Computer Fundamentals: Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology

Technology in Higher Education

A college or university might use a learning management system (LMS) to set up web-based training sites where students can check their progress in a course, take practice tests, and exchange messages with the instructor or other students. Students also can view instructor lectures online and take classes or earn a degree online. Ebooks let students read and access content from their tablet or device, and access digital assets like videos associated with the content.

embedded computer

A computer that functions as one component in a larger product, and which has a specific purpose.

smart devices

A device that can communicate, locate, and predict; part of the Internet of Things (IoT).

Natural language processing

A form of data input in which computers interpret and digitize spoken words or commands.

kiosk

A freestanding booth usually placed in a public area that can contain a display device used to show information to the public or event attendees.

Enterprise Computing

A large business with many employees is known as an enterprise. Enterprise computing refers to the use of technology by a company's employees to meet the needs of a large business. Each department of a company uses technology specific to its function.

green computing

A practice that involves reducing electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies.

Augmented reality (AR)

A type of virtual reality that uses an image of an actual place or thing and adds digital information to it.

IoT in Business

All businesses and areas of business can take advantage of IoT. Manufacturing can use sensors to monitor processes and increase quality of finished goods (Figure 1-6). Retail can use sensors to track inventory or send coupons to customers' phones while they shop. Shipping companies can track mileage and location of their trucks and monitor driving times to ensure the safety of their drivers. A healthcare provider can use IoT to: Connect to a patient's wearable blood pressure or glucose monitor Send prescription updates and changes to a pharmacy, and alert the patient of the prescription Track and store data provided by wearable monitors to determine necessary follow-up care Send the patient reminders about upcoming appointments or tests The uses of IoT are expanding rapidly, and connected devices continue to impact and enhance business practices at all levels.

The Digital Divide

All of this technology has many uses for both personal and business needs. However, it is not available to everyone. The digital divide is the gap between those who have access to technology and its resources and information, especially on the Internet, and those who do not. Socioeconomic and demographic factors contribute to the digital divide, which can impact individuals, households, businesses, or geographic areas. Imagine the educational opportunities when you have access to high-speed, unfiltered Internet content; your own laptop, tablet, or smart device; and software to create, track, and process data and information. Then compare these opportunities with the opportunities available to students who live in countries where the government restricts access to Internet content, and economics prevent them from owning their own devices and the software or apps used on them. These inequalities affect learning, knowledge, and opportunities and can have a lasting impact on the future of those affected. Corporations, non-profits, educational institutions, and governments are working on solutions to narrow the digital divide so that all learners can become digitally literate.

IT Consulting

An IT consultant typically has gained experience in one or more areas, such as software development, social media, or network configuration. IT consultants provide technology services to clients based on their specific areas of expertise. Sometimes a company will hire a large group of IT consultants to work together on a specific task, such as building a new network infrastructure or database.

computer

An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data to produce information, and store the information for future use.

Internet of Things (IoT)

An environment where processors are embedded in every product imaginable (things), and these things communicate with one another via the Internet or wireless networks.

chip-and-pin technology

An improvement in card technology that stores data on an embedded chip instead of a magnetic stripe.

Digital assistants

Apps like Amazon's Alexa or Apple's Siri that use natural language processing to respond to your verbal commands or questions, using search technology to provide answers or perform a task, such as adding an item to a grocery list.

Discover Uses for Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the technological use of logic and prior experience to simulate human intelligence. AI has a variety of capabilities, such as speech recognition, virtual reality, logical reasoning, and creative responses. Computers with AI can collect information to make decisions, reach conclusions, and combine information in new ways, which is a form of learning. Computers with AI use machine intelligence rather than human intelligence to make decisions. The goal in creating AI devices is to minimize the gap between what a machine can do and what a human can do. Programmers train the computer to act when presented with certain scenarios by instructing the computer that "if X happens, then do Y."

