Computer Science Test 2

How many kilobytes in a gigabyte

1 million

How old is the CSC Discipline?

20-50 years old

Who is Konrad Zuse?

A German inventor who is credited with creating a mechanical calculator called the Z1.

Grace Hopper

A computer programmer in the navy. She was the one who did the programming to help Howard Aiken build the Harvard mark I. Her greatest contribution to computing was the invention of the COMPILER. She was the first to debug a computer!

What is the Hollerith Tabulating Machine?

A machine developed by Herman Hollerith and it used punch cards to tabulate census data. It automatically read data that had been punched onto small punch cards, speeding up the tabulation process.

OOP (object-oriented programming)

A new approach to programming that emphasized the modeling of objects through classes and inheritance

Compiler

A program that translates English-language instructions into computer language.

Unix

A very influential OS that was developed at Bell labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie

Howard Aiken

An electrical engineer and physicist who helped Grace Hopper build the Harvard Mark computer series.

Jacquard Loom

Because it relied on stiff cards with punched holes to automate the process. Much later, this process would be adopted as a means to record and read data by using punch cards in computers.

What led to the formation of Microsoft?

Bill Gates and Paul Allen saw the cover article, left Harvard, and flew to New Mexico, convincing Altair's developer that they could write a compiler to run the BASIC computer language on the Altair.

Who was Father of Computing?

Charles Babbage because of his Analytical Engine invention.

Apple competitors

Commodore PET 2001 and Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80

What is the Z1?

Created by Konrad Zuse. Was thought to be the first computer to include features that are integral to today's systems including a control unit and separate memory functions.

VisiCalc

Dan Bricklin recognized the potential for a spreadsheet program that could be used on PCs. He and his friend Bob Frankston created this program. (After VisiCalc, other electronic spreadsheet programs entered the market: Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel

Analytical Engine

Even though it was never developed , it included components similar to those found in today's computers, inclusing the store (akin to RAM) and the mill (a central processing unit) and input and output devices.

Small talk-80

First OOP language created by Xerox's PARC

Who is Charles Babbage?

He designed the first automatic calculator called the Analytical Engine

Joseph Jacquard

He revolutionized the fabric industry by creating a machine that automated the weaving of complex patterns.

Douglas Englebart

He worked in Xerox (that created the Alto) and he invented many things that we use today such as mouse, hypertext, networked computers and introduced the GUI's

How was MS-DOS developed?

IBM( company started by Herman Hollerith) approached Bill Gates at Microsoft to write an OS program for the IBM PC. It was based on an OS called Quick and Dirty Operating System. Microsoft bought the NONEXCLUSIVE rights to QDOS and distributed it to IBM. Microsoft's reign as one of the dominant players in the PC landscape had begun.

Gottfried Leibniz

Introduced binary arithmetic

UNIVAC

It was used to predict the outcome of the Stevenson-Eisenhower presidential race. It soon became a household word. It and computers like it were considered first generation computers and the last to use vacuum tubes to store data.

How long did the Pascalene last?

Its basic design was so sound that it lived on in mechanical calculators for more than 300 years.

IBM PCs

Released its first personal computer. It was named 1982 machine of the year in Time magazine

What did Ada, the countess of Lovelace do?

She was fascinated with Babbage's inventions that she translated an Italian paper in it and added her own extensive notes. Her efforts were thought to be the best description of Babbage's Engines.

Apple I and Apple II

Steve Wozniak (floppy disk) and Steve Jobs met at the Homebrew Computing Club in Palo Alto, California. Wozniak had built a computer based in a Motorola microprocessor that worked well. Jobs joined up with him, and together they developed the Apple Computer Company and the sensational Apple II, the first fully contained microcomputer in a plastic box, looking like a piece of consumer electronics.

Who was Ada?

The countess of Lovelace and the first computer programmer. Even though the machine was never built, she wrote programs for the Analytical engine. She visualized that one day it would be able to do almost anything: display text, graphics, and even play music. She died at age of 36 from cervical cancer.

Osborne

The industry's first portable computer introduced by the Osborne company. It came with 64KB memory two floppy disks and software programs such as word-processing and spreadsheet software installed

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

Was another U.S. government-sponsored machine developed to calculate the settings used got weapons. Was created bu John Mauchly and Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. Is generally thought of as the first successful high speed electronic digital computer, it was big and clumsy. Although inconvenient, it served its purpose and remained in use.

