Consciousness

james braid

A Scottish physician, James Braid, became interested in the trancelike state that could be induced by the mesmerists. It was Braid who popularized the term hypnotism in 1843, borrowing it from the Greek word for sleep (Pintar, 2010). Braid thought that hypnotism could be used to produce anesthesia for surgeries. However, just as hypnosis was catching on as a general anesthetic, more powerful and reliable chemical anesthetics were discovered. Interest in hypnotism then dwindled.

Narcolepsy

A disease marked by sudden and irresistible on sets of sleep during normal waking period. A person suffering from narcolepsy goes directly from wakefulness into REM sleep usually for a short. This is dangerous because some fall asleep instantly. It is relatively uncommon. Impairment in the regulation of REM sleep is the main cause of narcolepsy. This appears to be due to the loss of Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus. Some individuals show a genetic predisposition to the disease. Stimulant drugs have been used to treat with modest success.

What is for sure

All that is known for sure is that variations in consciousness are associated with variations in brain activity

Hypnotic trance

Although hypnotized subjects may feel as though they are in an altered state, they do not seem to show reliable alterations in brain activity that are unique to hypnosis (Burgess, 2007; Lynn et al., 2007). The failure to find changes in brain activity that are consistently associated with hypnosis has led some theorists to conclude that hypnosis is a normal state of consciousness that is characterized by dramatic role playing.

Hypnosis uses

Anesthesia. Drugs are more reliable, but hypnosis can be surprisingly effective in the treatment of both acute and chronic pain (Boly et al., 2007; Jensen & Patterson, 2014). Although the practice is not widespread, some physicians, dentists, and psychologists use hypnosis as a treatment for problems with pain, especially chronic pain. Sensory distortions and hallucinations. Hypnotized subjects may be led to experience auditory or visual hallucinations (Spiegel, 2003b). They may hear sounds or see things that are not there, or fail to hear or see stimuli that are present (Spiegel et al., 1985). Subjects may also have their sensations distorted so that something sweet tastes sour or an unpleasant odor smells fragrant. Disinhibition. Hypnosis can sometimes reduce inhibitions that would normally prevent subjects from acting in ways they would see as immoral or unacceptable. In experiments, hypnotized subjects have been induced to throw what they believed to be nitric acid into the face of a research assistant. Similarly, stage hypnotists are sometimes successful in getting people to disrobe in public. This disinhibition effect may occur simply because hypnotized people feel that they cannot be held responsible for actions taken while hypnotized. Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia. Suggestions made during hypnosis may influence a participant's later behavior (Cox & Bryant, 2008). The most common posthypnotic suggestion is the creation of posthypnotic amnesia. That is, subjects who are told that they will remember nothing that happened while they were hypnotized do indeed usually remember nothing.

How much sleep is good

As expected, people who consistently sleep less than 7 hours exhibit an elevated mortality risk, but so do those who routinely sleep more than 8 hours. In fact, mortality rates are especially high among those who sleep more than 10 hours (see Figure 5.6) (Grandner et al., 2010; Kakizaki et al., 2013). Researchers are now scrambling to figure out why long sleep duration is correlated with elevated mortality. It could be that prolonged sleep is a "marker" for other problems, such as depression or a sedentary lifestyle, that have negative effects on health (Patel et al., 2006). Bear in mind, also, that the studies linking typical sleep duration to mortality have depended on participants' self-report estimates of how long they normally sleep, and these subjective reports may be inaccurate (Bianchi et al., 2013). In any event, the relationship between sleep duration and health is an emerging area of research that will probably yield some interesting findings in the years to come.

Stage two of sleep

As you just send through stages two and three of the sleep cycle your respiration rate, heart rate, muscle tension, and body temperature continue to decline. Stage two is light sleep and typically lasts about 10 to 25 minutes. Gradually brain waves become hiring amplitude and slower in frequency as you move into stage III.

What are the most common dreams

Certain teams tend to be more common than others. People dream quite a bit about sex, aggression, and miss fortune. People often dream about negative and potentially Trumatic events including being killed dreams are self centered. Dreams are a window into what is going on in someone's life such as financial problems exams, or sexual attraction. Freud called this the day residue. Events that have emotional significance are especially likely to be incorporated.