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence and robotics increase your productivity. Some of the practical uses of AI include strategic gaming, military simulations, statistical predictions, and self-driving cars. For example, meteorologists use AI to analyze weather data patterns to create a list of possible outcomes for an upcoming weather event. The predictions made by the AI software then need to be interpreted, reviewed, and prioritized by people. Some of the ways you might interact with AI on a daily basis include: Virtual assistants, which use voice recognition and search engines to answer, react, or reply to user requests Social media and online ads, which track your data, such as websites visited, and provide ads targeted to your personal interests Video games that provide information to your virtual opponents based on your skill level and past actions Music and media streaming services, which recommend options based on your past listening and viewing choices Smart cars, which automate many driving tasks such as managing speed and avoiding collisions Navigation apps, which provide you with information about traffic and the best routes, along with preferred stops along your way Security, such as using your fingerprint to access your phone, or facial recognition and motion-detection cameras that alert you to unusual or unauthorized visitors Another use of AI is natural language processing. Natural language processing is a form of data input in which computers interpret and digitize spoken words or commands. In some cases, users must train the software to recognize the user's speech patterns, accent, and voice inflections. Digital assistants like Amazon's Alexa or Apple's Siri use natural language processing to respond to your verbal commands or questions, using search technology to provide answers or perform a task, such as adding an item to a grocery list

ATMs and Kiosks

Automated teller machines (ATMs) are one of the more familiar uses of IoT. You can use your ATM card to withdraw cash, deposit checks, and interact with your bank accounts. Recent innovations are improving card security, such as chip-and-pin technology that stores data on an embedded chip instead of a magnetic stripe. ATMs are a type of kiosk. A kiosk is a freestanding booth usually placed in a public area that can contain a display device used to show information to the public or event attendees. Kiosks enable self-service transactions in hotels and airports, for example, to enable users to check in for a flight or room. Healthcare providers also use kiosks for patients to check in and enter information, such as their insurance card number.

Information and Systems Security

Careers in information and systems security require you to be knowledgeable about potential threats to a device or network, including viruses and hacking. Security specialists need to know tools and techniques to prevent against and recover from digital attacks.

Web Marketing and Social Media

Careers in web marketing require you to be familiar not only with marketing strategies, but also with web-based platforms and social media apps. Web marketers create social media plans, including the content and timing of marketing campaigns, posts, and emails. Search engine optimization (SEO) knowledge helps to create web content and layout that enhances the content's results when users search for content.

intelligent classroom

Classroom in which technology is used to facilitate learning and communication.

personal computer (PC)

Computers designed for personal use, as opposed to commercial or industrial use.

vacuum tubes

Cylindrical glass tubes that controlled the flow of electrons, used in the first generation of computers.

information

Data that has been processed to become meaningful.

Information Technology (IT) department

Department in medium and large businesses responsible for ensuring that all the computer operations, mobile devices, and networks run smoothly.

Alternative text (alt text)

Descriptive text added to an object. Also called alt text.

integrated circuits

Developed in the 1960s, packed the equivalent of thousands of vacuum tubes or transistors into a silicon chip about the size of your thumb.

If you want to use evidence found on computers, networks, and other devices to help solve crimes, then which of the following careers is a match for you?

Digital forensics Digital forensics examiners use evidence found on computers, networks, and devices to help solve crimes.

Data Storage, Retrieval, and Analysis

Employees in this field must be knowledgeable about collecting, analyzing, storing, and reporting data from databases or the web. Data scientists use analytics to compile statistics on data to create strategies or analyze business practices. Web analytics experts measure Internet data, such as website traffic patterns and ads. Digital forensics examiners use evidence found on computers, networks, and devices to help solve crimes.

You can avoid electronic waste by replacing devices every time a new version comes out.

False You can avoid electronic waste by not replacing devices every time a new version comes out, and recycling devices and products when they no longer provide value.

If you want to become a digital citizen, you only have to buy a piece of technology.

False ​ As a digital citizen, you should be familiar with how to use technology to become an educated and productive member of the digital world.

Digital literacy

Having a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies

computer literacy

Having a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies.

Tameka is expecting a baby and her partner wants to make sure he can get her to the hospital on the day of delivery using the fastest route possible regardless of time of day. How should he decide which technology to use?

He should choose a navigation app with artificial intelligence that can provide information about preferred routes. One of the ways artificial intelligence is used on a daily basis is through navigation apps. These provide information about traffic and best routes, along with preferred stops along the way.

Taran wants to work in the technology field but is unsure of which career to pursue. He has been told he has strong people skills; he is good at figuring out what is wrong with computers and fixing them; and he is patient and helpful when others do not know how to use computers. As his college advisor, which technology careers would you suggest he explore?

