COMS 130

(5) Claim

A declarative statement or assertions-it is something that you want your audience to accept or know. -Thesis statement is the key claim. Claims can be factual, opinionated, or informative depending on the purpose of the argument. It may develop the significance of a topic or highlight a key informative component about a person, place or thing.

(5) Pathos

Emotional appeals that allow you to embed evidence or explanations that pull on your audience's heartstrings or other feelings and values. Motivate your audience to listen or act.

(4) Open System

Information that is publicly available and accessible.

(3) Purposes Example:

#1 General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To demonstrate to my audience the correct method for cleaning a computer keyboard. Thesis: Your computer keyboard needs regular cleaning to function well, and you can achieve that in four easy steps. #2 General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my political science class that labor unions are no longer a vital political force in the U.S. Thesis: Although for decades in the twentieth century labor unions influenced local and national elections, in this speech I will point to how their influence has declined in the last thirty years.

(3) Myths about online Information

#1: Wikipedia is bad -Use it for brainstorming, look at the sources used and use it to clarify complex ideas. #2: Information is neutral

(12) Types of Informative Speeches

(1) Description: provide a clear, vivid, and memorable picture of a person, place, thing, idea, or alternative. They goal is to effectively describe your topic in ways that allow the audience to visualize that idea. -Define 3D printing, the history, key events, or figures. (2) Define: Provide the meaning of an idea to the audience. They are helpful to clarify or simplify concepts, theories, or ideas that an audience may be otherwise unfamiliar. -Describe a 3D printer and describe how new material is created. (3) Explain: Detail processes or how something works, often explaining an otherwise complex, abstract, or unfamiliar idea to the audience. A behind the scenes look at information. ' -Explain the science behind 3D printing and how it affects different industries. (4) Demonstrate: Speeches that show how something is done for the audience. The "how to" speeches. -Bring in a 3D printer and show the audience how it works.

(6) Structuring the Introduction

(1) Get the audience's attention, make them interested. Includes brief anecdotes and narratives, startling statement/stat/fact, a rhetorical question, or quotation. (2) Establish/enhance your credibility: Explain how you know what your know about the topic. (3) Establish relevance through Rapport: Create a relationship with your audience, explain why you are giving them this information and why it is important or relevant to them. (4) State your thesis: reveal the purpose of your speech. Be very explicit. (5) Preview your Main points: clear and easy to follow which prepares the audience. Could use signposts

(6) Structuring the Conclusion

(1) Get the audience's attention: repetition is necessary, don't add new info. (2) Restate the thesis: leave the audience with the main argument. Direct and remind them. (3) Clincher: Something memorable to conclude your speech with, or a concluding thought. An inverse of the attention getter. Ideas to conclude with: -A challenge -A quote -Visualizing the future -Rhetorical Question -Refer to intro, reference idea, stat, from attention getter -Story with emotional appeal

(12) Guidelines for Developing Informative Speeches

(1) Pick a focused and unique topic (2) Pick a clear structure -The outline structure, the argument structure and the citation structure.

(4) Steps to Evaluate Sources

(1) Read laterally (2) Check for previous work (3) Go upstream to the source (find original source) (4) Circle back

(11) Types of Delivery

-Impromptu: presentation of a short message without advance preparation. EX: Self introduction in group setting -Extemporaneous: the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. Most often used. -Manuscript: the word-for-word iteration of a written message. The speaker maintains their attention on the printed page except when using presentation aids. EX: Reading legal statements or funeral -Memorized: reciting a written message that the speaker has committed to memory. EX: Actors

(10) Aids-Forms

-Presentation software (powerpoint, prezi, keynote etc) -Dry-Erase board -Flipchart -Poster -Handouts

(4) Forms of Plagerism

-Using another's words or ideas without giving credit -Turning in other's work as your own -Failing to put quotation marks around and exact quote correctly -Giving incorrect info about the source of a quotation -Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit -Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of you work, whether you give credit or not.

