CompTIA Project +

A project manager begins a new project and wants to review environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in previous projects. Meeting compliance standards would be considered part of what topic? Project impact on local and global environments Awareness of applicable regulations and standards Aware of company vision, mission statement, and values Project impact on company brand value

Awareness of applicable regulations and standards A project can impact the local and global environment when it does not meet the necessary requirements for compliance standards. The project scope follows state and federal regulations as these must provide the minimum levels of compliance needed to operate within policy. Failure to meet these regulations could directly impact the organization. A company's brand describes how people perceive the company. A company cannot directly control its brand identity but can cultivate it by increasing or decreasing specific activities. A company's identity includes its vision, mission statement, and values. The vision, mission, and values are the identity the company shares via published statements and should reflect the company's spirit to the public.

A project manager uses a process diagram at a kickoff meeting. What type of chart is a process diagram? Data flow diagram Flowchart Gantt chart Decision tree

Flowchart A flowchart is a process flow chart or a process diagram. This chart visualizes a process and can compress complicated work instructions into a few charts. The Gantt chart might be the most familiar chart for project managers (PMs). A Gantt chart is an advanced scheduling chart. Visually, a decision tree looks a lot like a flowchart. However, a flowchart describes a process that could include many decisions. A data flow diagram (DFD) shows how information flows through a process or system. This diagram type works particularly well for audiences, including people with technical and nontechnical expertise.

Which of the following are software installation options? (Select all that apply.) File sharing platforms Local installation Cloud-based solutions On-premise solutions

Local installation Cloud-based solutions On-premise solutions Users access cloud-based solutions through an internet browser. For this reason, it is also known as online software or an online installation. On-premises solutions refer to software installed in the cloud or on-premises. A technician installs on-premises solutions on the buyer's hardware, such as a server or computer. Local installation is a variation of on-premises installation and is a common model for personal computers. A local installation means a technician installs the software on the computer or device that will use the software. File sharing platforms allow users to post a file in a single location and grant access to one or more users. Previously, users had to share files via email.

A project manager needs to quickly quantify and classify information. What type of chart would visually depict the relative importance of categorical values? Fishbone diagram Pareto chart Control chart Scatter diagram

Pareto chart A Pareto chart allows the project manager to quickly quantify and classify information. For example, the architect has identified the relative importance of making a system available on each device type in this chart. A scatter diagram or scatter plot graphically demonstrates the relationship between two variables. First, it plots two variables, one on the x-axis and one on the y-axis. Then, a dot represents the occurrence of each (x,y) variable. A fishbone diagram or an Ishikawa diagram is a simple tool that visualizes how various factors impact a single outcome. Control charts are statistical charts that track the variation in a process. A control chart does not consider targets or goals.

Which individual serves a more strategic function, defines the product strategy, and creates roadmaps to show how it will improve and change over time? Product manager Architect Scrum master Program manager

Product manager A product manager works in any framework and serves a more strategic function than product owners or project managers. Product managers oversee products and exist for a product's entire life cycle. Program managers lead programs, which are related groups of projects. They keep the program aligned to organizational strategy and ensure it is within budget and on time. Program managers are like project managers of programs, though with a more strategic slant. The Scrum master is the agile team's Scrum coach. Scrum coaches help the team, product owner, and organization improve how they apply Scrum. Architects design solutions by looking across an organization to see how different systems work together and ensuring projects adhere to solution requirements.

What individual in a company oversees planning, organizing, and keeping teams on track throughout the project life cycle? Project manager Stakeholder Sponsor Program manager

Project manager Project managers lead projects in any framework. They form a team for a short duration to achieve a specific objective. The project manager is responsible for a project only as long as it is active. Program managers lead programs, which are related groups of projects. They keep the program aligned to organizational strategy and ensure it is within budget and on time. Program managers are like project managers of programs, though with a more strategic slant. Stakeholders are individuals who are involved with the project. They will either be executive leadership, developers, managers, or end-users. A project sponsor is an individual who helps promote a project and owns the project after it is approved.

On a kitchen remodeling project, the scope and key deliverables, the project schedule, duration, deadlines, costs, and estimates were drawn up in a preliminary scope statement. The scope statement was given stakeholder approval and the project began. Unfortunately, fuel costs have risen sharply in a short period, and all other costs and expenses increased across the board. Negotiating pricing on some materials will also push back some milestones and perhaps the completion date of the project. Due to these changes, a project cost baseline was drawn up rather than a project budget. What is the difference between a project cost baseline and a project budget? A cost baseline includes cost estimates and contingency reserves, while a budget totals cost estimates, contingency, and management reserves. A cost baseline is the total cost projection for the project's duration, while a budget is an estimate of all resource costs and expenses. A cost baseline includes new start and finish dates, while a budget is a phased approach to monitoring cost performance. A cost baseline shows expected costs, estimates, and risk mitigation of expenses, while a budget contains a detailed scope statement, updated WBS, and a WBS dictionary.

A cost baseline includes cost estimates and contingency reserves, while a budget totals cost estimates, contingency, and management reserves. A cost baseline includes the cost estimate and the contingency reserve. A budget totals the cost estimate, and the contingency and management reserves. Total cost projections are not shown in a cost baseline. A budget totals the cost estimate, and the contingency and management reserves. Components of a scope baseline are the detailed scope statement, updated WBS, and the WBS dictionary. A cost baseline will not include risk mitigation. A schedule baseline is drawn from a schedule network analysis to include baseline start and finish dates. A cost baseline is a time-phased budget that monitors and measures cost performance throughout the project life cycle.

While executing a breakdown of work, the project has a self-organized team that is only available to work for ten weeks. The project sponsor requested five fixed and two preferred deliverables. They approved removing the preferred deliverables if the team ran out of time. Analyze the scenario to determine what the team should create and why. Sprint planning because meetings are held at the beginning of each sprint, and teams plan work around the sprint. An MVP because it will retain more valuable and detailed information. A WBS because it is a tool for linking together project scope with schedules and the level of effort or resources. A project backlog because the project has a flexible scope for fixed time and resources.

A project backlog because the project has a flexible scope for fixed time and resources. A product backlog is flexible for fixed time and resources and strictly focuses on tracking and ordering the product scope. A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a logical grouping of project deliverables arranged in a hierarchical structure that defines the total scope of work required to complete the project. Sprint planning reviews the top priority items in the backlog and breaks them into smaller work items. A sprint backlog is a list of user stories selected from the product backlog that the Scrum team chooses and commits to complete in that sprint cycle. Since a project backlog has a flexible scope, a minimal viable product (MVP) will provide valuable information about which features should move to the top of the backlog. An MVP is part of a project backlog.

What kind of committee contains a group of executives, the PM, and stakeholders (considered a governing body) who offer support and guidance, but do not manage the project throughout the project's life cycle and instead act as the "voice of the customer"? An oversight committee A refinement committee An evaluation committee A project steering committee

A project steering committee A project steering committee is a group of stakeholders, executives, and some team members, such as the project manager (PM) and a scribe, to govern, support, and guide, but not manage the project through its life cycle and acts as the "voice of the customer." An evaluation committee will review and score vendor proposals on predetermined criteria. An oversight committee reviews or studies an activity or product, usually focusing on the quality of the product. Refinement is the process of bringing the most valuable idea to the top and turning it from an idea to a plan. It is not a committee.

A radio manufacturing company that sells radios with a five-year warranty found, during a quality audit, a risk in the speaker wire placement of the radios. If the speakers are not wired and routed correctly, the unit will fail when the user increases the volume to 100%. The installer checks them once, but other people will handle the unit to finish building it. A project team member tests the finished unit at 50% volume before the manufacturer packs and sells it to customers. However, the wire could move at any time during the manufacturing process, and a quality inspection at the end does not check if this risk occurred. What can the manufacturer assume the products to be when nearly every unit with incorrect wiring becomes faulty? A procurement negotiation A warranty remediation A quality escape An NDA

A quality escape A quality escape is a deliverable under warranty containing an unacceptable deviation or defect a customer discovers but not detected by the producer or quality team. It can lead to a recall, product replacement, or severe safety issues. Warranty remediation means the product is not under warranty. Customers will still contact the manufacturer, but any remediation is at their discretion. They might replace it, offer discounts, or do nothing. A procurement negotiation is the bargaining to reach a mutual agreement regarding the terms and conditions of a contract or warranty. A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) stipulates that entities will not share confidential information, knowledge, or materials with unauthorized third parties. However, it does not affect the product quality or warranty details.

An automotive manufacturer having supply chain issues lacks computer chips that control certain aspects of the vehicle's additions, such as sunroofs. It may be some time before the supply-chain manufacturer can produce the chips. An analysis shows that the severity and costs of the impact on consumers and the organizations involved are minimal. The manufacturer keeps a listing of the vehicle identification numbers (VINs) to identify vehicles needing chips. What are the manufacturer and dealerships performing? Issue escalation Issue tracking A workaround A contingency plan

A workaround A workaround would be the most appropriate response for a low-priority, low-impact issue unlikely to affect product delivery. Workarounds are necessary and helpful for keeping operations running when a system is experiencing issues. However, the project manager (PM) needs to ensure that they are temporary. Issue escalation will advance the issue along the pathway, essentially only defining whom to involve and when. Issue tracking will ensure the PM maintains the problem on a listing of open or closed issues but is ineffective at solving the problem. A PM designs a contingency plan for fast reactions, usually known prior to the project or product delivery. Supply chain problems are generally not known until they happen.