Help desk support Technology salespeople must possess strong people skills. Help desk specialists provide support by answering questions from employees to help them troubleshoot problems. The technology service and repair field provides preventative maintenance, component installations, and repair services to customers.

Emma tried to explain to her mother that computers are everywhere. Her mother does not believe her, and challenges Emma to find a computer in their home, as she knows she does not own a computer. Which of the following examples do you think Emma would show her mother as example of computer?

Her coffeemaker that she has set to turn on and make coffee every morning at the same time. Embedded computers are usually very small and have limited hardware on their own but enhance the capabilities of everyday devices. Embedded computers perform a specific function based on the requirements of the product in which they reside.

Enterprise Functional Units

Human resources Track employees' personal data, including pay rates, benefits, and vacation time Accounting Keep track of income and spending Sales Manage contacts, schedule meetings, log customer interactions, and process orders Information technology Maintain and secure hardware and software Engineering and product development Develop plans for and test new products Manufacturing Monitor assembly of products and manage inventory of parts and products Marketing Create and track success of marketing campaigns that target specific demographics Distribution Analyze and track inventory and manage shipping Customer service Manage customer interactions

Utilize Technology in Daily Life

Imagine your life without technology and the Internet. You probably use the Internet daily to find information, connect with social media, make purchases, and more. Your devices can help you connect to the Internet to perform these tasks. The sound of the alarm you asked your smart speaker to set last night wakes you up. You can smell the coffee brewing from the coffee maker you programmed to go off five minutes before your alarm. Once you leave for work, your thermostat will adjust by five degrees, and then readjust to a more comfortable temperature by the time you arrive home. On your way to and from work, you check the public transportation app on your phone to locate and get directions to the nearest subway station. Once there, you scan your phone to pay your fare and access the terminal. A screen in the station displays an alert when the train is incoming. As the subway speeds towards the next station, it relies on sensors to determine any oncoming traffic and report delays, changes in routes, and the next available stop. After work, you decide to take your car and go shopping. You program your vehicle's GPS to take you to the nearest mall. As you drive, your car senses the space between you and the car ahead and slows your speed to keep a safe distance. Outside the mall, you use a parking app to locate a parking spot near the front door and use your car's cameras to safely navigate into the spot. Before heading into the store, you decide to check your balance on your debit card. Your banking app tells you how much money is in your checking account. You tap to transfer $40 to your smartphone's payment app, then you head to the store. You walk into a clothing store, searching for a new sweater. You talk to a sales associate, who uses her tablet to look up your personal profile, including past purchases, based on your phone number. The sales associate tells you what size you wear, and what colors you have bought in the past few years. Together, you find a sweater that fits and that you don't currently have anything like in your wardrobe. Before using the store's self-checkout, you check your store loyalty app on your smartphone to see what coupons are available.

IoT at Home

IoT enables you to manage devices remotely in your home, such as to start the washing machine at a certain time, view potential intruders via a webcam, or adjust the room temperature. Personal IoT uses include wearable fitness trackers that record and send data to your smartphone or computer about your exercise activity, the number of steps you take in a day, and your heart rate. IoT continues to advance its capabilities, and can help you maintain a secure, energy-efficient, connected, voice-activated, remotely accessible home.

How would you describe an intelligent workplace?

It uses technology to enable workers to connect and communicate. An intelligent workplace uses technology to enable workers to connect to the company's network, communicate with each other, use productivity software and apps, meet via web conferencing, and more.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Law that requires any company with 15 or more employees to make reasonable attempts to accommodate the needs of physically challenged workers.

IT Responsibilities

Management Directs the planning, research, development, evaluation, and integration of technology Research and software development Analyzes, designs, develops, and implements new information technology and maintains existing systems Technical support Evaluates and integrates new technologies, administers the organization's data resources, and supports the centralized computer operating system and servers Operations Oversees the centralized computer equipment and administers the network Training and support Teaches employees how to use the information system and answers user questions Information security Develops and enforces policies that are designed to safeguard an organization's data and information from unauthorized users

Technology in Manufacturing

Manufacturers use computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to streamline production and ship products more quickly. With CAM, robots perform work that is too dangerous, detailed, or monotonous for people. In particular, they play a major role in automotive manufacturing. For example, robots typically paint the bodies of cars because painting is complex, difficult, and hazardous. Pairing robotic systems with human workers also improves quality, cost efficiency, and competitiveness. Computers and mobile devices make it possible to order parts and materials from the warehouse to assemble custom products. A company's computers monitor assembly lines and equipment using machine-to-machine (M2M) communications.

