Comparative Political System Readings

Hall, "Beyond the Comparative Method,"

" it is essentially correlational, assessing the validity of an explanation by inspecting the correspondence between the values of the explanatory variables and those of the dependent variable or outcome" -different from stats because small number of cases examined -"too many variables, too few cases" weak methodology that accomplished a lot 1) broaden object of inquiry 2) alternative conceptions on what can be explained and what consists of causal explanations -understanding occams razor -growth in stat methods bc 1) growth in cross-national data sets and 2) refinement and growing popularity of pooled-crosssectional time-series analysis preferred : two or more causal theories are compared to one another, predictions are derived from each theory about key facets of the causal chain leading up to the outcomes, including the sequence in which events are likely to occur and the positions actors are likely to take, and observations are drawn from the cases and inspected to see how well they conform to the predictions of each theory -use many methods not just the comparative one

Schmitter & Karl, "What Democracy Is . . . and Is Not," in CCR, 93-100 (8)

-"polycarchy": the rule of many -democracy about more than having free and fair elections -civil rights and liberties are really important for actual participation -democracy is a SET OF PROCEDURES AND RULES, not a recipe for good life in everything -concepts that define democracy as a unique system, procedures which are the rules and arragenments needed for democracy to endure -two operative principles that make democracy work -many different types of democracy, dependent on sociioeconomic conditions and other practices -modern pol demo is system where rulers are HELD ACCOUNTABLE for their actions by citizens acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives -regime or system of governance is the methods of access to public offices and the rules associated with decisions and such, needs to be institutionalized usually through a constitution -the difference between democractic and nonleaders is the conditions that led them to come into power and the practices that hold them accountable -public realm making of collective norms backed by state coercin -dvlop private sector, no more democratic than dvlpng public sector -citizens important, restricted social cateogires in the past but new democracies don't do this -compeittion among factions is NECESSARY but differences in boundaries -"electoralism": fatih that merely holding elections will channel political action no matter how they conducted -majority rule difficult when numbers meet intensity and it harms minorities need bill of rights to protect minorities -interest associations and social movements matter, intensities of preference -influences weighted -cooperation central foce, resolve differences without relying on some supreme central authoirty -importance of independent groups more than struggle for election -civil society restrain actions of rulers make better citizens -representatives necessary -elected officials, fair elections, right to vote, right to run, severe punishment and expression, seek alternative information, right to independent associations -BUT THESE GUYS ARE LIKE government can't be overrided by other things like military officers and polity must be self governing and not controlled by something outside the country -consensus, participation, access, reponsibeness, majority rule, parlimentary sovereingty, party government, plurailsm, federalism, presidentialism, checks and balances -not 1) efficient ecnomically necessarily and 2)not more effective administratively 3) not going to apepar more stable because more expression more, not necessarily more open economies -neoliberal not everything, but we need peaceful competition, and easier to momdify rules

Meredith, The Elephant and the Dragon, 1-57 (57) STUDY GUIDE ANSWERS

-China has exceeded India in terms of growth and airport niceness -crazy because of its terrible history, where starvation, cannibalism, corruption when it came to grain allocation, ration coupons, and sketchy cultural revolution beatings were not even that long ago. also tianemen -even now tho there is a lot of repression and the rural/urban divide is making everything wrose and could lead to more instability. also remember one child policy -chinese HIGHWAYS and infrastructure, openingup to foreign investment gradually with economic zones (thanks deng) instead of crazy gorbachev reforms are the sign of the growth -used singapore as the example -honestly half and half in terms of capitalism an market economy -rajiv gandhi's assaissination meant natinal crisis but rao and singh made so many reforms it was crazy -india was doing poorly because self imposed econ exile because of ******* colonialism -socialism also a big part of the country for a while but the corruption again made it not thriving -infosys company that was successful even tho there is foreign things. india steel better than british steel yay better colonialism -india used china as a model for devlopment and now they have cool airports and lots of cellphones -they aren't as authoritarian so they can't grow as fast tho -india is an elephant and won't win the race but will win the marathon

Zakaria, "A Brief History of Human Liberty"Preview the document [Canvas] (30)

-Constantine abandoned Rome for Constantinople but left the bishipp of rome behind: SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE wow -but the church flourished -the rise of Christian Church was source of liberty in west -liverty red to democracy -stirring vision of athens but ahtens democracy quite bad. had right to praticipate in governance so democratic not liberal -romans were great tho! divided government and equality under law but didn't apply to ruling class. has to be independent -catholicism good bc literacy. now pretty intolerant but it OPPOSED POWER OF STATE and put limits. rip massavre -european topography why not united so big diversity and competition -landed elite became aristocracy which means huge check for kings and near equal relationship -englihs the ost independnt -MAGAN CARTA WOO -catholics v protestant spooky. martin luther cool but he wasnt liberal and wouldve hated us -protestant reasons kings more powerful bc less vatican power; english break henry 8, peace of westphalia religious toleration europe christian community -strengthening of state not good for liberty; enlightenment BAD FOR LIBERTY BAD CENTRALIZATION, weakening grups that could check royal power= englihtened absolutism became more absolutist than enlightened -french revolution destroyed landed aristocracy -capitalism destoryed everything. no feudalism nor monarchism -protection of propoerty rights yay---new powerful men: bougeoiuise -america england without feudalism--america didn't need powerful entral govt nor violent social revolution to verhtrow old order but like no good suffrage at all -compared to rest of the world west has the most liberty--is it all about culture? relocate to west? -econ not about cultures,china india -culture can change -the real tea is creation of instituions and practices 1)government must be able to control governed than control self. order plus liberty -best democracies were miltary juntas for ahilwe -east asia flawed but so were most western democracies fifty years ago cmon -britain did leave behind legacy of law and capitalism rip -sequence and timing of democratization matter -so many dictatorships because premature democratization

Herbst and Mills, "The Invisible State,"Preview the document 1-3 [Canvas] (3)

-DRC nonstate incesssantly at war -internt comm supports existing goct which is failing even tho they are second largest recipipent of internt assistance (funding isn't enough) -african leaders don't like questions of state sovereignty -many ppl who profit from barely governend terriroty full of minerals -no sovereign power at all outside urban centers -area worried might secede -us backed kinshasa which led to dysfunction which involved lots of rape -training designed for military that care about rights and they don't---no command structure -un secirtuy atuorized intervention brigade -merely pretending state exists, providing aid to the wrong person? state? kinchasa -alternative scenarios: divide congo into different states of give more formal resp to international communities -stop aiding failed state

Patrick, "An Ever-Looser Union"Preview the document [Canvas] (4)

-EU constant crisis management: eu just elite-driven and no democracy -national sovereignty will be superior -never been a single idea of europe -us backed and used for peace post world war -treaty of rome for econ failed and military real failed -masscht thanks eurozone -eurozone meltdown and migrant bad: not even single coast guard, really hard countries playing "pass the migrant"; bargain with turkey -brexit econ bad for britain ppl will leave london, will hurt rlshn with us -countries will opt in and out -eu will survive but more power will go to indivudal states -a looser eu will be weaker bc russian agression

Bates, "Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development," in CCR, 51-53 (3)

-European state formation -bellicist theory whre states come from violent struggles -weaker states more like to be predatory serving for private interests -the center is seducive, generates greater revenues -econ transformation resulted in demands for peace, mnoarchs tapped into private wealth, stopped conflict, created parliament -goods are mobile, need to engender willingness to pay -parlimanet important -king augments miliary might -wars too expensive so also had to borrow money -ppl don't want ot lend bc governmetn could just not pay back; so govts created tax farmers and granted monopolies to creditors -drove out stuart rule bc dangerous and reformed; william of orange acknowldged sovereignty of parliament 1) parliamentary control over policy 2) parliamentary control over public financnes -states emerged from war and to better secure resrouces which to fight

Fukuyama, "The Middle-Class Revolution,"Preview the document 1-6 [Canvas] (6)

-Turkey and Brazil doing well economically but have lots of protests -this plus arab spring plus china means new global middle class -rarely resulted in long lasting political change -young people with high levels of education -number of people in this middle class would grow, mostly in asia (china/india) -corporations like this because more consumers -middle-class defined by education and occupation--which means higher value of democracy -ppl with durable assets who pay taxes have greater stake in politics -"the gap" = failure of society to meet their rapidly rising expectations for economic and social advancement -arab spring good example -usually doesn't work because middle class divided -erdogan akp facing repression, brazil facing co-optation/patronage politics; bought off individually -china big middle class pop, job prospects dimmer -chile good -could happen in europe and US!

King's "Decline of International Studies"

-US ended funding for Title VIII, which involved cultural training for Russia and exemplifies how America was powerful because of its understanding of foreign governments -wow i am worth something, this is just a major flex on us -not enough language teachings, things changed after sputnik people began care -"But consuming the world is not the same as understanding it." so even tho we're globalizing that's not enough -academia is boring -funding is the problem: National Security Education Program (nsep), which offers students financial assistance for foreign-language study and cultural immersion. -screw Lamar Smith, a representative from texas that doesn't want us to fund foreign affairs education -studying for the sake of "national security" is rough because " give government an edge over the governed -we need to make international affairs a fundable federal priority and also make sure universities are solid--"Researchers and graduate students should be judged not by how well they embed themselves in a scholarly mainstream but by how truly original and world-connected they aim to be. Fundable scholarship should not be reduced to a narrow matter of national security."

