COMPARATIVE CULTURES FINAL: GEOGRAPHY

Calicut (Kerala)

"City of Spices," port city in southern India on Malabar Coast TRADE ROUTES: Portuguese (Vasco da Gama)

Grand Canal

(aka Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal) longest as well as one of the oldest canal or artificial river in the world extending S from Tianjin to Hangzhou

Katanga

1 of 11 provinces of DRC (1966-2015), split into Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces

Calcutta (Kolkata)

1772, headquarters of British East India Company that ran opium trade TRADE ROUTES: Kolkata-Mizoram, British East India Co.

Lake Victoria

Africa's largest lake; named after Queen Victoria by Speke; main reservoir of Nile; in Tanzania and Uganda bordering Kenya

Great Rift Valley

Central Africa; extends from Red Sea to Lake Malawi

Beijing (Peking)

China's capital, "north capital"

Kuril Islands

Disputed between Japan and Russia, in Russia's Sakhalin Oblast region, form a volcanic archipelago, NE from Hokkaido, Japan, to Kamchatka, Russia,

Swahili Coast

E African shores of Indian Ocean between Horn of Africa and Zambezi River

Goa

Indian coast taken by Portugal in 1510 as a military and commercial base TRADE ROUTES: trade routes with Siam (Thailand), Spice Islands, China

Bali

Indonesian island, Dutch took over in 1894

Java

Island in Indonesia TRADE ROUTES: Spice Route, Cinnamon Route

Kyushu

Japan's 3rd largest island, located SW of main island Honshu

Honshu

Japan's main island; Tokyo on E coast

Rajasthan

N Indian state bordering Pakistan, palaces and forts

Hindustan

Persian name for India; after Partition of India, used as name for Republic of India; geographic term for Indo-Gangetic Plain in northern India

Macau

Portuguese trading post on S coast of China and 2 islands in S China Sea, near Canton TRADE ROUTES: Macau-Malacca-Goa-Lisbon, Guangzhou-Macau-Nagasaki and Macau-Manila-Mexico

Sakhalin Island

Russian island in Pacific Ocean, N of Japan

Caspian Sea

Saltwater lake between Europe and Asia, bordered by Azerbaijan and Russia W, Kazakhstan to NE, Turkmenistan to E, and Iran to SW; world's largest inland body of water

"Soviet"

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), socialist state in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Marianas Islands

archipelago comprising the summits of volcanic mountains in NW Pacific Ocean; Operation Forager: offensive launched by US against Imperial Japanese forces in Mariana Islands

Borneo

between the Sulu and Java Seas, part of the Malay Archipelago: divided into Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), the Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah, and the sultanate of Brunei

Colombo

capital and chief port of Sri Lanka

Tokyo

capital and largest city of Japan, in E-central Honshu on Tokyo Bay, an inlet of Pacific Ocean

Madras

capital of Indian state of Tamil Nadu, on Coromandel Coast off Bay of Bengal, one of S india's biggest cultural, economic and educational centers

Nanjing (Nanking)

capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the East China region; Japanese invasion in WW2

Karakorum

capital of Mongol Empire (1235-1260) and the Northern Yuan (14-15th centuries) under Kubilai Khan

Xian

capital of Shaanxi Province, PRC; minimal destruction from Japan because inland (only aerial attacks); refugee destination

Hangzhou

capital of Zhejiang province in eastern China, situated on Hangzhou Bay, inlet of Yellow Sea, at the southern end of Grand Canal

Delhi

capital of medieval India

Zanzibar

center of expanding E African trade, Anglo-American rivalry for sphere of influence, point of embarcaration for exploration of African continent

Ryukyu Islands

chain of 55 islands in the W Pacific to SW of Japan

Bombay

city in western India, from Portuguese

Hiroshima

city of SW Honshu, Japan, on Inland Sea W of Osak;. Destroyed when American airplane dropped 1st atomic bomb ever used in warfare (WW2: August 6, 1945)

Nagasaki

city of W Kyushu, Japan, on Nagasaki Bay, inlet of E China Sea; 1st Jap. port opened to foreign trade in 1500s; devastated by 2nd atomic bomb used in WW2 (August 9, 1945)

Lhasa

city of southwest China, the capital of Tibet. Since the mid-1600s, it has been the official residence of the Dalai Lama and the center of Tibetan Buddhism; SW China=sacred city of Lamaism

Mediterranean Sea

connected to Atlantic Ocean by Strait of Gibraltar (W) and to Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, by Dardanelles and Bosporus (E)

Taklamakan Desert

desert in SW Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, NW China

Gobi Desert

desert region in northern China and southern Mongolia

Plain of the Ganges

fertile plain encompassing most of N and E India, the E Pakistan and all of Bangladesh

Zambezi River

flows from S/central Africa to Indian Ocean

Bengal

former province of NE India, in great deltas of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers: in 1947 divided into West Bengal (belonging to India) and East Bengal (Bangladesh); Bay of Bengal

Rovuma River

forms border between Tanzania and Mozambique; leads to Indian Ocean

Manila

founded by Spanish conquistadors TRADE ROUTES: Spanish Galleon Route

Unyamwezi

historical region in what is now Tanzania, around Tabora; S of Lake Victoria and E of Lake Tanganyika

Indus River Valley

in Pakistan and northwest India, on fertile floodplain of Indus River

Lake Malawi (Nyassa)

in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, an African Great Lake and southernmost lake in E African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania

Lake Tanganyika

in central Africa between Tanzania and Congo; Burton thought this was Nile's source

Lake Bangwelo

in upper Congo River basin in Zambia; comprising of Lake Bangweulu, Bangweulu Swamps and Bangweulu Flats/floodplain

Black Sea

inland sea between SE Europe and Asia: connected to the Aegean Sea by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, and to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait

Shikoku

island in SW Japan, S of Honshu: smallest of main islands of Japan

Robben Island

island in Table Bay W of coast of Bloubergstrand, Cape Town, South Africa, "seal island"; Mendela went to prison here

Yellow River Valley

lands surrounding the Yellow River, center of culture and China's 1st villages were founded

Saipan

largest island of N Mariana Islands, commonwealth of US in W Pacific Ocean

Okinawa

largest of Ryukyu Islands, in N Pacific, SW of Japan: taken by U.S. forces April-June 1945 in last major amphibious campaign of WW2

Shire River

largest river in Malawi; only outlet of Lake Malawi and flows south into Zambezi River in Mozambique

Ho Chi Minh Trail

logistical system that ran from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) through the kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia

Tabora

main trading post for Arab trading post; Mirambo's war

Bagamoyo

mainland port for slave route (Tanzania); Stanley goes through here

Pearl Harbor (Oahu)

major US naval base in Hawaii that was attacked without warning by Japanese air force on December 7, 1941 and initiated US joining WW2

Iwo Jima

major battle; US Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured island of Iwo Jima from Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during WW2

Malacca Strait

major gateway for trade to/from Asia

Khyber Pass

mountain pass in N Pakistan, close to border with Afghanistan

Himalaya

mountain range along border between India and Tibet

Pamir Mountains

mountain range in Central Asia at junction of Himalayas with Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, Hindu Kush, Suleman and Hindu Raj ranges

Hindu Kush

mountain range in S Asia, mostly in NE Afghanistan, extending W from the Himalayas

Sumatra

mountainous island in W Indonesia, in the Greater Sunda Islands, separated from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca, joined Indonesia 1945

Wakhan Corridor

narrow strip of territory in NE Afghanistan that extends to China and separates Tajikistan from Pakistan; trade route used by Europeans, Chinese and Afghans to reach India

New Guinea

on W coast of Africa; Sierra Leone, Cote D'Ivoire (S), Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali (N)

Gansu Corridor

pathway in Central Asia

Korean Peninsula

peninsula in SE Asia extending S from central Asia into Pacific Ocean surrounded by E Sea to E, and the Yellow Sea to W

Malay Peninsula

peninsula in SE Asia extending S into S China sea (E) and Indian Ocean (W)

Irrawaddy River Valley

principal river of Myanmar flowing N to S

Manyuema Region

region in E Congo roughly bordering Lomami River (W), Katanga (S), Lakes Tanganyika and Kivu (E), and Stanley Falls (N)

Manchuria

region of NE China, includes part of Inner Mongolia and provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning

Congo River

river of central Africa through DRC to Atlantic Ocean, remotest tributaries rise in northern Zambia

Malagarasi River

river of southeastern Burundi and northwestern Tanzania, flowing through Kigoma Region into Lake Tanganyika

Golconda

ruined city west of Hyderabad in western Telangana, central India; capital (1512-1687) of a Muslim sultanate

Hong Kong

sea trade hub, British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

Luapula River

section of Congo River; part of border between Zambia and DRC

Guam

self-governing island territory of ] US, located in W Pacific Ocean, important naval and air bases (American military bastion)

Suez Canal

ship canal in NE Egypt linking Red Sea with Mediterranean Sea

Deccan Plateau

southern peninsula of India S of Narmada River, bounded E and W by the Ghats

Lualaba River

starts in SE DRC, N through DRC forms Congo River at Boyoma Falls

Hormuz

strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; Iranian island in Persian Gulf

Makata River (Swamps)

swamps/river in Tanzania; LVG's lost horses and supplies

Uha

territory of Waha (NW Tanzania)

Nyangwe

town on right bank of Lualaba in DRC west of Tanganyika/Bambarre; main slave trading states in region; where massacre happened on LVG's 2nd expedition

Malacca

trade center in southwestern Malaysia TRADE ROUTES: Cinnamon Route, Spice Route, Clove Route

Casembe

trading post southeast of Lake Mweru; where he meets Mohammad Bogharib

Ugogo

tribe in Ugogo; Stanley kills some, hair decoration

Lukuga River

tributary of Lualaba River in DRC, drains Lake Tanganyika

Midway Island

unincorporated territory of US in central Pacific Ocean, NW of Honolulu; aval battle in Pacific Theater of WW2 (June 4-7, 1942)

Yangtze River Valley

valley of longest river of Asia; flows E from Tibet into the E China Sea near Shanghai

Victoria Falls

waterfall in Zambezi River on border between Zimbabwe and Zambia

Wei River Valley

west-central China's Gansu and Shaanxi provinces; Wei river = largest tributary of Yellow River and important in early development of Chinese civilization

Ujiji

where Burton and Speke first reached shore of Lake Tanganyika; where Henry Stanley found Dr. David Livingstone (10 November 1871)

Congo Basin

where Congo River drains in central Africa

Chitambo's Village

where LVG died (age 60); at edge of Bangweulu Swamps in Zambia

Nile River

world's longest river; flows northward through E Africa into Mediterranean Sea; source is mountains of Burundi