COMS 101 with Dr. Alban - Exam 3 - Spring 2019

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A study by the University of Minnesota and 3M Corporation found that speakers who integrate visuals into their talks are __% more likely to persuade their audiences than speakers who rely solely on verbal images.

Speaker's Notes

Abbreviated keyword outlines, lacking much of the detail of the planning outline. They function as a reminder of what you plan to say and the order you plan to say it.

Primacy/Recency Effect Theory

According to the _______/_______ ______ ______, we tend to recall more vividly the beginning and the ending, and less so the middle, of an event.

Three-dimensional models

Models are commonly used to show the structure of a complex object. When considering using a three-dimensional model, you need to take into account the construction time and availability.

Examples

Specifics from everyday life that function as grounding for the material.

Key word or phrase

Use a ___ ____ __ ______ throughout your speech to reinforce your theme.

Views of an expert

Interviews are useful if you want information too new to be found in published sources or if you want to give your listeners the _____ __ __ _____.

Imagery

Involves creating a vivid description through the use of one or more of our five senses.

Parallelism

Involves the arrangement of a series of words, phrases, or sentence in a similar form. When used effectively, adds harmony and balance to a speech that can verge on the poetic.

Spoken; print

Signals are more necessary in ______ language than in _____.

Guidelines for using a planning outline

1. A well-constructed planning outline ensures a coherent, well-thought-out speech. 2. Using full sentences defines your ideas and guides your choice of language. 3. Include at the end of your planning outline a reference page listing all the sources used to prepare your speech. 4. Transitional sentences are valuable additions to your planning outline. When appropriate, include internal summaries and previews of material yet to come.

Types of presentational aids

1. Actual objects 2. Three-dimensional models 3. Two-dimensional reproductions

Brief analysis of the planning outline

1. As the outline proceeds from the first to the second to the third level headings, the specificity of details increases. 2. The planning outline moves from the general to the specific.

Types of audio and projected images

1. Audiotape/CD 2. Traditional slides 3. Overhead projector 4. Film/VHS/DVD 5. PowerPoint slides

Susan Beck's five web evaluations criteria

1. Authority 2. Accuracy 3. Objectivity 4. Coverage 5. Currency

Guidelines for speaker's notes

1. Avoid overloading your outline. 2. Include only necessary information. 3. Reduce your sentences to key phrases. 4. Include transitions, but in abbreviated form. 5. Notes must be legible. If you can type them, make sure they are 14-point or larger.

Guidelines for using analogies

1. Be certain the analogy is clear. 2. Avoid using too many analogies.

Six guidelines for language and style

1. Be concrete. 2. Complete your thoughts and sentences. 3. Use the active voice and follow the rules of written English--most of the time. 4. Use language to create a theme. 5. Use language that fits your personality and position. 6. Vary language techniques to engage listeners.

Guidelines for using statistics

1. Be precise. 2. Avoid using too many statistics. 3. Round off your numbers. 4. Cite your sources. 5. Use visual aids to express statistics.

Common pitfalls of introductions

1. Beginning with an apology 2. Being too brief or too long 3. Giving too much away 4. Reading 5. Relying on shock tactics 6. Promising too much 7. Using unnecessary prefatory remarks 8. Using long-winder poems, quotations, and prose 9. Becoming someone else 10. Overusing some techniques, such as simple questions, rhetorical questions, and startling, catastrophic stories.

Displaying two-dimensional presentational aids

1. Blackboard or whiteboard 2. Poster board 3. Flip chat 4. Repositional note pad

Specific library resources to familiarize yourself with

1. Books 2. General reference materials (encyclopedias and dictionaries) 3. Biographical sources 4. Statistical sources 5. Magazines, newspapers, and journals 6. Government documents

Types of examples

1. Brief examples are short illustrations that clarify a general statement. 2. Extended examples are longer and richer than brief examples and are used to create a lasting impression on the audience. 3. Real examples derive from personal experience. 4. Hypothetical examples are useful when you want to exaggerate a point or when you cannot find a factual illustration that supports the point you are trying to illustrate. 5. Narratives are stories in a speech that involve listeners in a tale that captures attention and makes a point.

Guidelines for using facts

1. Carefully determine the number of facts to use. 2. Make sure your meanings are clear. 3. Define terms when they are first introduced.