An automotive manufacturer having supply chain issues lacks computer chips that control certain aspects of the vehicle's additions, such as sunroofs. It may be some time before the supply-chain manufacturer can produce the chips. An analysis shows that the severity and costs of the impact on consumers and the organizations involved are minimal. The manufacturer keeps a listing of the vehicle identification numbers (VINs) to identify vehicles needing chips. What are the manufacturer and dealerships performing? Issue tracking A contingency plan A workaround Issue escalation

A workaround A workaround would be the most appropriate response for a low-priority, low-impact issue unlikely to affect product delivery. Workarounds are necessary and helpful for keeping operations running when a system is experiencing issues. However, the project manager (PM) needs to ensure that they are temporary. Issue escalation will advance the issue along the pathway, essentially only defining whom to involve and when. Issue tracking will ensure the PM maintains the problem on a listing of open or closed issues but is ineffective at solving the problem. A PM designs a contingency plan for fast reactions, usually known prior to the project or product delivery. Supply chain problems are generally not known until they happen.

The company's chief executive officer (CEO) stopped a project manager in the hallway. The CEO was curious about how the project was going. What type of meeting is this called? Progress reporting Ad hoc reporting External status reporting Gap analysis

Ad hoc reporting An organization can call on project managers to report on the project at any time. Therefore, project managers need to be prepared to deliver updates as required. Ad hoc reporting could be a meeting where project managers can share project information with an audience or a request for data. External status reports refer to publishing or disseminating reports to those outside of the project, company, or client. A progress report is a summary of everything that has happened up to that point, as well as expected progress that will come over the next period of the project. Gap analysis compares the current state and future state and describes the differences. It is the plan to move from the current state to the future state.

On a food service supply catering project with new vendors, the manager noticed some products arrived spoiled. Management decided to explore some options and notified everyone to be aware of the change. It is now time to make the current vendors aware of the issue and that they have found a resolution. The management uses formal communications to advise the vendors of their decision, which vendor they decided to contract with for the food supply services, and other details of the decision. The project scribe is to make sure all internal and external audience members receive the message. Which of the following choices is NOT an external audience for the project? Clients, customers, or recipients of the food supply or catering service Vendors, suppliers, and material support Administrative staff, customer service, and help desk staff Carriers, shipping personnel, and delivery personnel

Administrative staff, customer service, and help desk staff Internal audience members include recipients who work inside the organization. Sending the communication to administrative personnel, customer service, and the help desk staff is exemplary, but they are not external audience members. External audience members include recipients who work outside the organization, including vendors and suppliers, and organizations that supply materials or support projects that are not within the company hierarchy. External audience members include recipients who work outside the organization to include carriers, delivery personnel, and shipping personnel or organizations not within the company hierarchy. External audience members include recipients who work outside the organization, including clients, customers, buyers, and recipients of the food supply services.

During a software development project, a team member could secure a cloud provider that provides 99.9% uptime and credit subscription costs for any downtime exceeding 0.1% during project development and after project completion to a specific date. What kind of agreement is this? A schedule/cost stakeholder approval Implementation support An SLA A warranty

An SLA A service level agreement (SLA) is as close to a guarantee as possible. A service contract specifies performance expectations and the consequences of failing to meet expectations. Post-implementation support is critical to maximizing a project's value since it provides adoption support after the go-live date. Warranties also provide services after implementation, similar to post-implementation support, except warranties are contractual obligations. The project baselines are the agreements between the stakeholders to the projected terms and can help in different areas to adjust their expectations, but in this case, project baselines do not apply.

A project consultant weighs the impacts associated with environmental, social, and governance factors on a current project. What topic creates internal and external awareness by sharing through published statements? Project impact on local and global environments Awareness of company vision, mission statement, and values Project impact on company brand value Awareness of applicable regulations and standards

Awareness of company vision, mission statement, and values A company's identity includes its vision, mission statement, and values. The vision, mission, and values are the identity the company shares via published statements and should reflect the company's spirit to the public. A project can impact the local and global environment when it does not meet the necessary requirements for compliance standards. The project scope follows state and federal regulations as these must provide the minimum levels of compliance needed to operate within policy. Failure to meet these regulations could directly impact the organization. A company's brand describes how people perceive the company. A company cannot directly control its brand identity but can cultivate it by increasing or decreasing specific activities.

Team members and stakeholders for a large software development project are located in several geographical locations worldwide. As a result, work will have to flow on an asynchronous level through many different devices. The project leader wants to analyze the team's needs, choose the best flow toward identifying stakeholders on the project, and plan a communication channel for the project. What is the best approach for the project leader to take? Select preferences, Create a plan, Brainstorm, List/capture information Brainstorm, List/capture information, Select preferences, Create a plan List/capture information, Brainstorm, Select preferences, Create a plan Create a plan, Brainstorm, List/capture information, Select preferences

Brainstorm, List/capture information, Select preferences, Create a plan The project lead should brainstorm with others and document this activity, then list all the people to communicate with, capturing each stakeholder's name, title, relationship to the project, and what the project lead needs from them or what they can provide. Then, the project lead can identify stakeholder communication preferences and create a communication plan from that information. Brainstorming should be first, then list and capture stakeholder information, find and select their communication preferences, and continue to create a plan. It is necessary to brainstorm with others and discover who to list. Then, capture their information, find their communication preferences, and plan from there. Before doing anything else, brainstorm who to list and then capture their information. Find and select their communication preferences and create a plan from that information.

A project manager places an information radiator in a centralized location for the project team's viewing. This information radiator will display the total work completed each day with a comparison line representing a target amount of work. What type of chart best meets these requirements? Histogram Gantt chart Burnup chart Control chart

Burnup chart A burnup chart measures the total amount of work completed each day. A line represents the target for completed work. It starts at zero on the first day of the project, and the last day contains all the work. Control charts are statistical charts that track the variation in a process. A control chart does not consider targets or goals. Instead, it shows if the process is performing as it usually does. A histogram is a column chart used in statistical analysis. The horizontal axis shows a fixed series of continuous data, while the vertical axis shows each value's varying frequency. The Gantt chart might be the most familiar chart for project managers as it is an advanced scheduling chart.

The leadership and the product team are having difficulty collaborating to translate vision into functional products. Who can operate as a translator between the business and the product team? Architect Business analyst End-user Product manager

Business analyst The business analyst holds a unique role between business and technical teams. They deeply understand business direction and company priorities and are familiar with the software environment. As a result, they operate as a translator between business and information technology (IT). Architects design solutions by looking across an organization to see how different systems work together and ensuring projects adhere to solution requirements. An end-user is an individual who will be the one using the product, either an internal colleague or an external customer. Their input is vital to the success of a project. A product manager works in any framework and serves a more strategic function than product owners or project managers.

Every project has an ideal cadence, and some projects have multiple cadences. The team on a software project reviews their work every two weeks and uses a Kanban board to create work items that they can complete in two weeks or less. The project manager found that some of the work items are taking longer than anticipated since the tasks have become more involved than when the project started. Why is it important to intentionally design the project methodology and cadence? Events occur on the same cadence in Scrum: same place, same time. Cadence changes will keep the team from becoming bored or absent. Teams on a monthly cadence will create larger work items. Cadence affects the pace and tone of the project.

Cadence affects the pace and tone of the project. The cadence sets the pace and tone for the project through the frequency of meetings and workshops, work item sizing, and adaptability. Cadences can keep a team motivated but are for setting the pace and tone of a project, reiterating deadlines, and setting expectations that the team will meet. While true, there is no mention of a Scrum methodology being used in this case, nor with cadence events taking place in the same place at the same time. That a monthly cadence will typically create larger work products, and a shorter cadence allows for smaller work items is true, it is not the most important. A fast cadence makes an ever-changing project. A slow rhythm creates a stable project.

Digital storage is more secure, affordable, and scalable than ever, far from when project managers (PMs) would have to compress and maintain file boxes. Due to these changes, PMs can now build centralized digital project collections. Modern architectures allow an organization to support multiple servers with various access levels. The lead PM moves files from a private server to a separate, secured server to summarize communication artifacts and gather information in a single place to make it easier to track crucial decisions. What is the manager creating? Centralized information for communication integrity Communication security Communication channels Communication archive

Centralized information for communication integrity Communication integrity means the message shared matches reality. Communication throughout a project happens across a variety of platforms. A summarized communication artifact to gather conversations in a single place can make it easier to track crucial decisions. Communication archiving refers to storing project documents with parameters of what to keep, where to store them, and how long to store them. While essential to understand the data classification level of every project artifact, communication security involves protecting access to project information. The PM is already increasing security by moving it from a private to a secure server. Communication channels vary for each project, so the PM creates these channels to clarify requirements and share progress, which is not happening here.

In rearchitecting a company's security policy, two members are conflicted over how complex the password policy needs to be. The project manager decided that instead of having an overly complex password, they would also integrate multi-factor authentication. This helps increase security while not making it too difficult for end-users. What kind of conflict resolution strategy is called a "win-win" strategy? Collaboration Compromise Avoiding Smoothing

Collaboration The collaborating style is also called a "win-win situation." In this scenario, the parties in the conflict work together to design a new idea that works for everybody. An avoiding strategy ignores the conflict. Sometimes, a conflict is a "no-win" or "lose-lose" situation. The compromising style requires both parties to meet in the middle. The people in the conflict share their insights and concede to change something but keep some part of their idea. The smoothing style is also called the "accommodating" style. This style attempts to redirect the attention away from the conflict. It would refocus the parties on something they agree on while de-emphasizing any differences.

In a recent meeting, a project manager gathered the positives and negatives that occurred during the project from the project members. What process does this describe? Completing a project evaluation Performing a project closeout report Collecting feedback from stakeholders Conducting a project closure meeting

Collecting feedback from stakeholders Collect feedback from team members and stakeholders within the closing phase. It is good to start this as soon as possible, while the project is still fresh in everybody's minds. The project closeout report is a final project summary and an official project sign-off request. Share the completed report with the project stakeholders and project sponsor. The project closure meeting is a final send-off of the project and its last working meeting. The team gathers one last time to discuss the project and reflect on the accomplishments, failures, problems, and how they worked together. A project evaluation is a structured, objective assessment of a project's performance. Project evaluations focus on how a project operates, its performance, and its impact.