Insomnia

Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep that result in daytime fatigue and impaired functioning. There are three basic patterns difficulty and falling asleep initially, difficulty staying asleep, and persistent early-morning awakening. 10% of adults suffer from chronic serious insomnia and 20 to 30% have intermittent symptoms. It increases with age and it's 50% more common in women. Most don't see a doctor and use over the counter meds.

Non-REM sleep

Consists of sleep stages one through three which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movement is relatively little dreaming in very EEG activity AKA N1, N2, and N3

Hallucinogens

Diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning marked most noticeably by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience. The principal one is LSD, mescaline, psilocybin. They have similar effects but very in potency. Hallucinogens produce euphoria and increased sensory awareness and a distorted sense of time in some users they lead to profound dreamlike mystical feelings that are hard to describe. The latter a fact is why they have been used in religious ceremonies for centuries in some culture. Unfortunately at the other end of the spectrum they can produce nightmarish feelings of anxiety commonly called a bad trip.

Why don't some people remember their dreams

Do you have the operation of dreams is quite normal. Most are lost forever unless you wake up during or just after. Even then dream recall fades quickly. One recent study found that people who tend to remember their dreams 10 to awaken more during the night then those who rarely do. Hobsons educated guess is that people probably forget 95 to head 99% of their dreams this is natural and not due to repression. People who tend to not remember their dreams probably have a sleep pattern that puts too much time between their REM dream period And awakening.

Van de Castle

Dreams are important

Narcotics (opiates)

Drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain. The main drugs are heroin and morphine although less potent ones include codeine, Demerol, and methadone. The emerging problem has been a relatively new drug called oxycodone. It's Time release format was supposed to make an affective analgesic with less potential for abuse then other opiates but people learned they could grind it up and snort or inject it for a powerful hard. This has led to a new app epidemic of serious drug abuse especially in rural US. It was reformulated into thousand and 10 to make it more difficult to manipulate and abuse has declined. Insufficient dosages the drugs in this category can produce an overwhelming sense of euphoria or well-being this has a relaxing who cares quality that makes it an attractive escape from reality

Overdose

Drugs that are CNS depressants such as sedatives narcotics and alcohol carry the greatest risk of overdose. These drugs are synergistic with each other so many overdoses involve lethal combination is. What happens? The respiratory system usually grinds to a halt producing Houma, brain damage and death within a brief period. Fatal overdose is usually involve a heart attack stroke or cortical seizure.

Psycho active

Drugs that are chemical substances that modify mental emotional or behavioral functioning.

Stimulants

Drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation in behavioral activity. Range from mild, widely available drugs like caffeine and nicotine do you stronger one such as cocaine in amphetamines. Cocaine is a natural substance that comes from the coca shrub. And feta means are synthesized in a pharmaceutical laboratory. They have fairly similar effects except that cocaine produces a brief are high. Stimulants produce a euphoria very different from narcotics or sedatives. They produce a boy in elated energetic feeling accompanied by increased alertness. Cocaine and amphetamines have become available in much more potent forms them before. Crack consists of relatively pure chips of kill Cain that are usually smoked. And that means are increasingly sold as Krystaline powder called crank or crystal math that maybe snorted or injected intravenously.

Alcohol

Encompasses a variety of beverages containing Ethel alcohol like beer, wine and spirits. The concentration of Ethel alcohol varies from 4% in most beers to40% in 80 proof liquor. And occasionally more in higher proof liquors. When people drink heavily the central affect is a relaxed euphoria that temporarily boost self-esteem. Common side effects include impairments in mental and motor functioning, mood swings, in quarrelsomeness. Alcohol is the most widely used drug in our society. Excessive drinking is a problem problem on college campuses. Researchers found that 81% of students drink more over 49% of men in 41% of women reported binge drinking. 29% of the students who did not engage in binge drinking reported they had been insulted or humiliated by drunken student; 19% had experience serious arguments; 9% have been pushed hit or assaulted; and 19.5% had been the target of unwanted sexual advances. Alcohol appears to contribute to about 90% of student rapes and 95% of violent crimes on campus. It can't contribute to regulus sexual behavior. 21% of students who drink reported they had had on plans as a result of drinking and 10% indicated that they're drinking had led to unptote red Saks. The brain is still maturing during adolescence making it particularly vulnerable to the negative affects of alcohol. Binge drinking may impair neural functioning in the adolescent brain.