De Tocqueville, "Author's Introduction"Preview the document from Democracy in America [Canvas] (13)

-US has great equaliy of condition -great democratic revolutuion happening in europe -france used to be a small numer of families as the elites then it was the clergy then commerce was happening and businesses were all powerful and now englightenment is spreading -value attached to high birth declining -kings let low people have money to limit power of the aristocracy -new inventions led to general leveling: intellect truly the equalizer -crusades and english wars bad -equality: universal, lasting, eludeshuman interference, contributes -checked by efforts of one generation? its so strong tho -PROGRESS IS GOD DONT GO AGAINST GOD -educate democarcy: reawaken religious beliefs -NEEDS GUIDANCE unlike french revolution no guidance -not how bad something actually is but how it is perceived/if it is perceived to be illegitimate -now rank doesn't matter -society not stationary and would need to be regulated -we have destoryed powers which are able, single-handed to cope with tyranny -french democray crazy and confusing losing sight of orals; religion mixed with instituions democracy destorysbut we NEED MORAITY -so much hypocrisy for everything -almost will arrive at equality of condition; america owrking but not the only form that democracy can adopt; perfection not found

Collier & Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," in CCR, 12-24 (13)

-a more specific and restrictive concept will be more useful -analytic differntiatiaion in order to capture the diverse forms of democracy -conceptual validity of when it's appropriate to call democracy, with adjectives -particular attention to latin america -be more careful with the definition, and improve description so we have better clairty -democratic procedures, minimal because focus on smallest possible attributes: fully contested elections with full suggrage, absense of massive fraud, combined with guarantees of civil liberties -ladder of generality--moving down has more defining attributes and narrower range, classical subtypes, vulnerable to conceptual stretching, increasing differntiation --moving up avoids conceptual stretching, regimes, could include non-democracies, loss of conceptual differntiation -diminished subtypes, less than complete instances of democracy -diminished subtypes fwer definition attributes, identify attributes that are missing, move beyond dichotomy -adjective cancels democracy -we could precise the dfinition of democracy iTSELF -expand procedural minimum to incorpate not having reserved domains like miltary powerbut it elads to DEFINITIONAL GERRYMANDERING, meant to exclude, introduce new def every time there's a weird case -democracy as a subtype, talking about democratic state v democratic government WHAT IS THIS POINT -COOL FIGURE IN THE BOOK -potential for confusion and words that mean the same thing rip

McNamara, The Politics of Everyday Europe, Introduction, 1-20-

-a slow transformation in EU symbols and practices has caused an implicit culture/cultural inrastructure for coverannce that makes people take EU political authority taken for granted -no borders and single currency create cohesion -foreign policy and international treaties treats it as a body -eu culture complentary to nationalistic identities -banal cultural infrastructure may falter as a source of legitimacy (rests in political authority's ability to create consent for the governed) -eu policies also impact health care, climate change efforts, and more -implicit because parliament moves around and such -no direct taxing or debt creation -can't focus on identity alone because most people unaware of extent of EU identity -nation state development based on 1) security and coercion 2) economic development and 3) social logics of community building -war fighting after WW11 but hasn't been super relevant because doesn't really guide integrateion and hasn't led to deposing anyone -economic is big because european coal and steel community based on private interests was v relevant -author only looking at overall trajectory and not developing arguments about individual factors or looking at variation -"Ode to Joy" is the EU anthem and anti-EU demonstrations exist also brexit woo

Cheibub, "Parliamentarism and Presidentialism,"Preview the document 1-8 [Canvas] (8)

-all countries except the US parliamentary -it's a fushion of executive and legislative, easier to remove executive thorugh votes of no confidnece whereas in pres. terms are more rigid -under presidentialism: not majority, deadlocks, rare coalitions, decentralized govt with presidents reacting -counterarguments: deadlocks are about the same just different, coalitions just change in number not quality, prsidentalism not incompatible with multiparty., decentalized not inherent -democracies with lower income per capita more likely to collapse with either form-------historical precedents or preferences of current leaders matter more -presidentialism failed in latin america because of military intervention -term stability and national constiuency -veto power, decree power (executive orders, agenda setting), urgency power -strong presidency postauthoritarian good -tradeoff between governability and representation -mitigate cleavages by having presidents need support outside narrow constituencies -concurrent legis and pres elections reduce number of parties -this guy doesn't like term limits, but also recognizes the incumbent effect would just prefer another instrument of dealing like campaign finance and media

King, Keohane, and Verba, "The Science in Social Science," in CRR, 29-34

-causal inference -ex: econ dvlpment correlated with democracy, red meat heart attacks japan and america -privileging logic of quantitative research? -quantitative easily replicable -qualitative usually linked with case studies -only differences bt quant and qual are stylistic and are metholodogically and substantively unimportant -all social science requires comparison -history not incompatible -quantitative is nOT more scientific!! 1) goal is inference: learning about causal effects from data observed, go beyond observable 2) procedure is public: all methods have limitations 3) conclusions uncertain 4) content is the method: methods and rules -science a social enterprise where errors will likely be pointed out -inquiry seems cut and dried when it's kinda a mess -social science theory answer to a research question, about why proposed answer is correct, uses prior evidence 1) theories could be wrong 2) observable implications 3) concrete -ask about accuracy and other variables that could result; successive approximations

Taagepera and Shugart, "Why Study Electoral Systems,"Preview the document 165-175 [Canvas] (10)

-chile three candidates, maybe better if centrist cadidate was discounted with a different electoral system -political engineering and quantitative modeling -tradeoff between governmental stability and representation -electoral systems tied to local traditions, difficult to change rules and implement reforms that would not benefit the party in power (like a two party system thats working well for a big party) -even with campaign funds choice remained -sometimes yes/no vote but that's rough because if youre just voting agianst someone who are you really voting for -all candidates for party or specific candidates for differing things? -confidentiality important -categorical if only one candidate choice, ordinal for ranking -approval vote another thing -district magnitude: number of seats distributed in a district -with malaportionment some votes are more valuable than others because different number of people in each district ie overrepresntatin of icelandic progressives -gerrymanderng involves piling all enemy votes in one/few district -magnitude gerrymander -should we base on potential or actual voters? US has really low turnout rates, and in the past we counted slaves as potential voters even tho they couldn't vote. but it doesnt fit the one person one vote thing

Fukuyama, "Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity," in CCR, 84-89 (6)

-comparativ edistinction is level of trust. high trust in private companies what makes germany, japan, and the us so sucessful. lacking trust makes economies suffer -ties in to "social capital" and the art of association important for economies -trending towards liberal democratic political instituions, at the final goal? incubator for liberal regime and other human rights -world's advancd countries have no other alternative.....ecvept china yanno -no longer realistic hopes in a great society because americans skeptical of a lot of welfare state stuff and too much deficit spending -civil society is more important bc people socialized and a government can't legislate a healthy one into existence -different et of cultural norms, but cultural salience increasing probably where conflict will come from @huntington but not necessarily source of conflict could be creative change -economy isn't separate, it's related because social collaboration and dignity recognition are important -various examples showing how more trust is better (german nationalism of mercedes bendz, trust that won't be fired, blue collar flexibility among jobs, etc.) -community cultural and not based on selfish economist interests -stop depending on the state for trust...weird dig at african americans for their lack of business??? -coleman "social capital" ability of people to work together forcommon purposes in groups and organiztions, "human capital" important because it shows that human skills more significant than automation -share of trust a measurable economic balue -US, japan, germany -the US is beoming more individualistic and less sociable and we need more police and lawyers and we have so much diverstiy in organizations which means it's going to fall -gov have to be aware and know that democracy and capitalism must coexist with modern cultural habits to be successful; laws necessary but not sufficient

Mahoney & Villegas, "Historical Enquiry and Comparative Politics," in CCR, 35-43 (9)

-comparative historical analysis: social and political phenomena are processes that unfold in time, need historical context -difference b/t within-case and cross-case -questions about the causes of major outcomes in particular cases -historical researchers differ from cross-national statistical analysts who are concerned with generalizing about average causal effects for large populations and who do not ordinarily seek to explain specific outcomes in particular cases -historical analysists empow own distinctive tools of causal analysis and are concerned with temporal dimensions and timing; establish a strong background 1. cross-case analysis: method of agreement eliminates potential necessary causes, method of difference eliminations potential sufficient causes; eliminate rival hypothesis; need not be deterministic ----typological theory: dimesnsions of a typology as independent variable, difference values on different dimesnsions -Boolean algebra: tests whether combinations of dichotomous varaibles are jointly sufficient, multiple paths to same outcome (equifnitiy) -fuzzy-set ananlysis -CROSS-CASE ANALYSIS INVOLVES ASSESSMENT OF HYPOTHESES ABOUT NECESSARY AND/OR SUFFICIENT CAUSATION 2. within-case analysis: qualitative. intervening mechanisms in explanatory variables -process tracing help analaysts with small amount of cases for mistaking spurious correlation with causation -given hypothesis might suggest specific features of a case besides the main outcome that should be present if central hypothesis is correct -Marx example of racial orders: where whites divided (south africa) there's rigid discrimination whereas where they are united it's just exclusion; within-case evidence about how we would see evidence of white factions and reforms that would either heighten tensions or make them worse B. methods of temporal analysis: path dependence, duration, conjuncture 1. path dependence: to understand repercussions of early events on subsequent and historically distance outcomes. ie industrial revolution being linked to price of coal and the first steam engine; orren's path dependence depens on stable reporduction of particular outcome; law of master and servant based on own historical tract------everything coincidence and truly random -importance of insitutional survival, instituional transformation that lasts like the bill of rights 2. duration and conjunctural analysis: specify the mechanisms which independent variables affect outcomes of interest -conjunctural analysis considers intersection point of two or more seaprately determined sequences

Levitsky and Way, "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism" in CCR, 115-123 (9)

