____________________ (the last step)

action

Of all the cadets who withdrew from the Citadel in 1995, the media selected Shannon Faulkner and called her to the public's attention. This is an example of which of the following?

agenda setting

Mass communication uses gatekeepers to determine what consumers come to know, believe, and understand are issues they should deem as worthy of serious attention. This view of how mass communication operates represents __________.

agenda setting theory

Disruptive conflict in groups or teams is marked by communication that __________.

all of the above

To become a more responsible and thoughtful consumer of mass communication we should __________.

all of the above

All of the following can be used to express power, except __________.

all of these can be used to express power

According to the article by Gutman and the lecture by Professor Giroux, which is NOT an accurate statement?

all the above are accurate statements

Rebekah is mad at her boyfriend because she suspects that he was playing video games with friends last night instead of studying. She decides to ask him how his studying went. When he cannot answer her questions, she will let him have it. Rebekah's strategy is an example of __________.

ambushing

Ray is very attentive and supportive to his son Robbie when he is sober, but when Ray drinks he often ignores his son and sometimes verbally abuses him. Robbie never knows which way his father will act. If the father is Robbie's primary caregiver, Robbie is likely to develop which attachment style __________.

anxious/ambivalent

To say that verbal symbols are not intrinsically connected to what they represent, and therefore my loyal canine companion Rocky can be called a dog, perro (in Spanish), chien (in French), gae (in Korean), hund (in German) and many other words is to say that verbal symbols are

arbitrary

Nathan just moved into a new apartment and spent his first day hanging pictures, putting out souvenirs from meaningful times, and placing favorite objects on his bookshelves. Because he feels his objects announce his identity and personalize his environment, Nathan has relied on what form of nonverbal communication to set up his new apartment?

artifacts

Communication that expresses the speaker's feelings without disparaging anyone else is known as __________ communication.

assertive

When someone wieghs something positively or negatively, recognizing that they like it or don't like it, according to Piacentino, they are expressing a(n)

attitude

According to Piacentino, Attitudes + Belifes + Values = ____________________.

behavior

Firings, demotions, and reprimands are all forms of __________.

blaming rites

Things that others see in us but we do not see in ourselves are known in the Johari Window as __________ information.

blind

Joaquin came to the United States from Mexico three months ago and he is still having trouble understanding Americans' tendency to rush all the time. He is also surprised when his teachers are irritated if he comes to class a while after class has started. Joaquin's confusion about American pace of life is based on which aspect of nonverbal behavior?

chronemics

During their group prolem-solving discussion, Virginia says, "I agree with Brian's suggestion about how we should proceed. Thanks for keeping us on track, Brian." Virginia made which type of contribution

climate

Being able to understand more than one group's ways of using language such as what is practiced by many Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, lesbians, gay men, and members of other groups that are simultaneously part of a dominant and a minority culture, or being bilingual, is known as

code switching

The number of personal constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions is called __________.

cognitive complexity

The degree of closeness among group members and a sense of group spirit are known as _________

cohesion

Not long after Tim had been on the job, a co-worker told him, "Joanne gets crazy if you're not here on time. I was late from lunch one time and she let me have it!" The co-worker's comment is an example of a(n) __________.

collegial story

Making a decision to remain with a relationship is known as

commitment

Which IS a helpful communication skill or pattern, according to Mars Fernandez-Burgos?

communicate about communication

The most significant potential disadvantages of group discussion are __________.

conformity pressures, time required and under-participation

Miguel's big graduation party had been planned for weeks. His best friend approached him the day before the party and told him, "I won't be able to make it to your party because something came up." Miguel was shocked. He felt that his best friend was either in big trouble over something or that they weren't really friends after all. What kind of relationship rule was Miguel following?

constitutive

Rachel is surprised when her friend Sarah consistently interrupts her while she is speaking. Rachel believes her friend should not continually disrupt her. Rachel's perception of her friend's behavior as rude and inconsiderate is based on a __________.

constitutive rule

The literal meaning of a message is referred to as ____________________.

content level of meaning

The stage in an interracial relationship in which the couple struggles with external pressures is

coping

Mark's partner asked him how his first day at work went. He smiled and said everyone he met told him about how Jane McClusky single-handedly saved the company from the brink of disaster. Mark had learned what the people he worked with really valued through their use of

corporate stories

Stories that convey the values, legends, and history of an organization are called __________.

corporate stories

Kimberly is irritated that Julia left and borrowed her sweater without asking. Kimberly then plays the stereo loudly when Julia is trying to talk on the phone. This is an example of __________.