Sleep deprivation health effects

For example, sleep restriction appears to trigger hormonal changes that increase hunger (Shlisky et al., 2012). One study found that just one night of sleep deprivation increased the caloric value of food purchased the next morning by 9% (Chapman et al., 2013). Consistent with these findings, studies have found a link between short sleep duration and increased obesity, which is a risk factor for a variety of health problems (Knutson, 2012). Researchers have also found that sleep loss leads to impaired immune system functioning (Motivala & Irwin, 2007) and increased inflammatory responses (Patel et al., 2009), which are likely to heighten vulnerability to a variety of diseases. Thus, it is not surprising that studies have uncovered links between short sleep duration and an increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, and coronary disease (Grandner et al., 2012, 2014).

Sleep apnea

Frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person in disrupts sleep. Some are awakens from their sleep hundreds of times a night. Apnea occurs when a person literally stops breathing for a minimum of 10 seconds and is usually accompanied by loud snoring. It is seen in about 8% of adults and it's prevalent is increasing. A higher incidence among male, older adults, postmenopausal women, obese people in those with a genetic predisposition. It has lead to excessive sleepiness during the day and it is serious because it increases vulnerability to cardiovascular diseases in more than doubles overall mortality risk. Also associated with declines in attention and memory and other aspects of cognitive functioning.

Hallucinogens facts

Gradual tolerance no risk of physical dependence and low risk of psychological dependence. Accidents, acute panic

Alcohol facts

Gradual tolerance, moderate risk of psychological and physical dependence. Accidents, liver disease, Mount nutrition, brain damage, neurological disorders, hard disease, stroke,, hypertension, ulcers, cancer, birth defects, overdose.

Historical theories of sleep

Historically, people have thought of sleep as a single, uniform state of physical and mental inactivity, during which the brain is "shut down," when in reality, sleepers experience quite a bit of physical and mental activity throughout the night (Peigneux, Urbain, & Schmitz, 2012). Scientists have learned a great deal about sleep since the landmark discovery of REM sleep in the 1950s.

How is human brain wave activity measured?

Human brain-wave activity is usually divided into four principal bands, based on the frequency of the brain waves. These bands, named after letters in the Greek alphabet, are beta (13-24 cps), alpha (8-12 cps), theta (4-7 cps), and delta (under 4 cps).

Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility. It may also lead to passive relaxation, narrowed attention, and enhanced fantasy. If only in popular films, virtually everyone has seen a hypnotic induction enacted with a swinging pendulum. Actually, many techniques can be used (Gibbons & Lynn, 2010). Usually, the hypnotist suggests to the subject that he or she is relaxing. Repetitively, softly, subjects are told that they are getting tired, drowsy, or sleepy. Often, the hypnotist vividly describes bodily sensations that should be occurring. Subjects are told that their arms are going limp, that their feet are getting warm, that their eyelids are getting heavy. Gradually, most subjects succumb and become hypnotized.

What can be done about insomnia

If you jump to the conclusion that you were becoming an insomniac you may approach sleep with anxiety which will aggravate the problem. The harder you were to fall asleep but worth it will be. It is often a good idea to simply launch yourself into a pleasant day dream this can take your mind off your difficulties try to avoid ruminating about the current stressors in your life. This is a key factor to insomnia. Melatonin can help you fall asleep. Many people consume alcohol near bedtime for it send it have a fax it does tend to help people fall asleep more quickly and stay asleep more effectively for the first half of the night on the other hand alcohol disrupt sleep on the second half of the night and decreases the time spent in REM sleep. This is a cause for concern.

Direct effect

In some cases drugs cause tissue damage directly such as chronic snorting of cocaine can damage nasal membranes. It can also foster cardiovascular disease and crack is associated with a number of respiratory problems. Long-term excessive alcohol consumption is associated with an elevated risk for many serious health problems including liver damage, ulcers etc.

Repeating the cycle

In the night people usually repeat the sleep cycle about four times and it changes gradually. The first REM. Is relatively short only a few minutes but they get progressively longer peaking at around 40 to 60 minutes. Non-REM intervals tend to get shorter. This means that slow wave sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle and REM sleep tends to pile up in the second half. Young adults typically spend about 2 to 5% of their sleep time in andone, 45 to 55% in and 215 to 20% in slow wave and 20 to 25 in REM.

What is the significance of snoring?

It is a common phenomenon seen in roughly 40% of adults. It is more common in men and people who are overweight. Many factors including obesity, cold, allergies, smoking and some drugs can contribute to snoring because it forces people to breathe through their mouth's while sleeping. It has more medical significance than many people realize.