(11) The Day of Your Speech

-Warm up your voice -Warm up your body -Trust yourself

(6) Patterns of Organization

1) Chronological: Groups information based on time order or in a set chronology. Important for demonstrative, linear speeches. 2) Spatial: Movement in space or direction. It can assist organization via visualizing main points by grouping based on geographies. 3) Topical/categorical: Groups information into key categories. Usually the strongest argument is listed last. 4) Cause/effect: The main points of a topic start with cause, followed by effect. Effective for how and/or why something has occurred. 5) Problem-solution: related to cause/effect but include advocating for a key solution. Often used to persuade.

(3) Steps to Making a Speech

1- Identify your general purpose, to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. 2-Brainstorm key topic ideas 3-Specific purpose statement 4-Thesis

(12) Warrant

A connection between the claim and the evidence. Utilize warrants to detail why the information should matter to the audience.

(10) Function of presentation aids

1: Improve your audience's understanding of the information you are conveying. -They can clarify complex info or emphasize the importance of an idea. 2:Enhance audience memory and retention of the message 3: Add variety and interest to your speech 4: Enhance your credibility as a speaker

(9) Eye Contact

80% of your total speech time should be spent making eye contact with the audience. Using eye contact makes a connection, a more intimate, trusting, and transparent experience. Work to maintain approx. 3 seconds of eye contact with audience members throughout the room.

(5) Logos

A key rhetorical appeal that uses reason or logic. You can select logical evidence hat is well-reasoned, particularly when you are informing or persuading. Motivate your audience to listen or act.

(3) Personal Inventory

A process of tracking ideas, insights, or topics that you have experience with or interest in. A brainstorming exploratory research strategy. Table 3.1 shows many prompting questions like "what values do you hold dear", "what communities do you belong to" etc.

(5) Argument

A series of statements in support of a claim, assertion, or proposition. The thesis state is only one component of an argument, or the main claim of your speech. -you also have internal arguments, aka the main points All arguments are rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos to elicit a particular feeling or response from your audience.

(3) Thesis Statement

A single, declarative statement that outlines the purpose of your speech. It is to reveal and clarify the main arguments of your speech. The main argument, the foundation of the speech Where your topic becomes an argument Remember: -Do not write is as a question -Use concrete language and avoid subjective terms or jargon.

(5) Informative Speech Argument

A sound argument demonstrates the relevance and significance of the topic for your audience. -This is important info because, heres why you should care about this -In the intro you want to demonstrate your expertise

(3) Iterative

A speech or document is not always written in the same order as the audience experiences it.

(13) Cognitive dissonance

A theory developed by Leon Festinger in 1957 that states, among other ideas, that when we are confronted with conflicting information or viewpoints, we reach a state of dissonance, or tension between ideas and beliefs. This state is uncomfortable and we will do things to get rid of the dissonance and maintain "consonance" or harmony.

(13) Persuasive Continuum

A tool that allows you to visualize your audience's relationship with your topic. It views persuasion as a line going in both directions. From +3 (strongly agree) to -3 (strongly disagree) 3 benefits: -Visualize and quantify where your audience lands -Accept the fact that any movement towards +3 is a win -changing from -3 to +3 is impossible and to take a reasonable approach

(3) Mind Map

A visual tool that allows you to chart and expand key topics or ideas. -Brainstorming technique Start with a big idea, break this concept down until it can't be anymore, look up synonyms or like words, and write down any words you find during your research to tap into the larger conversation.

(12) Keys to Being an Effective Speaker

Accuracy, clarity, and interest. Are you presenting information in ways that acknowledge that communication is constitutive, contextual, and cultural? -Even information sharing is not neutral!

(13) Persuasive Speaking

Addressing a public controversy and advocating for a perspective that the speaker hopes the audience will adopt.