covert conflict

Scholars identify and challenge communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm individuals and social groups in __________ research.

critical

Heavy television viewers are more likely to have beliefs that reflect the worldview portrayed by television, which is not equivalent to reality. In television entertainment programming, 77% of major characters that commit crimes perpetrate acts of violence, compared to roughly 10% of actually reported crimes. This is an example of __________.

cultivation theory

The mass media theory that claims that television promotes a worldview that is inaccurate but that views may assume reflects real life is known as __________.

cultivation theory

"A system of ideas, values, beliefs, customs, and language that is passed from one generation to the next and sustains a particular way of life" or "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (software of the mind)" is known as

culture

Before Matt ever begins to speak, Dennis assumes that Matt will say something insulting, disparaging, or disrespectful. Dennis is engaging in __________.

defensive listening

During the New Classical Age in Greece, Rhetoric grew in importance and influence due in part to what important trend in Greek society?

democracy

"The other group members seemed alarmed when you knocked over your chair and began cursing," is an example of __________.

descriptive communication

"You are a big, tough boy who doesn't cry" Alice tells her son. Alice's statement is an example of __________.

direct definition

Jon says, "I am so stupid I'll never graduate from college. I just can't learn this Statistics because I am so darned dumb!" Jon's self-communication is an example of __________.

engaging in self-sabotage

When a close friend she hasn't seen in a long time visits Beth in her dormitory room, Beth closes the door to the hallway, turns off the radio and shuts the window. By doing so Beth is reducing the potential __________ so she can effectively listen to her friend.

environmental distractions

A New Jersey hospital recently redesigned some of its rooms to increase natural light and otherwise create more attractive space. They found that patients in redesigned rooms asked for 30% less medication and rated food better than patients in rooms which were not remodeled, even though the food was the same. Which characteristic of nonverbal communication contributed to this observation?

environmental factors

That people are happier and more satisfied with balanced and equal relationships than unbalanced and unequal ones is known as

equity theory

The personal need to be respected by others, as identified by Maslow, occurs at what level of the hierarch of human needs?

esteem

The tendency to regard our culture and our way of life as normal and superior to other people and other ways of life is known as

ethnocentrism

Ethical proof, consisting of elements of character, sagacity, and goodwill (also referred to as trustworthiness, expertise and goodwill) is ____________________

ethos

The Bards, or story-tellers, built their epic stories utilizing

folktale structure

During the tribal epoch, the dominant sense was __________.

hearing

According to Dr. Tyler Harrison, Fire Departments can be described as

high reliability organizations

Which of the following is a personal construct?

how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent to unintelligent

A technique developed by communication scholars to remind us that our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumstances refers to which of the following?

indexing

Cultural influences in the United States tend to place high value on which of the following?

individualism

The type of cultures in which people act relatively independent of others in the culture

individualistic

A deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact is known as

inference

According to Dr. Victoria Orrego-Dunleavy, a global spread of misinformation may be referred to as a(n)

infodemic

During an American football game, periodically people gather into roughly circular clusters. The activity in which the players are participating is the huddle, or huddling. Fans familiar with the game know that the players are planning their next play. This understanding of the social meaning of the huddle by fans based on their experience and interpretation is a(n)

institutional fact

Which IS true according to Mars Fernandez-Burgos?

joining and participating in at least one group cuts in half your odds of dying next year

As defined by communication scholars, body positions and body movements, including those of the face, that may be used to communicate or may be interpreted as communicating:

kinesics

Smiles, friendly touches, shaking hands are all signs of __________ in Western societies.

liking

The most simplistic communication models are ____________________.

linear

Words that strongly slant perceptions and generate negative emotional reactions are

loaded language

Stuart has just started preparing a speech for his communication class. He has selected a topic and is thinking about the kind of arguments, reasoning and evidence he might use in his speech. Stuart is focusing on which mode of persuasion?

logos

The type of communication styles used by individualistic cultures which are very explicit, detailed, and precise are __________.

low context

If commercial programming consistently portrays European Americans as upstanding citizens and members of other races as lazy, criminal, or irresponsible, viewers may come to accept such representations as factual. This is known as __________.

mainstreaming

Television's tendency to stabilize and homogenize views within a society in order to create a single view is known as __________.

mainstreaming

Which of the following is characteristic of disruptive conflict in groups and teams?

personal attacks among members

According to Professor Carr, which is NOT characteristic of fake news?