Problems with sedatives

It is possible to overdose on sleeping pills especially in conjunction with alcohol use and they have some potential for abuse. They also have carryover effects and can make people drowsy and sluggish the next day. With continued use sedatives gradually become less effective. Also when people abruptly discontinue these medications they can experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms although the new were ones have reduced some of the problems. Also studies report dramatic increases in mortality.

Treatment for sleep apnea

Lifestyle modifications, drug therapy, special masks and oral devices, and upper airway craniofacial surgery.

Freud theory

Many theories have been proposed to explain the purposes of dreaming. Freud who analyzed clients dreams in therapy believed the principal purpose of dres'd is wish for filament. He thought the people for Phil unmet needs from waking hours there wishful thinking in dreams. Freud asserted the wish for filling quality of many dreams may not be obvious because the unconscious a chance to censor in disguise the true meaning of dreams. This sounded plausible when it was Primos but research has not provided support. Many people believe this.

mesolimbic pathway

Many theorists believe that virtually all abused drugs eventually increase activity in this pathway. This neural circuit which runs from an area in the midbrain through the nucleus accumbens and onto the prefrontal cortex has been described as a reward pathway. Large in rapid increases in the release of dopamine along this path way I thought to be the neural basis of the reinforcing affects of most abused drugs.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Marked by potentially trouble some dream and act meant during REM periods may yell talk or flail about or leave out of bed. They may report they were being chased or attacked in their dreams. Their dreams can get surprisingly violent and off and hurt themselves or their bed partners. Occurs mostly in men who began experiencing this in their 50s or 60s. People in REM sleep are normally virtually paralyzed which prevents dream in act minutes. Because it appears to be deterioration in the brainstem structures that are normally responsible for immobilization during REM periods. A majority of people who suffer from this eventually go on to develop neurodegenerative disorders especially Parkinson's.

Our dreams exciting

Most dreams are relatively mundane. They typically unfold in familiar settings with familiar characters. People are more tolerant of logical discrepancies and in possible scenarios although they generally move through coherent visual worlds in their dreams. The one nearly universal element in dreams is a stable coherent sense of self people almost always experience them from the first person's perspective.

Age trends with sleep

Newborns will sleep 6 to 8 times in a day off and exceeding a total of 16 hours of sleep. During the first several months much of the slave begins to get unified into one particularly long night time sleep. Period infants spend much more of their time in the REM stage it accounts for about 50% in the first few months. This continues to decrease until it levels off during adolescence. The proportion of REM sleep declines slightly in both genders as they age in males The percentage of slow wave sleep declines and the time N1 and N2 increases slightly. These shifts towards later sleep or not seen in women which is perplexing given that elderly women report more insomnia then elderly man.

Are definitions insignificant?

No they have enormous power about how people think about things.

Partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction

Occurs when people make do with substantially less sleep than normal over a period of time. Many sleep experts believe that most of American society suffers from this.

External dreams

On occasion the contents of dreams can also be affected by external stimuli. William DeMent sprayed water on one hand of sleeping patience while they were in the REM stage subjects that were not awaken by the water word roused later and said they were dreaming about water.

Divided consciousness

One appealing aspect of Hilgard's theory is that divided consciousness is a common, normal experience. For example, people will often drive a car a great distance, responding to traffic signals and other cars, with no recollection of having consciously done those specific actions. In such cases, consciousness is clearly divided between driving and the person's thoughts about other matters. Interestingly, this common experience has long been known as highway hypnosis. In summary, Hilgard presents hypnosis as a plausible variation in consciousness that has continuity with everyday experience. A resolution to the debate about whether hypnosis involves an altered state of consciousness does not appear imminent. The issue continues to generate insightful research that enhances our understanding of hypnosis, but the results remain equivocal and open to varied interpretations (Accardi et al., 2013; Mazzoni et al., 2013).

How to realign rhythms-melatonin

One promising line of research has focused on giving people small doses of the hormone melatonin, which appears to regulate the human biological clock. The evidence from a number of studies suggests that melatonin can reduce the effects of jet lag by helping travelers resynchronize their biological clocks, but the results are inconsistent (Monk, 2006). One reason for the inconsistent findings is that when melatonin is used to combat jet lag, the timing of the dose is crucial. But, because calculating the optimal timing is rather complicated, it is easy to get it wrong (Arendt, 2009).