-competitive authoritarianism, formal democratic instituions that are violated a lot -not all regimes trans towards democracy -modern dem regimes, executives and legislatures have fair elections, right to voite, liberties, elected authorities powrful, but comp violate one or more SYSTEMATICALLY -delegative democracies: low levels of horizontal accountability abusive exevutives -but we can't elimiate democracy in total, just use bribery and such -other types fo hynird regimes that are different 1) electoral arena: in full authoritarianism elections do not exist or not seriously contested. in competitive authoritarian regimes, elections are BITTERLY FOUGHT. uncertainty 2)legislative arena: legislatures are weak but can be focal points for opposition 3) routinely attempt to subordinat the judiciary, often via impeachement and bribery but also judges are an opening. interntional legitimacy is really important tho 4) though frequently threatened and attacked, journalists are legal and influential and are important opposition figures -governments use libel laws tho rip trump; but repressing the media is costly and can lead to protests which is muy bad -this form of govt inherent source of instability -repression in general costly and not legitimate but also incumbents could lose power (dictator dilemma stuff!) -succession no tdemocratization; opportunity for regime change and democratization tho -REGIONS CLOSER TO WEST MEANS MORE DEMOCRATIZATION whereas post soviet countries v bad -path to compet auth 1) decay of full blown authoritatian and were compelled to change a lil ie sub sahan africa 2) collapse of authortarian regime followed by new ccompetitive authoritarian regime ie russa and haiti 3) decay of democratic regime ie modern venezuela -post cold war era esp difficult; undermined legitimacy of alternatives to democracy because the west won the cold war -liberal hegemony places "web of constraints" on nondemocrtic governments that maintain intern respect and viability -1990s west liberal hgemony, unprecedented acceptance in third world countries for mil and economic aid -resource scarciy makes it hard for leaders to sustain patronage networks; also uncertain hieracrchial control over repression, dispersal of control over different factions means harder to have one single authoritarian group -international factors and resource allocation prevent full blown authoritarianism; pluralism and democracy pretty much only still exist because elites can't get rid of them -but democracy can happen in even unfavorable conditions ie el salvator -transition paradigm move beyond, let's not be too ooptimistic and widespread democratiziation; majority of countries remain undemocratic but hadn't been enough reserach as to why -but hey full blown authoritarianism difficult to sustain and other types of models like this ol competitive authoritarianism

Lijphart, "Constitutional Design for Divided Societies," in CCR, 177-186 (10)

-consociatial model: crafting po linstitutions that create power sharing; power sharing and group autonomy -naive to expect minorities to be loyal opposition -moderation the cop out and it's not great, neither is horowitzs alternative voteproposal 1/ legislative electoral system: DO PR 2. Conditions w/in PR: do SIMPLE and LIST PR (for parties) 3. DO PARLIAMENTARY to avoid majoritarian and politics of personality and stalmates and rigid terms 4. power sharing: do belgium model that represnts minoities 5. make legsilative for powerful i think is the point 6. make president ceremonial 7. make federation decentralized and small so aren't overhwlemd by other states 8. give educational autonomy not territorial 9. make sure powersharing extends to other spheres like judiciary and military ----limit the number of referenda, sometimes good for minorities but mostly not

McNamara, The Politics of Everyday Europe, Chapter 1, 21-45 (24)

-culture a dynamic process of meaning making among a specific delineated group of people -meaning making is a social procress through which people reporudce together the conditions of intelligbility that enable them to make some sense of their worlds -cultural instrastructures as a ay to delineate power -both symbols and practices shift assumptions -should consider EU interms of historical trends in governance and political development -why is the EU considered legitimate??? -symbolic power and cultural infrastructure not integrated into political studies -unlike huntington culture is not fixed -culture as connected to specific actor or governance is too narrow a definiton -------but is this too broad? -europe seems diverse but nationalism is created and is often recreated -college university example for what meaning is -culture is structural but can change based on differents meanings ie different interpretations of the american flag -not just one political identity 1) many different identities which shape worldview: unique fingerprint 2) fingerprint not fixed: national and european identites are not mutuall exclusive(depends on what situation) -only wealthy elite ppl think they're european before any nationla commitments -risse metaphor or marble cake for identities -conflicting identites is the problem, so maybe make national narratives contingent with european (french revolution as a european event) -foreign policy hard to pan-europeanize -create a political affinity through symbols and practices -Anderson "imagined community" with sense of belonging even though don't know each other -necessary through symbolic representation (ie national anthems) -usually many identities but political identities usually finite andn arrow -print and media good for natinoalism; needs complete loyalty ----national monuments -nationalism not easily malleable or replaceable -"social fact": mechanism at work in creating a cultural infrastructure; widespread making ppl think it's objective -paper currency -collective political entities exist through represntations (stock market) -meaningful rules -making EU a social fact has to be unremarkable and natural -1) inward towards eu citizens nad national actors in domestic political realm 2) outward to rest of world -symbols MAD important: as religious symbols unite man with god political symbols have potential to unite man with man---collective political entity -eu only in imagination: eu parliemant kinda concrete; euro -symbols social focal points where material interests form lke census, redrawing mpas, etc. -modern developments in governance -lot different interprtations and views on the euro depending on whether you're greece or not; filtered thru political authority -symbols are a precurosr to interests and strategies while culture is the larger context for the interests -come from non government things too -practice: day to day experiences and actions as humans which solidifes and makes real these constructions -deeply internalized HABITS, human agency dynamism of culture -bourdieu shows cultural capital unequally distributed -theories are performed by actors (ie econ theories that private actors implemented) -actually integrate -LANGUAGE -"material culture"-role of objects in boht reflecting and shaping cultures--euro overa: centrality of a cultural ingratructure of governance in eu; symbols and practices potent way to bring about political authroity and create imagined community even without warfare; tensions growing so they need political technologies more

Williamson and Carnes, "Partisanship, Christianity, and Women in the Legislature: Determinants of Parental Leave Policy in U.S. States" [Canvas]

-democratic party good for family leave, evangelical christians bad, women in legislature good

Wintrobe, "The Dictator's Dilemma,"Preview the document in The Political Economy of Dictatorship, 20-39 [Canvas] (19)

-dictators are more insecure in their office when they threaten people, because people are too afraid to speak and dictators have no idea what's up -need rational choice theory for better signaling between people and dictator trust -insecurity of office means greater repression ie stalin -dilemma product of building trust in the midst of inequality -promises and obligations not enforceable -solution: overpayment or use of price preimium to motiavte loyalty, ie the labor and vote markets -REPRESSION OR LOYALTY that is the question more notes: -dictators can't change minds of subjects -do subjects onliy like dictators bc they have to worship them? -as bad as nations seeking diplomatic recognition from its own colony -tyrant can trust no one -dictators self appointed and can't remove except assassination -less the dictator knows what thinking better for them feeling insecure -also a SUBJECT DILEMMA: subjects want dictators to believe they are love then the ruler does not need to fear them and they don't have to fear the leader -stalin a good example---make old bolsheviks LOVE him as much as lenin and make him feel like he deserves - a lot like julius caesar and current african dictator; insecurity cuz of so many goups --ZAIRE MOBUTU -relationships filtered through bureacucracy -subjects unwilling to report harmful but truthful information -subjects and ruler don't trust each other so can'tmake credible commitments bc promises not enforceable--why would dicatators keep their words after crises? -example: politicians in democracies don't keep their words after election -another example: labor market equilibirum wage and how employers can't count on employees not shirking job, so try to offer higher wage to give them something to lose; unemployment disciplinary action, also "bad jobs" -no cheating condition in order to have trust, or having overpayment -in politics: government provides services in return for political support but political ppl should keep their promise because political parties are long-lived institutions; try to engender political loyalty ("investments" -holding political office a pretty good reward -the use of POLITICAL RENTS helps engender loyalty (pork barrel projects and political patronage)--the size of premium is measured by the amount of waste in ia project or excess of wages -political party will look after its interests in the future. all of these are second best tho because they have waste and corruption: costs of enforcemnt are ignored -indepedent judiciary also helps with judiciary -democratic institutions are good because they dvlp credible commitments -REPRESSION OR LOYALTY -repression doesn't help, except until you REPRESS MORE so dictators give itself sufficient power -stalin tries to use fear to ensure competition among agencies; competing factions -security forces can be overpaid and kept in state of fear -but there's an absense of good theory for determining political repression -mixed results of correlation between dictatorship and economic growth -you can also try to accumulate political loyalty: ie EMPEROR AUGUSTUS -committed adultery and fought wars to see who his real enemies are SUMMARY: accumulation of loyalty (augustus), mobutu surveillance, bureaucratic competition for fear = stalin -dictators try to increase level of security at expense of power -default state: paranoia

Walter, "Bargaining Failures and Civil Wars," 243-261 [Canvas] (18)

-existing studies can't explain why governments at-risk don't sign bargaining agreements and why there is so much variation in the conditions that provoke war -the low rate of settlement in civil wars is due to particularly severe bargaining problems that can occur at every stage in a dispute—before fighting breaks out, as a war is being fought, and once a war ends -certain countries have more trouble overcoming these problems and that these countries are more likely to experience violence as a result -there is information asymmtry 1) less information owing to types of rebels they face and limits on efforts to collect info: guerilla organizations, many competing factions, or difficult terrain 2) highly fragemnted populations 3) civil wars that are short and end in negotiated settlements leave combatants at greater risk of further information asymmetry and commitment problems -also difficult where credible commitments difficult to craft 1) weak political institutions 2) fixed cleavages 3) rapidly changing demographics 4) one combatant clearly weaker than the other -need creative ways to enforce terms -iNFORMATION AND COMMITMENT PROBLEMS

Naím, "The Five Wars of Globalization," in CCR, 294-300 (7)

