Connect- Chapter 1 A&P
negative feedback mechanism
Blood pressure is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism.
Languages
Languages from which most medical terms are derived: Latin and Greek
Statistical test
T test and Chi square analysis
Radiology
a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body.
receptor
a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus, such as a taste cell or a rod or cones of the eye.
evolution,
a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over a period of time.
organ system,
a group of organs working together for a coordinated function
Organ system
a group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ system.
positive feedback,
a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction.
organ:
a structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function.
placebo,
a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment.
law of nature,
a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon or of the relationship between variables.
Inspection
act of looking at the body.
tissue,
an aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function.
Macro-molecule
any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharides, or triglyceride.
organs
are composed of tissues and are thus more complex
inductive method,
as prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.
levels of structural hierarcy in the body (least to most):
atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organisms.
selective pressures:
climate, disease, and predators.
psychosomatic effects
effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as psychosomatic effects.
theory,
explanatory statement(s) that concisely summarize the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study.
Positive feedback mechanism,
formation of a blood clot and contractions during childbirth.
law of nature,
generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave.
Hypo
hypo- above epi, below endo within inside di two
After
in anatomical terminology the adjective comes after the noun.
Organism:
indicates a single complete individual.
evolution
is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.
Cadaver
is a dead human body, commonly used in dissection for the purpose of training students in anatomy.
organelle
is a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function.
effector
is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus.
The scientific method,
is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation.
organism
is a single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and maintenance of homeostasis.
scientific method
is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions.
Growth
is an increase in the size of a cell or organism.
molecule
is made up of two or more atoms.
observation
is the inductive method allows one to make conclusions.
the plasma membrane
is the membrane that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell.
Peer review
is the method of evaluation of results by other experts in that field.
exploratory surgery
is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body.
inductive method
is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation.
anatomy
is the study of body structures.
Cytology
is the study of cells.
physiology
is the study of the function of a biological organism.
histology,
is the study of tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials.
Identify the benefits of a large sample size:
it enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome, it controls for individual variation, it controls for chance events.
Good hypothesis:
it is consistent with what is already known and it is testable and falsifiable.
Charles Darwin
known for his theory of natural selection.
Sequence
macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
pathophysiology:
mechanisms of disease
double blind method,
neither the subject nor the person giving the treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving the treatment and which are receiving the placebo.
integrating center
of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action.
endocrinology:
physiology of hormones,
comparative physiology:
physiology of other animals
neurophysiology:
physiology of the nervous system
Hypothetico- deductive method
proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data.
excretion:
process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body.
statistical test
provides a statement of probability that the experimental outcome was due to random variation.
atom
smallest particle of matter with unique chemical properties.
Adaptation
species characteristics that favor survival and reproduction.
cell theory,
states that all living organisms are composed of cells.
Palpation
taking a pulse by feeling the radical artery.
percussion,
tapping on a body surface then listening to the echo to diagnose health.
excitability:
the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce changes in membrane voltage.
Bipedalism
the ability to walk upright on two feet.
Ausculation,
the act of listening to sounds made by the body.
auscultation,
the act of listening to sounds made by the body.
Opposable thumbs,
the adaptation of primates that allows them to hold and manipulate small objects in their hands.
homeostasis
the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment.
Histopathology
the branch of medicine that deals with the study of tissues in diseases.
experimenter bias,
the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data.
Eponyms
the discoverer of a structure.
Evolutionary
the emerging science of evolutionary medicine traces diseases and imperfections to the past.
gross anatomy,
the field that focuses on bodily structures that can be observed without magnification.
selection pressures,
the forces promoting the reproductive success of some individuals over other.
sample size
the number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the sample size.
dissection:
the process of carefully seperating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships.
cell
the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life.
comparative physiology.
the study of how different species have solved physiological problems of life is known as comparative physiology.
Ultra structure function
the study of ultra structure focuses on the structures within cells. The study of cells is cytology.
Acronym
the term "PET" scan, refers to a positron emission tomography scan, is an example of Anatomical terminology that is described as a(n) acronym
Baroreceptors
the type of receptor located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure.
Negative feedback
when bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This occurs during negative feedback.
dynamic equilibrium,
where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.
Control group
would receive a placebo
Experimental group
would receive the intervention being tested.