UNIVAC (The Universal Automatic Computer)

Was the first commercially successful electronic digital computer. Manufactured bu the company Remington Rand. It operated on magnetic tape and ran on punch-cards which set it apart from its competitors.

"Debug"

When Grace Hopper was the first to remove a moth that had flown into the Harvard Mark I and caused the computer to break down. After that, problems that caused a computer not to run were called "bugs"

Who is Herman Hollerith?

While working for the U.S. Census Bureau, he was the first to take Jacquard's punch-card concept and apply it to computing and developed the Hollerith Tabulating Machine. His machine became so successful that he left the Census Bureau to start the Tabulating Machine Company aka the International Business Machines (IBM)

Alto

a computer designed by Xerox. It included GUI, a mouse and a file management system with directories and folders. It included a word processor, based on the What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) Principle that incorporated a file management system with directories and folders.

Who were the Luddites?

a group of people who joined traditional weavers to destroy many looms and cards.

BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

a programming language that the beginning programming student could easily learn. It revolutionized software industry. It became popular and the key language of the PC. In fact, Bill Gates and Paul Allen used it to write their programs for the Altair. This program led to the creation of Microsoft, a company that produces software for the microcomputer.

What functions can the Pascalene perform?

add, subtract, multiply, divide

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

allowed users to interact with the computer more easily.

Turing Machine

an abstract computer model that could perform logical operations created by Alan Turing, British mathematician. It was not a real machine, but rather a hypothetical machine that mathematically defined a mechanical procedure (algorithm)

binary arithmetic

an essential part of our computer

CP/M (Control program for Microcomputers)

developed by Gary Kildall and was the first OS designed for the Intel 8080 chip (processor for PCs)

DOS (Disk Operating System)

developed by Wozniak, and was the OS that controlled the fist Apple computers.

The Pascalene

first accurate mechanical calculator

Steve Wozniak

introduced a floppy disk drive called Drive II. With the floppy drive, programs could be saved with more efficiency, and operating systems developed.

Macintosh

introduced by Apple as well and it was everything the Lisa was and then some, at about a third of the cost. It was also the first personal computer to introduce 3.5" floppy disks with a hard cover.

Turing Machine

its concept described a process by which the machine could read, write or erase symbols written on squares of an infinite paper tape. This concept of an infinite tape could be read, written to, and erased was the precursor to today's RAM.

It is founded in what fields?

mathematics, engineering, science

Advantages of floppy disk (introduced by Steve Wozniak)

no only facilitated the storage of operating systems but also set off a software application explosion.

Harvard Mark I

series of computers designed by Howard Aiken and grace Hopper. The U.S. Navy used these computers for ballistic and gunnery calculations. When it was finished in 1944, it could perform all four arithmetic operations

What is the Atanasoff-Berry Computer?

the first electrically powered digital computer built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was the first computer TO USE BINARY SYSTEM and the first to use vacuum tubes to store data.

Apple II

the first fully contained microcomputer in a plastic box, looking like a piece of consumer electronics.

Lisa

the first successful PC brought to market to use a GUI introduced by Apple. It incorporated a user interface similar to Alto (by Xerox) including features such as windows, drop-down menus, icons, a file system with folders and files, and a mouse.

WordStar

the first word processing application, came out in disk form. Competitors such as Word for MS-DOS (the precursor to Microsoft Word) and WordPerfect soon entered the market

What is computer science?

the science of problem solving

Altair 8800

touted as the first personal computer. Switches were used for input and lights for output, and the machine had a total of 256 bytes of memory. (today's computers have 256,000,000 bytes!!!!)

Pascalene

used revolutions of gears, like odometers in cars, to count by tens.

Who are Luddites today?

used to refer to someone who is skeptical of technology or opposes technological advances due to the cultural changes associated with it

MITS Altair 8800

was invented by Edward Roberts (who coined the term "personal computer"), William Yates and Jim Bybee. It was driven by the 8-bit Intel 8080 chip (Gary Kildall in CP/M), had 256 bytes of memory, no keyboard, no display, no external storage. Bill Gates and Paul Allen saw the cover article, left Harvard, and flew to New Mexico, convincing Altair's developer that they could write a compiler to run the BASIC computer language on the Altair. Their success led to the formation of Microsoft