(8) Rhetorical Techniques

Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sentence or passage. Parallelism: The repetition of sentence structures. EX: Give me liberty or give me death. Tropes: Turing of the text where the literal meaning is changed or altered to provide new insight. Figurative language, or using comparisons with objects, animals, activities, roles, or historical or literary figures, like metaphors or similes.

(13) Propositions of Fact

Answer the question: Is this true? They attempt to establish the truth of a statement. It is not what is morally right or wrong or what should be done but rather if it is supported by evidence or not. Facts, stats, definitions or expert testimony are common types of evidence types Usually categorical organization

(13) Propositions of Value

Argue that something is good/bad or right/wrong. Signal words: Good, bad, best, worst, just, unjust, ethical, unethical, moral, immoral, advantageous, or disadvantageous. Relies on shared beliefs held by audience.

(9) Attire

Audience and context inform attire. Attire influences how the audience perceives a speaker and their credibility. Ask yourself: "What attire matches the occasion?" "Have I selected any attire that could be distracting while I'm speaking?"

(8) Storytelling

Audiences remember stories or anecdotes the most. They allow the audience to visualize a topic and further support for thesis. It may include: -Attention to sequence, or the order of the story -Embedding a dramatic quality (or using pathos) -The use of imagery (or figurative language) Most often used as: -The attention getter -Evidence within a main point -A way to wrap up the speech and leave the audience with something meaningful to consider. Anecdotes are a form of evidence.

(3) Propaganda

Biased or misleading information that promotes a particular agenda.

(6) Connective Statements

Broad terms that encompass several types of statements or phrases. They are generally designed to help "connect" parts of your speech to make it easier for the audience to follow. Include: Internal summaries: Emphasize what has come before and remind the audience of what has been covered. Signposting: Emphasize physical movement throughout the speech content and let the audience know exactly where they are. "First," "Next," "Lastly" Internal previews: Lets your audience know what is coming up next in the speech and what to expect with regard to the content of your speech. -Transitions: bridges between seemingly disconnected but related material

(3) Specific Purpose Statement

Builds on your general purpose and makes it more specific. -Influence by the general purpose and the audience -Not the main argument Pitfalls: -Being too broad: statements shouldn't use "and" -Too specialized: only appropriate/interesting to very specific groups or experts

(5) Argument Structure Examples

Claim: "Let's go to Jack's Shack for lunch." Evidence: "I have been there a few times and they have good servers." Warrant: "You were a server, so I know that you really appreciate good service. I have never had a bad experience at Jack's Shack, so I am confident that it's a good lunch choice for both of us." Claim: communication studies provide necessary skills to land you a job Evidence: The New York Times had a recent article stating that 80% of jobs want good critical thinking and interpersonal skills. Warrant: Communication studies classes facilitate interpersonal skills and work to embed critical thinking activities throughout the curriculum. Claim: The Iowa Wildcats will win the championship. Evidence: In 2019, the National Sporting Association found that the Wildcats had the most consistent and well-rounded coaching staff. Referees of the game agreed, and also praised the players ability for high scoring. Warrant: Good coaching and high scoring are probable indicators of past champions and, given this year's findings, the Wildcat's are on mark to win it all. Claim: Sally Smith will win the presidential election. Evidence: [select evidence that highlights their probable win, including: they've won the most primaries; they won the Iowa caucus; they're doing well in swing states; they have raised all the money; they have the most organized campaign." Warrant: [based on your evidence select, you can warrant why that evidence supports a presidential win].

(5) Evidence-Statistics

Collection, analysis, comparison, and interpretation of numerical data. they are useful in summarizing complex information, quantifying, or making comparisons. Common deployments of stats: Averages (mean of a data set) or percentages (portion out of 100). -Usually need comparisons to accompany % (ex this is 3x higher, this has risen more than any other) Statistical issues: Small samples, unrepresentative samples, and correlation as causation.