How is a microprocessor different from an integrated circuit?

Microprocessors are faster, smaller and less expensive than integrated circuits. Microprocessors are faster, smaller and less expensive than integrated circuits.

IT Departments

Most medium and large businesses and organizations have an Information Technology (IT) department. IT staff are responsible for ensuring that all the computer operations, mobile devices, and networks run smoothly. They also determine when and if the organization requires new hardware, mobile devices, or software.

Apply Green Computing Concepts to Daily Life

People use, and often waste, resources such as electricity and paper while using technology. The practice of green computing involves reducing electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies. Personal computers, displays, printers, and other devices should comply with guidelines of the ENERGY STAR program. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed the ENERGY STAR program to help reduce the amount of electricity used by computers and related devices. This program encourages manufacturers to create energy-efficient devices. For example, many devices switch to sleep or power save mode after a specified amount of inactive time. Electronic waste and trash has a negative effect on the environment where it is discarded. You can avoid electronic waste by not replacing devices every time a new version comes out, and recycling devices and products such as ink and toner when they no longer provide value. Your personal green computing efforts should include: Purchasing and using products with an ENERGY STAR label Shutting down your computers and devices overnight or when not in use Donating computer equipment Using paperless communication Recycling paper, toner and ink cartridges, computers, mobile devices, and printers Telecommuting and using video conferencing for meetings Organizations can implement a variety of measures to reduce electrical waste, such as: Consolidating servers Purchasing high-efficiency equipment Using sleep modes and other power management features for computers and devices Buying computers and devices with lower power consumption processors and power supplies Using outside air, when possible, to cool the data center or computer facility Allowing employees to telecommute to save gas and reduce emissions from vehicles Green computing practices are usually easy to implement and can make a huge impact on the environment.

digital citizen

Person familiar with how to use technology to become an educated and productive member of the digital world.

Technology in Healthcare

Physicians use computers to monitor patients' vital signs and research symptoms and diagnoses. The mobile health (mHealth) trend refers to healthcare professionals using smartphones or tablets to access health records stored in the cloud, and patients using digital devices to monitor their conditions and treatments, reducing the need for visits to the doctor's office. For example, mHealth apps can track prescription information, text reminders to take medication, or refill the prescription. Medical monitoring devices, such as electronic bracelets, collect vital signs and send the data to a specialist. Patients can ingest smart pills that contain sensors to monitor medication or contain tiny cameras to enable a physician to view the patient's internal organs without invasive procedures. Healthcare also uses 3-D printers to manufacture skin for burn patients, and prosthetic devices and casts.

BYOD (bring your own device)

Policy that enables employees to use their personal devices to conduct business.

Which of the following is an example of green computing?

Purchase and use products with an ENERGY STAR label. You can avoid electronic waste by not replacing devices every time a new version comes out and recycling devices and products such as ink and toner when they no longer provide value

Data

Raw facts, such as text or numbers

Audio books

Reads aloud to the user instead of the user reading on a printed page or on the screen.

Professional Online Presence

Recommended strategies for creating a professional online presence include: Do not use humorous or informal names for your account profiles, blog, or domain name. Include a photo that shows your best self. Upload a PDF of your resume. Include links to videos, publications, or digital content you have created. Proofread your resume, blog, website, or profile carefully to avoid spelling and grammar mistakes. Enable privacy settings on your personal social media accounts, and never post anything online that you would not want a potential employer to see. Online social networks for professionals can help you keep up with past coworkers, instructors, potential employers, and others with whom you have a professional connection. You can use these networks to search for jobs, learn about a company before interviewing, join groups of people with similar interests or experiences, share information about your career, and communicate with contacts. LinkedIn and other professional networking websites also offer online training courses to keep your skills up-to-date.

mobile health (mHealth)

Refers to healthcare professionals using smartphones or tablets to access health records stored in the cloud, and patients using digital devices to monitor their conditions and treatments.

Enterprise computing

Refers to the use of technology by a company's employees to meet the needs of a large business.