A software engineer reviews an archived team project to understand the change control processes used by previous teams and how they impacted the overall life cycle of the project. When implementing change, what informs stakeholders of the current project condition? Communicating change status Updating the project plan Communicating change deployments Validating change implementation

Communicating change deployments After validation, the project manager will notify the stakeholders of the completed change deployment to ensure they remain up-to-date on the current project condition. After deciding on the change request's outcome, the project manager will communicate the change status to relevant parties and inform them of the outcome and how the team can incorporate the change. The project manager, change requester, and change reviewer will validate the change implementation before communicating change deployment. During a project, the project manager must determine the appropriate decision makers and task them with approving any change requests before implementation.

A project is nearly 50% complete and one of the project vendors dropped out unexpectedly. A new vendor will need to be found and restart the project process before it goes on for too long with no activity. This means a budget analysis will need to be completed. Which of the following is NOT a component in budget consideration? Total cost projection and expense estimates Company current holdings A summary of all resource costs and estimations Contingency and management reserves

Company current holdings The company's current holdings would not be a budget consideration. A budget is a summary of all resource costs. It is the total project costs, including cost estimates, and contingency and management reserves. A summary of resources, costs, and estimations will be budget considerations, as well as total project costs, contingency and management reserves, and a review of existing artifacts. Total cost projections, expense estimates, a summary of existing artifacts, and contingency and management reserves are all considerations for a budget. Contingency and management reserves must be a budget consideration, along with costs, estimates, expense breakdowns, and summaries of existing artifacts.

The director of the project management office for a company needs to verify that various stated projects are effectively using the budget for the year. What kind of research can the director complete? Cost-benefit analysis Statement of work Market research Competitive analysis

Cost-benefit analysis Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a project analysis technique that compares the cost of a project against the expected financial benefits it will deliver. Market research is a vendor analysis process in which the organization researches a product or service and the vendors that deliver it. A competitive analysis looks at all the same vendors but compares them against each other. It evaluates how firms are competing in the market. A procurement statement of work (SOW) is a formal document that outlines the work a vendor needs to deliver. It is included with a request for proposal (RFP) to provide additional information about the project.

On a project for a small company, the project manager (PM) knows there will always be changes and looks for a strategy for supporting users, stakeholders, and team members as they adapt to the changes. The team created the first draft of a plan during the project planning phase and wants to continually update it as they learn more about the project and their customers. Specifically, they need a straightforward document that will be key to considering the support interested parties will need ahead of a go-live event and after for publishing and sharing. What is the best tool used for this need? Create a change adoption document. Conduct a project audit. Schedule regular sprint planning/review meetings. Create an OCM plan.

Create an OCM plan. An organizational change management (OCM) plan is a strategy to support users in adapting to change. The PM regularly updates it to assist the team in creating a plan for simplifying the change and reducing resistance. A project audit usually occurs at project closure, such as identifying trends. Data scientists and analysts review the archives to research the organization's previous investments. Change adoption is a performance metric measuring how many people use a new offering. The PM incorporates it into a plan to reinforce adoption over time. Sprint planning or sprint review meetings discuss the highest-priority items in the product backlog and how they relate to the product goal. Since the project had not started, there would be no backlog to discuss.

On a project for a small company, the project manager (PM) knows there will always be changes and looks for a strategy for supporting users, stakeholders, and team members as they adapt to the changes. The team created the first draft of a plan during the project planning phase and wants to continually update it as they learn more about the project and their customers. Specifically, they need a straightforward document that will be key to considering the support interested parties will need ahead of a go-live event and after for publishing and sharing. What is the best tool used for this need? Create an OCM plan. Create a change adoption document. Conduct a project audit. Schedule regular sprint planning/review meetings.

Create an OCM plan. An organizational change management (OCM) plan is a strategy to support users in adapting to change. The PM regularly updates it to assist the team in creating a plan for simplifying the change and reducing resistance. A project audit usually occurs at project closure, such as identifying trends. Data scientists and analysts review the archives to research the organization's previous investments. Change adoption is a performance metric measuring how many people use a new offering. The PM incorporates it into a plan to reinforce adoption over time. Sprint planning or sprint review meetings discuss the highest-priority items in the product backlog and how they relate to the product goal. Since the project had not started, there would be no backlog to discuss.

A cyber engineer is assigned to a critical project and wants to purchase software that will track client interactions. What software could the engineer consider acquiring to support in tracking and managing these interactions? Electronic document management systems Enterprise resource planning Customer relationship management Financial systems

Customer relationship management Customer relationship management (CRM) software helps companies track and manage customer interactions. The idea behind CRM is that exchanges with customers are not single transactions. Electronic document management systems (EDMS) is an electronic filing cabinet; this software builds in workflows and other features to create streamlined processes. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) refers to how companies acquire, manage, and consume certain resources (ex. people, physical, and financial). ERP software refers to the technology products that facilitate ERP processes that are beneficial to project managers. Financial systems are a subset of enterprise resource planning (ERP) that encompasses the financial aspects of an organization. It tracks the use of financial resources, including budgets, spending, and cost estimates.

A project manager (PM) must collaborate with a newly-formed team and establish the best course of action for an upcoming project. What type of tool will represent various outcomes from a single determination? Flowchart Gantt chart Decision tree Data flow diagram

Decision tree A decision tree represents a single decision that could have many outcomes. A PM uses a decision tree when a single decision requires consideration of many factors. A data flow diagram (DFD) shows how information flows through a process or system. This diagram type works particularly well for audiences, including people with technical and nontechnical expertise. A flowchart is also known as a process flow or process diagram. This chart visualizes a process and can compress complicated work instructions into a few charts. The Gantt chart might be the most familiar chart for PMs as it is an advanced scheduling chart. However, this chart would not display outcomes from a decision.

A project manager (PM) must collaborate with a newly-formed team and establish the best course of action for an upcoming project. What type of tool will represent various outcomes from a single determination? Decision tree Flowchart Data flow diagram Gantt chart

Decision tree A decision tree represents a single decision that could have many outcomes. A PM uses a decision tree when a single decision requires consideration of many factors. A data flow diagram (DFD) shows how information flows through a process or system. This diagram type works particularly well for audiences, including people with technical and nontechnical expertise. A flowchart is also known as a process flow or process diagram. This chart visualizes a process and can compress complicated work instructions into a few charts. The Gantt chart might be the most familiar chart for PMs as it is an advanced scheduling chart. However, this chart would not display outcomes from a decision.

A new project manager provides a briefing to the team on process management within a cyber community. After introductions, the manager discusses the various characteristics of a project. What is NOT a project characteristic? Start/finish times Uniqueness DevOps Reason/purpose

DevOps DevOps is not a project characteristic. Instead, DevOps controls the software engineering process and offers operational support, reducing friction between teams and improving cross-functional collaboration. One characteristic of a project is uniqueness. Each project aims to complete a brand-new objective. It might be similar to other work, but will differ in specific requirements, targets, or activities. Another characteristic of projects involves duration. Projects have a start and end date versus operational work, which follows a regular schedule. A third project characteristic is the need for a reason or purpose. Ideally, every process and event in a company exists for a reason since meaningless processes drain limited resources.

A project lead is assigned a new project that will support a pediatric office in updating its operating systems and databases. What are elements associated with personal health information (PHI)? (Select all that apply.) Social Security number Email address Diagnosis Patient's name

Diagnosis Patient's name Personal health information (PHI) is federally protected in the United States. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires organizations to protect against unauthorized access and disclosure of sensitive health information. PHI includes a person's name and health information Personal health information (PHI) also includes the person's phone number and date of birth. Personally identifiable information (PII) includes data that could reveal a person's identity. Examples of PII include Social Security numbers and email addresses. In addition to Social Security numbers and email addresses, passport numbers, physical addresses, and passwords are also considered personally identifiable information (PII). In most locations in the United States, local and state laws regulate the use, storage, and distribution of PII.

A technician learns that the organization will be transitioning its current servers to more modern devices. What is the organization attempting to achieve? New project Digital transformation Regulated environments New management

Digital transformation Digital transformation is an ongoing risk for projects. Organizations investing in a digital transformation will assess the current technology stack and adopt modern products. A change in senior management has a cascading effect on the organization. Operations and the project portfolio reflect the organization's priorities, which are also senior management's priorities. Every organization operates in a regulated environment where the business must adhere to laws, taxes, and rules. Different regulations exist for various industries, locations, business sizes, and incorporation types. In a business setting, the company may approve a new, higher-priority project at any time. If this new project needs the same resources as other projects, the company may shift the resources.

A new engineer is looking through documentation and reviewing a Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) chart. Which of the following should the engineer NOT weigh equally for the duration estimate? E M P O

E E is the estimate itself. It is equivalent to the optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely outcomes all equally divided by three to calculate the three-point estimate. A PERT chart uses three duration estimates. The first is optimistic (O), which is the duration if everything goes right. The second duration is pessimistic (P), which is the duration if everything goes wrong. A PERT chart is often created in anticipation of completing critical path analysis. The third is most likely (M), which is the duration that will probably happen. It will be somewhere between optimistic and pessimistic.

A vendor has failed to fulfill its obligations regarding a contract. It has put the project at risk of failing to complete. What can help resolve this situation without choosing the nuclear litigation option? Conduct risk reporting. Conduct external status reporting. Enforce vendor rules of engagement. Use an avoiding strategy.

Enforce vendor rules of engagement. Rules of engagement are either simple documents or incorporated into a communication plan. The project manager (PM) develops rules of engagement and drives compliance throughout the project. They monitor team performance and call attention to deviations. The communication plan includes risk reporting activities. Risk reporting summarizes the project's risk status and how risk affects the project. External status reports refer to publishing or disseminating messages to those outside of the project, company, or client. An avoiding strategy ignores the conflict. Sometimes, a conflict is a "no-win" or "lose-lose" situation. In this scenario, a project manager can not resolve the dispute without causing harm to somebody else.