may be a simple mistake, made either by a journalist or a source

Shawn is having trouble listening effectively in his advanced philosophy course. Usually he listens well in class, but the professor in this case is so full of information and he presents such nuanced and challenging ideas that Shawn has difficulty following and retaining the lecture. Shawn is experiencing a listening obstacle known as __________.

message complexity

Catching yourself in the process of self-serving bias is most likely the result of __________.

monitoring

The process of communication that aims at sustaining intimacy in romantic relationships in face of changes within the partners and the surrounding context is known as

navigating

Bob and Patina respond to their tension by deciding to spend part of the weekend together and part of it engaged in separate activities. This response to relational dialectics is called

neutralization

Bart tries to concentrate during a particularly difficult lecture, but finds that he is more focused on the instructor's unique dialect and delivery style. This is an example of ____________________.

noise

The study of our perception of odor and scents is known as:

olfactics

Tina and her sister were very close when they were growing up. They kept each other's deepest secrets. Once Tina got married, she and her sister had weekly phone conversations to keep in touch. After a particularly long phone conversation, Tina's husband asked her what was going on with her sister. Tina said, "Oh, nothing much." Her husband knew this wasn't true, but didn't ask any more questions. What relationship dialect does this reflect?

openness/closedness

The way of thinking, acting, and viewing work shared by members of an organization that reflects the organization's identity is known as __________.

organizational culture

The process nature of communication means____________________.

our interactions with others are ongoing and dynamic

During an argument, when Lisa tells her husband Scott, "It's not what you said, it's how you said it," because she feels his inflection, volume, rate, and pitch conveyed a hostile and aggressive tone. Lisa is upset with Scott's use of

paralanguage

The active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities is known as __________

perception

The ability to perceive another as a unique individual apart from social roles and generalizations is called __________.

person-centeredness

The technique for imagining ourselves being effective and successful is called __________.

positive visualization

Paul wanted to impress his boss. He planned ahead, read-up on the topics that would be covered at the next conference meeting, and worked out a strategy with a co-worker so that he could talk more during the meeting. Paul's attempt at gaining more power is called __________.

power over

In describing how she sees her work as a team leader, Robin says that her goal is to help members reach their goals and accomplish objectives that advance them. Robin is expressing which orientation to power

power to

As soon as the news program begins an interview with the President, Dolores quits paying attention and she mumbles to herself, "I already know everything he has to say and I don't want to hear it again." Dolores' ability to listen is being hindered by

prejudgment

Dr. Soyoon Kim discussed a transmedia program called "East Los High." This program was designed to

prevent Latino teen pregnancy

Brian says in his work team, "I think we need to finish talking about the history of this issue before we get into possible solutions." Brian made which type of contribution to discussion?

procedural

When a TV show or film incorporates the product into the storyline they are engaging in __________.

product placement

Qualitative research methods

provide non-numerical and interpretive knowledge about communication

Which of the following is NOT a level of interpersonal confirmation?

provisionalism

Caitlin is angry with her boyfriend, so she refuses to sit near him in the car or to let him get really close to her while they are walking. To communicate her anger, Caitlin is relying on

proxemics

The two greatest influences on initial attraction in romantic relationships are

proximity and similarity

Our perception of when a given interaction begins and ends is known as __________.

punctuation

Textual analysis, field research, ethnography, and focus groups are examples of which type of research approach?

qualitative

Empirical communication research using techniques such as descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments used to gather data for objective measurement is

quantitative

The process of seeing ourselves through the eyes of others is known as __________.

reflected appraisal

Rachel doesn't want to be interrupted while she's speaking so she avoids looking at others until she has said all she wants to say. Then she looks at the person who wants to respond. Rachel has used nonverbal behavior to __________.

regulate interaction

The opposing and continuous tensions found in personal relationships are known as

relationship dialectics

According to Dr. Carcioppolo, which is not characteristic of humor?

research suggests that humor appeals designed to influence health outcomes may be more effective among women than men

Dr. Victoria Orrego-Dunleavy believes that media literacy is an effective strategy to make consumers of health information more

resilient

Maggie is very nervous around people who are devout Muslims. She thinks they don't belong in the U.S., and never tries to make any conversation with Muslim people she comes across. Maggie's actions are an example of

resistance

Assuming an attentive posture, holding eye contact, and nodding to show you understand what another person is saying are nonverbal behaviors that convey which dimension of relational level meanings?

responsiveness

Dr. Soyoon Kim discussed and shared an episode of a South African soap opera called "Soul City." The message offered was a health message encouraging

safe sex

Which of the following is NOT a communication practice that reflects and upholds organizational culture?