Who is effected by hypnosis

People differ in how well they respond to hypnotic induction. About 10%-20% of people don't respond well at all. At the other end of the continuum, about 15% of people are exceptionally good hypnotic subjects

Sedative facts

Rapid tolerance, high risk of physical dependence and psychological dependence. Accidents, overdose.

Stimulants facts

Rapid tolerance, high risk of psychological dependence and moderate risk of physical dependence. Sleep problems, Mount nutrition, nasal damage, hypertension, respiratory disease, stroke, liver disease, heart attack, overdose

Tolerance

Refers to a progressive decrease in a persons responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use. Tolerance usually leads people to consume larger doses of a drug. Tolerance to alcohol usually build slowly while tolerance to heroin increases quickly.

Alternatives to sleep medications

Relaxation training, sleep hygiene education, and cognitive behavioral therapy but they tend to be under utilized.

Psychology évolution on consciousness

Research on consciousness dwindled after John B Watson 1913, 1919 and others re-define psychology as the science of behavior however in the 1960s people begin to turn inward showing a new interest in offering consciousness through drug use, mediation, hypnosis and biofeedback.

How do circadian rhythms work?

Researchers have a pretty good idea of how the day-night cycle resets human biological clocks. When exposed to light, some receptors in the retina send direct inputs to a small structure in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (Saper, 2013). The SCN sends signals to the nearby pineal gland, whose secretion of the hormone melatonin plays a key role in adjusting biological clocks (Guardiola-Lemaitre & Quera-Salva, 2011).

Rosalind Cartwright

Rosalind cart right propose that dreams provide an opportunity to work through every day problems in emotional issues. Dreams allow people to reflect on recent emotional experience and regulate their emotional tone dreaming contributes to improvement in mood when people awaken. Proponents of this view believe that dreams allow people to engage in creative thinking about problems because they are not restrained by logic or realism. Research showing that REM sleep can enhance learning has added credibility.

hypnosis viewed as

Since then, hypnotism has led a curious dual existence. On the one hand, it has been the subject of numerous scientific studies. Furthermore, it has enjoyed considerable use as a clinical tool by physicians, dentists, and psychologists for more than a century and has empirically supported value in the treatment of a variety of psychological and physical ailments (Green et al., 2014). On the other hand, an assortment of entertainers and quacks have continued in the less respectable tradition of mesmerism, using hypnotism for parlor tricks and chicanery.

Sedatives

Sleep inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity. Historically the most widely abused sedatives have been the barbiturate but in recent decades structure controls have reduce their availability and people have turned to the benzodiazepines sedatives which have notably less potential for abuse. People abusing sedatives generally consume larger doses than prescribed the desired effect is a euphoria similar to that produced by being drunk. Feelings of tank tension or did you action or replaced by a relaxed state of intoxication.

Somnambulism

Sleepwalking occurs when a person arises and wonders about. About 15% of children. 3.6% of adults. Sleepwalking tends to occur during the first three hours of sleep during slow wave sleep. Episodes can last from a minute or 2 to 30 minutes. They may return to bed without any recollection. The causes are unknown but maybe a genetic predisposition and episode are associated with prior sleep deprivation and increased stress. Episodes maybe more likely in people who use non-benzodiazepine especially Ambien. Some people engage in inappropriate aggressive or or sexual behavior and there have been life-threatening accidents during sleepwalking. A history of injuries is what often motivate people to seek treatment.

Can short naps be refreshing?

Some naps are beneficial and some are not. It varies from person to person. Also it depends on the time of day in the amount of sleep one has had recently. Naps tend to be more beneficial when they are rich in slow wave sleep or REM sleep now in the last nap scan in Hance subsequent alertness and task performance and reduce sleepiness. Evidence also suggests they can improve learning and memory even more so than loading up on caffeine.

Why do we need our EM and slow wave sleep

Some studies suggest that they contribute to firming up learning that takes place during the day or memory consolidation. Sleep and Hanses recall on a wide range of very different types of memory tasks. Also suggest that sleep might contribute to a simile new memories into existing networks of knowledge. Some studies even suggest REM May promote creative insight related to a previous learning. REM sleep groups show dramatic increases in creative performance after a nap. Another study found that sleep improves performance on complicated decision making task like gambling. Another found that sleep glad you superior performance on difficult verbal insight problems.