What types of activities are ideal for a robot to perform?

Repetitive tasks ​ Manufacturers use computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to streamline production and ship products more quickly. With CAM, robots perform work that is too dangerous, detailed, or monotonous for people.

Use Robotics and Virtual Reality

Robotics is the science that combines engineering and technology to create and program robots. Robots are useful in situations where it is impractical, dangerous, or inconvenient to use a human, such as cleanup of hazardous waste and materials, domestic uses such as vacuuming, and agricultural and manufacturing uses Robots can also assist surgeons. A robotic arm or instrument can be more precise, flexible, and controlled than a human hand. 3-D cameras enable the surgeon to see inside the body. Robotic surgeries often take less time to heal and can prevent risk of infection because they require a smaller incision site. However, robots require a surgeon to control and direct the operation. Surgeons must not only be trained medically, but also to use the robot. Self-driving cars use cameras to change speed due to traffic. They rely on GPS to navigate the best and fastest route. The proponents say that they reduce dangers related to human error. One of the biggest concerns about self-driving cars is that they may contribute to accidents caused by distracted driving. Outside of gaming, science and medicine use VR for training and research. For example, medical students can use VR to practice their emergency medicine skills. NASA uses VR to simulate space flight and the environments of other planets. Other commercial uses include enabling potential home buyers to move through a home's various rooms, or construction companies to show a preview of the completed building. When you make a decision based on observation, or answer a question, your brain and senses prompt you to use your past experiences, knowledge base, and visual and other sensory clues to come up with a response. AI and other technologies that mimic human action use some of the same processes. Computers learn from past interactions to predict likely outcomes or responses. They use databases and Internet searches to come up with answers to questions. Cameras can read faces and analyze voices to recognize users.

Technology in K-12 Education

Schools use social networking tools to promote school events, work cooperatively on group projects, and teach concepts such as anti-bullying. Online productivity software enables students to work collaboratively on projects and send the finished assignment to the teacher using email, reducing the need for paper printouts. These factors and more create an intelligent classroom, in which technology is used to facilitate learning and communication.

Technology Education, Training, and Support

Schools, colleges, universities, and companies all need qualified educators to provide technology-related education and training. Instructors at an educational institution typically have a background and degree related to the technology they are teaching. Corporate trainers teach employees how to use the technology specific to the business or industry. Help desk specialists provide support by answering questions from employees to help them troubleshoot problems.

transistors

Smaller, cheaper, and more reliable replacement for vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers.

Graphic organizers

Software that enables a user to create an outline or structure of information.

Speech recognition programs

Software that helps a user to input data or information verbally.

Certifications

Some technology careers require you to have certain certifications. A certification demonstrates your knowledge in a specific area to employers and potential employers. Online materials and print books exist to help you prepare for a certification exam. Most certifications do not require coursework assignments, but instead require you to pass an exam that demonstrates your proficiency in the area. Tests typically are taken at an authorized testing center. Some tests are multiple choice, while others are skills-based. You likely will have to pay a fee to take the exam. Some areas that offer certifications include: Application software Data analytics, database, and web design Hardware Networking Operating systems Programming Cybersecurity Obtaining a certification requires you to spend time and money. Certifications demonstrate your commitment to your chosen area and can help you land a job.

System Development

System developers analyze and create software, apps, databases, websites and web-based development platforms, cloud services, and networks. Developers identify the business requirements and desired outcomes for the system, specify the structure and security needed, and design and program the system.

List the Ways That Professionals Might Use Technology in the Workplace

Technological advances, such as the PC, enabled workers to do their jobs more efficiently while at their desks. Today's workers can use smartphones, the Internet, the cloud, and more to work remotely, whether they are telecommuting (working from home), or traveling halfway around the world. An intelligent workplace uses technology to enable workers to connect to the company's network, communicate with each other, use productivity software and apps, meet via web conferencing, and more. Some companies provide employees with computers and devices that come with the necessary software and apps, network connectivity, and security. Other workplaces have a BYOD (bring your own device) policy, enabling employees to use their personal devices to conduct business. Companies use online collaborative productivity software to allow employees to share documents such as reports or spreadsheets and to make edits or comments.