A new help desk system is set up but the company is having issues deriving value from it since end-users are not following the proper process to create a new ticket. What should the company work on to best utilize the ticketing system? Proactively communicate. Validate deliverables. Ensure adoption. Perform new processes.

Ensure adoption. At implementation, the team should prepare to provide extra support to new adopters. For example, they might need to contact high-stakes users personally. They can set up open calls or office hours where users can drop in for assistance. Proactive communication can make life easier by ensuring the people who need information receive it when they want it. The project manager may still receive one-off requests for information. Processes are documented instructions that describe how to complete tasks. A process is helpful because users can refer to it later. All stakeholders need to validate that the project has met all deliverables. The project manager will obtain documented approval from each identified stakeholder and include it within the project management project files.

A technician initiates a new project and obtains information on how the team can acquire, manage, and consume resources throughout the project. What can the technician reference to obtain additional contexts on these concepts? Customer relationship management Enterprise resource planning Electronic document management systems Financial systems

Enterprise resource planning Enterprise resource planning (ERP) refers to how companies acquire, manage, and consume certain resources including people, physical, and financial resources. ERP software refers to the technology products that facilitate ERP processes that are beneficial to project managers. Financial systems are a subset of ERPs that encompasses the financial aspects of an organization. They track the use of financial resources, including budgets, spending, and cost estimates. Customer relationship management (CRM) software helps companies track and manage customer interactions. The idea behind CRM is that exchanges with customers are not single transactions. Electronic document management systems (EDMS) is not just an electronic filing cabinet; instead, this software builds in workflows and other features to create streamlined processes.

A few project team members ran into an issue that they could not complete their work due to other members not completing their tasks as required. What could have potentially mitigated this problem? Approve deliverables. Execute tasks according to the project management plan. Monitor performance. Perform risk reporting.

Execute tasks according to the project management plan. The project management plan is a set of documents that describes what the team will deliver and how they will deliver them. It also reviews how the project manager (PM) will manage the project and how the team will measure success. The communication plan includes risk reporting activities. Risk reporting summarizes the project's risk status and how risk affects the project. Deliverable approval involves reviewing the work delivered and comparing the quality against the standards. The project manager (PM) approves deliverables; this is the official signal that the work meets expectations. The project manager (PM) can track quantifiable vendor performance, such as adherence to service-level agreements (SLAs). Performance trends help the PM determine the severity of a missed SLA.

The storage team asks the director to help reduce storage. They point out that approximately ten to fifty people email the presentations for meetings, and many of the files are quite large. What can help reduce overall storage for the storage team? Wiki File sharing platform Workflow platform Whiteboard

File sharing platform File sharing platforms allow users to post a file in a single location and grant access to one or more users. Previously, users may have shared files via email. Workflow and e-signature (or electronic signature) platforms are workflow management systems. They allow users to sign documents using an internet connection and electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops. A wiki is a collaborative product in which everyone with knowledge can contribute to its contents. A whiteboard platform creates a virtual creative space. It looks much like a physical whiteboard when it is blank, and it has the same intention: offering a blank canvas that the user can use to accomplish any creative task.

A project team is reviewing their progress over the last six months to determine if they are maintaining their required velocity. What is the most basic type of chart that can represent this data? Fishbone diagram Histogram Gantt chart Control chart

Histogram A histogram is a column chart used in statistical analysis. The horizontal axis shows a fixed series of continuous data, and the vertical axis shows the varying frequency of each value on the horizontal axis. Control charts are statistical charts that track the variation in a process. A control chart does not consider targets or goals. Instead, it shows if the process is performing as it usually does. A fishbone diagram is also known as an "Ishikawa diagram" or "cause and effect diagram." It is a simple tool that visualizes how various factors impact a single outcome. The Gantt chart might be the most familiar chart for project managers. A Gantt chart is an advanced scheduling chart.

A technician works as a project lead and wants to acquire a service that holistically supports basic computing resources, such as storage space for the team, usable networks for remote team members, and a standalone server. What type of service can the technician consider in this instance? IaaS PaaS XaaS SaaS

IaaS Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to basic computing resources such as servers, networks, and storage. For example, cloud storage is an IaaS product in which a company purchases information storage space from a third party. Platform as a service (PaaS) delivers development tools such as software environments over an internet connection. Software as a service (SaaS) is a complete software stack. It is the infrastructure, environments, and the actual product that an end-user would use. SaaS is incredibly user-friendly because it is usually available via an internet browser. Anything as a service (XaaS), with X as a placeholder, is a general term for any cloud computing service.

An organization utilizes an external storage software vendor on a project identified as possibly having several critical components throughout a new project's life cycle. The project manager (PM) keeps a list of all events to identify and eliminate any risks before the start of the project. What process is the PM performing? Issue escalation Issue urgency Issue tracking Issue severity

Issue tracking Issue tracking occurs when the project manager maintains a list or log of issues. It is the proper process to watch for any risks before the start of a project. Escalation of the issue will advance the case along the escalation path when the project begins, defining whom to involve and when. However, it will not identify any risks along the project's life cycle. Issue severity will reflect how the issue will impact the end-users of a product by measuring how much an average user is affected by a known issue. Issue urgency measures the sensitivity of an issue and tells the PM how soon the issue needs to be addressed, reflecting both expectations and effects.

A technician is reviewing the results from the last milestone briefing for a cyber enhancement project and has identified a catastrophic issue that requires immediate change. What are the benefits of using a rollback plan in this situation? (Select all that apply.) It can be used to restore data when all other options, such as troubleshooting, have failed. It archives issues and defects observed during testing. It restores the last working state of a system. It ensures the team is prepared to restore a previous system version.

It can be used to restore data when all other options, such as troubleshooting, have failed. It restores the last working state of a system. It ensures the team is prepared to restore a previous system version.

An intern is drafting a team memorandum on incorporating various software testing methods when conducting quality assurance (QA) assessments. What elements are associated with automated software testing? (Select all that apply.) It enables practices like continuous integration. It is highly adaptable because people can detect slight changes in a software's appearance. It allows a developer to run more tests more frequently. It creates a severe capacity limit on software development.

It enables practices like continuous integration. It allows a developer to run more tests more frequently. Automated testing is more expedient than other testing models, allowing a developer to run more tests more frequently. Automated testing enables practices like continuous integration, and it increases the user's confidence in the software's quality. Manual testing creates a severe capacity limit on software development; many modern practices such as continuous integration will not succeed with manual testing. Manual testing is also time-consuming and expensive, requiring people to complete every step of the test every time it needs to run. Manual testing is highly adaptable because people can detect slight changes in a software's appearance and work around it.

A software technician is incorporating operational-change control processes from archived projects into the new information technology (IT) project. Which element is NOT associated with software releases? It informs clients of upcoming software changes through maintenance advisories. It creates a timebox where multiple teams can perform functions on a system. It is the version of a product that is accessible to end-users in a production environment. It contains a product's source code, which is an accumulation of software enhancements and changes.

It informs clients of upcoming software changes through maintenance advisories. Customer notifications are not part of releases but are integral to a successful change control process. Maintenance notifications notify customers of upcoming software changes. Software changes reach the end-users through a release. Releases contain a product's source code, which is an accumulation of software enhancements and changes. A software release is the version of a product that is accessible to end-users in a production environment. Some changes require taking a system offline. This means end-users cannot access it, and it will not perform services. These time blocks are called maintenance windows or "downtime windows." The user can limit downtime by creating a timebox where multiple teams can perform functions on a system.

On a Java programming project, the project manager (PM) created a virtual work board showing all the team members, work to be done, work in progress (WIP), and finished work. Unfortunately, the project has fallen behind, and there is a backlog of work to be completed. Iterations and sprints are both fixed timeboxes lasting 1-4 weeks. The teams use the timeboxes as their planning cadence. What project methodology are they using? Scrum SAFe Waterfall Kanban

Kanban Kanban controls work in progress (WIP) levels and manages workflows in software and other business processes. The most recognizable feature is the Kanban board, either a physical board with paper cards or a virtual one, that visualizes all work, WIP limits, and work policies. Scrum is a lightweight, customer-centric framework delivering iterative and adaptive value while intentionally covering only the barest requirements. Waterfall is a linear, sequential project management framework. All work gets completed in one phase before another phase starts and only flows one way. Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a business agility framework that is useful for scaling to any needed size and ideal for building connections between business- and technology-focused teams.

A cyber team is midway through a project and learns that company ownership will change. What type of risk is the team experiencing if they need to work with new managers and change current work styles? Mergers and acquisitions Infrastructure EOL Cybersecurity event Reorganization

Mergers and acquisitions Company ownership may change during a project. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) introduce several new risks, including changes to company cultures, working with new managers or a new project management office (PMO), or changes to current work styles. Infrastructure end of life (EOL) has many negative risks because it is no longer supported or maintained by the vendor. Cloud-based applications and any anything as a service (XaaS) products are unavailable for use at all after the EOL date. A cybersecurity incident, also known as a "data breach" or "cyber-attack," occurs when an unauthorized party accesses an organization's computer system. A reorganization, also called organizational restructuring, disrupts the team because people are temporarily unsettled when change occurs.

A project manager must set strict service level agreements (SLAs) to implement a new help desk ticketing system. The department has a history of taking too long to complete basic tasks. What does the SLA help the project manager accomplish? Perform ad hoc reporting. Monitor performance. Perform risk reporting. Use an avoiding strategy

Monitor performance. The project manager (PM) can track quantifiable vendor performance, such as adherence to service-level agreements (SLAs). Performance trends help the PM determine the severity of a missed SLA. An avoiding strategy ignores the conflict. Sometimes, a conflict is a "no-win" or "lose-lose" situation. In this scenario, the project manager can not resolve the dispute without causing harm to somebody else. The communication plan includes risk reporting activities. Risk reporting summarizes the project's risk status and how risk affects the project. Ad hoc reporting could be a meeting where the project manager can share project information with an audience or a request for data.

A team receives an email notifying the department that the CEO has just stepped down immediately after providing the annual work priority guidelines. The new CEO will be determining new priorities over the next quarter. What has cascading impacts on the organization that can cause risk due to the variance in priorities of work? Regulated environments New project New management Digital transformation

New management A change in senior management has a cascading effect on the organization. Operations and the project portfolio reflect the organization's priorities, which are also senior management's priorities. Every organization operates in a regulated environment where the business must adhere to laws, taxes, and rules. Failing to meet these laws and rules could result in legal action. In a business setting, the company may approve a new, higher priority project at any time. If this new project needs the same resources as other projects, the company may shift the resources. Digital transformation is an ongoing risk for projects. Organizations investing in a digital transformation will assess the current technology stack and adopt modern products.

A technician is in the middle of a cyber project and discovers that the company has diverted the technician's valuable resources to another team. What is likely the cause for the shift in resources? New priority project Regulated environments Digital transformation New management

New priority project In a business setting, the company may approve a new, higher-priority project at any time. The company may shift the resources if this new project needs the same resources as other projects. Digital transformation is an ongoing risk for projects. Organizations investing in a digital transformation will assess the current technology stack and adopt modern products. A change in senior management has a cascading effect on the organization. Operations and the project portfolio reflect the organization's priorities, which are also senior management's priorities. Every organization operates in a regulated environment where the business must adhere to laws, taxes, and rules. Different regulations exist for various industries, locations, business sizes, and incorporation types.

A small-town physician practice that has kept all its records on paper enlisted a company's assistance to help them "go digital." Many employees have been with the practice for a long time and do not use computerized systems regularly. The executive staff decided closing the practice for a training day would most likely fix the problem. What kind of training would this change require? Performance training Product training Computer-based training Operational training

Operational training Operational training is education the developer provides to entities and users to prepare them for working, maintaining, and improving a product on a long-term basis. Operational training helps the operations team acquire the skills and certifications needed to maintain the system. Computer-based training (CBT) involves education programs delivered using computer devices and e-learning instructional models and design. A Scrum master could help a team member improve performance through training and appraisals, but a Scrum master is not needed in this case. Product training involves demonstrations the supplying company provides on a product or service during its transition phase, not upon implementation.

A local grocery market starts a new delivery service for customers using the parent company's new mobile ordering application. The staff picks items from the shelves, purchases items using a stored debit or credit card, packages the items, and delivers them to the correct address. The store partners with several other software applications to make the service a unique and pleasant experience for everyone, such as maps and driving directions for drivers. The parent company needs to know the local store's needs for the project to go live and asks for a formal preliminary procurement plan. What should the local store NOT include in the preliminary procurement plan? Operational training schedules Critical delivery dates and products An overview of the needed goods or services Contracts, performance metrics, and vendor options

Operational training schedules Training schedules, such as operational training, might require resources at specific times regardless of the project's priority but would not need to be in a procurement plan. A procurement plan is the business case for using external resources and a strategy for finding and managing vendors to ensure acceptable performance levels. A preliminary procurement plan may contain less detail, but the local store should include critical dates for the delivery of products and services in the artifact. A procurement plan will specify contract terms, performance metrics, and expectations, and define vendor options to supply goods or services.

A project manager is setting up meetings between parties and wants to ensure that it is done through real-time video. This will allow parties to see body language and facial expressions and hear changes in tone. What is the best medium for the manager to use? SMS Email Phone Chat

Phone Video and videoconference calls blend the visibility of a face-to-face meeting and the convenience of a phone call to create a fully online meeting. Electronic mail is a common asynchronous communication technology. Email is highly accessible because it is a protocol. Chat, or chat messaging, is a type of messaging service. Like email, in chat messages, two or more parties exchange messages via an internet connection. Short message service (SMS) is another type of messaging service. Also called "texting" or "text messaging," SMS generally transmits via cellular networks or the internet.

A technician wants to incorporate a service that supports team members in remote locations by providing developer tools over an internet connection. What type of service can the technician acquire to fulfill these needs? Software as a service (SaaS) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Platform as a service (PaaS) Anything as a service (XaaS)

Platform as a service (PaaS) Platform as a service (PaaS) delivers development tools, such as software environments, over an internet connection. Software as a service (SaaS) is a complete software stack. It is the infrastructure, environments, and the actual product that an end-user would use. SaaS is incredibly user-friendly because it is usually available via an internet browser. Anything as a service (XaaS), with X as a placeholder, is a general term for any cloud computing service. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to basic computing resources, such as servers, networks, and storage. For example, cloud storage is an IaaS product where a company purchases information storage space from a third party.

A technician reviews the variances between risk and issues and risk and change. Which of the following are considered elements of consideration for risk and change? (Select all that apply.) Possible delays, but a project owner who can shop around for the right equipment/price point A change created before it moves through the approval process Proactive modification to a project's scope, budget, or timeline via an adjustment in project activities or resources An evaluation for priority and response, which may lead to immediate remediation, no response, or a change to the project plan

Possible delays, but a project owner who can shop around for the right equipment/price point Proactive modification to a project's scope, budget, or timeline via an adjustment in project activities or resources Risks, issues, and changes are closely related. A connection between risk and change includes the need for proactive modification to a project's scope, budget, or timeline via an adjustment in project activities or resources. Additionally, a connection between risk and change is that the immediate acknowledgment of change requests might cause delays but will allow the project owner to shop for the right equipment/price point. A connection between a risk and an issue is that issues require an evaluation for priority and response, which may lead to immediate remediation, no response, or a change to the project plan. In some risk instances, an issue creates a change before it moves through the approval process.

An end-user-services manager must create a list of potential equipment vendors that they have vetted and approved. What kind of list should the manager create? Market research Prequalified vendors References Demonstration

Prequalified vendors The procurement team may have prequalified vendors initially vetted to confirm that they meet basic requirements to work with the organization. In demonstrations and presentations, the presenter shares product features or offers training. The presenter might demonstrate functionality with the product, a video, or a slide show. After selecting a final vendor and before signing a contract, the procurement specialist may conduct reference checks with a vendor's other clients. Market research is a vendor analysis process in which the organization researches a product or service and the vendors that deliver it.

A software development company is developing an agile team. Who should they hire to maximize outcomes and select and prioritize the work that agile teams will complete? Architect Scrum master Product owner Product manager

Product owner Product owners work within agile teams. They identify how to improve a product and are accountable for creating the most valuable product possible. A product owner tends to a product for the product's entire life cycle. Architects design solutions by looking across an organization to see how different systems work together and ensuring projects adhere to solution requirements. The Scrum master is the agile team's Scrum coach. Scrum coaches help the team, product owner, and organization improve how they apply Scrum. A product manager works in any framework and serves a more strategic function than product owners or project managers. Product managers oversee products and exist for a product's entire life cycle.

What document consists of lessons learned and project challenges? Project closeout report Budget reconciliation Project evaluation Project closure meeting

Project closeout report The project closeout report is a final project summary and an official project sign-off request. Share the completed report with the project stakeholders and project sponsor. Reconciliation is a verification process where it confirms that each transaction in the budget matches an actual activity or payment. This process ensures that the project budget is accurate. A project evaluation is a structured, objective assessment of a project's performance. Project evaluations focus on how a project operates, its performance, and its impact. The project closure meeting is a final send-off of the project and its last working meeting. The team gathers one last time to discuss the project and reflect on the accomplishments, failures, problems, and how they worked together.

The project manager met with the client after the end of the project to go over how well the project met the client's needs. What part of a project close-out does this describe? Closing contracts Budget reconciliation Project evaluation Project closeout report

Project evaluation A project evaluation is a structured, objective assessment of a project's performance. Project evaluations focus on how a project operates, its performance, and its impact. The project closeout report is a final project summary and an official project sign-off request. Share the completed report with the project stakeholders and project sponsor. Reconciliation is a verification process where the project manager (PM) confirms that each transaction in the budget matches an actual activity or payment. This process ensures that the project budget is accurate. Begin closing contracts only after obtaining approval to close a project from all stakeholders. Review the terms, and ensure that all deliverables and activities are complete.

A project lead reviews the team's factsheet on environmental, social, and governance factors associated with company projects prior to conducting the lead's kick-off meeting. The impacts of increasing or decreasing specific activities would be a tenet of what topic? Aware of company vision, mission statement, and values Project impact on local and global environments Project impact on company brand value Awareness of applicable regulations and standards

Project impact on company brand value A company's brand describes how people perceive the company. A company cannot directly control its brand identity but can cultivate it by increasing or decreasing specific activities. A company's identity includes its vision, mission statement, and values. The vision, mission, and values are the identity the company shares via published statements and should reflect the company's spirit to the public. A project can impact the local and global environment when it does not meet the necessary requirements for compliance standards. The project scope follows state and federal regulations as these must provide the minimum levels of compliance needed to operate within policy. Failure to meet these regulations could directly impact the organization.

A project manager reviews historical findings from other team projects exposed to environmental, governance, and social factors. What topic best represents when a project directly affects waste generation and disposal methods, pollution, and resource consumption? Awareness of applicable regulations and standards Aware of company vision, mission statement, and values Project impact on local and global environments Project impact on company brand value

Project impact on local and global environments Environmental factors are how the organization impacts the natural world. Environmental considerations include landfill consumption, waste generation and disposal methods, pollution, and resource consumption. The project scope follows state and federal regulations as these must provide the minimum levels of compliance needed to operate within policy. Failure to meet these regulations could directly impact the organization. A company's brand describes how people perceive the company. A company cannot directly control its brand identity but can cultivate it by increasing or decreasing specific activities. A company's identity includes its vision, mission statement, and values. The vision, mission, and values are the identity the company shares via published statements and should reflect the company's spirit to the public.

Commentary from a previous project was critical about the communication regarding the project's progress. What could the project manager run periodically to ensure this is not an issue in future projects? Ad hoc reporting Gap analysis Project meetings External status reporting

Project meetings Project meetings are held among the project stakeholders to discuss or convey project-related information. Gap analysis compares the current state and future state and describes the differences. It is the plan to move from the current state to the future state. A project manager reports on the project at any time. Therefore, the project manager must be prepared to deliver updates as required. Ad hoc reporting could be a meeting where the project manager can share project information with an audience or a request for data. External status reports refer to publishing or disseminating reports to those outside of the project, company, or client.

While preparing for a new project, the project manager is looking to build a structure for the stakeholders. What kind of organizational structure disbands when a project ends and reforms around new projects? Projectized Demonstration Matrix Functional

Projectized Projectized organizations pool resources around projects. A project manager leads a group of people as long as a project exists. When the project ends, the team disbands and reforms around new projects. In demonstrations and presentations, the presenter shares product features or offers training. The presenter can demonstrate functionality with the product, a video, or a slide show. A matrix organization hires project managers and sponsors projects. When a project forms, team members from the functional areas work on the project teams, either part-time or full-time. Functional organizations are the most recognizable. A functional organizational structure divides the organization by areas of expertise or specialization.

A small development firm with a five-member team recently had its most productive member involved in an automobile accident and unable to commute to the workplace. This member usually took a commuter train from nearby states to the office. Instead, the member must spend a long period in the hospital or at home but is still able to work on the project. However, the only technology with the member is a smartphone. What would be the best way to provide this member the ability to work on the project remotely? Put the project on hold until the member returns. Provide technological tools to secure team communication and productivity. Replace the member with another individual. Set clear objective milestones to have completed when the member returns.

Provide technological tools to secure team communication and productivity. Technological barriers are the only things missing. A project manager (PM) can overcome technology barriers by giving the team members the tools they need to complete the work securely. When the PM sets clear objectives at the start of the project, the team members should be aware of them. However, this solution will not help the member to complete work promptly. Replacing the member may not be possible in a small development firm without hiring another individual, which takes time the team may not have on the project. Putting the project on hold would not be necessary if the team member could work on the project. Giving the member the technological tools to work would be more appropriate.

During a cost-benefit analysis for a long-term project, the analyst calculated that the profit earned on some investments was not balanced with the cost of that investment. What is the analyst referring to in this scenario? OpEx CapEx CPFF ROI

ROI Return on investment (ROI) is a standard financial analysis tool. It is popular because ROI values are easy to understand and compare across multiple projects. Operational expense (OpEx) is regular organizational or project expenses, such as salaries, taxes, and recurring costs, such as subscriptions, rentals, and utilities. Capital expense (CapEx) is an organization's permanent assets, such as data centers, vehicles, and equipment. CPFF (cost-plus fixed fee) is a contract, usually with vendors, that a price will not change if the scope, costs, or performance changes within a project.

How can a project team leverage version control in projects where multiple users are co-authoring a single document? Wiki and knowledge base File sharing platforms Real-time multi-authoring editing software Workflow platforms

Real-time multi-authoring editing software Real-time, multi-authoring editing software allows multiple users to update the same file simultaneously. File sharing platforms allow users to post a file in a single location and grant access to one or more users. Previously, users had to share files via email. Workflow and e-signature (or electronic signature) platforms are workflow management systems. They allow users to sign documents using an internet connection and electronic devices like smartphones, tablets, or laptops. Wikis and knowledge bases are two knowledge-sharing tools used by companies today. A wiki is a collaborative product where everybody with knowledge can contribute to its contents.

A team leader prepares for a project and learns that recent changes in law could place the project at risk. Failure to adhere to which element of a business could result in legal action? Digital transformation Regulated environment changes New, higher priority project New management

Regulated environment changes Every organization operates in a regulated environment where the business must adhere to laws, taxes, and rules. Failing to meet these laws and rules could result in legal action. In a business setting, the company may approve a new, higher priority project at any time. If this new project needs the same resources as other projects, the company may shift the resources. Digital transformation is an ongoing risk for projects. Organizations investing in a digital transformation will assess the current technology stack and adopt modern products. A change in senior management has a cascading effect on the organization. Operations and the project portfolio reflect the organization's priorities, which are also senior management's priorities.

A company sends out emails quarterly to employees on how to use the ticketing system. What does this refresher help accomplish? Reinforce adoption over time. Proactively communicate. Validate deliverables. Perform new processes.

Reinforce adoption over time. A project should aim to ensure change adoption and sustain adoption over time. When the project manager (PM) builds a system and measures change adoption, incorporate a plan to reinforce adoption over time. All stakeholders need to validate that the project has met all deliverables. The PM will obtain documented approval from each identified stakeholder and include it within the PM project files. Proactive communication can make life easier by ensuring the people who need information receive it when they want it. The project manager may still receive one-off requests for information. Processes are to document instructions that describe how to complete tasks. A process is helpful because users can refer to it later.

A project manager (PM) implements operation security and physical security concepts into a project and working area. One of the team members asks the PM if they could use a personal USB drive to transfer data. What is the team member asking to use? Facility access Mobile device Background screens Removable media

Removable media Removable media are portable storage devices that can be plugged in and removed while a computer runs, such as USB drives. Companies often enact security policies that restrict removable media use. Mobile devices provide a means of communicating within an organization but can create outside exposure. Corporate policies regulate how employees use company assets on mobile devices. Background screening or background checks often occur before an employee begins work. The background screening process helps organizations confirm hiring requirements, such as the person's education, certifications, and references. Facility access involves preventing unauthorized employees from accessing high-value company assets. The company can control access through badges or keycards that grant employees access to specific areas.

A project manager and two other senior leaders receive promotions and move to a new group. What can cause team members to become temporarily unsettled? Infrastructure EOL Cybersecurity event Reorganization Merger

Reorganization A reorganization, also called organizational restructuring, disrupts the team because people are temporarily unsettled when change occurs. Company ownership may change during a project. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) introduce several new risks, including changes to company cultures, working with new managers or a new project management office (PMO), or changes to current work styles. Infrastructure end of life (EOL) has many negative risks because it is no longer supported or maintained by the vendor. Cloud-based applications and any anything as a service (XaaS) products are unavailable for use at all after the EOL date. A cybersecurity incident, also known as a "data breach" or "cyber-attack" occurs when an unauthorized party accesses an organization's computer system.

Which exploratory document do sellers use when deliverables are commodities with precise specifications, and the price will be the primary determining factor? Request for proposal Request for bid Request for quote Request for information

Request for bid When cost is the deciding factor, the buyer may opt to distribute a request for bid (RFB). An RFB solicits proposals like an RFP, but the vendors compete on price. The buyer uses a request for proposal (RFP) to solicit multiple vendor proposals for a solution. An RFP is incredibly detailed, formal, and structured. The buyer will provide specific information about the project, problem, scope, and critical details in an RFP. The buyer uses a request for information (RFI) to learn more about solutions before initiating the solicitation process. A request for a quote (RFQ) is an exclusively financial proposal. It is a formal document requesting pricing information for specific requirements, such as supplies or labor.

Which exploratory document do sellers use when deliverables are commodities with precise specifications, and the price will be the primary determining factor? Request for proposal Request for information Request for bid Request for quote

Request for bid When cost is the deciding factor, the buyer may opt to distribute a request for bid (RFB). An RFB solicits proposals like an RFP, but the vendors compete on price. The buyer uses a request for proposal (RFP) to solicit multiple vendor proposals for a solution. An RFP is incredibly detailed, formal, and structured. The buyer will provide specific information about the project, problem, scope, and critical details in an RFP. The buyer uses a request for information (RFI) to learn more about solutions before initiating the solicitation process. A request for a quote (RFQ) is an exclusively financial proposal. It is a formal document requesting pricing information for specific requirements, such as supplies or labor.

A cyber consultant starts a new agile project and explores its various components. What drives a project? Requirements Schedules Budgets Industry standards

Requirements Requirements direct the project because they dictate how the project result looks and behaves as well as how people use it. They also create a shared understanding between stakeholders and team members. Industry rules, regulations, and norms affect projects but do not direct them. Industry norms, such as the pace of change, also influence how organizations approach projects. Also, a schedule does not direct the project but provides the timeline and expectations, phases, and requirements for all parties involved in the project. The budget does not direct the project but focuses on the overall cost for the project, whether agile or waterfall, and dictates what can be accomplished or removed as a result of available funding.

The management team identified project risks that could impact the project costs or schedule during risk management planning, specifically for unauthorized work or to cover time and cost overruns. As a result, the management team established a calculated buffer of time and expense covering known risks, with backup funding for unknown but possible project risks. This is an example of what type of risk management plan? (Select all that apply.) Reserve analysis Monte Carlo analysis Contingency reserve Management reserve

Reserve analysis Contingency reserve A contingency reserve is a calculated time and cost buffer that covers known and unknown risks. Reserve analysis accommodates multiple methods for calculating contingency reserves, each with benefits and drawbacks. A contingency reserve calculation or buffer is part of a reserve analysis. Management reserve is an additional sum of time or money that covers setbacks not forecasted and not known to happen. It does not cover unauthorized work, time, and cost overruns. A Monte Carlo analysis counts the frequency of the total project results. Then, it visualizes the frequency of each outcome on a histogram and produces a probability that each development will happen.

When performing issue management activities, what helps users understand and solve the real problems in a project instead of repeatedly fixing surface issues? Escalation path Root cause analysis Issue tracking Contingency plan

Root cause analysis Root cause analysis helps users understand and solve the real problems in a project instead of repeatedly fixing surface issues and allows them to analyze better and prioritize issues. The risk owner designs the contingency plan for fast reaction; it contains all the information the company needs to recover from the threat or capitalize on the opportunity as quickly as possible. Each point of escalation will advance the issue along the escalation path, which defines whom to involve and when. Issue tracking takes place when the project manager maintains a list of open project issues. It is most effective when the list is accurate and available to everyone involved in the project.

A software engineer begins a new project and wants to select a framework/methodology that focuses on the "big picture." What methodology can the engineer use that incorporates multiple agile practices and frameworks and visualizes all the prominent roles, practices, events, and artifacts on its interactive Big Picture? XP PRINCE2 SDLC SAFe

SAFe Scaled agile framework (SAFe) is an agile-at-scale framework that incorporates multiple agile practices and frameworks and visualizes all the prominent roles, practices, events, and artifacts on its interactive Big Picture. Software development life cycle (SDLC) is a software development framework that improves the project process through continual improvement. Its users incorporate best practices and lessons learned into the framework to be more efficient every subsequent cycle. Extreme programming (XP) is an agile software development framework with a heavy emphasis on software engineering practices and design to create a higher quality of life for developers. PRojects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2) aims to control project management processes by creating clear project phases and predefining tasks to manage the project life cycle.

A project engineer creates a hybrid project that will incorporate never before used information technology to support critical functions and reporting. What is a complete software stack, including the infrastructure, environments, and the actual product that an end-user would use? PaaS XaaS IaaS SaaS

SaaS Software as a service (SaaS) is a complete software stack. It is the infrastructure, environments, and the actual product that an end-user would use. SaaS is incredibly user-friendly because it is usually available via an internet browser. Anything as a service (XaaS), with X as a placeholder, is a general term for any cloud computing service. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to basic computing resources such as servers, networks, and storage. For example, cloud storage is an IaaS product in which a company purchases information storage space from a third party. Platform as a service (PaaS) delivers development tools such as software environments over an internet connection.

Team members live across multiple time zones, which limits availability to schedule meetings. The team needs more than meetings to communicate and coordinate the project. They created an iteration sprint schedule of one to four weeks to incorporate changes at every planning session meeting. What type of team methodology does this communication channel exemplify? Scrum Scaled agile framework (SAFe) Extreme programming (XP) Waterfall

Scrum While "iteration" is a general term, a sprint is more specific to a Scrum methodology for this project's communication channel. Iterations in a scaled agile framework (SAFe) and Scrum sprints are fixed timeboxes lasting one to four weeks. However, a sprint is specific to Scrum. Extreme programming (XP) uses lean thinking to improve operating on five values: communication, simplicity, feedback, respect, and courage. A sprint iteration is specific to Scrum. Any team using an agile framework, like waterfall, would work in an iteration. Waterfall is a linear, sequential project management framework where work gets completed in one phase before another phase starts. A sprint iteration is specific to Scrum.

A software development company is setting up a new agile team and needs an individual who can be the team's coach to maximize its effectiveness. Which individual fills this role? Product manager Architect Program manager Scrum master

Scrum master The Scrum master is the agile team's Scrum coach. Scrum coaches help the team, product owner, and organization improve how they apply Scrum. A product manager works in any framework and serves a more strategic function than product owners or project managers. Product managers oversee products and exist for a product's entire life cycle. Architects design solutions by looking across an organization to see how different systems work together and ensuring projects adhere to solution requirements. Program managers lead programs, which are related groups of projects. They keep the program aligned to organizational strategy and ensure it is within budget and on time. Program managers are like project managers of programs, though with a more strategic slant.

A project manager works on a project for a retail corporation where the team members work with a significant amount of customer data. Which of the following are considered personally identifiable information (PII) data points? (Select all that apply.) Diagnosis Social Security number (SSN) Email address Patient's name

Social Security number (SSN) Email address Personally identifiable information (PII) includes data that could reveal a person's identity. Examples of PII include Social Security numbers and email addresses. In addition to Social Security numbers and email addresses, passport numbers and passwords are also considered personally identifiable information (PII). In most locations in the United States, local and state laws regulate the use, storage, and distribution of PII. The United States federally protects personal health information (PHI). Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires organizations to protect against unauthorized access and disclosure of sensitive health information. PHI includes a person's name and health information. Personal health information (PHI) includes the person's phone number, medical diagnosis, and date of birth.

A project manager works on a project for a retail corporation where the team members work with a significant amount of customer data. Which of the following are considered personally identifiable information (PII) data points? (Select all that apply.) Social Security number (SSN) Email address Patient's name Diagnosis

Social Security number (SSN) Email address Personally identifiable information (PII) includes data that could reveal a person's identity. Examples of PII include Social Security numbers and email addresses. In addition to Social Security numbers and email addresses, passport numbers and passwords are also considered personally identifiable information (PII). In most locations in the United States, local and state laws regulate the use, storage, and distribution of PII. The United States federally protects personal health information (PHI). Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires organizations to protect against unauthorized access and disclosure of sensitive health information. PHI includes a person's name and health information. Personal health information (PHI) includes the person's phone number, medical diagnosis, and date of birth.

A project manager emails daily to check on each member's progress. What activity is the project manager performing? Team touch points External status reporting Project meetings Progress reporting

Team touch points A team touch point can refer to essential communication either in a meeting or through a phone call or meeting. It can be important to see if there are any roadblocks. Project meetings are held among the project stakeholders to discuss or convey project-related information. A progress report is a summary of everything that has happened up to that point, as well as expected progress that will come over the next period of the project. External status reports refer to publishing or disseminating reports to those outside of the project, company, or client.

What communication platform allows users to communicate through audio only? (Select all that apply.) Chat Telephone SMS VOIP

Telephone VOIP Telephone calls are synchronous communication that crosses geographical boundaries. Users speak with someone anywhere on the planet, provided they can access a telephone number. Similar to a landline, voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) users receive a traditional phone number and use a handset to make phone calls. Chat, or chat messaging, is a type of messaging service. Like email, two or more parties exchange chat messages via an internet connection exchange. However, chat is a software service, so all recipients need access to the same software or a cross-platform application to participate. Short message service (SMS) is another type of messaging service. Also called texting or text messaging, SMS generally transmits via cellular networks but can also use the internet.

During the development of a new heart pump valve, a computer virus attacked all of the company's internal systems and nearly deleted the project data. Fortunately, the IS manager could repair or replace all the lost information from their backup data. The manager went through everyone's credentials in the company, even if they did not work within the building. Higher-level permissions were assigned to the executives and managers, giving others what they needed only to complete their tasks. The manager removed allowance to project information for several individuals no longer associated with the project. Evaluate the scenario to determine what is occurring in this instance. Individuals are being forced from the project by management. The IS manager is defining project access requirements. The project manager is scaling back information. The IT department manager is repairing hacked computer systems.

The IS manager is defining project access requirements. After a hacking event, the information security (IS) manager must evaluate use cases and define access requirements during the solution design. They will compare access levels against security standards to ensure they meet security requirements. While scaling back information after a hacking event is always a good idea, this will not prevent nor fix the problem. The IS manager defines access requirements as part of the solution design. Individuals are not forced from the project, but those that may have left or are not involved any longer have had access removed, according to the case. While the information technology (IT) department is repairing, removing, or replacing compromised systems, the IS manager is essentially defining access requirements to the project data.

Regarding components of the change control process of a project's life cycle, what action occurs after the project manager (PM) decides on the change request's outcome? The PM communicates the change deployment. The PM updates the project plan. The PM communicates the change status. The PM validates the change implementation.

The PM communicates the change status. After deciding on the change request's outcome, the project manager will communicate the change status to relevant parties and inform them of the outcome and how the team can incorporate the change. The project manager, change requester, and change reviewer will validate the change implementation before communicating change deployment. The project manager updates the project plan. The extent of updates to the project plan depends on the nature of the change. For example, a PM may need to update the schedule, deliverable, or budget. After validation, the project manager will notify the stakeholders of the completed change deployment to ensure they remain up-to-date on the current project condition.

Regarding components of the change control process of a project's life cycle, what action occurs after the project manager (PM) decides on the change request's outcome? The PM communicates the change status. The PM validates the change implementation. The PM communicates the change deployment. The PM updates the project plan.

The PM communicates the change status. After deciding on the change request's outcome, the project manager will communicate the change status to relevant parties and inform them of the outcome and how the team can incorporate the change. The project manager, change requester, and change reviewer will validate the change implementation before communicating change deployment. The project manager updates the project plan. The extent of updates to the project plan depends on the nature of the change. For example, a PM may need to update the schedule, deliverable, or budget. After validation, the project manager will notify the stakeholders of the completed change deployment to ensure they remain up-to-date on the current project condition.

A software engineer creates and manages a project for the cyber team. One area of interest involves the variances between housing projects within a program versus a portfolio. What are the tenets of running a project as a part of a portfolio? (Select all that apply.) Increased responsibilities and the potential to increase criticality The ability to have multiple projects running at a given time Collaboration between the project manager and team An in-depth and rigorous prioritization process

The ability to have multiple projects running at a given time An in-depth and rigorous prioritization process When a project is part of a portfolio, projects within a portfolio go through a more rigorous prioritization process. Additionally, running a project as part of a portfolio allows a company to operate with more than one project at a time. A project has a single objective that clearly explains what the project intends to accomplish. Sometimes, business ideas are too big for a single project, and the company should complete those ideas in a program. Being a part of a program increases the responsibilities and might increase the criticality of the project. Additionally, a project that is part of a program needs to collaborate with other project teams and the program manager.

At a meeting for a finished project, the facilitator praised the project manager (PM) for a "job well done." They spoke about how the company stretched its time, resources, and funds to complete the project on time. There were many boasting executives and happy stakeholders, and the community seemed satisfied with the manufacturing process since it employs half the town. All they had to do now was push the product. Which of the following is NOT a measure of this project's success? The company used time, incurred costs and expenses, created a scope, and fulfilled a purpose to produce a quality product. The company reduced high-probability risks and is making more money. The team's happiness or stakeholder satisfaction scores are skyrocketing. The community impacts, such as jobs created and customer satisfaction, are measurably improved.

The company reduced high-probability risks and is making more money. Success criteria are measurable targets a project must meet before it can be considered successful. While measurable, this case did not mention reducing the high-probability risk, the organization increasing profits, or any return on investment (ROI). The case mentions the company used time, resources, and funding to complete the project on time and is a measurable target to meet. Satisfied stakeholders, comfortable team members, and survey satisfaction scores regarding a product are certainly measurable metrics. Community impacts, such as jobs created or environmental impacts, are measurable metrics to gauge project success.

According to the scope, a small project with an inexperienced project manager (PM) has exceeded their time by months. Team members, through anonymous surveys, explained that the facilitator is also the PM, who spends a lot of time writing notes during meetings rather than conducting them. Team members asked for additional funds to hire a secretary to keep information organized, so the PM does not have to do it alone. Even on small-scale projects, explain why it is essential to have people fill separate roles of facilitator, PM, and scribe. Introduce communication and budget challenges that require focus groups and workshops. The scribe will not be distracted by any nonverbal communication. The project manager will not have to attend every meeting, just read the notes. The facilitator can focus on meeting flows and cadence to keep the process moving

The facilitator can focus on meeting flows and cadence to keep the process moving The facilitator can focus on the meeting flow; capturing notes disrupts the flow. The facilitator guides meeting progress, and knows the agenda and purpose of the meeting better than anyone else. The scribe can take more thorough notes if they are not distracted by moderating conversations and other interactions while documenting the contents of conversations. Project managers should attend every meeting on a project. The scribe's notes and materials will not convey an adequate substitute for information presented in a meeting. Separate roles will not introduce communication and budget challenges requiring focus groups and workshops. Instead, the facilitator can focus on meeting flows, the scribe can concentrate on maintaining records, and the manager on the project details.

A project manager evaluates the variances of resource allocations when using agile and waterfall concepts. What are elements associated with waterfall concepts and resource allocations? (Select all that apply.) The project team has somewhat fixed resources. The project manager decides how many of each job type and skill set are needed. The project manager can assemble specialists to complete the work. The project team consists of three to ten members.

The project team has somewhat fixed resources. The project manager decides how many of each job type and skill set are needed. The project manager can assemble specialists to complete the work. When comparing and contrasting the variances of resource allocation, a waterfall team assembles specialists to complete the work. An agile team, however, will form a cross-functional group. Using the waterfall concept, the project manager will decide how many of each job type and skill set the project requires and fill them. The project manager can seek members with particular skills if needed. Regarding resource allocation, a waterfall team has somewhat fixed resources. For example, on a waterfall team, an analyst is unlikely to write code. Agile teams, not waterfall teams, consist of three to ten members. Team size is not part of resource allocation.

On a handmade book-making project, the project manager (PM) attempts to hire a vendor to send information cards about the specialized project to all the company clients hoping for product pre-orders. The vendor would receive $10,000 when finished. One vendor's proposal seemed ideal, but the PM rejected it since it "lacked physical capacity" and opted to work with a vendor they have worked with in the past. Define the phrase "lacking physical capacity" in this scenario. The vendor could not warranty the work. The vendor could not deliver the amount of work requested. The vendor had many limitations and exclusions. The vendor could not guarantee a unit price for supplies.

The vendor could not deliver the amount of work requested. A product that cannot be delivered or produced as needed is considered a lack of physical capacity. For instance, if a vendor could only produce 500 units when 1,000 units are needed. Unit prices, fees, and other vendor costs and expenses are negotiated in a vendor contract and do not mean a lack in physical capacity if any of these costs are part of the rejection, which is not the case. Services rendered do not normally include a warranty as they cover products that the user can replace or repair if found to be defective or broken. Any limitations and exclusions are usually negotiated in a vendor contract and known before granting the contracted services to a vendor.

What project tool allows a project manager (PM) to verify that a system upgrade has resolved or reduced issues for their team? Ticketing or case management system Calendaring tools Project management scheduling software Real-time surveys

Ticketing or case management system A ticketing system is an organized way to manage records of customer problems. Also referred to as a case management or help desk system, this product type combines workflows and user interfaces to create a one-stop experience. For example, after a system change, a system administrator can pull ticket reports for the system to verify that the upgrade reduced issues. Project management scheduling software allows users to create comprehensive project schedules easily. Calendaring tools simplify scheduling by allowing users to manage calendars and schedules. The PM uses calendaring tools to create one-time and recurring meetings. Survey and polling tools allow the PM to gather simple information quickly from a large group of people.

What project tool allows a project manager (PM) to verify that a system upgrade has resolved or reduced issues for their team? Ticketing or case management system Real-time surveys Project management scheduling software Calendaring tools

Ticketing or case management system A ticketing system is an organized way to manage records of customer problems. Also referred to as a case management or help desk system, this product type combines workflows and user interfaces to create a one-stop experience. For example, after a system change, a system administrator can pull ticket reports for the system to verify that the upgrade reduced issues. Project management scheduling software allows users to create comprehensive project schedules easily. Calendaring tools simplify scheduling by allowing users to manage calendars and schedules. The PM uses calendaring tools to create one-time and recurring meetings. Survey and polling tools allow the PM to gather simple information quickly from a large group of people.

A project manager is working on a project in which the project findings provide an advantage over the competition but do not have approval from the patent office. What would these project findings be? Trade secret Data classification Intellectual property National security information

Trade secret Trade secrets are a specific type of intellectual property. They are an asset that gives the company a competitive advantage but does not register with a copyright, trademark, or patent. Projects may require handling information related to national defense or foreign relations, which is called national security information in the United States. Any national security information should receive the highest sensitivity classification. Data classification is the grouping of information based on the level of risk associated with the data if it were to be shared and is classified as public, internal, confidential, or restricted. Intellectual property (IP) is an asset type that refers to creations of the mind. In business, it comprises the inventions and creative assets that the company owns.

A project manager is working on a project in which the project findings provide an advantage over the competition but do not have approval from the patent office. What would these project findings be? Trade secret Intellectual property Data classification National security information

Trade secret Trade secrets are a specific type of intellectual property. They are an asset that gives the company a competitive advantage but does not register with a copyright, trademark, or patent. Projects may require handling information related to national defense or foreign relations, which is called national security information in the United States. Any national security information should receive the highest sensitivity classification. Data classification is the grouping of information based on the level of risk associated with the data if it were to be shared and is classified as public, internal, confidential, or restricted. Intellectual property (IP) is an asset type that refers to creations of the mind. In business, it comprises the inventions and creative assets that the company owns.

A development manager is hired to manage an outsourced team of developers overseas. They are tasked with streamlining the development and release processes. What tool will best assist them? Task board Issue log Critical path method Version control tools

Version control tools Software development and DevOps teams use version control software to streamline the development and release processes. A task board is a visual task tracking tool. The Kanban board is a version of a task board. However, users can use a task board with any methodology. An issue log tracks and manages issues. The log helps users organize and prioritize the list to focus on the highest-priority items because users will not have enough time and resources to address everything. Critical path method (CPM) analyzes a project schedule to identify the dependent activity sequence with the longest duration.

A cyber consultant is assigned a new project and is reviewing the notes from the kick-off meeting. According to the notes, the project leader wants to use a methodology that uses a linear and sequential project management framework. What methodology can the consultant use to achieve the project leader's goal? Kanban DevSecOps Waterfall Scrum

Waterfall Waterfall development, one of the oldest software development methodologies, predates software and is a linear, sequential project management framework. Scrum is a lightweight, customer-centric framework and is arguably the most common agile framework as it delivers iterative and adaptive value while intentionally covering only the barest requirements. As an agile development methodology, Kanban is relatively new and is used to control work in progress (WIP) levels and manage workflows in software and other business processes. DevSecOps is not a project characteristic but a support to project methodologies as it creates a shared responsibility where everyone on the team considers and owns the product's security.

A project manager has assigned a cyber architect a new project and requested that the architect use a project framework that heavily emphasizes software engineering practices and design to create a higher quality of life for developers. What could the architect consider using to fulfill these requests? XP SAFe DevSecOps DevOps

XP Extreme programming (XP) is an agile software development framework with a heavy emphasis on software engineering practices and design to create a higher quality of life for developers. DevOps is not a methodology, but it controls the software engineering process. It offers operational support, reducing friction between teams and improving cross-functional collaboration. DevSecOps is not a methodology but rather a support to project methodologies as it creates a shared responsibility where everyone on the team considers and owns the product's security. Scaled agile framework (SAFe) is an agile-at-scale framework that incorporates multiple agile practices and frameworks and visualizes all the prominent roles, practices, events, and artifacts on its interactive Big Picture.

A technician works on a project where the client and senior leadership of the organization want to introduce and monitor technology within the project. What is a general term for any cloud computing service? SaaS PaaS XaaS IaaS

XaaS Anything as a service (XaaS), with X as a placeholder, is a general term for any cloud computing service. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to basic computing resources such as servers, networks, and storage. For example, cloud storage is an IaaS product in which a company purchases information storage space from a third party. Platform as a service (PaaS) delivers development tools such as software environments over an internet connection. Software as a service (SaaS) is a complete software stack. It is the infrastructure, environments, and the actual product that an end-user would use. SaaS is incredibly user-friendly because it is usually available via an internet browser.