Guidelines for using testimonies

1. Choose unbiased experts. 2. Identify the source. 3. Develop techniques to signal the beginning and ending of each quotation.

Organizational frameworks

1. Chronological 2. Past-Present-Future 3. Step-by-Step 4. Spatial 5. Cause and Effect 6. Problem-Solution 7. Topical

The Drs. Mullen's reasons for verbally citing sources

1. Citing sources is the ethical thing to do. 2. Citing sources increases the credibility of the speaker.

Four suggestions for interviews

1. Contact the person well in advance. 2. Prepare questions in advance. 3. Develop questions in a logical order. 4. Stay within the agreed timeframe.

Brief analysis of speaker's notes

1. Do not include your specific purpose or thesis statement in your speaker's notes since they are not necessary. 2. Follow the exact pattern of the planning outline. 3. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion. 4. Eliminate non-essential words.

Suggestions for using visual aids

1. Do not let your presentation aid leave the lectern. 2. Be aware of timing and pauses. 3. Display your presentational aid, then pause two or three seconds before talking. 4. Make sure the equipment is working but be prepared for failure. 5. Use multimedia presentations only with careful planning and practice.

Common pitfalls of conclusions

1. Don't use your conclusion to introduce a new topic. 2. Don't apologize. 3. Don't end abruptly. 4. Don't change the mood or tone. 5. Don't use the phrases "in summary" or "in conclusion" except when you are actually at the end of your speech. 6. Don't ask for questions. 7. Don't ignore applause. 8. Don't forget to thank your audience and host. 9. Don't run away. 10. Don't read it.

Organization patterns for emphasis

1. Equality pattern 2. Progressive pattern 3. Strongest point pattern

Two types of testimonies

1. Experience as testimony. 2. Opinion as testimony.

Three functions of facts

1. Facts clarify your main point. 2. Facts indicate your knowledge of the subject. 3. Facts define.

Two types of analogies

1. Figurative analogies draw comparisons between two things that are distinctly different in an attempt to clarify a concept or to persuade. 2. Literal analogies compare like things from similar classes as proof when aspects or concepts compared are similar.

Quintillian's rules for speech introductions

1. Focus attention on the topic and speaker. 2. Provide a motive for your audience to care about your speech. When people perceive that your message is meant for them and really is relevant to their lives, they will listen attentively. 3. Enhance your credibility as a speaker. If you know your subject, care about your audience, offer an enthusiastic delivery, and communicate a sense of ethical integrity, your audience's impression of your credibility will likely be positive. 4. Preview your message and organization. If your audience knows the main points you intend to develop in your speech, they are less likely to be confused and distracted.

Word order

1. In general, the last idea presented in spoken language is the most powerful. 2. Because speech is slower than silent reading, individual words take on more importance, especially those appearing at the end of the sentence.

Two things humor can accomplish

1. It enhances the speaker's image by improving the audience's perception of the speaker's character. 2. It can make a speech more memorable over a longer period of time.

Five language pitfalls to avoid

1. Long and unnecessary words 2. Lack of content, masking meaning, or using euphemisms. 3. Jargon, slang, and profanity. 4. Exaggeration and cliches. 5. Phrases that communicate uncertainty.

PowerPoint guidelines

1. Make sure the presentational aid fits your purpose, the occasion, and your audience. 2. Emphasize only relevant points. 3. Implement the "Rule of Six": use no more than six words per line and six lines per slide. 4. Select appropriate design features. 5. Do not let your visual upstage you. 6. Preview and practice.

Focusing attention on the topic and speaker

1. Offer a personal greeting. 2. Capture and focus attention on your topic. 3. Set an appropriate tone and mood.

Guidelines for introductions

1. Prepare the introduction after you prepare the body. 2. Make the introduction easy to follow and be creative. 3. Practice and communicate high energy. 4. Engage your audience nonverbally before you start. 5. Consider time constraints and mood.

Three aspects of research to keep in mind

1. Recognize the distinction between primary and secondary sources. 2. There is a relationship between the length of your speech and the amount of time you must spend in research. (Conventional wisdom suggests that for every one minute of speaking time, there is an hour of preparation needed.) 3. Finding information is not enough; you must also be able to evaluate it and utilize it in the most appropriate way in order to achieve your specific purpose.

Four steps to organize your speech

1. Select your main points. 2. Support the main points. 3. Choose the best organization pattern for your main points. 4. Create unity throughout the speech.