Technology Sales

Technology salespeople must possess a general understanding of technology, as well as specific knowledge of the product they are selling. Strong people skills, including listening and communicating, are important. Some salespeople work directly for a technology equipment or software manufacturer, while others work for resellers of technology, including retail stores.

Screen reader

Technology that uses audio output to describe the contents of the screen.

microprocessor

The "brains" of a computer; a chip that contains a central processing unit.

Explain the Impact of the Internet of Things and Embedded Computers

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an environment where processors are embedded in every product imaginable (things), and these things communicate with one another via the Internet or wireless networks. Alarm clocks, coffeemakers, thermostats, streetlights, navigation systems, and much more are enhanced by the growth of IoT. IoT-enabled devices often are referred to as smart devices (Figure 1-3) because of their ability to communicate, locate, and predict. Smart devices often have associated apps to control and interact with them. The basic premise of IoT is that objects can be tagged, tracked, and monitored through a local network or across the Internet. Communication technologies such as Bluetooth, RFID tags, near-field communications (NFC), and sensors have become readily available, more powerful, and less expensive. Sensors and tags can transmit data to a server on the Internet over a wireless network at frequent intervals for analysis and storage. Developments in Big Data have made it possible to efficiently access, store, and process the mountain of data reported by sensors. Mobile service providers offer connectivity to a variety of devices so that transmitting and receiving data can take place quickly. An embedded computer is a computer that functions as one component in a larger product, and which has a specific purpose. Embedded computers usually are small and have limited hardware on their own but enhance the capabilities of everyday devices. Embedded computers perform a specific function based on the requirements of the product in which they reside. For example, an embedded computer in a printer monitors the ink levels, detects paper jams, and determines if the printer is out of paper. Embedded computers are everywhere. This technology enables computers and devices to connect with one another over the Internet using IoT. You encounter examples of embedded computers multiple times a day, perhaps without being aware of it. Today's vehicles have many embedded computers. These enable you to use a camera to guide you when backing up, warn you if a vehicle or object is in your blind spot, or alert you to unsafe road conditions. Recently, all new cars were required to include backup cameras and electronic stability control, which can assist with steering the car in case of skidding. All of this technology is intended to make driving safer Critics of in-vehicle technology claim that it can provide drivers with a false sense of security. If you rely on a sensor while backing up, parking, or changing lanes, you may miss other obstructions that can cause a crash. Reliance on electronic stability control may cause you to drive faster than conditions allow, or to pay less attention to the distance between your vehicle and others.

Hardware

The device itself and its components, such as wires, cases, switches, and electronic circuits.

Use Technology to Assist Users with Disabilities

The ever-increasing presence of computers in everyone's lives has generated an awareness of the need to address computing requirements for those with limitations, such as learning disabilities, mobility issues, and hearing and visual disabilities. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires any company with 15 or more employees to make reasonable attempts to accommodate the needs of physically challenged workers. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that public schools purchase or acquire funding for adaptive technologies. These laws were put in place to ensure that people with disabilities can access resources, information, and services using the appropriate technology. Users with visual disabilities can change screen settings, such as increasing the size or changing the color of the text to make the words easier to read. Changing the color of text also can address the needs of users with certain types of color blindness. Instead of using a monitor, blind users can work with voice output. That is, the computer speaks out loud the information that appears on a screen. A Braille printer prints information on paper in Braille Screen reader technology uses audio output to describe the contents of the screen. Screen readers can read aloud webpages and documents or provide narration of the computer or device's actions. Alternative text (alt text) is descriptive text added to an object, such as a picture or drawing. A screen reader will read the alt text aloud so that the user understands the image and its purpose. Webpages and documents should include alt text for all images. Alt text can be as simple as the name of a famous individual shown in a photograph, or more complex, such as interpreting the results of a chart or graph. Productivity applications such as Microsoft Office and webpage creation apps prompt users to add alt text, and sometimes provide suggested alt text content. Hearing-impaired users can instruct programs or apps to display words or other visual clues instead of sounds, such as for a notification from an app. Captioning software displays scrolling text for dialogue in a video. Cameras can interpret sign language gestures into text. Mobility issues can impact a user's ability to interact with hardware, such as a keyboard or a mouse. Users with limited hand mobility can use an on-screen keyboard, a keyboard with larger keys, or a hand-mounted pointer to control the pointer or insertion point. Alternatives to mouse buttons include a hand pad, a foot pedal, a receptor that detects facial motions, or a pneumatic instrument controlled by puffs of air. Users with conditions that cause hands to move involuntarily can purchase input devices such as a keyboard or mouse that are less sensitive to accidental interaction due to trembling or spasms. Users with learning disabilities might struggle with reading words on a screen, handwriting, or retaining information. Technologies that help these users learn or perform tasks include: Speech recognition programs so the user can input data or information verbally Graphic organizers to enable a user to create an outline or structure of information Audio books to read information aloud to the user instead of reading on a printed page or on the screen The basic premise of assisted technology is to improve accessibility for all users and provide the same opportunities to learn, work, and play, no matter what limitations a user has.