-drug trafficiking, arms trafficiking, intellectual property theft, human trafficiking/smuggling, money laundering -resourceful networks take advantage of globalization -al quada also shows how hard governments for stamping out statless networks and now there are enormonous financial gains -governments losing, deregulation not been good 1) war on drugs has been expensive and still big part of latin american economies 2) small arms fuel many conflicts and also SMUGGLING NUCLEAR WEAPONS so sscary absence of effective interntional legislation and enforcement, weapons cheap 3) piracy real common and technology making intel prop theft worse, china good and knockoffs (sure different clients but sitll) 4) why does he keep saying illegal alien? trafficiking bad and reguees and asylum backlog 5) tax evasion and caymans popular, deregulation of ginancial markets, sophisticiation of tech making worse -governments can't win bc tech keeps expanding, spread of democracy not going to help because easily manipulated -these networks not bound by geography -defy traditonal notions of soverisngy bc truly stateless, but government employees can't say the same -big incentives martket wise to ocercome government imposed limits -networks lack central leadership and gvonerment creating more bureacracy instead -SOLUTION: more flexible sovereignty, strengthening multilateral instituiokns (why is interpol poorly staffed and funded? lack of trust), making ownership physical reality, shifting from repressing market to reulgating it and using technology with like encryption -regulation not prohibition

Kohli, "State-Directed Development," in CCR, 73-83 (11)

-economic development consequence of effective states -not the amount of state intervention but the quality -capitalist devlopment (brit), neopatrimonial states (nigeria), gragmented multiclass middle (india). colonialims -japan and russia avoided coloniztion and did well wheras some governments pilfer their own societies -patterns of state authority determine industrializing economies -status versus market mindset not helpful -industrialization involves social change -mobilizing capital, way state power organized important -capitalist devlopment: cohesion of state authority and stae class commitments, rapid growth and tight control and competent bureacucracy sometimes authoirtarian south korea -neopatrimonial personal interests nigerai -fragmented held acccountable but more gragmented more politicized issues of legitmacy india and brazil -political and instituional conditions, most successful when state commitment to high growth with that of private entrepreneus -repression and promotion of tech good for enabling private investors, tariffs to increase demnad---cheap and docile labor force for fragmented, weak private sector and patronage for neopat. =colnialism what determined the institiuons, insitutions what determines everything =not study of neoliberal, chariot metaphor, greater degree of power and prganization better

Lowery, Annie. 2013. "Switzerland's Proposal to Pay People for Being Alive." New York Times. November 12. (3)

-eight million coins -basic income provides dignity and unleashes creativity -stimmig: coherent and harmonious, this policy of basic income -program could reduce the size of our federal bureaucracy which is good -high school competion went up and hospitalization down! -massive discinetive to work and cost? but not bad -wages stagnant. minimum incomes good for teh US mcdonals for helping with things

King, "Electoral Systems,"Preview the document 1-6 [Canvas] (6)

-electoral system is the method used to calculate the number of elected positions awarded after elections -plurality/winner take all: house and senate for uS and house of commons -majoirty: electoral college has some of htis, usually involves seocnd round things -PR the most widely used -open v closed party lists -dhondt, vote threshold stuff -saint lague, vote threshold again -single tranferable vote for indivuduals pretty sure what gusa has droop qouta -UK tryna get proportional rep

Sen, "Women's Agency and Social Change," in Development as Freedom, 189-203 [Canvas] (13)

-emphasis should be on free agency of women not overall well being although they go hand in hand -women are not patients -important not to emphasize female DEPRIVATIONS bc really it hurts all of society (although I feel like we should treasure them just for the sake of them) -independent income emphasizes their voices -congruent and conflicting interests, cooperative conflicts, gains to be made on both sides -affects others lives, esp children, inequality in divison of food, female contribution not recognized unless theyre' out making money or else it seems like they aren't contributing -more empowerment means less fertility rates -womens education and literacy decrease child mortality -double burden is difficult tho -women in leadership good esp bc men and violence are connected so more women power less violence?? -lack of access to economic resources the biggest issue, the microcredit movement really good with grameen bank in bangladesh which declined fertility -also land ownership

Skocpol, "States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China," in CCR, 220-226 (7)

-emphasizes "material" or "structural" factors -causes of social revolutions: state breakdown and peasant monilization -french, russian, and chinese revolutions--apply in other cases? -social revolutions are rapid, basic transformations of a society's state and class structures -coincidence of societal structural change with class upheaval and political with social transformation -different because complex object of explanation, looking at revolutions as wholes -ACTUAL CHANGE OF STATE and success, need not be accompnaied by class relations changes??? -structural perspective, international contexts -comparative historical analysis 1) typical version of revolutions (grievances, revolution, violence) is that it depends on consensus of majority; governments and revolutionary organizations not always competitiors for popular support -south africa -revolutionary movements rarely begin wiht revolutionary intention; developed due to emergency of politco-military crises of state and class dominion -revolutions are not made; they come -not controlled by any one class or group (screw you marx) -state power cannot be understood only as an instrument of class domination -relation to other states is really important -administrative and military power of states need to break down peasant and working class revolts affect course of national political struggles -r, c, and f had strengthened nation states=essential (more centarlized, breacratic, autonmously powerful)--competitive because imperailsim and international states system -econ behind others -weber thinks revolutions to further bureaucratic domination but nah

Elazar, "Exploring Federalism," in CCR, 137-142 (6)

-federalism good for minority rights -unite for common puposes yet remain separate to preserve rights -combination of self rule and shared rule, conception and justice -federalism is a continuous referendum on first principles -self government and prevent abuse of power, dual capacity for virture and vice -acommodates diversity, works with elite (china singpaore) -alternative violent stalemate like philippines -strenghens liberty -distributes resources better in the counryside avoiding calcutta effect--good for econ

Jackson & Rosberg, "Personal Rule," in CCR, 187-195 (9)

-functioning of executive in Africa -1980s, personal rule, monopolized by handful of elites which is opposite of checks and balances -whether politics likely to be more institutionalized -image of the type of rulership more important--shaped less by institutions and more by personal authorities and power -personal rule where rivalries between men rather impersonal instituts -these aren't defects these are integral -"presidential monarchy" unexpected in africa -social politics aint existent here -political networks 1) state legitimacy rests on underlying national society 2) class interests most important 3) biases of govt affect class 4) govt social and techinical -machiavelli assumes self-interest, but political entity not integrated with govt and just want to be not exploited and in peace -persona rule an elitist political system that keeps citizens powerless, patronage and corruption -distinguished from constitutional rule because no institutions -guided by expediency; personal rule is monopolistic, rarely have the character of bureaucratic authoritarinism in latin america -involve big men -very ESSENCE of pol govt -all pol systems provisional; dependent on politician ability to utlizie practices, what condidtions discourage instituions? -persoanl rule pragmatic and hasn't been widly condemned -sub af coloninal entity whichi is ARBITRARY AND ALIEN, nothing to resurrect an not legitimate -plural society imediment to rational legal but no less than anything else -colonial ppl trying utter fail, federalism isn't working -DEVELOPMENT STARTS AT THE TOP -ambitious character, prob piecemeal social engineering and time -democracy can be promoted by inventive political practioners as well as by favorable economic processes -within reach; poltiics a human actiivty in terms of choice, individual and intersocial volition

Acemoglu, "Root Causes: A Historical Approach to Assessing the Role of Institutions in Economic Development," [Canvas] (4)

-fundamental cause of poverty: geography or instituions? -the answer is instituions -institutionls: property rights, constraints on elites, and equal opportunity -near equator is correlational -colonization good natural experiement, extractive insitutions what hurt countries which is opposite to georgraphy -reversal of fortune: those that are richer after europears were poorer bfore -no national gravtiation toward instituions: allocation matters as well as amount (size and distribution) -yay botswana

Fukuyama, "The End of History?" in CCR, 275-280 (6)

-global major idealogical divisions over--liberalism wins oiver socialism and fascism -agree society organized through market economies and liberal political instiutions -tinker with details -not positive becuase no more heroism -peace breaking out in many regions -trimph of western liberal dem -total exhaustion of alternatives -spread of consummerism, good long run -fascism poltical weakness died ww11, communism shows class issue been resolved, root causes of economic equality not with structure of our society we are now more egalitarian and somewhat redistributive -decline of membership of major euopean commnist parties -big changes in asia, imperialist japan no longer good -desire for consumer culture, newly indisturalizing countries good -CHINA SHOWS MARXISM NOT A GOOD ECON SYSTEM, decollectivized ag and while isn't a liberal deocracy isn't marxist -all about tactical adjustments -china unaffected by larger democratizing -ALTERNATIVES: RELIGION AND NATIONALISM -religion empty at core, only islam which doesnt hold much appeal for nonmuslims and wont take universal signiciance -nationalism not a single phenomenon and compatible with others -econ calculation not nostaligia and art and philosphy

Hassett and Hubbard, "The Good News about the Leave Vote"Preview the document [Canvas] (3)

-good brexit could be positive -supranational orgs important but haven't really panned out -free rider problem, no one paying for public goods -compettion for govts because people can MOVE thanks tiebout ie US and racism----countries reform! -however eu basically a cartel and over regulatory -uk will have to compete and eu will have to roll back anti competitiveness rules

Smith, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" [Canvas] (4)

-greatest improvement in productivity was the division of labor -example of a pin-maker -restraining imports helps secure domestic market (merchants benefit) but playing to comparative advantage better. doesn't affect agriculture -invisible hand, don't government regulate because no man is capable of manipulating it all -protection, justice, public instituions what sovereign should do not the econ -labor was the first price