(9) Facial Expressions

Communicate to others in ways that are congruent (increases ethos) or incongruent with your message. They are usually categorized as: happy, sad, angry, fearful, surprised, and disgusted. Facial expressions develop pathos and can impact an audience members perception of the speaker.

(13) Public Controversies

Community disputes that affect a large number of people. They often have multiple perspectives, leading to public deliberation and debate to resolve each issue. They arise when a community experiences a problem Keep Context: physical space cultural content. Do I have time to talk about this? What else is happening? and Power: Consider who is represented and affected.

(5) Warrants

Connect the evidence and the claim. They often answer the question, "what does this mean?" They: -Highlight the significance of the evidence -Detail how the evidence supports the claims -Outline the relevance of the claim and evidence to the audience Some warrants are inferred as we often recognize a warrant without it being explicitly stated. they are common in everyday speech but in formal speeches a clear warrant will increase the clarity of the argument.

(4) Critical Thinking

Decision-making based on evaluating and critiquing information-to identify, sort, and evaluate (mostly) scholarly information.

(5) Denotative Meaning vs Connotative meaning

Denotative: The specific meaning associated with a word. Basically, dictionary definitions. Connotative: The idea suggested by or associated with a word at a cultural or personal level. Ex: blue with sadness

(13) Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Designed in 1951 by Alan Monroe, this format is based on John Dewey's reflective thinking process to consider audience listening patterns. Involves 5 steps: 1: Attention-Introduction 2: Need-problem is defined and defended 3: Satisfactions-present/describe solution, defend that it will address problem and symptoms 4: Visualization-Look to the future either positive/negative 5: Action-Specific steps for the audience to take asap to make solution happen

(3) Exploratory research

Encompasses brainstorming strategies that spark curiosity. You sort information to find broad topics or ideas. Includes: Personal inventory and exploring online.

(13) Fallacies

Erroneous conclusions or statements made from poor analyses. 9 common: 1-False cause: one things causes another but there is no logical connection 2-Slippery slope: taking a first step will lead to subsequent events that can not be prevented 3-Hasty generalization: making generalizations with too few examples 4-Straw person: shows only the weaker side of an opponent's arguments in order to more easily tear is down. 5-False Dilemma: "either-or", given only 2 options when there are more. 6-Appeal to tradition: "we've always done it this way", traditional practice is the only reason for continuing a policy. 7-Bandwagon: "appeal to majority/popularity", if something is popular it is good or correct. 8-Red Herring: creating a diversion or introducing an irrelevant point to distract someone or get someone off the subject of an argument. 9-Ad Hominem: Attacking the person rather than the issue, connecting a real or perceive flaw in a person's character or behavior to an issue they support.

(5) Ethos

Establishing your credibility as a speaker. Craft arguments that are equally credible and use reliable and well tested evidence. Motivate your audience to listen or act.

(13) Rhetorical Appeals

Ethos, pathos, and logos to motivate an audience towards action. Ethos: influence of speaker credentials and character in a speech. It is achieved through citing reliable, authoritative sources, strong arguments, showing awareness of the audience and effective delivery. Pathos: Using emotions such as love, anger, joy, hate, desire for community to persuade the audience of the rightness of a proposition. Logos: organized and logical arguments that are used to support the claim

(8) Vivid Language

Evokes the senses and is language that arouses the sensations of smelling, tasting, seeing, hearing, and feeling. Using vivid language you bring sensations to life. Determine where you would like an audience to experience a particular sensation and integrate vivid language there.

(4) Lateral Reading

Fact checking source claims by reading other sites and resources . What's the date? Who is the author/authors? Who is the publisher? Do they cite others work? Do other cite their work?

(9) Movement

Hands: Gestures highlight and punctuate information for the audience, so too many gestures or not enough (jazz hands, stiffness, holding tightly to notes,) can be distracting. Keep a natural look and use natural gestures throughout. Body: Keep your feet shoulder width apart, with knees slightly bent. Focus on posture, sit/stand straight. Movement in space: depends on what the space is and what the message is. Ask, how would movement support, enhance, direct, or detract from the message? Movement allows you to engage with different sections of an audience and signals a transition between ideas or an attempt to visually enunciate an important component of your information. It must be purposeful!