schema

Don goes to class on Friday but the instructor is not present. The teaching assistant announces that the instructor is ill and there will be no class that day. When Don comes to class on Monday, he notices that students are handing in an assignment to the instructor. He discovers that the TA told students that even though there was no class Friday, they had a homework assignment to complete. Don's failure to attend to that part of the TA's message reflects which aspect of the perception process?

selection

While visiting her parents on a break from school Melinda doesn't pay attention to much of what they say. She lets much of their communication just come in one ear and out the other without her ever listening. However, when her mother mentions going shopping to get some new clothes and good novels for Melinda to take back to school, Melinda listens attentively. This is an example of __________.

selective listening

Annika says, "I didn't get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day. However, Kathy didn't get an offer because she isn't qualified." This is an example of __________

self-serving bias

Jane knocked on the door of her friend's house. She wanted to talk with her friend about a disagreement they had earlier in the day. When her friend answered the door, she said, "May I come in?" The content level of Jane's request was ____________________.

she wanted her friend's permission to enter

During the literate epoch, the dominant sense was __________.

sight

Caitlin is angry with her boyfriend, so she refuses to speak to him while riding in the car and she refuses to answer him while they are walking. To communicate her anger, Caitlin is relying on

silence

The attempt to increase personal status in a group by winning the approval of high-status members is known as __________

social climbing

Groups of people who live within a dominant culture yet also belong to another group that is distinct from the mainstream culture are called

social communities

A group of people who are part of an overall society, like the United States, and are also disnct from that overall society in that they hold values, understandings, and practices that are not shared by people outside the group

social community

Howie is still not entirely sure how smart he is, so he asks other students in his first grade class how they did on a test. After checking with 5 other children, Howie realizes he did better than any of them and Howie concludes he must be pretty smart after all. The process by which Howie reached this conclusion is __________.

social comparison

Relationships which are governed more by what we do than who we are, are

social relationships

E-mail chatting and forwarding of jokes among coworkers may be examples of __________.

social rituals

The social, symbolic, and material practices of a social group that shape its members' perspectives and communication processes are known as __________.

standpoint

The idea that any culture includes a number of social groups with distinct perceptions, identities, and ways of interacting is associated with __________.

standpoint theory

According to scholars of organizational culture, humans are by nature __________.

storytellers

Communication that aims at manipulating a person or group for the benefit of the person manipulating is known as __________.

strategy

During a group problem-solving discussion, Steve says, "That's not how I see it. I think the research indicates that the market is pretty stable, but there are new competing products." Steve's comment is which type of contribution

task

A special kind of group characterized by different and complementary resources of members and by a strong sense of collective identity is referred to as a__________.

team

Dr. Victoria Orrego-Dunleavy described one of the challenges she arced ion providing health/HIV communication in Guatemala as

the people do not communication openly about sex

The Electronic Epoch in McLuhan's review of human history began with __________.

the telegraph

The theory that asserts that people find uncertainty uncomfortable and so are motivated to use communication to reduce uncertainty is known as __________.

uncertainty reduction

Phil attends a party being held in honor of a visitor from Great Britain. Phil notices that the visitor doesn't stand very close to those who are talking to her. Phil doesn't assume that the visitor is being rude or unfriendly; instead he wonders how personal space preferences in Great Britain differ from those in the United States. Phil is practicing

understanding

After a heavy session of studying for final exams, Barbara and Lynn wish to relax for a few hours. Feeling melancholy and in the mood for escapist romanticism, they stream the movie Titanic. The choice of media content Barbara and Lynn made reflect __________.

uses and gratification

Janis loved watching TV. She really liked to get into shows so that she could forget the problems she was facing. Which theory would best explain the impact that watching television has had on Janis?

uses and gratification theory

George Herbert Mead's statement that humans are "talked into humanity" means ____________________.

we gain our personal identity by interacting with others

Tamara says, "I don't like to lose arguments. The way I figure it, when you have a disagreement there can be only one winner." Shenika's orientation to conflict is best described as __________.

win-lose

Which is not an example of nonverbal communication?

words used to describe an action

Hierarchical language is best illustrated by which of the following?

workers who use titles to address each other

Bob was telling everyone in the break room that he thought it was a big mistake to hire Laurie because it was clear to him that she was not qualified for her position. Even though Laurie had the credentials and previous experience for the job, Bob was angry that his girlfriend had not been hired instead. He called Laurie "inept" and "under qualified" despite her fine performance on the job so far. This is an example of __________.

workplace bullying

Which of the following is a prototype?

your colleague Susan, because she is the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you

Which of the following is a script?

your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker