Computer Final Review

What is multimedia

"many media" Multiple forms of media used to represent data and content Refers to different ways to share information

Deductive Reasoning

(also called deductive logic, logical deduction, or informally top-down logic) FROM GENERAL TO SPECIFIC Starting with the general principle or theorem, proceed to reach a logically certain conclusion. Or in another way of stating it, An example: All rectangles have four sides. All squares are rectangles. Thus by deductive logic, all squares have four sides. Theory -> Hypothesis -> Observation -> Confirmation

Inductive Reasoning

(also called induction or informally bottom-up logic) FROM SPECIFIC TO GENERAL Starting with specific examples and observations, deduce the general principles. It is essential in scientific research and is the process of formulating hypotheses and theories. An example: When adding two integer numbers, you notice that: -Adding two even integers always results in an even -integer. -Adding two odd integers always results in an even integer. -Adding an even and an odd integer always results in an odd integer. Observation -> Pattern -> Recognition -> Hypothesis -> Theory

Distortion

-manipulating the scale of the axes to achieve a desired effect, such as enhancing or de-emphasizing what the data shows. - in a bar chart, not only to changing the height of the bar, but also to widen it. The corresponding increase in volume emphasizes the importance of the bar.

Algorithmic thinking

A finite sequence of steps for solving a problem. They aren't specific to computer science or science in general We all use algorithms every day in our lives to describe solutions to problems. Computer programs are codes that execute those algorithms to perform specific tasks.

Pixel based/bitmap or raster images/graphics

A pixel is a dot, the smallest element of its type in an image Pixel-based graphics are structured as a matrix of pixels. Images are a combination of thousands of these small elements or pixels. For each pixel in the image, the information about the color is stored They do not scale well

What is Computational Thinking?

A problem solving approach to: designing systems, and understanding human behavior by drawing on the concepts fundamental to computer science. It is also a fundamental skill for everyone, not just for computer scientist.

What are the computational thinking fundamental concepts?

Abstraction Logical thinking Algorithmic solutions—Automation—complexity Validation and verification—testing, debugging (find a good term for all)

What are some visual programming languages used to teach children?

Alice; Scratch; Netlogo; AgentSheets Another type is software that models systems rather than individual agents. Examples of this type of software include Vensim, Stella, and Madonna type. Vensim has a light edition free to users in educational settings.

Types of misrepresentation in graphs

Ambiguity, distortion, distraction

How do we know an algorithm is efficient?

An algorithm must solve a problem as quickly as possible. There is a category of problems that can be solved, but not in a reasonable amount of time for a nontrivial problem size. In such cases, sometimes an exact solution may not be necessary, and an approximate solution will work.

Simulation

An imitation of a real-world system or process over time

Frame rates and animation

Animations are graphics that create the perception of motion. In reality, that motion is an illusion. Technically, animation uses a sequence of still images, each in its own frame, which are played at a set rate. When frames are played fast enough, the illusion of animation emerges.

Visualization in Education

As a teacher, creating your own visualization or having your students create their own, really induces a deeper understanding of the data, and insight into trends and patterns. In the end, it really aids comprehension in most fields of study.

What are some benefits of audio?

Audio provides the nuance and inflection necessary to understand the meaning behind the words. because the rhyme and cadence in the audio help us to remember the information. e teacher who can effectively and appropriately use audio opens up new possibilities for student learning that further strengthens and supports more traditional modes of learning.

How can we use simulations in education?

Because simulations are simplified versions of the natural world, they have the potential to facilitate learning by focusing student's attention more directly on the targeted phenomena.

What are the main disadvantages of simulation models?

Before you can start building a simulation model, you have to first understand the question rather well(difficult and time consuming) For real world it can be expensive and time consuming to build a good simulation model(requires extensive resources, including high-performance computer systems, highly trained technical personnel, and lots of time) Simulation results can be difficult to interpret(The purpose of simulation models is not to find an optimal result, but rather as a tool that allows exploration) Simulation models have to be verified and validated(Insufficient validation and verification are the most common reason for simulation failures)

Algorithmic solutions

By designing efficient algorithms to solve a problem, solutions must be efficient as well as correct. Measuring an algorithm's efficiency is part of the solution. Algorithmic solutions are rarely correct and efficient the first time. An essential component of algorithmic thinking is checking the correctness of the solution, finding, and fixing problems and errors.

Using charts as a visualization tool

Charts should be clear, simple, and unambiguous, while presenting the data truly, without distortion or without misleading the reader. Many charts misrepresent the data, often unintentionally, but sometimes deliberately.

Using color in spreadsheet visualization

Colors should NOT be used arbitrarily Always use colors in a way that confirm their standard meaning If colors are associated with a preconceived meaning, they should be respected

Validation and Verification

Does your algorithm or solution answer the question and does it approximate the outcome of a real process Validation: (did we build the model right?) Verification: (did we build the right model?) It is done through observation(measurements of outcomes) and analysis of those outcomes

Types of graphics

Draw-type/vector; bitmapped/raster Modern graphics software often supports both

Common types of internet graphic formats

GIF JPEG Others include PNG and Lightning Strike compressed images

Visualization software

Google Chart API; jqPlot; Flot Most of these require you to know something about writing or modifying JavaScript codes

Why are graphics important

Graphics, images, and visualizations have the ability to distill complex ideas into a simpler form and represent them in a manner that may be easier for people

Power for use in computational thinking is provided by what?

High-Performance Computing (HPC)

Video software options

Higher-end programs, such as Adobe Premiere and Final Cut Pro, are packed with features for the professional video developer, and if you have access to one of these programs they will definitely do the job. However, they are usually too expensive for the educator looking to dabble in video editing. Luckily, there are alternative easy to use introductory video editing programs like Windows Movie Maker, iMovie, and Kino that can provide a convenient entry point to users who want to be able to create simple video projects. Many of the video editors currently on the market, both those for sale and those available at no cost, are designed for particular operating system or platform. Because of this, the operating system your computer is running may be more of a determining factor when it comes to choosing a video editor than your personal preferences. Stable cross-platform video software options tend to be video utilities focusing on conversion or minor editing tasks.

Draw-type/vector graphics

Images are based on geometric shapes and made of straight lines, ovals, and arcs, each with a beginning and end point Each shape can be mathematically described as a path Only the information that is necessary to reconstruct each element is stored Information about the order of the lines and shapes such as which one is on top or bottom is called the z coordinate

Dr. R. Panoff, director of the Shodor Institute

Introduced simple generic simulations and visualizations that illustrate a large number of experiments or help the understanding of current events Based off the idea of something that spreads Each data point is the average of its neighbors, or simple mathematics

What does computational thinking NOT entail?

It is NOT thinking like a computer, but conceptualizing It is NOT writing computer programs It is Not learning standard computer skills like word processing or communicating via email and social networks, etc., it is NOT just having technical skills, (It is ideas, NOT rote knowledge, higher-order thinking to create innovative solutions)

What do the modern trends in education say about simulations?

It meets the following criteria: Constructivism: Students construct their own knowledge Active learning: Students learn actively in realistic situations Collaboration: Students work together in groups.

JPEG

JPEG or JPG is a lossy compression method. Can generate artifacts or unwanted effects if not used carefully Uses mathematics called Discrete Cosine Transformation to turn the square of data into a set of curves

Web-based simulations are quite often in what?

Java (or similar languages such as Python) or JavaScript, a scripting language. Others were created with a different language and then converted to Java applets or mobile apps. Programming knowledge is required to create this type of application.

What are the main advantages of simulations and models?

New designs Simulation models allow a person to study the behavior of a system without having to actually build prototypes(a reduction in costs by avoiding costly errors and uncovering unknown problems) New procedures and workflows can be studied and tested before putting them into production(Errors, flaws, and bottlenecks can be detected and corrected without interrupting normal operations) Time can be expanded and compressed(you can speed up time to study Or you can slow down time to study certain things) Allow a person to control the clock or observe a process in a stepwise fashion. The scale of the phenomena can be adjusted(Processes invisible to the human can be adjusted to a viewable magnitude) Allow you to input values for variables, and thus study What If? scenarios. You can input different values in a simulation model, and observe and analyze how variable values affect a system(saves time) Can be helpful to gain insight in those systems by simplifying the factors affecting the situation. Help in the detection and understanding of unexpected phenomena in the behavior of a system. Simulations allow students to learn in a quasi realistic environment, where they can take a problem-solving approach and practice without stress. They are able to explore both realistic and hypothetical questions.

Is visualization a new concept?

No, from the earliest time there is evidence of the use of pictorial elements used to communicate information and ideas Early examples include depictions of events and maps

Multimedia makes a variety of educational tactics

Nonlinear learning User-controlled learning User takes charge of learning experience: Adjust the level of difficulty Evaluations React to feedback Makes immediate feedback possible Provide online enhancements: Simulations and models Animation of complex processes, with options to: slow down a process speed up a process repeat a process at will Virtual Labs

problems with GIF

One issue is that they are limited to a palette of 256 colors or less. Compuserve, which created the GIF format, did at one point say it would attempt to produce a 24-bit version of the GIF, but then along came problem number two: Unisys. Unisys discovered that it owned some patents to key parts of the GIF compression technology and has started demanding fees from every company whose software uses the (freely available) GIF code. This has somewhat stifled development. There is a 24-bit, license-free GIF-like format called PNG, but this format currently has limited popularity.

Graphs

Present relationships between different data points in a concise and clean way These relationships may be difficult to perceive when simply looking at numbers They allow students to represent information that they may not be able to describe verbally

What are some audio editors?

Pro Tools or Adobe Audition, are powerful and have many advanced features but can be quite expensive. Other programs such as GarageBand are free and easy to use but only work on specific operating systems. There are also open-source alternatives such as Audacity, which provides an easy to use interface and runs on a variety of platforms.

Abstraction

Pulling the important details out of a problem and locating the identifying principles that also apply to other problems, circumstances, or conditions. As in a simile, this reduction of complexity to the essentials can also be observed in abstract art, for example, in a Picasso drawing.

NSF

Representative of the priorities the federal government is placing on educating a workforce for our knowledge-based economy, strong in computational skills

Decomposition

Restating an ostensibly difficult problem into one we know how to solve

What are some examples of simulations?

Shodor Education Foundation Phet Interactive Simulations Phys.org Excelets Website Role-playing and game-based examples Virtual field trip examples

How to create visualizations

Simple visualizations can be created without technology(pen and paper) Software such as spreadsheets make it easier to achieve simple but effective visualizations Open-source products are available but most of them require some level of familiarity with scripting and programming

What are simulations and models?

Simulations and models are not exact replicas of real-world systems, but rather approximations, that vary greatly in accuracy and complexity.

Ambiguity

Sometimes, not all the necessary information about the data is provided, either in the chart itself, or in accompanying text, leading to unclear data. Each data point must be clearly defined. The importance of clear and unambiguous labels in the legends and all the axes in the chart cannot be overstated. It is easy to find example graphs without labels, some even without axes!

three-dimensional animation (3D) is a three-step process:

Step 1 is the modeling phase, and it consists of creating the broad contours and structure of the 3D objects and scene as mesh figures. Step 2 is the animation phase, and it defines the motions of objects, including how the lighting and perspective changes create change in the animation. Step 3 is the rendering phase, and it gives objects their attributes. In other words, in this phase objects acquire color, surface texture, and associated characteristics, such as the amount of transparency, reflection, etc.

What does current research say about simulations?

Students retain: 25% of what they hear 45% of what they hear and see (simultaneously) 70% of what they manipulate and control.

What does multimedia incorporate

Text, graphics, animation, audio, and video, virtual reality

importing and exporting and converting file formats

The formats that are available for import and export may often depend on patent restrictions. Use of some formats may be disabled by default in your editor, or require the purchase or download of plug-ins to enable support for specific formats.

Anatomy of a sound wave

The height of the curve: This represents the volume of the sound. The higher the peak, the louder the sound. The distance between patterns: This represents the frequency or pitch. The greater the distance, the lower the sound. Frequency is measured in hertz. A pattern that occurs once every second is equal to 1 Hertz (1 Hz), while a pattern that occurs 1,000 times every second is equal to 1,000 Hz or 1 KiloHertz (1 kHz).

Filters and special effects

The name of the effect and the variety of effects vary depending on the editor, but the process of applying them is fairly similar. Let us say you wanted to have some closing music fade out at the end of an audio lesson. First, you need to select the section of music that you want to fade out using the mouse or keyboard. Once highlighted, you would choose a Fade Out type effect from a menu or toolbar to apply that effect to that section of the track. You can often see the waveform change as you apply the effect. Simple effects like echo, reverse, or amplify are usually available by default within the editor, but you can also sometimes find additional effects available as plug-ins for your chosen editor. Some effects will require additional settings or adjustments to fine-tune how the effect will be applied to your selected section. Information on what a particular effect does or how to fine-tune it can be found in the software documentation, or you can use the trial and error method to test different effects. If you do not like what a special effect does, just use the undo feature, common in most editors.

Video Editing Software approaches

The old method of video editing or film editing was known as splicing.

Logical Thinking

The process of construing new information from what you already know. You can approach this from two directions: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

How are simulations used in the political and corporate worlds?

They are used as design tools to test new designs or process before implementation or prototypes are created Gives us the opportunity to study how changes to an existing system will affect the system Fine-tune and adjust the parameters before implementation

Multitrack editing capabilities

This means that you can bring in multiple audio tracks or waveforms and work with them to create a composite audio file. These tracks can be manipulated separately or together and are often mixed down into a single track for distribution.

Simulation models

This type of model can accept different inputs, they can be run as many times as desired, and the results can be observed and analyzed.

Distraction

To divert the reader's attention from the data. This can be via extraneous art and graphics that do not contribute to the meaning of the chart, use of the wrong chart type or the incorrect use of images instead of bars, etc. In general, 3D charts should be used sparingly if at all, because it is quite difficult to accurately read the values on such charts. Similarly, pie charts should be used sparingly. Most people have a hard time visually comparing the areas in a pie chart accurately, and the effect is even worse in 3D pie charts.

lossy compression

To save space it just throws away parts of an image. Obviously, you cannot just go around discarding any old piece of information. So what the JPEG algorithm does is first divide the image into squares (and you can actually see these squares on badly compressed JPEGs). Then it uses a piece of mathematics called Discrete Cosine Transformation to turn the square of data into a set of curves, some small, some large, that go together to make up the image. This is where the lossy bit comes in: depending on how much you want to compress the image the algorithm throws away the least significant part of the data (the smaller curves), since they add less to the overall "shape" of the image. This means that, unlike GIF, you have a say in how much you want to compress an image by. However, the lossy compression method can generate artifacts or unwanted effects if not used carefully, such as false color and blockiness.

What is visualization?

Using technology and graphics to visualize data, to help us understand what the data is telling us. The objective is to use visualization to help us understand and spot trends and meaning in large data sets that we could not perceive without visualization.

What is a video file?

Video files are simply a combination of an audio stream and graphics stream, synced together to present information as if it was happening for the first time right in front of you. The reasons why video techniques are an important topic to understand and be able to work with are the same reasons it was important to know about and how to edit graphics and audio.

What are some common digital sound file formats

WAV: WAVe, a widely used for audio and some web content; developed by IBM and Microsoft WMA: Windows Media Audio, from Microsoft ALAC: Apple Lossless Audio Codec, from Apple OGG: from the verb ogging, jargon in a computer game (Netrek) FLAC: Free Lossless Audio Codec, Flac is lossless like ALAC or ape, not lossy like mp3 AIFF: Audio Interchange File Format AIFFC: Audio Interchange File Format Compressed RealAudio (.ra): a compressed format developed by Real Networks; allows streaming (i.e., playing sound in real time) of sound files over the web. MP3: MPEG Layer 3 is a compressed large audio file (can store entire sounds) for playback on the web at near stereo quality. MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface. This is a standard format that enables computers and electronic musical instruments to communicate sound information. It contains codes instead of actual digitized sound, and the files are 100x smaller. Specialized equipment is needed to play this type of file.

Time-shift tool

allows you to shift the time a track begins. This tool can be a time saver when working with multiple tracks. Instead of copying and pasting all the sections of your composition into one track, you can use the time-shift tool to move an imported track to begin or end at a specific time, or in relation to another track. Most editors will provide a time line meter at the top of the editor that shows you where tracks start or where specific peaks occur in the waveform. This can be beneficial in finding particular audio artifacts, but you can also use it to line up the visual representation of a track with the point in time during the song that you want another track to be mixed in. The location of the time-shift utility will depend on the software's interface, but you can usually find it by reading the tooltips provided as you move your mouse over a particular button, or you can consult the documentation for information about its specific location.

Animation rates

animated movies play at 24 frames per second, while the television standard is at 30 frames per second. However, some recent movies use a much higher frame rate. For example, the new movie The Hobbit uses 48 frames per second. Early in the history of computers, animation rates typically between 12 to 15 frames were effective. A rate of less than 12 frames per second results in noticeably jerky motion. Modern computer animations usually use 24 or 30 frames per second.

Models and simulations are based off what?

assumptions; typically expressed in mathematical formulas and logical expressions relationships; between the entities in the simulation or model.

cel (celluloid) animation

based on changes that occur from one frame to the next consists of the static background and the changes to the image

unidirectional mic

captures sound from one direction which is ideal if you want it to record one person's voice

Compressed Audio

categorized into two subcategories, lossy and lossless. Both subcategories provide a reduction in the amount of required space and transfer requirements of the file, but the categories approach the process of compression in different ways.

cel (from celluloid) animation

changes that occur from one frame to the next. Thus, it can be said to consist of the static background and the changes to the image.

how do you figure out the image file size, if you know the image size (in pixels) and the color depth?

color depth is usually expressed in bytes, not bits. Recall that 1 byte is equal to 8 bits. The file size is estimated by: the image size in pixels times the color depth in bytes (or bits/8). Divide by 8 because there are 8 bits in a byte. To get the full color palette possible in the RGB color encoding, you need 3 bytes, One byte each for the full scales of Red, Green, and Blue. Thus for photographic quality, you need a color depth of 24 bits.

What are the two components of abstraction?

decomposition and abstraction

maximum compression available with a GIF,

depends on the amount of repetition in an image. A flat color will compress well, sometimes even down to one tenth of the original file size, thus reducing the size of the original image file by 90%. On the other hand, a complex, nonrepetitive image will fare worse, perhaps only saving as little as 20% or so.

File size

determined by multiple factors, namely, the size of the image and the range of colors in the image or the color depth. The color depth of an image is encoded in a sequence of bits. The number of bits in the sequence determines the number of colors that could possibly be used in the image. How does that work? Consider the following: What if you have only 1 bit to encode the colors in an image? Recall that a single bit stores a value of either 0 or 1, nothing else. That means that you have exactly 2 codes to represent colors, for example: The 0 is used to represent black The 1 is used to represent white Early CRT monitors could typically display only 2 colors, usually black and green or black and amber. Summary: when you have 1 bit for color depth, the color depth is 1, and you can store 2 colors. What if you have 2 bits to encode the colors in an image? Think this through for just a minute. For 16 colors you need 4 bits With 8 bits you can store 256 colors With 16 bits you can store 65,536 colors With 24 bits you can store approximately 16.7 million colors The actual number of colors that can be displayed depends also on the resolution of the monitor.

Analog signals must be converted into what to play on a computer?

digital signals This is done through a process called sampling. The quality of the sound is determined by the sampling rate and the sample size.

Stereo tracks

each track has two waveforms, one for the left speaker and one for the right speaker.

Creating graphics for the Web

first have to compress them to take up as little room as possible, so that it takes as little time as possible for the viewer to download them. Opinions vary, but most people feel that images above 50K are getting too big, particularly if you combine several images on a page. The two main Internet graphics formats, GIF and JPEG, have such compression built-in, but there are major differences between the two. Although GIF and JPEG are dominant, there are other Web graphics formats, such as PNG or Lightning Strike compressed images. We will deal with these later.

Thinking maps, mind maps, logic maps

graphical representations of information in the mind

Animations

graphics that create the perception of motion the motion is an illusion uses a sequence of still images, each with their own frame, which are played at a set rate

graphics

have the ability to present relationships or connections in a manner far more accessible than would be possible with words alone; important tool for allowing students to represent concepts and information that they may not be able to describe verbally or in a written form. These graphical representations of information in the mind are often referred to as thinking maps, mind maps, or logic maps. Teachings students to use graphics in order to share the perceptions they have in their minds can help teachers identify misconceptions or gaps in a student's understanding. If a teacher understands how to work with graphics, they can support the student in the creation of these thinking maps, which can then in turn assist the teacher in supporting the student's learning.

draw-type or vector graphics

images are based on geometric shapes and made up of straight lines, ovals and arcs, each with a beginning and an end point. Each of these shapes can be mathematically defined as a path. Instead of storing information about each point on a path, only the information necessary to reconstruct each element is stored. For example, for a straight line drawn between two points, one does not need to store each pixel on the line. Instead, what is stored is a set of instructions that describe its position, size, and shape. For instance, what do you need to store a rectangle? You need its position, or more specifically the location of one of its corner points, typically the top left corner, its length and its width, information about line width, and color and the fill of the shape. When multiple lines or shapes are in the image, instructions to describe relationships between them are also required. This includes information about the order of the lines and shapes: which one is on top, which one is on the bottom, etc. This is often referred to as the z coordinate of a shape element. This type of graphics is most appropriate for images that need to stay distinctive when scaled (size changed). Thus, good candidates are line art and fonts (western and other character sets). pros:Can resize and rotate without distortion Typically smaller file size Has distinctive, sharp lines cons: For complex graphics, the file size can grow quite large Complex graphics take longer to render on the screen Cannot display photographic quality

Why do people say "a picture is worth a thousand words?"

in many cases it can be worth a thousand words. Graphics, images, and visualizations have the ability to distill complex ideas into a simpler form and represent them in a manner that may be easier for people, including students to understand. This process of representing information is especially important, if you support the theory of learning styles.

theory of learning styles

individuals have a preferred way of receiving and learning information. While they may be capable of learning via other means, they may find one method easier than another. For example, a student who is a visual learner might struggle to comprehend a concept or idea when it is presented to them in a text only form. But, if they can have that same information presented to them in a picture or image, they might be able to grasp the content quickly. To target these visual learners, it is important for a teacher to be able to understand and work with graphics.

model

is a constructed conceptual framework that describes a system. You can learn about the behavior of a system by observing and studying how it evolves over time. From such observation, one can draw inferences about the process. This is often a cyclic process, where a model or simulations is continuously improved with each new iteration.

What has to happen once a simulation or model has been developed?

it needs to be verified and validated. We have to be sure that the model answered the question that was posed in the first place and that the solution offered by the model or simulation approximates the outcomes of a real process, to the extent specified in the problem statement

omni-directional mic

mics capture sound from all directions and are used for situations where you are trying to record the voices of multiple people.

Lossless compression

no audio data is lost. It is like squeezing the air out of a sponge to make it a bit smaller. You do not lose any of the sponge; you just make it take up a little less space.

path animation

objects are defined to move along a predetermined path the object itself does not change, it just changes position

path animation

objects are defined to move along a predetermined path. Often the object itself does not change or does not change much, but changes position

Pixel-based graphics are also commonly known as bitmap or raster images

pixel is a contraction of the words picture and element. Physically, a pixel is a dot, the smallest element in this type of image. Pixel-based, also called raster-based, graphics are structured as a matrix of pixels. Images are combinations of thousands of these small elements or pixels. For each pixel in the image, information about its color is stored. Color is stored as an RGB triplet for each pixel. The number of colors than can be rendered depends on the color depth. Pixel-based graphics do not scale well. When an image is enlarged, it is the pixels that get larger, not that more pixels are generated for the new size. The jaggedness of lines, inherent to the way these images are generated, gets more pronounced. For example, a line drawn on a diagonal or a curve is a set of pixels that form the line; all lines that are not strictly horizontal or vertical are jagged. pros: Can represent subtle color differences Works for photographic images Can represent subtle color gradations. While a circle drawn in vector graphics must be all 1 color, a circle drawn in bitmapped graphics can have many colors. cons: There is a lot of distortion on sizing and rotation To avoid distortion, the image must be redrawn in a different resolution Typically very large files

splicing

process of actually cutting a film strip into sections and recombining scenes with splicing tape These days the process of video editing typically falls into two categories, linear video editing and non-linear video editing.

GIF

stands for Graphics Interchange Format a lossless method of compression(it takes care not to lose any data)

Uncompressed audio

takes up more space on your storage device and takes longer to transfer or download, but it is often higher quality and can present subtle differences in the audio.

tweening

technique used to calculate the changes along the path and fills in the changes between the frames. In animation, the quality depends greatly on the frame rate and the transitions between the frames.

Bitrate

the amount of space per second allocated to store audio information. An audio file with a bitrate of 128, or 128 kbps, would allow for 128 kilobits of audio information per second.

linear video editing

the edited video is built in a linear fashion (e.g., First scene, second scene, third scene, etc). Sections or scenes from raw footage are rerecorded or transferred onto a different machine or file piece by piece in an ordered manner.

Mono tracks

there is only one waveform, which means that the sound coming out of the left and right speakers is the same

Multimedia and visual learners

to target visual learners, it is important for teachers to be able to work with graphics because they have the ability to present relationships or connections in a manner far more accessible than would be possible with words alone

tweening

used to calculate the changes along the path and fills in the changes between frames

Lossy compression

you are actually throwing audio information away. You are reducing the quality of the audio file to make it smaller, in some cases much smaller. This form of compression is like taking a sponge and ripping it in two pieces and throwing one of the sponge pieces away. This can significantly reduce the size of the sponge, but you are losing a good chunk of it also. Moreover, once you throw it away, you cannot get it back. Converting a lossy format back to an uncompressed or lossless format will not improve its quality. Converting from one lossy format to another lossy format will further reduce the quality of the file because each lossy format throws away different parts of the file.

Using multimedia in the classroom

you can use multimedia to re-present information and concepts in different ways that may be more accessible to students. Understanding and being able to work with multimedia allows you to add additional tools to your toolbox and to use the appropriate tool when necessary. It allows you to create multimodal environments where students have a variety of choices from which to gain understanding of data or concepts.