Two forms of testimonies

1. Short quotations 2. Paraphrases

Ten techniques of introductions

1. Startling facts/intriguing statements 2. Dramatic story/build suspense 3. Quotation and/or literature reference 4. Humor 5. Rhetorical question 6. Illustrations, examples, and anecdotes 7. Physically involve the audience 8. Relate personal experience 9. Use a visual or media aid 10. Refer to the situation

Functions of conclusions

1. Summarizing important information 2. Motivating listeners. Your speech will achieve the greatest success if your listeners feel that you have helped them in some concrete way. 3. Creating closure. The audience needs to find a sense of completeness as listeners.

Five functions of supporting material

1. Support is specific. 2. Support helps to clarify ideas. 3. Support adds weight. 4. Support is appropriate to your audience. 5. Support creates interest.

Concluding techniques

1. Thanking as a transition 2. Call to action 3. Use a dramatic illustration 4. Close with a quotation 5. Conclude with a metaphor that broadens the meaning of your speech 6. Conclude with humor 7. Encourage thought with a rhetorical question 8. Refer to your introduction

Three statistical forms

1. The mean is calculated by adding all the numbers in a group and dividing by the number of items. 2. The median measures the middle score in the group. 3. The mode is the value in a group that occurs the most frequently.

Factors for choosing introduction technique

1. The mood you are attempting to create. 2. Your audience's expectations of you and the occasion. 3. How much time and resources each approve will require. 4. Your strengths and weaknesses.

Guidelines for using examples

1. Use examples frequently. 2. Use only the amount of detail necessary. 3. Use examples to explain new concepts.

Five guidelines for humor

1. Use humor only if you can be funny. 2. Laugh at yourself, not at others. 3. Understand anecdotes can be effective. 4. Find humor in your own experiences. 5. Avoid being not funny.

Types of rhythm changes

1. Vary sentence length. 2. Use parallel structure. 3. Use three as a magic number.

Additional questions when searching resources

1. What information is most essential to this topic? 2. What will have the greatest impact? 3. How much background do I need to give?

Basic principles of organization

1. Your introduction and conclusion support the body of your speech. 2. The body includes your main points and supporting material that supports your specific purpose and thesis statement. 3. Audiences expect you to spend the most time and effort amplifying your main points. A disorganized speaker's presentation rambles from topic to topic as he or she struggles to connect ideas.

Anecdote

A properly placed ________ lets your audience know that you are not taking yourself--or your subject--too seriously.

Supporting material

After selecting your main points, use the __________ ________ you gathered to strengthen each main point.

The Planning Outline

Also known as the full content outline, this outline includes most of the information you will present in your speech. It does not include every word you plan to say, but gives you the flexibility required in extemporaneous speaking.

Encyclopedias

Although _____________ are helpful as a basic resource, they generally are not accepted as main sources for class speeches.

Progressive pattern

An organization pattern for if you will progress from your least important point (devoting less time to it) to your most important point (devoting more time to it).

Strongest point pattern

An organization pattern for if you will progress instead from your strongest point (devoting more time to it) to your least important point (devoting less time to it).

Equality pattern

An organization pattern for if you will spend approximately the same time on each point as you deliver the speech.

Popular figures of speech

Anaphora, epistrophe, alliteration, and antithesis

Cited appropriately

Any research included in your speech needs to be _____ _____________ to give due credit. How you cite information depends partly on what type of source it is.

Expanding; streamlining; taking it apart

As facts emerge, research can change your anticipated speech in any of three ways: by _________ it in one place, by ____________ it in another, and by ______ __ _____ to accommodate new information.

Move to a more focused topic

As you search, the information you find will help you ____ __ _ ____ _______ ____, enabling you to define--and refine--the approach you take to your speech.

Substance; strength

As you weave together your main points and support, your speech should grow in _________ and _______.

Actual objects

Because you are showing your audience exactly what you are talking about, they have the power to inform or convince unlike any other presentational aid. Make sure the object you intend to use will not pose a safety risk to you or to your audience.

Intellectually; emotionally

By choosing language that appeals to your audience--by moving your audience ______________ and ___________-- you create a bond that encourages continued listening.

Effective speaker-audience connection

By developing questions based on your understanding of the needs of your audience, you can increase the likelihood of establishing an _________ ________________ __________.