(8) Rate

How quickly or slowly you say the words of your speech. -Be sure to have a clear, deliberate vocal rate in the introduction as the audience will be getting used to your voice. -Vary the rate depending on the information, like slowing the rate for a difficult piece of supporting material.

(13) Policy Propositions

Identify a solution to correct a problem. They call for change in policy (including those in government, community, or school). or call for the audience to adopt a certain behavior. They try to instigate the audience to act immediately, in the long term, or alter their perspective, or adopt behaviors that lead to solutions. Signal word: should Embed a specific "call-to-action" Usually problem-solution organization

(7) Elocution

In classical rhetoric, the art of delivering speeches, where pronunciation, vocal delivery, and gestures were key to effective public speaking. Elocutionists viewed vocal delivery as important because those qualities are what allowed passions and emotions to be communicated.How you said it was as important as what you said. It doesn't fully represent public speaking because the 'how' became more important than the 'what'

(13) Target Audience

Individuals who are willing to listen to your argument despite disagreeing, having limited knowledge, or lacking experience with your advocacy.

(4) Closed System

Information is behind a paywall or requires a subscription. Ex: Databases, Academic books

(6) Speech Organization: Grouping

Information that is chunked together is vital to audience understanding, learning, and retention. Use approximately 3 categories to group your information. 2-3 main points. Look for similarities and patterns

(4) Information Types

Nonacademic information sources: popular press information sources. Primary purpose is to be read by the general public. Written at a 6th to 8th grade reading level, very accessible. Limited info, appeal to broad audience. Academic sources: Peer-reviewed by like-minded scholars, take longer to publish, higher level

(5) Language in Speeches

Language is any formal system of gestures, sounds, and symbols used or conceived as a means of communicating through either through written, enacted, or spoken means. Language results in different interpretation and meanings for different audiences. Crafting speech: -Clear language is powerful language. Reduce abstraction, concreteness aids clarity, and descriptions (5 sense) or definitions (set limits on something). -Reduce language clutter -Use familiar language and beware of jargon (depending on audience) -Use active aka interesting language -Use active voice: when the subject performs the action. Place subjects in the front. -Practice reflexivity about language choices (avoid stereotypes, generalizations think of who you are representing)

(13) How to overcome barriers to Persuasion

Making reasonable requests: aim small and word to find future room to build. Articulating the benefits/consequences: Answering oppositional arguments:

(5) Evidence- Facts

Observations, verified by multiple credible sources, that are true or false. "an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed an . . . is accepted as 'true.' Truth in science, however, is never final and what is accepted as a fact today may be modified or even discarded tomorrow." Verify all facts through credible research and reputable, updated sources.

(8) Vocal Pauses

Pausing can increase both the tone and comprehension of your argument by giving the audience a moment to digest what you said. Use nonverbal cues from the audience for when to pause. Pauses should be controlled to maintain attention of the audience and to create additional areas of emphasis.

(10) Aids- Representations of Real Processes

Presentation aids that represent real processes, things, places, persons, or ideas Includes maps, photos, videos, audio recordings, and objects

(8) Vocal Enunciation

Pronouncing words correctly and the expression of words and language. Dash strategy: enunciate very syllable in your presentation. It is an exaggeration to create emphasis and expression but is not to be overused.

(6) Outline

Provides a visual structure where you can compile information into a well-organized document. It can aid in determining where you need more or less info and reminding speakers to warrant their claims. Types: -Preparation: comprehensive outlines that include all the information in your speech. Full sentences and use in-text citations and a reference page. -Speaking: keyword outline used to deliver a speech-often extemporaneous. It is usually key phrases with few words and cues. Include oral citations.