McNamara, The Politics of Everyday Europe, Chapters 4-5, 62-112 (51)

-group of golfers are Europe -EU flags are hella important -EU spent lots and lots of money on public entertainment and cultural events -sometimes they can backfire though because many interpretations ---why are cultural activities political? -media, cultural influence reflect and backdrop for important political debates -ppl don't care about art but sometimes it can be hEated -back in history wanted a collective consciousness, unity among the different cultures based on democracy and respect for human rights -architecture and urban planning great ceremonial things; not thru athenian architecture but thru rotating capital craziness -limited urban planning shows no ceremony, shows how they were designed to be temporary; faceless bureaucracy -moving capitals good for transparency and local cultures -ECJ beautiful building and more standard -ECB in Germany -cultural cities help local communities -movies have different european cities, soccer teams now open to people outside the country, eurovision song contest -becomes kind of political sometimes but also great -unity in diversity -yellow and blue flag repitition and important states things -citizenship includes free movement rights, political righst, diplomatic protectin, right to petition european parliamnet and appeal to eu ombudsman; does not replace national citizenship -european citizenship has implications, ie women's groups rights; requirements not uniform (maastricht) -localization where complementing nation states usually worked but wtih dual Eu nationality that was contentious -EU citizenship really helps college students -EU passport major important -collective european history has increased sentiments -schengen is good, free movement -education is really helpful esp erasmus program which involves study abroad things, and the fact that credentials carry across countries so laweyers don't have to be recertified and such -cross national marriage -eu license plate, standard license -uk the wrst

Htun, "Is Gender Like Ethnicity?: The Political Representation of Identity Groups," in CCR, 255-268 (14)

-harder to organize political parties on gender because gender is crosscutting and doesn't correlate with class or social stratification, not geographically clustered, not based on specific political parties -quotas, which make space within existing parties, suit groups whose boundaries crosscut partisan divisions better for women bc crosscutting -reservations, whose boundaries coincide with political cleavages, better for ethinicities bc coinciding -gender almost never defines how individuals vote -quotas require a minimum number of candidates fielded by political parties for general election have certain characteristics -quotas not always good bc ppl voted not always good for interests, essential givens, identities dynamic, -reservations outside/independent of existing systems, quoatas wihtin existing political institutions -propotional representation good bc flexible but reserved seats help preseve two party system or may want to OVERREPRESENT groups -women usually left? kinda. ehtinic head counting important in india and latin america -second wave fem in political life and showing how additional perspectives good is good -quotas multipartisan, usually seen as temporary, and activism episodic; improves legitimacy whereas -ethinc reserves founding compromise, condified in peace agreements or compensate vitims or demanded during constitutions--yugosalvia

McNamara, "Brexit's False Democracy"Preview the document [Canvas] (2)

-referenda are terrible -ppl always left behind, education and age major indicators -depends on sense of belonging in global community even tho domestic policies what matters -eu just another form of govt just be cosmopolitan yall

Grzymala-Busse, "Why Comparative Politics Should Take Religion (More) Seriously,"Preview the document 421-438 [Canvas] (18)

-religion not easily alterable -has great impact on society in general -religion just a part of identity, no different from other ethnic features -transnational claims -particularly demanding -harder to repress; withstand particular backlash -

Friedman, "Using the Market for Social Development," in CCR, 57-64 (8)

-hates china's command economy -crucial distinction private property or not private property -privatization: transferring government owned enterprises to privte hands and giving greater scope to invisible hand -postla services example 1) partial or total decontrol: Eu example, should have let pricate market determine exchange among currencies. case for freely floating exchange. discuss how he wants airports to not be in pubic control bc like with india example socially wasteful bc we don't want inflation if only partial 2) gradual or immediate decontrol: only argument equitable and political. prolonging because there might not be enough time and because gradual adjustment only prolongs harm droe by controls and provides unjustified benefits to insiders 3) overcoming political obstacles: post office example really wishes it could be privatized but yay for parvel services. postal employee unions powerful, vested interests. private monopoly isn't great either. he likes the idea of setting up a private corporation and giving each vitizen one or hunderd shares in it. -soviet union bad private plots good reduce political power of bureaucracy -transitional costs pale

Frank, "The Development of Underdevelopment" 1-9 [Canvas] (9)

-have to take into acount history and econ relations bt metropolis and economic colonies -dual theory that only one part of the economy and society has been importantly affected by economic relations with the outside capitalist world -capitalist affected even isolated sectors -single historical process of capitalist development -origin in colonial period with mestizos iand indians: metrolpolis-satellite relations -capital cities also like a metropolis -even satellites like spain and portugal suck capital out of own satellites for world surplus, always serving interests of hte metropolis -chile and brazil good examples where its satellites didn't develop even tho it shouldve -industrail development didnt break brazil out of cycle of satellite development, development of indsutry hasn't brought other regiosn of brazil success -metropolis develop satellites underdevelop, latin america dependent on western metropolis -best development when satellites weakly tied to metropolis, temporary isolated by crisis in world metropolis like ww1 good for others -japan good bc not satellized -countries previously unconnected and then become connected are worse off like argentina -undeveloped regionsnow had the most ties to metropolis -capitalism more attention

Tepperman, Jonathan. 2016. "Brazil's Anti-Poverty Breakthrough: The Surprising Success of Bolsa Familia."

-huge heavily bureaucratic india inefficient and expensive but brazil bolsa familia is great -by 2011 econ growing, thanks luiz lula de silva -benefits everyone -preserved tight fiscal and monetary policies, cut spending -bolsa familia(family grant): handing out money -distributing goods flopped, poor know what they need and don't squander, privatization doesn't work -conditions: parents give children the advantage, reduce povery ANd inequality -graduated penalties for ppl that odn't follow thru -suspended monitoring temorarily, bad lookrigorous conditions were btter -really cheapbenefits all brazilians, helps with inequality, provided cushion and helped literacy -empowered women!!!!! -increasead faith in democracy and made corruption harder. helped overall -country's debt soared, impoversiehd parents tho, consumption tarriffs, reducing inequality and more dependent? -many countries follow

Levitsky & Ziblatt, How Democracies DiePreview the document, 11-26 (15)

-hunter betrays the horse akin to authoritarian figures betraying establishment -Mussolini pretending march on rome was a revolution but really it wasn't legendary it came from the inside with a bunch of parliamentary votes -everyone came from the inside THANKS elder statesmen -remember when hitler was in jail--well german parties at that time werent getting parliamentary majorities and there was a stalemate so elder statesmen thought a popular outsider with a mass following would be good because they thought they could CONTROL him -"fatureful alliance" which elevates them to power -really think they can co-opt but the devils bargatin mutates to benefit of the insurgent -another example is ex president rafael caldera normalizing hugo chavez--venezuela was doing terrible and lots of riots; caldera connecting with chavez helped both their careers and GAVE CHAVEZ CREDIBILITY--he keeps elevating and pardoning him -establishment politicnas overlook warning signs and hand power or open door for power; abdication of political resposnbility by existing leaders -democracy isn't enough to counter authoritarianism, stop expecting so much--demagogues usually exist on the fringes but trouble arises when they become center -POLITICAL PARTIES ARE DEMOCRACYS GATEKEEPERS -sometimes these demagogues adhere to democracy only to abandon them later like hungarian prime minister orban -juan linz helpful and gives us these causes for concerns that remind me a lot of trump 1) rejects the democratic rules of game 2) denies the legitimacy of opponenents 3) tolerates or encouages violence 4) indiciates a willingness to curtail the civil liberties of opponents, including the media -what is successful gatekeeping? 1) keep woud-be dictators off the ballots during election time 2) parties can root out extremists at grassroots of own ranks @ swedish conserv party 3) avoid all alliances with atnidemocratic parties and candidates 4) systematically isolate rather than legitimize extremists stop normalizing 5) forge united front against them even if its putting party aside for democracy -belgium and finland did this right and avoided democratic decay (rise of antisystem extremists)

Anderson, Imagined Communities, in CCR, 238-240 (3)

-imagined because we do not know each other; most large scale past primordial villages -how national identities imagined and how different from others -deep horizontal compradership -decisive factor print capitalism, rise of newspapers and novels -modern/antique, universal/particular, political power/incoherence -nationalism honestly neurotic -nation is limited because finite boundaries, sovereign bc destroys legitimacy of theoc and pluralism of religion @enlightenment, community bc fraternity ppl willing to die for it

Easterly, "Governments Can Kill Growth," The Elusive Quest for Growth, 217-239 [Canvas] (22)

-incentives what determine growth, anything that taxes future income bad 1) creating high inflation: Israel example of growth falling sharply then reovering nicely, inflation also particularly high during wartime. even if inflation falls wages are going to increase. why does israel have so many int econ? but anyway bruno stopped high inflation. aRgentina longst and worst inflation tho, and people try to avoid holding money 2) creating a high black market premium: jamaican government not allowing citizens to buy american dollars, hedge for devluation.strong incentive to get access to us dollars at offical rate and resell them at black market, creating competition for licenses to buy US dollars. acts as tax on exporters...reflecting official exchange rate resulted in ghana and cocoa collapsing terrible.....kills incentives for growth by keeping nominal exchange rate fixed in the face of high inflation until it reaches a really outlandish blakc market premium 3) high budget deficit: mexico went crazy and still working on it, hard to keep a fixed exchange rate....portillo managed to outrace oil revenues. lax banking regulations also making things worse. high budget deficits bad incentives because creates anticipation of future tax hikes to reduce the deficit and service the public debt 4) killing banks: depositors not protected agsint the erosion of the real value of their deposits. a negative real interest rate policy is usually called financial repression, repressing financial savings in banks. strongly negative real interest rates bad for growth because taxes those wh put their financial savings in banks. strong relationship between country's level of financial development and ratio of financial savings in banks 5) closing the economy: pre-reform Ghana...price of export commodites long run downard train so avoid being stuck in importing manufacturing goods and should develop their own industries (is the argument for clsong, infant industry). BUT we know comparative advantage and free trade is better...geographic component of trade 6) government disservice: pakistan, uganda, nigeria, need electric power, irrigation, water, health, waste disposal, education---don't have private sector do it. ROADS PUBLIC HEALTH RATE OF RETURN ---TAX RATES?? sweden and peru both have high tax rates and different outcomes. value-added tax rate collected is apoor measure of disincentive -chicken and egg which causes growth or are they related. looking at initial value and see if correlated with outside events -grwoth across ocntinents -conclusion: people respond to incentives