Size

Consider the ____ of the object and audience.

Value

Consider the aid's ____ to your presentation.

Transportation

Consider the aid's ease of _____________.

Item

Consider the value of the ____.

Concrete words and phrases

Create pictures in listeners' minds and can turn a "ho-hum" speech into one that captures listener attention.

Step-by-step organization

Describes the steps in a process.

Wikipedia

Do not fall into _________'s web of easy access and understanding. Its legitimacy is questionable.

Stay with your listeners

Each time you repeat the image, it becomes more powerful and is likely to ____ ____ ____ _________ after your speech is over.

Three

Experienced speakers know that saying things _____ times gets their point across in a way saying it once cannot--not simply because of repetition, but because of the rhythmic effect of the repetition.

Drs. Faith and William Mullen

Experts who define plagiarism as "presenting the information of others as if it is your own" and note that its commission can result in automatic failure of an assignment or of a course, as well as a permanent blight on your academic record.

Internal previews

Extended transitions that tell the audience, in general terms, what you will say next. They are frequently used in the body to outline in advance the details of a main point.

Quintillian

First century Roman philosopher who noted four things an introduction must do for a speech to be effective.

Internal summaries

Follow a main point and act as reminders. They are useful if you are trying to clarify or emphasize what you have just said.

Author; date; type

For print information, your audience generally needs to know the ______, ____, and ____ of publication.

Tedious; overwhelming

Having personal knowledge or experience can make an impact on your audience, but if you share it, a word of caution must be heeded: sharing every detail with the audience can become _______ or ___________.

Plagiarism

If you do not cite all research used in your speech, you commit an act of _________.

Name; credentials; when and where

If you interviewed someone, your audience should know the person's ____, __________, and ____ ___ ______ you spoke with him or her.

Name of the website; accessed

If your information comes from a website, your audience should know the ____ __ ___ _______ and when you ________ it.

Expressing your thesis statement

In addition, each point should be important in __________ ____ _______ _________.

Masks; muddies

Language that ____ or _______ rather than clarifies meaning is the downfall of many speakers.

Profanity and slang

Listeners almost always expect a degree of decorum in a formal speech, requiring that certain language be avoided. Thus, profanity and slang are often inappropriate in public discourse since they can violate an audience's sense of appropriateness--or propriety.

Methods of imagery

Metaphors, similes, and figures of speech

Facts

Pieces of information that are verifiable and irrefutable.

Analogies

Point to similarities between what we know and understand and what we do not know or cannot accept.

Interest and attraction

Presentational aids create ________ ___ __________.

Complex

Presentational aids make ______ ideas clear.

Concrete

Presentational aids make abstract ideas ________.

Memorable

Presentational aids make messages _________.

Organize ideas

Presentational aids serve to ________ _____.

Problem-solution organization

Presents an audience with a problem and then examines one or more likely solutions.

Past-present-future organization

Presents an issue as it once was, then as it presently is, and then as it is likely to be in the future. This allows the speaker to provide perspective for a topic or issue that has a relevant history and future direction or potential.

Chronological organization

Presents events in the order in which they occur. It is appropriate for speeches in which your goal is to inform the audience about how an event occurred.

Cause and effect organization

Presents several causes of something, several effects of something, or both causes and effects of something.

Spatial organization

Presents the main points by moving from one physical point to another.

Abstract language

Relies on symbolic references.

10; 35; 65

Research has shown that three days after an event, people retain __% of what they heard from an oral presentation, __% from a visual presentation, and __% from a visual and oral presentation.

Raw material; foundation

Research is the ___ ________ that forms the __________ of your speech.

Interviewing; print; web-based

Research may include ____________ experts on your topic and locating _____ and _________ information.

Concrete language

Rooted in real-life experience: things we see, hear, taste, touch, and feel.

Four; five

The best speakers realize that attempting to impress an audience by using ____- or ____-syllable words usually backfires.

Statistics

The collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of information in numerical form.

Speaker credibility

The extent to which the speaker is perceived as a competent spokesperson. This is impacted by things like the speaker's background, set of ethics, and his or her delivery.

Currency

The fifth of Susan Beck's five tests. This test refers to the timeliness of the material.

Audience analysis

The first basic stage for developing a research strategy is to start (and end) with an ________ ________.