(3) Explore online

Searching and scanning a wide variety of digital information with an open mine. Personal inventory and guide the search. A brainstorming exploratory research strategy. Concepts to search study when looking at online articles: -Evidence -Big ideas -people -Jargon

(6) Introductions and Conclusions

Serve to frame the speech and give it a clearly defined beginning end end. A "preview/review" or the speech. -Should only be about 20% of speech -Write after main body has been constructed in your outline.

(7) Aesthetic Experience

Something that happens when the audience is captivated by the speaker's delivery of an argument. You feel the sense of the advocacy, through their evident emotions for example. It is collective and contextual. The audience is apart of the experience.

(7) Aesthetics

Something that is artistically valid or beautiful, pleasing in appearance, or the study of good art or good taste. In public speaking, aesthetics is not just the experience of beauty, its the study of enactment of art that leads to a sensation, or a felt sense. Public speaking in this way is an art form. It combines elocution, style and delivery to captivated and evoke a felt experience for and with a live audience. It looks at: -Verbal delivery: storytelling, vivid language, use of emotions, projection, rate, enunciation and more. -Nonverbal delivery: how body language, facial expressions, gestures, movement in space influence audience perception of message. -Presentation aids: how aids enhance via emphasis or clarification. -Space: how content and space might add or detract from aesthetic delivery of content. Stories, rhetorical techniques, and vivid language are important mechanism to evoke language with aesthetics.

(5) Evidence-Examples

Specific instances that illuminate a concept. They are designed to give an audience a reference point. It must be quickly understandable-something the audience can pull out of their memory or experience quickly. They can be drawn directly from experience or can be hypothetical where audiences are asked to consider potential scenarios. EXAMPLE: Claim: Textbook affordability initiatives are assisting universities in implementing reputable, affordable textbooks. Evidence: Ohio has implemented a textbook affordability initiative, the Open Ed Collaborative, to alleviate the financial strain for students (Jaggers, Rivera, Akani, 2019).

(12) Funnel Approach

Starting broad and moving downward to a more specific idea. A way to narrow a topic and identify an insight that's unique to your audience.

(4) Types of Plagiarism

Stealing-Taking the work as a whole Sneaking-Taking parts of the whole

(5) Evidence-Narratives

Stories that clarify, dramatize, and emphasize ideas. they have strong emotional power (pathos). Can be Historical: stories about a past person, place or thing. They can prove and clarify an idea, and there were witness to validate the happening. Person: Powerful tools to relate to your audience and embed a story about your experience with the topic. You use your own experience to draw the audience in an show why you are invested in the topic. They must be true.

(7) Style and Delivery

Style is how you effectively craft and execute your ideas like word choice. Delivery is how the information is delivered. We use our style to deliver information that informs and influence others. Style asks that you consider how to present your information to the specific audience. Delivery is the mechanics used to convey a message rather than the words itself.

(5) Argument structure: Claim, Evidence, Warrant

The Toulmin Model: Claim: the main proposition crafted as a declarative statement Evidence: the support or proof for the claim Warrant: The connect between the evidence and the claim. Evidence and warrant are specifics that make your ideas, arguments, assertions, points, or concepts real and concrete by relating the information to your audience.

(3) Context for a Speech

The context will inform the general purpose which will guide a specific argument. Context defines why you're there, how long you're there for, when, and with whom. Context also refers to the broader historical and cultural context. To: Solve a problem Reduce uncertainty Increase awareness Honor someone

(8) Volume (Projection)

The relative softness or loudness of one's voice. it should fir the size of the audience and the room. Projection is to vocally fill the space.

(3) Brainstorming

The process and practice of searching to find ideas or information. To generate ideas to overcome a carrier or to confront a problem. -Approach it purposefully and intentionally with the framework in mind that, "What I select matters" Key: openness to finding, locating, and narrowing down information. Two strategies: Exploratory research and mind maps

(13) Persuasion

The process of creating. reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. In public speech, the goal is to create, change, or reinforce a belief or action by addressing community problems or controversies.