Outline the History of Computers

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes, cylindrical glass tubes that controlled the flow of electrons. The ENIAC and UNIVAC are examples of these expensive machines. Their use and availability were limited due to their large size, the amount of power they consumed, the heat they generated, and how quickly they wore out. The next generation of computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, which were smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. These computers contained many components still in use today, including tape and disk storage, memory, operating systems, and stored programs. In the 1960s, computer engineers developed integrated circuits, which packed the equivalent of thousands of vacuum tubes or transistors into a silicon chip about the size of your thumb. In 1971, Ted Hoff and a team of engineers at Intel and IBM introduced the microprocessor. A microprocessor is the "brains" of a computer, a chip that contains a central processing unit. Microprocessors were even faster, smaller, and less expensive than integrated circuits. Today, microprocessors are often called processors for short. In the 1970s and 1980s, computers meant for personal use started to gain popularity. In 1978, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak of Apple Computer Corporation introduced the Apple II (Figure 1-2), a preassembled computer with color graphics and popular spreadsheet software called VisiCalc. IBM followed Apple's lead in 1981, introducing its personal computer (PC). Other manufacturers also started making similar machines, and the market grew. Since 1981, the number of PCs in use has grown to the billions. However, many people today use tablets and smartphones in addition to or instead of PCs. Today's computers have evolved into connected devices that can share data using the Internet or wireless networks. They are smaller, faster, and have far greater capabilities than previous computers. In fact, your smartphone probably has more computing power than the computer that guided the Apollo mission to the moon in 1969!

digital divide

The gap between those who have access to technology and its resources and information, especially on the Internet, and those who do not.

Software

The programs and apps that instruct the computer to perform tasks. Software processes data into meaningful information.

Robotics

The science that combines engineering and technology to create and program robots. Robots are useful in situations where it is impractical, dangerous, or inconvenient to use a human.

Explore Technology Careers: Software and Apps

The software and apps field consists of companies that develop, manufacture, and support programs for computers, the web, and mobile devices. Some companies specialize in a certain area, such as productivity software or gaming. Other companies sell many types of software that work with both computers and mobile devices and may use the Internet to sync data and use collaborative features.

Artificial intelligence (AI)

The technological use of logic and prior experience to simulate human intelligence.

Technology Equipment

The technology equipment field consists of manufacturers and distributors of computers, mobile devices, and other hardware. In addition to the companies that make the finished products, this field includes companies that manufacture the internal components such as chips, cables, and power supplies.

Technology Service and Repair

The technology service and repair field provides preventative maintenance, component installations, and repair services to customers. Some technicians receive training and certifications from manufacturers to become specialists in devices from that manufacturer. Many technology equipment manufacturers include diagnostic software with their computers and devices that assist technicians in identifying problems. Technicians can use the Internet to diagnose and repair software remotely, by accessing the user's computer or device from a different location.

Virtual reality (VR)

The use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) space.

How do advertisers use data to know which products would most likely appeal to you?

They track your Facebook and Instagram posts and "likes." Although all of the ways mentioned produce data, advertisers selling products would be most interested in the data collected from social media and online ads, which track the websites you have visited and then provide ads targeted to your personal interests.

Technology in the Transportation Industry

Transportation workers use handheld computers to scan codes on packages or containers of products before loading them on a vehicle, train, ship, or plane. You then can track the progress of your package as it makes its way to you. Computers find an efficient route for the packages and track their progress. Drivers use GPS to navigate quickly and safely, avoiding traffic and hazardous conditions. Soon, self-driving trucks will use robotics for mechanical control. Automated vehicles increase independent transportation options for people with disabilities.