Authority

The first of Susan Beck's five tests. A website that passes this test contains information provided by an individual, group, or organization known to have expertise in the area.

Simple and concrete

The first principle of language usage is to be ______ ___ ________.

Coverage

The fourth of Susan Beck's five tests. This test refers to the depth and breadth of the material. Determine if it meets your needs or if critical information is missing.

Topical organization

The most frequently used organizational system. Not tied to time or space, problem or solution, or cause and effect, but instead to the unique needs of your topic. The nature and scope of your topic dictate the pattern of your approach.

Written; spoken

The needs of _______ and ______ language are different because listeners process information differently from the way readers do. Spoken and written language differ in several ways, including word order, rhythm, and signals.

Organization of ideas

The placement of lines of reasoning and supporting materials in a pattern that helps to achieve your specific purpose.

Brainstorming

The process of generating a list of ideas consistent with the goals of your speech without critical evaluation initially.

Constructing an outline

The process of layering your ideas on paper so that every statement supports your thesis.

Epistrophe

The repetition of a word or expression at the end of phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Alliteration

The repetition of the initial consonant or initial sounds in series of words.

Anaphora

The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.

Raw material

The research you have gathered for your speech can be viewed as the ___ ________. Now you need to figure out how to organize and present the material in the most effective way for your audience.

Knowledge and skills

The second basic stage for developing a research strategy is to assess your own _________ ___ ______.

Accuracy

The second of Susan Beck's five tests. A website that passes this test is reliable and error-free.

Rhythm

The speech flow or pattern that is created in many ways, including variations in sentence length, the use of parallel structure, and the expression of images in groups of three.

Jargon

The technical terminology unique to a special activity or group. It can be used effectively when everyone in your audience understands the reference.

Print and online resources

The third basic stage for developing a research strategy is to search _____ ___ ______ _________.

Objectivity

The third of Susan Beck's five tests. The extent to which website material is presented without bias and distortion relates to this test.

Antithesis

The use of contrast within a parallel grammatical structure to make a rhetorical point.

Testimony

The words of others, whether cited directly (via quotations) or through paraphrasing in a way that strengthens your position.

Message credibility

Thee extent to which the speech is considered to be factual and well supported through documentation. Supportive information that is sufficient, relevant, and timely will enhance the speaker's message credibility.

Two-dimensional reproductions

These are the most common visual aids used by speakers. They include the following: 1. Photographs 2. Drawings and diagrams 3. Maps 4. Tables 5. Charts 6. Graphs

Pinnacle

Think of your conclusion as the ________ of your speech--the words you want your listeners to remember as they leave the room.

Going to say; say; said

This underscores the importance of a familiar speaker adage: "Tell them what you are _____ __ ___, ___ it, then tell them what you ____."

Transitions; internal previews; internal summaries

To help your audience establish the necessary connections between your speech's main points and other ideas, use ___________, ________ ________, and ________ _________.

Narrow your focus

To maximize the value of your search for print and online resources, you should ______ ____ _____ as you search.

Online research

To maximize the value of your search for print and online resources, you should familiarize yourself with ______ ________.

Interviewing

To maximize the value of your search for print and online resources, you should familiarize yourself with ____________, if it's appropriate.

Two; five

Usually you should limit your main points to no fewer than ___ and not more than ____.

Extension

When you finish, each sub-point should be an _________ of the point it supports.

Transitions

Words, phrases, or sentences that tell the audience how ideas relate and that give your audience a means to follow your organization.

Specific purpose; thesis statement

You should reflect first on your ________ _______ and your ______ _________.

Signals

Your audience hears your message only once-- a fact that may make it necessary to signal critical passages in your speech.

Success

Your language will, in large part, determine the _______ of your speech.

Mutually exclusive

Your main points should be _________ _________; each point should be distinct.

Your speech's goal

Your specific purpose statement is your statement of ____ ________ ____.

Main ideas

Your thesis statement identifies the ____ _____ of your speech.

Figures of speech

_______ __ ______ connect sentences by emphasizing the relationship among ideas and by repeating key sounds to establish a pleasing rhythm.

Similes

_______ create images as they compare the characteristics of two different hings using the words "like" or "as".

Metaphors

_________ state that something is something else.

Understanding your audience

_____________ ____ _______ helps you develop specific questions that can be answered as you follow your speech strategy.