Effects of shift working

Studies show that such workers get less total sleep and poorer-quality sleep (Akerstedt & Kecklund, 2012). These work schedules can have a negative impact on employees' productivity at work, social relations, and mental health (Drake & Wright, 2011; Waage et al., 2009). Studies have also linked rotating shifts to a higher incidence of many physical diseases, including cancer, diabetes, ulcers, high blood pressure, and heart disease (Kriegsfeld & Nelson, 2009; Vyas et al., 2012).

How much sleep do you people need

The average amount of daily sleep for adults is seven hours but people sleep differently which suggests that sleep needs very. Sleep experts believe that most people would function more effectively if the increase their sleep. Research suggests that people who sleep 7 to 8 hours per night have the lowest mortality rates.

Repeating cycles

The daily alternation of light and darkness, the annual pattern of the seasons, and the phases of the moon all reflect this rhythmic quality of repeating cycles. Humans and many other animals display biological rhythms that are tied to these planetary rhythms

How serious are the effects of personal sleep deprivation

The emerging Consensus is that sleep restriction has more negative affects than most people assume. It can impair individuals attention, reaction time, motor coordination, and decision making and may have negative effects on endocrine and immune system. Also has been blamed for large proportion of transportation accidents and workplace accidents. Drowsy driving increases accident risk eight fold. Unfortunately research shows that sleep deprived individuals are not great at predicting if and when they will fall asleep.

Cannabis

The hemp plant from which marijuana, has shish, and THC are derived. Marijuana is a mixture of dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds taken from the plant wall hashish comes from the plants resin. Smoking is the usual route of ingestion for both marijuana and hashish. THC the active chemical ingredient in weed now this can be synthesized for research purposes. When smoked cannabis has an immediate impact that may last several hours. The desired effects are a mild relaxed euphoria and enhance sensory awareness.

How do you treat insomnia

The most common approach is the prescription of two classes of drugs benzodiazepine which were originally developed to relieve anxiety and new were non-benzodiazepine sedatives like Ambien and Lunesta which were designed for sleep problems. Both are fairly effective in helping people fall asleep more quickly and increase total sleep.

How to help shift workers

The negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if workers move through progressively later starting times (instead of progressively earlier starting times) and if they have longer periods between shift changes. Although enlightened scheduling practices can help, the unfortunate reality is that most people find rotating shift work very difficult (Arendt, 2010).

Indirect effects

The negative effects on physical health are often indirect results of drugs impact on behavior. People using stimulants often do not eat or sleep properly. Sedatives increase the risk of accidental injuries many drugs impaired driving ability. Intravenous drug users risk contracting infectious diseases.

Stage one of sleep

The onset of sleep is gradual with no obvious transition point. Subjects are considered to be asleep when there are predominate EEG activity shifts from alpha to theta waves. This varies but the average is 25 minutes. Stage one is a brief transitional stage of light sleep that it usually lasts only 10 to 12 minutes.

Cultural variations in sleep

The psychological and physiological experience of sleep does not appear to very much across cultures. But one study found that whites and African-Americans were more likely to report that they rarely or never enjoyed a good nights sleep then Hispanics or Asians. In many societies shops close and activities are curtailed in the afternoon to permit people to enjoy a 1 to 2 hour midday nap these siesta quarters are found mostly in tropical regions. It helps them avoid the hottest part of the day. It is not found in cultures were conflicts with the emphasis on productivity in the philosophy that time is money.

Selective deprivation

The unique quality of REM sleep led researchers to look into the effects of a special type of partial sleep deprivation. Participants were awakened whenever they began to go into the REM stage. The evidence indicates it has little impact on daytime functioning in task performance but as the nights go by in REM date privation studies it becomes necessary to awaken the more and more often to deprive them of their sleep because they shift into REM more and more frequently. When the study comes to an end they experience A rebound a fact that is they spend extra time in REM for1 to3 nights.

What can be done to avoid sleeping problems?

There are many ways most involves developing sensible daytime habits that won't interfere with sleep. Some people find that daytime exercise helps him fall asleep more easily. It is wise to minimize consumption of stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine many foods like chocolate and beverages like Coke contain more caffeine than people realize. Also going to bed hungry really stuffed or soon after eating is all bad. It is a good idea to establish a reasonably regular bedtime to take advantage of your circadian rhythm. Make sure you have a comfortable bed a quiet bedroom in that the humidity and temperature are to your liking. A dark bedroom is the best and you're not sleep with your cell phone.