Meredith, The Elephant and the Dragon, 117-187 (70)

-indians can buy more than ever -the result is a reverse brain drain -really good for women and for arranged marraiges too -Massive inequality, idea of "rich slums" Unequal education Female infanticide dowry murders caste leftover like slavery partition Muslims Still lots of ag but not much export lack of infrastructure still bad Ambani business Big labor force but need more jobs!! Poor politics and connection with workd Incomes riding, crazy rich Chinese Diamonds and Starbucks v tradition Migration to cities but no old people Nationalism Corruption, environment, human rights Chinese success but political stability? Nah Chinese educator and rural focus good not authoritative Natural resources pollution military Chinese relations with other countries But Us the worst Not a peaceful rise Japan Taiwan Pakistan Pollution costly u healthy also WATER Both countries need better enforcement Nuclear energy scary

Atkinson, Anthony. 2016. "How to Spread the Wealth: Practical Policies for Reducing Inequality." Foreign Affairs 95: (1), 29-33. [Canvas] (4)

-inequality significantly higher -richer people more rich but also some bottom worse...not inevitable ---take an avtice interest in direction of technological change, consider employment and other social needs -ignores taxes and social transfers -make income taxes more progressive, reward those who gave away welath more braodly -btter targeted making it taxable as perosnal income -child-benefit program -"participation income" benefits who in society replace personal tax exemption -tackle unemployment with specific target -employer of last resort by offering guaranteed jobs -government should introduce accounts for small savers that guarantee a positive return in excess of inflation, help people accumluate savings -have a sovereign wealth fund, state should get signicant chunk of profits -minmum inheritance and higher minimum wage

Florida, "The World is Spiky" [Canvas] (4)

-unlike what freidman says about globalizaiton leveling the world, the world is not flat but spiky -tallest peaks are those that generate innovations, hills are the manufactureres, valleys are the ones with little connection to the global economy -few regions truly matter -been explosive city growth, dominance -no single source of eocn production (lights etc.) but using patents pretty good -everyone has to travel to silicon valley -also where scientists live important--US europe -some good at innovation but not commerical adoption -creative people cluster -world' peaks more dispersed but connection between peaks strengthened -freidmans theory shows how declping world has more capailities translating to econ development---BUT gap betewen "have' regions and have not and the inequality is growing -spiky globaliation wreaking havoc on the poors esp poor rural regions

Gurr, "Why Men Rebel," in CCR, 2013-219 (7)

-less attentive to conditions--basically says that "where there's a will there is a way" and treat group frustration and resentment itself as key factors -discrepancy between value expectations and capabilities -revolutionaries not a certain type of person because there is great variation -men aspire to toehr conditions of life than physical well being -temporary palliatives incentivize returning to violence -ignorance usually the cause; does not occur without reasoning tho

Aristotle, Politics, Book I, Parts 1-2; Book III, Parts 1-7

-looking at different types of rule, statesman v king v head of household (same or different?) -there is a social instinct within people to unite -"justice is the bond of men in states, for the administration of justice, which is the determination of what is just, is the principle of order in political society." -what's a state? a state is composite, like any other whole made up of many parts; these are the citizens, who compose it -a citizen isn't just someone who lives there; a citizen is he who shares in the administration of justice, and in offices -maybe children of parents should be citizens -He who has the power to take part in the deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizens of that state; and, speaking generally, a state is a body of citizens sufficing for the purposes of life. -difficulty in defining citizens after a revolution -what defines a state? territory not enough; how to fulfill engagements when the form of government changes -metaphor of citizens as sailors; all serve different purposes but are all important -good man and good citizen do not always coincide as virtues ----------when it's not the same only statesmen should be in charge of public affairs (no democracy) -ruler needs special education, different from citizens -this is really some plato crap "Craft of the inferior" smh -flute metaphor, more sexist things -there are different kinds of citizens; and he is a citizen in the highest sense who shares in the honors of the state. -ppl are social creatures and want governments but not always common interests (for masters and slaves it's in the interest of the master) -society w/ interests for common good is good but only interests of rulers is bad -constitution = government when common interest - tyranny is a kind of monarchy which has in view the interest of the monarch only; oligarchy has in view the interest of the wealthy; democracy, of the needy: none of them the common good of all.

Pitkin, "The Concept of Representation," in CCR, 155-158 (4)

-mandate/independence controversey, what you want from your elected representative -what if elected represntatives align with someone else/s preferences? -should representatives act as their principal would do or what they think is right -how do they act for an entire constituency? the majority? -imitation is not called for if ppl act dumb -wishes v welfare -do what's mandated from them or free to act in pursuit of welfare 1) the way that this is formulated makes consistent answer impossible 2) meaning of representation supplies consistent postion about representatives duties 3) consistent position only sets outer limits -metapolitics: politicians ideas on naure of political issues, relative capacities, nature of man in society -highly restrictive mandate is one that only requires EXPLICIT consent from constituents on everything -independence where rep acts as he thinks best is not bound by anthing but campaign promises or elected promises (more extreme view not bound by anything) -mandates would see him as a "mere agent" or as a mirror or megaphone of the people -independence seems them as a FREE agent; we can't be mandated because then there is no political compromise and how can determination precede discussion -also independences think he should follow the national interest -maybe he is only bound by his political party, rep of political party--or parties a link between local wishes and national interests---or that party interests are partial and not equaivalent to national interest so rep has no obligation to political party -moderate views: reps should let constitutents plead case and then make own judgment, or that temporarily do what best but listen to long-term desires of constiutents (only listen at election time rip) -this is a really long debate, maybe answer through empirical investigation of what people actually do

McNamara, The Politics of Everyday Europe, Chapter 5, 113-134 (21)

-markets and currency the ultimate imagined community -eu geography on the backdrop of the eu -investment, decrases nationalism bc everyone has the same -ECB in frankfurt -paper money everything but localizationi through the coins unique to the countries -super great market integration post war -four freedoms -treaty of rome -SE moniker, CE regulations -medical insurance -shared identity based on us/them -

McCarthy, Joe. 2018. "Mexico Gives Cash Directly to Moms - And It's Succeeding in Major Ways." Global Citizen (Links to an external site.). [Canvas] (2)

-mexico great cash transfer program: PROSPERA -money is given to families if they send their children to school, meet nutrition standards, and receive regular health check-ups; is distributed to mothers instead of fathers because they're more likely to invest in their families; and is distributed locally, so administrators can get to know and follow up with beneficiaries, -keeps people afloat, socilal protection from falling into politics -rlly helped with jobs later -puzzling over the long-term viability of the program because of budget deficits and that this new data provides compelling evidence for keeping and even expanding Prospera. -people don't do bad things!

Meredith, The Elephant and the Dragon, 58-116 (58)

-modernizaton based on number of lights in a home -china unique because great for exporting and for importing--bunch of consumers and a bunch of workers because has the infrastructure for it -chinese government doesn't make things great for freoign companies tho, light bulb example of Phillips or something -India super poor infrastructure but lots of telecommunications -ppl worried about offshoring but it's happening at a big rate, Blinder -makes sense to offshore becuase business get more profits from the cheaper labor -indian people adopting western accents damn -india's factory productivity really high they just genuinely have no infrastructure -stakes are higher for india whre MASSIVE economic inequality whereas westerners can just do a different job -indian consumers are the POOR flipping the income pyramid -diassembly line: a supply chain which breaks up assembly into lots of intermediary goods and everything is cheaper -this is based on specialization and figuring out where to get the lowest costs -global transportation -increased vulnerablity in supply chain tho -Li and Fung -eileen fisher sweatergood example

Barro, "Democracy: A Recipe for Growth?" 1-2 [Canvas] (2)

-more political freedom does not have an impact on growth but improvements in standard of living lead to expansions of political freedom -typically involve rich-to-poor tendencies and keeps public officials from amassing perosnal wealth -overall effect of more democracy moderately negative -nondemocraic ocuntries with high standards of living tend to become more democratic -democratic countries with low standards of living tend to lose political rights -south africa on left side, haiti -democracy ahead of econ dvlopment with not last -democrayc a sort of luxury good; rich countries cn afford the reduced rate of econ progress -dem not key to econ growth, and us plan to establish dem in haiti counterproductive---export the system not the democracy

Max Weber, "Politics as a Vocation," in CCR, 49-50

-most influential definition of the state -legitimacy -use of physical force, a means specific to the state: monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force; the right -politics is striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power -types of legitimacy 1) traditional (authority of the eternal yesterday) 2) charismatic (gift of grace, personal confidence in leaders) 3) rational-legal (legality, rationality of creating rules) more info: -charisma through prophet and magician or elected warlord -organized domination needs obedience -material reward and social honor -lord rules with estates; bureaucracy -professional politicians in the service of lords -living "for" politics and making it life because actually care or living "off" it for wealth and source of income; professionals can't live off it -every politician def needs some econ security and that's not bad but don't pursue private interests -parties and patronage -bureaucracy and cabinets are good for society and for the economy -development of political organization led to "administrative officials" and "political officials" -pol officials have no security 1) clergy 2) humanistiically educated litearti (intellectuals) 3) court nobility 4) gentry 5) university-trained jurist (lawyer?) -demogagues are bad--the journalist is really important