(4) Research

The process of discovering new knowledge and investigating a topic from different points of view. can help zero in on a thesis via: a) finding support for our perspective b) identifying any specific campus solution that we could advocate for Take notes as you go!

(13) Deliberation

The process of discussing feasible choices that address community problems. Important in resolving community concerns because it allows all perspectives to be considered. When we publicly speak, we are participating in democratic deliberation.

(8) Verbal Punctuation and Verbal Fillers

The process of imagining the words as they're written to insert purposeful, punctuated pauses to conclude key thoughts. It allows decisiveness and avoids audiences wondering, "is this still the same sentence?" Verbal punctuation is a strategy to minimize vocal fillers, including common fillers of "like, and, so, uh". Punctuate the end of a sentence through a decisive pause.

(5) Evidence

The proof or support for you claim. It answers the question, "how do I know this is true?" 3 Considerations: 1) Is this the most timely and relevant type of support for my claim? 2) Is this evidence relatable and clear for my audience? -your audience should be able to understand the evidence including any references or ideas 3) Did I cherry-pick? -Arrive at a claim after seeing all the evidence. Cherry-picking can reduce your ethos and weaken your argument. 5 evidence types: Examples, narratives, facts, statistics, and testimony. -Intgerate a variety of narrative types

(10) Presentation aids

The resources beyond the speech itself that a speaker uses to enhance the message conveyed to the audience. Speakers most often make use of visual aids (pictures, diagrams, charts, graphs, maps, etc) or audible aids (musical excerpts, audio speech excerpts, and sound effects). -They may also use fragrance or food samples -Can be 3D objects or they can change over a period of time (how to) 1) How can i best represent an idea in my speech through a presentation aid? 2) When is best to introduce it to the audience? Must be direct, specific and functional.

(5) Evidence-Testimony

The words of others. It can be valuable to gain insight into an expert or peer's opinion, experience, or expertise about a topic. Experts only in relevant field, provide credentials, make clear if you interviewed them yourself. Expert testimony is one of the strongest supporting materials to prove arguments. OR non-expert/peer testimony can be used to add perspective and insight that is valuable for an audience to hear.

(13) Types of Persuasive Propositions

Three types: 1-Fact 2-Value 3-Policy Each has different approaches and possible outcomes

(10) Aids- Representations of Data

To clarify a complex piece of data or a piece of evidence using charts, graphs, or diagrams. -Numeric evidence that may be otherwise difficult to comprehend if just spoken Chart: graphical representation of data or a sketch representing an ordered process. Graph: Pictorial representation of the relationships of quantitative data using dots, lines, bars, pie slices etc. -Line: trends over time -Bar: showing the difference between quantities -Pie: show proportional relationships within sets of data Diagram: Visual representations that simplify a complex process

(12) Purpose of an Informative Speech

To share information that: a) Increases audience understanding about a topic b) Provides and alternative c) Raises awareness This type of speech conveys knowledge and is fact based. You are not taking a side or providing the audience with a call to action. Merely explain each/all sides of the issue.

(13) Selective recall

We selectively attend to, perceive, and recall information that supports our existing viewpoints.

(9) Mythical Norm

What Audre Lorde defines generally as young, white, thin, middle-class men. It warns us to be conscious of holding these categories as "the best" or preferred, especially around what counts as credibility.

(8) Verbal Delivery

What symbols you select and how you portray them, they are central to your audience and how they experience what you say.

(11) Reherarsal

Workshopping the embodiment of your speech. -Rehearsal should begin as soon as you start writing the speech to see how it sounds aloud. -Check the space: Does is contain a lectern (small raised surface with a slanted top) or a podium (raised platform or stage)? What size is the space? Acoustics? Workshop strategies: -Conduct a self assessment: watch yourself give a speech. Start with general questions and move toward specific examples. -Rehearse with all speaking material -Start over and over