How do amphetamines effect neurotransmitters?

They exert their main effect on to neurotransmitter systems: norepinephrine and dopamine. Amphetamines appear to have two Kia facts on these synapses. First they increase the release of dopamine in noreepinephrine in presynaptic neuron's second they interfere with the reuptake of both from synaptic cleft. This serves to increase the levels at the affected synopsis. Cocaine share some of these actions which is why they produce similar effects.

Stage three

This stage brings a deep form of sleep often referred to as slow wave sleep because low-frequency delta waves become prominent. Typically you reach this in less than an hour and stay there for roughly 20 to 40 minutes. Then the sleep cycle reverses and you move upward through the later stages of sleep.

Sleep labs

This work is done in sleep laboratories, where volunteer participants come to spend the night. Sleep labs have one or more "bedrooms" in which the subjects retire, usually after being hooked up to a variety of physiological recording devices. Other instruments monitor breathing, pulse rate, and body temperature. The researchers observe the sleeping subject through a window (or with a video camera) from an adjacent room, where they also monitor their elaborate physiological recording equipment. It takes most people a night to adapt to the strange bedroom and the recording devices, and to return to their normal mode of sleeping.

Cannabis facts

Tolerance is gradual, no risk of physical dependence, low to moderate risk of psychological dependence. Accidents, lung cancer, respiratory disease, pulmonary disease, increase vulnerability to psychosis, cognitive deficit's.

Narcotic facts

Tolerance is rapid, high risk of physical dependence, high risk of psychological dependence, infectious diseases, accidents, immune suppression, overdose

Which direction is it easier to fly in?

West and lengthen your day. A rough rule of thumb for jet lag is that the readjustment process takes about a day for each time zone crossed when flying eastward and about two-thirds of a day per time zone when flying westward (Monk, 2006). With advancing age, individuals take longer to realign their circadian rhythms (Bliwise, 2011).

physical dependence

When a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness. With drawl from heroin barbiturates and alcohol can produce fever chills tremors conversions vomiting cramps diarrhea and severe aches and pains. With drawl from stimulants leads to a more subtle syndrome marked by fatigue apathy irritability and depression and disorientation.

Psychological dependence

When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings. Cocaine can produce an overwhelming Psychological need. It is possible with our recreational drugs although it seems rare for hallucinogens.

REM sleep

When you reach what should be stage one again you go to the fourth stage. These I movements are measured by an electric Ula graph. The discovery of this stage was made accidentally in the 1950s it tends to be a deep stage of sleep in the conventional sense that it is hard to awaken a person from it. The stage is marked by your regular breve thing and poor Spray. Muscle tone is extremely relaxed so bodily movements are minimal and the sleeper is virtually paralyzed. Although it is relatively deep EEG activity is dominated by high frequency beta waves that resemble those observed when people are alert. This is probably because it is more likely to be dreaming during REM sleep.

mesmer

Working in Paris, Mesmer claimed to cure people of illnesses through an elaborate routine involving a "laying on of hands." Mesmer had some complicated theories about how he had harnessed "animal magnetism." However, we know today that he had simply stumbled onto the power of suggestion (Green, Laurence, & Lynn, 2014). Eventually, he was dismissed as a charlatan and run out of town by the local authorities. Although officially discredited, Mesmer inspired followers—practitioners of "mesmerism"—who continued to ply their trade. To this day, our language preserves the memory of Franz Mesmer: when we are under the spell of an event or a story, we are "mesmerized."

Do dreams require interpretation

Yes but it may not be as difficult as generally assumed people have long believed that dreams are symbolic and that it is necessary to interpret them to understand the meaning. Freud made a distinction between the manifest content and the latent content of a dream the manifest consists of the pot at the surface level in the latent refers to the Hidden or disguise meaning. A Freudian therapist might equate such dream about as walking into a tunnel mounting a horse or riding a roller coaster with sexual intercourse. Zadra and Domhoff note that modern dream research reveals that the content of most dreams is realistic and transparent and Calvin Hall makes the point that dreams may require some interpretation simply because they are visual not verbal. There is no definitive way to judge the validity of different dream interpretations.

Does everyone dream?