Linz and Stepan, "Toward Consolidated Democracies," 14-31 [Canvas] (17)

-need state to exist and democratic transition to come to completion, need to govern democratically -"consolidated democracy" a political regime in which democracy as a complex system of instituions, rules, and patterned incentives and disincentives has become "the only game in town" -no significant political group seriously attempts to overthrow the democratic regime -will be resolved according to established norms -could break down and there is moer than one type of consolidated democracy 1) civil society: social movements 2) political society 3) state democracy 4) rule of law 5) state bureaucary 6) economic society -rechtsstaat: spirit of constituionalism, state subjected to the law -power needs to be checked -bureaucracy to get tax revenue and demand rights, can't be purely command nor pure market economoy -all of this is an interacting system -ethnic conflict in multinational states and disappointed popular hopes for economic improvement the most important -cultural homogeneity powreful but unrealist, we should have "state nations" that are multicultural but sitll engender loyalty and nationalism -political identities: not fixed nor primoridial and should be complementary not polarizing -nationalizing policies bad -loosely coupled relationship between econ and dem not one to one, perfectly coupled not super accurate bc ppl can differentiate between economic and political freedoms -quality of life is not a measure of democratic character, but can affect the satisfaction---contribute but should nto be confused

Soudriette and Ellis, "Electoral Systems Today: A Global Snapshot,"Preview the document 78-88 [Canvas] (10)

-needs free acceptance to be useful, difficult because of colonialism forcing electoral systems that might not be the best one -PR used most widely (like 1/3) but FPTP used for twice as many people -Afghanistan an example of proportionality that doesn't work because so many parties connected to war lords 1) electoral boundaries: sometimes used as concessions 2) voter education: difficult when low literacy 3) modernization of election equipment: india modernization was a dub 4) ballot papers and counting 5) long-term sustainability: accountability, parties, stable governmetns

Moore, "Social Origins and Dictatorship and Democracy," in CCR, 124-127 (4)

-origins of dictatorships of nazi germany, facist japan, and communist russia in relative power of differnt major political actors -landowners, commericial and industrical intersts (bourg), and peasants -germ and japan bc econ elites prevents bourg from modern. recolution from above ecvlusionary--revolution from above -russia china urban weak and peasant large so communist -eng france us bourgeous rev, need forceful impetus from social class -no bourg no dem -comparing general map with exploring yourself 3 routes: capitalism, facism, communism BUT INDIA weak impulse toward modernization

The Economist. 2013. "Cash to the Poor - Pennies from Heaven." October 26. (7)

-pictures of his ROOF. indicator of poverty -CCTS: conditional cash tranfers appeared first in latin america and then spread, cheap to run -giving money away pulls people out with or without conditions but conditional cash transfers work better -recipients know what htey need better -helpign next generation, better educated children, raise educational incomes, more cost effective -go beyond mere shortage of cash, CHANGES BEHAVIORS OF DONORS -

Wimmer, 'States of War: How the Nation-State Made Modern Conflict," in CCR, 248-251 (4)

-previuos ppl inattentive to role of nation state in regards to "like over like" -not about state failiure but contestation over state itself 1) violent rise of state 2) determined control of state -syria, sudan, kosovo -1/3 violent wars of independence -belgian used specific minorities in wars--ethnic patronage hella bad -ethnopolitical inequality makes opposition leaders easier to mobilize -tight correlation bt inequality and conflict; not diversity but the inequality -other factors include repressive capacity of the state, poorer countries, educated leadership capable of fomring opposition -new nation-states more likely to go to war with each other, or where ethnic groups overlap -eventually ends after 60 years -ethinicity irrelevant to formation of political alliances of encouraged voluntary assimilation are the solutions -syria french colonial domination, has ethnocracy (ethnic minority dominates entirety) need to integrate sunni majority -sudan non-muslim africa politically marginalized -kosozo albanian majority v serbian; can't force elites to share power tho -montenegro hetergeneous and good. colombia nothing to do with thinicity ---prescription: more inclusionary power structures (not just electoral) like trade unions for macedonia -outsiders can't undermine legitimacy of govt has to begin at home

Acemoglu & Robinson, "Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy," in CCR, 128-132 (5)

-ration choice -Great Britian: gradual trans to dem -Argentina: zizag dem -Singampore: stable authoritariaunism wo oppression (egalitarian) -South Africa: major oppression, forced to dem later ---all based on costs, econ benefits -role of pol institutions based on attitudes, based on elites v citizens and how SOCIAL CHOICES INHERENT CONFLICTUAL (ie redis taxes) -political instituions DURABLE, regulate future allocation -transition to democracy TRANSITORY de facto power; unlikely to persist but still majority; need to organize selves -changes don't happen just cuz demand; based on concessions -CREDIBLE PROMISES from elites to future pro majority promises, then will be able to manipulate? -just avoid revolution -elites have de jure political power but not de facto temporarily

Gill, "The Political Origins of Religious Liberty," in CCR, 287-289 (3), Recommended: Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, 1-33Preview the document (concentrate on 16-33) [Canvas] (33)

-rational choice theory -religious liberty when state has least possible involvementin religion -institutional design -actors seek to pursue own interests -religion still exists in world of scarcity, whether that's budget for missionaries or the time and energy for proleshteysizing -religionists must deal with individuals who might not share high ideals; high principles don't always guide behaviors -religious goods are fundamental answers to questions thru supernatural foce -religious firm organization that distributes theses goods -religious firms compete -religious liberty = government regulation in religious marketplace -hegemonic religions like government regulations whereas religion minorities hella don't -no single religion commands majority market share? prob more religious liberty; regulatory policy favors dominate -when competing none have bargaining leverage and govts don't need to curry favor -yay religious pluralism

Laitin, "Nations, States, and Violence," in CCR, 241-247 (7)

-rational choice theory: ppl choose identities with interests in mind -while they are symbolically constructed, consider relative group size, costs (inequalities), and permeable/impermeable boundaries -national consciousness constructed on foundation of collective memories of past glories and collective forgetting of past defeats -culture not through nature; ppl choose natural myths through will of all -INTERDEPENDENT: coordinated outcome, individual gets higher reward greater the agreement like rousseau's generalwill and like battle of the sexes game -measurable? LANGUAGE 1) Abram de swaan's floral model: multilingual, based on political center, monopoly mediators provide translation services; in long term all will vote for education in central language -captures incentives for homogrenization -ethnic entrepreneurs in peripheral regions immense task of trying to get ppl to keep language bc young ppl might not want to 2) schelling's tipping game: theory of binary choice, compare to ice hockey helmets and footbinding (need macho culture or suitable bahcelors to agree) -attributes for categorical membership 1) qualify for membership in another category thru assimilation 2) expand category for census category/new coalitions 3) ethnic entreprennerus expand authority -tipping point investment in new language, typically binary choice, purely coordinate at equilibria ----nation: pop with coordinated set of beliefs about cultural identities whose representatitves claim ownership of the state for them by dint of that coordination (ethinic entrep = pop reps) shows permanence and fragility and that foundation is not natural, COORDINATION is everything

Kuran, "Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989," in CCR, 227-236 (10) - Focus especially on the intro and conclusion.

-rational choice understanding of revolutions, not just about mass disconent -preference falsification: lie about what they want to avoid being persecuted, making support seem higher than it is -external payoffs: siding with opposition and having external reweards or persecution -internal payoffs: psychological cost of preference falsification -soviet movements -repressed grievances burst out into the open -economic and ethnic tensions always there -blame me v do what I did oo spicy

Yashar, "Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democracy in Latin America" 23-42 [Canvas] (19)

-recent democratization concide with indigenous political organizting challenging raist notion -ind identity more politicized, challenge la state and disadvantageous terms of contemp citizenship -bolivia guat ec mex peru -ec rural organizatin, conaie, bol katarista, amazon active site, guat mayan second continental meet, mex zapatistas -peru indig movement barely exists!! -federal movements, strong regional organizations -primordial take bad, instrumental take bad bc ignores history, poststructuralism too identity focused and not enough history -link pol to state formation -political liberalization: more freedoms helped with civil society---current round has disadvantaged indig bc state reforms reversed prior models of rural incorp and hurt local indig eutonomy -greter state patronage and pen in ag areas---oblige natives to define themselves as peasants, create more autotny---indig identity derived from local politics -private bad bc instable -land demands symbolic glue --- CONC: transcomminty networks really helped with capacity, churches good -state formation created networks, response to incompletel pol lib and state reforms -state instituions determine locus and direction of interaction; state strucures not homogenous -weak process of dem and state building in ocuntryside. multiple types of citizenship. difficulty in consoldiating dem

Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," in CCR, 101-112 (12)

-role economic modernization plays in making democracy more likely -deviant cases to improve theories -distinction between correlation and causatin -need to point to set of conditions, contribution of religion -deviant cases that don't git demonstrate there are not necessary SOCIAL CONDITIONS -dem: reg constituional opportunities -two groups of "more" democratic and "less" democratic -europe, latin america -more well to do nation, greater chances it will sustain democracy -WEALTH: per capital income -iNDUSTRIALIZATON: correlated with wealth, percent of empowyed men In ag, energy (higher agriculture is less democratic) -URBANIZATION:more urban more democratic -education the most significant, higher education higher democratic values, fear about correlation?? necessary condition at least and literacy important -change social conditions for workers, ties to marx -opportunity to declop bureaucracy and presence of intermediary organizatons/instituions other conditions -protestantism also helped, cluster of factors overall

Humphreys and Weinstein, "Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War," 436-455 [Canvas] (19) - Focus especially on the intro and conclusion.