An intelligent workplace uses technology to enable workers to connect to the company's network, communicate with each other, use productivity software and apps, and meet via web conferencing.

True

Embedded computers usually are small and have limited hardware but enhance the capabilities of everyday devices.

True IoT-enabled devices often are referred to as smart devices because of their ability to communicate, locate, and predict. Smart devices often have associated apps to control and interact with them.

New cars use embedded computers to make driving safer.

True Today's vehicles have many embedded computers. Recently, all new cars were required to include backup cameras and electronic stability control with the intent of making driving safer.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

U.S. law that requires that public schools purchase or acquire funding for adaptive technologies.

Your company must reduce its electronic waste by 10 percent in the next year. What can the company do to meet this goals?

Use sleep modes and other power management features for computers and devices. Organizations can implement a variety of measures to reduce electrical waste, such as: using sleep modes and other power management features for computers and devices; using outside air to cool the data center or computer facility; and allowing employees to telecommute to save gas and reduce emissions from vehicles.

computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

Used by manufacturers to streamline production and ship products more quickly. With CAM, robots perform work that is too dangerous, detailed, or monotonous for people.

intelligent workplace

Uses technology to enable workers to connect to the company's network, communicate with each other, use productivity software and apps, meet via web conferencing, and more.

machine-to-machine (M2M)

Using computers to monitor computer assembly lines and equipment.

Explore the Impact of Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) space. These simulations use 3-D images that enable users to explore and have a sensory experience through visual and sound effects. You use VR in gaming to interact with a virtual environment and digital beings. Augmented reality (AR) is a type of VR that uses an image of an actual place or thing and adds digital information to it. A photo of a location overlaid with information about places of interest (Figure 1-7) or a football broadcast that shows a first-down marker are examples of AR. Although VR developers work mostly with digital graphics and animation, they also use AI when creating virtual creatures that make decisions and change their behavior based on interactions with others. A VR developer can create an entire 3-D environment that contains infinite space and depth.

learning management system (LMS)

Web-based sites where students can check their progress in a course, take practice tests, and exchange messages with the instructor or other students.

telecommuting

Working from home.

Explore How You Might Prepare for a Career in Technology

You can use both social media and job search websites to learn about technology careers and to promote yourself to potential employers. By creating a profile on a career networking site or creating a personal website or blog that showcases your talents, hiring managers can learn more about you beyond what you can convey in a traditional, one-page paper resume.

Develop Personal Uses for Technology

You can use technology to help with productivity, learning, and future career growth. In your daily life you interact with embedded computers in stores, public transportation, your car or truck, and more. Assistive technologies help people with disabilities to use technology. Green computing practices reduce the impact of electronic waste on the planet. Just as any society has rules and regulations to guide its citizens, so does the digital world. As a digital citizen, you should be familiar with how to use technology to become an educated and productive member of the digital world. This section covers several areas with which you should be familiar in order to be a digital citizen.

What technology can collect information to make decisions, reach conclusions, and combine information in new ways?

artificial intelligence (AI) Computers with AI can collect information to make decisions, reach conclusions, and combine information in new ways, which is a form of learning. Programmers train the computer to act when presented with certain scenarios by instructing the computer that "if X happens, then do Y."

Which of the following technologies assists users that have a visual disability?

screen readers For an individual who has a visual disability, you can offer a Braille printer or a screen reader. You can also add alternative text to objects, such as pictures or drawings.

A smart refrigerator can use _____ to detect when you are running low on milk, and then send a reminder to you on a wireless network.

sensors The Internet is used daily to find information, connect with social media, make purchases, and more. Your devices can help you connect to the Internet to perform these tasks.

Akira has a mobility impairment that makes it difficult to type on a keyboard. What technology can she use to create written documents without using a keyboard?

speech recognition software Screen reader technology uses audio output to describe the contents of the screen. A screen reader can read aloud webpages and documents or provide narration of the computer or device's actions. A screen reader can also read alternative text aloud so that the user can understand the image and its purpose.

Margot and Tomas have heard how beautiful the Swiss Alps are, but they are afraid to fly. What technology could they use to see and experience the Alps without flying there?

virtual reality (VR) Virtual reality is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) space. These simulations use 3-D images that enable users to explore and have a sensory experience through visual and sound effects.