Yes some people don't remember their dreams however when they are brought into a sleep lab and awaken from REM sleep they report having dreamed. Some people who have sustained brain damage to the area of the ponds that wiped out their REM sleep but even those people report dreams.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

a device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. Summarizes the rhythm of cortical activity in line tracings called brain waves. They vary in amplitude and frequency.

Electromyograph(EMG)

a device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. simultaneous streams of awareness. In other words, Hilgard theorizes that hypnosis splits consciousness into two streams: one stream is in communication with the hypnotist and the external world, while the other is a difficult-to-detect "hidden observer." Hilgard believes that many hypnotic effects are a product of this divided consciousness. For instance, he suggests that a hypnotized subject might appear unresponsive to pain because the pain isn't registered in the portion of consciousness that communicates with other people.

Electrooculograph (EOG)

an instrument that measures eye movements

Biological rhythms

are periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning. The existence of these rhythms means that organisms have internal "biological clocks" that somehow monitor the passage of time.

What does consciousness include?

awareness of external events, your awareness of internal sensations, awareness of yourself as the unique being having these experiences, your awareness of your thoughts about these experiences.

Consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Levels of awareness

conscious, unconscious, preconscious

delta

deep dreamless sleep

Five phenomenon in inner experience

envisioning images of things/events not actually present, speaking words to oneself, feeling emotions, focusing on sensory aspects of one's environment, thinking specific thoughts without the thoughts being conveyed in words or images.

Role playing theory

he role-playing view asserts that hypnosis produces a normal mental state in which suggestible people act out the role of a hypnotic subject and behave as they think hypnotized people are supposed to (Kirsch, 2000; Spanos, 1991). According to this notion, it is subjects' role expectations that produce hypnotic effects, rather than a special, trancelike state of consciousness. Two lines of evidence support the role-playing view. First, many of the seemingly amazing effects of hypnosis have been duplicated by nonhypnotized subjects or have been shown to be exaggerated (Kirsch, Mazzoni, & Montgomery, 2007). This finding suggests that no special state of consciousness is required to explain hypnotic feats. ▶ Reality Check Misconception Under hypnosis, people can perform feats they could never perform otherwise. Reality Stage hypnotists make their living by getting people to do things that appear out of the ordinary. For example, much has been made of the fact that hypnotized subjects can be used as "human planks" (see the photo below). However, it turns out that nonhypnotized subjects can match this feat. Research suggests that all the phenomena produced in hypnosis can also be produced by suggestion without hypnosis. ▶ Reality Check imago stock&people Newscom The second line of evidence involves demonstrations that hypnotized participants are often acting out a role. For example, Martin Orne (1951) regressed hypnotized subjects back to their sixth birthday and asked them to describe it. They responded with detailed descriptions that appeared to represent great feats of hypnosis-enhanced memory. However, instead of accepting this information at face value, Orne compared it with information he had obtained from the participants' parents. It turned out that many of the subjects' memories were inaccurate and invented! Many other studies have also found that age-regressed subjects' recall of the distant past tends to be more fanciful than factual (Green, 1999). Thus, the role-playing explanation of hypnosis suggests that situational factors lead suggestible subjects to act out a certain role in a highly cooperative manner (Lynn, Kirsch, & Hallquist, 2008; Wagstaff et al., 2010). Hypnosis as an Altered State of Consciousness Despite the doubts raised by role-playing explanations, many prominent theorists still maintain that hypnotic effects are attributable to a special, altered state of consciousness (Naish, 2006; Spiegel, 2003a; Woody & Sadler, 2008). These theorists argue that it is doubtful that role playing can explain all hypnotic phenomena. For instance, they assert that even the most cooperative subjects are unlikely to endure surgery without a drug anesthetic just to please their physician and live up to their expected role. They also cite studies in which hypnotized participants have continued to display hypnotic responses when they thought they were alone and not being observed (Perugini et al., 1998). If hypnotized participants were merely acting, they would drop the act when alone.

Electrocardiograph (EKG)

instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart

review the greek letter things again

ok

Alpha

relaxed and resting

Similar results with

slow wave sleep

Circadian Rythms

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. daily cycles also produce rhythmic variations in blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretions, and other physical functions. These cycles also affect alertness, short-term memory, and other aspects of cognitive performance

When is mind wandering more likely?

when subjects were bored, anxious, tired, or stressed

Beta

when you are alertly engaged in problem solving

Stream of consciousness

william james endless flow of ideas

Are people aware during sleep

yes because some stimuli can still penetrate awareness