-sierra leone -raitonal choice, individuals cost and benefits -political motivations not as prominent as relative social and economic position, costs of joining, and community pressures -poverty, lack of access to education, political alienation also predict decision to defend the staus quo -nOT ABOUT INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP FRUSTRATIONS -involuntary participation also fundamental part -indicators of grievance just proxy to engage in action or to be politically manipulated byelites -stuff could very over time -coercion, social class, community -wealth and education predict membership

Duverger, "The Number of Parties"Preview the document [Canvas] (5)

-simple majority favors two party system -great brtian and labor party -primaries related to parties not to electoral systems -vanquished alsways underrepresented -psychological factor which leads to votes being wasted ifgive to third party and leads to polarization -but overall maybe it works toward bipartisanism

Tufte, Political Control of the Economy, 3-27 [Canvas] (25)

-strong government effect on the economy, elections have the ability to manipulate the economy -incumbents affect timing and location of economic changes -most marked in Germany, US, and New Zealand -incumbents do it for reelection -economic movements decide elections, electorate rewards incumbents for economic prosperity, short-run spurts benefit incumbents -must be easy to start and have good benefits -short run changes in real disposable income -israel, philippine -things were different eisenhower, changed the political-economic cycle -also lowered unemployment (somehow lessened unemployment and inflation) -costs: inflationary pressures, destabilization, political attacks on deficit spending -max to min: presidnetial reelection, midterms, on years no seeking reelection, odd numbered years -greater stakes, greater economic improvement -TAKEAWAYS: LOWER UNEMPLOYMENT AND GREATER DISPOSABLE INCOME, stakes matter

De Soto, The Mystery of Capital, 1-38 (38)

-the global poor is not as bad off as we think because of heroic entrepreneuers -why is capitalism working in some countries and not others? -property rights and official documentation of housing and such is the problem. in places like peru and haiti such official documentation and staying legal is absurdly difficult and extralegal situation is the norm -there are trillions of dollars of capital and assets that are hidden that people can tap into -people becoming disilluioned with capitalism but markets are everywhere and its not "third world" people's faults -remember in the West in america this was also a problem so let's not be racist -capital is everything

Blinder, "Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?" in CCR, 302-310 (9)

-third industrial revolution driving impersonal servies offshower -personal versus impersonal goods -solution is to change education, have a good social program net, and avoid protectionist policies. also watch out for india -luxury goods will do well -more and more goods becoming tradable -everything can be delivered electronically -productivity, tastes, imports -not based on skill versus unskilled but personal (cannot be delivered electronically) and nonpersonal -cost disease/baumol's disease: productivity improvements either impossible or underaible (ie educatin)-prices of persoanl services will rise

Lowery, "Is it Crazy to think that we can Eradicate Poverty?" 1-3 [Canvas] (3)

-this is the global target to end poverty of 2030 a modest goal---already on its way to obsolescence, thanks to China -urbanization helping bc it pulls down povery rates -giving money to poor good -1.25 dollars a day is too low doesn't even do enough---chairty like not development -doubt ngo ability -urbanizziton, clean energy, infrastructure for india -more slums good bc urbanization -advanced econs gotta get their act together

De Soto, The Mystery of Capital, 39-49, (skim 49-67), 207-227 (20)

-unleashing potential energy of capital -Smith specialization when there's more capital Indices greater quantity of work Money cannot fix or create capital it's just circulated Formal property process essential—difficult to visualize bevahse so complicated which is why prettt much only the west has it Visualizing as concept like house mortgage rather than house shelter itself (truly seeing economic potential energy) Then needs to be integrated into a system—difficult bc it took so much time Asset value easier to evaluate Facilitated accountability and ether protected rights but lose anonymity Makes assets fungible, can be split Networks people Protects transactions CREATING TRUST Capitalism only game in town, but private club bell Jae Developing countries failing to globalize capital, shouldn't just be globalized bell jars Proponents of capitalists presume integration but the people don't have property rights Difference in expectations, too much dead capital and not dispersed Marx saw the value of physical property but didn't see how legal systems could enhance the value and help people—potential capital for evening Marx under different conditions and now greater regulation of ownership Formal propert more then ownership Culture of legal property why bill gates was successful To achieve goals capitalism only game in town and best way to help the third world

Esping-Andersen, "The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism," in CCR, 65-69 (5)

-ways which basic services structured -some unival some targeted -"liberal welfare state with modest benefits and market efficiency obsessed, corporatist welfare with rights and states ready to displace the market shaped by church and traditional, social democratic with equality of hifh standards -fators of class mobliztion, class-political coalistic structures, historical legacy of regime institiuionalization -unions and working class usually turn to political coalition building, rural classes really important -social deocratic the best bust coslty but lets women work fushion of welfare and work -political dominance whoever got the frmers now new middle class which affects things caters to working class and poor -working class political formation new white collar strata, private welfare undeloped in scandinacia so high cost of scandinavian welfare -what matters most is the loyalties, fore middle class loyalty---depend on class character n ot spending

Karl Popper, "Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach," in CCR, 26-28 (3)

-we can never be sure that are hypotheses are true but we can do our best to prove them wrong -new theory is a "better approximation" -choose the best -justify a preference for one theory out of many theories -analytic, logical, weird equation things -rationally justifiable preferences -elimination of error in the violent struggle -non-violent rational criticism

Sen, "Individual Freedom as a Social Commitment," in Development as Freedom, 282-298 [Canvas] (17)

-we should see development as a process of expanding freedom -based on individual responsibility -can accommadate lots of variation -opportunity aspect really important of having the freedom to make moeny

Acemoglu and Robinson, "Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty," in CCR, 8-11 (4)

-why are some countries richer? INSITUTIONS: inclusive economic and political institutions oster growth while extaractive instituions don't -nogales arizona really good but nogales sonora not so good. backgrounds are similar demograhpically. access to economic instituions the real te...the way different societies formed during early colonial period -ppl are aware of the inequality which is why migration exists -us richy -econommic instutions shape economic incentives:incentives to become educated, to save and invest, to innovate et. also to control politicians and act how they behave -political instutions important -it was the educational system of us that enabled gates and made financing projects able -need security of property rights. political institutions ensure stability and continuity so dictators don't steal from you -persistence why so difficult to remove inequality because institutions so strong who the heck is carlos slim (mexican businessman) -how institutions fail to change also

Van Cott, "From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics, in CCR, 269-272 (4)

-why political prties successful in some latin american countries and not in others -political oportunities (Decentralization easier), reserved seats, social mobement mobliation. strong party of traditional left decrease chances of ethinic parties -left needs to be weak -4 ideal types -ecuador's pachakutik -colombia widely dispersed -open party system, effective participation in constituional moevement, social movemtn org 14 years old, dense network, ind majority, high org unity -venezuela -guyana really diff, "ethnic trap"---guyana shows that even in unfavorable conidtions tho it works

Diamond, "Guns, Germs and Steel," in CCR, 5-7 (3)

-why were native americans worse off than europeans technologically? (new guinea specifically) -local politician yali -new guineans are on the average at least as smart as europeans cool but why stone tools and not metal -wetn even further back when ppl hunter gatherers but things happening earlier in europe so why such different rates for human development -africa still struggling with legacies and really sucks having to deal with genocide and disease -linguistic reverberations where languages dying off -all goods cargo; question: "why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to new guinea, but we blakc people had little cargo of our own?"

Check out the website for De Soto's Instituto Libertad y Democracia (

-works with developing countries to implement property and business rights reforms that provide the legal tools and institutions required for citizens to participate in the formal national and global economy. -peruvian miners -investigating peru's shadow economy -wow putin and albright and many reforms everywhere

McNamara, The Politics of Everyday Europe, Chapter 8, 161-173 (12)

EU banal: tolerated but not loved we love localization -constituional convention v interesting based off of the us -lisbon treaty dropped eu symbol stuff -failure of constituion and regression to treaty shows we do not want nation state rhetoric -eurozone shows how weak needs changes to cult infrastructure

Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies,Preview the document 1-8 [Canvas] (9)

i did not agree with this piece! -degree of government more important than type of government -effectiveness and legitimacy the most important; at least in USSR the government governs ----this is just a justification for communism tbh -adaptable instituions, bureacucracy, civilian contorl, popular participation -HOWEVER modernizing countries of post colonialims can just go to hell -not enough political community in these places, not governing -ecnomic gap does not equal political gap (bt underveloped and devleoped political systems -underdevloped pol when instability in the form of insurrection, many coupes, etc. -political decay: lack of civic morale and public spirit and political institutions -----product of rapid social change and rapid moblitation of new groups into politics and slow development of political instituions -social and econoic change broaded political participation and undermine traditional sources of political authority (so WHAT? SCREW HUMAN RIGHTS bc there's low political organization???) -US targeted ecnomic gaps but not political bc 1) US dvlpment was prfct and it turns out econ dvlpment and political are indepedent (injdia is the example? but the poverty leads to corruption and the stability isn't great?) random social reform roast 2) america had no need for political order and has no idea how to create a government -organizaton and legitimacy everyting -authority has to exist because it can be limited -control and government > liberty -----how are you even supposed to fix political organizaiton and other countries? also econ dvpment really does matter bro

Singer, "Should this be the Last Generation?"Preview the document 1-3 [Canvas] (3)

universal sterilizaiton means no generation has tod eal with climate change why even bring children into the world yay animals