Construction: Masonry

Rule for brick corbelling: The brick can protrude out up to _____ times the height of the brick.

1/2

If we have a mortar joint, the first ____ to ____ will be raked (removed), to prevent uneven settling

1/2" to 1"

Per IBC 1405.10.3: Exterior veneers shall have a maximum weight of _____ PSF (Masonry veneers include both stone veneers and brick veneers.)

15 PSF

How long is the brick firing process?

2 days to a week

How long after mortar is mixed does the mason have to work with it before it must be discarded, and a new batch is mixed? If extended life admixtures are added to the mortar, then we can keep the mortar up to _____

2.5 Hours, 72 Hours

Per IBC 1405.10.3: Interior adhered masonry veneers shall have a maximum weight of _____ PSF (Masonry veneers include both stone veneers and brick veneers.)

20 PSF

Standard Modular brick size

3 5/8" x 2 1/4" x 7 5/8"

Mortar thickness

3/8"

The minimum distance between the wythes in a multi-wythe wall is no less than _____ -To maintain the capillary break between the two wythes.

3/8"

The maximum distance between the wythes in a multi-wythe wall is no more than _____

4"

Hollowed bricks are anything that's at least ____% solid

40%

Most common Concrete Block (CMU) actual dimensions?

7-5/8" x 15-5/8" x 7-5/8"

Bricks that are ___% solid or greater is considered solid.

75%

The sill should be tilted, typically at least ______ degrees from horizontal?

8 degrees

Most common Concrete Block (CMU) nominal dimensions?

8" x 16" x 8"

Stones are categorized by shape and size: Quarried stones that are cut into rectangular shapes, small rectangular shapes

Ashlar

In masonry, where each course of brick overhangs the one below by some small increment.

Brick Corbelling

This type of brick, its appearance doesn't really matter. -Used for backup wythes that will not be visible.

Building Brick

Types of CMU: Also called a coping or paver

Cap or Paving Unit

Types of CMU: It's a top course, so the hollow portions of the concrete block are not exposed.

Capping Unit

Two flavors of Portland Cement used in Masonry:

Cement Lime Mortar and Blended Hydraulic Cements

In the old days, bricks were piled, called _____. And they were buried and burned underground. Often at the site.

Clamps

Brick Patterns: Headers are every 7 or 8 courses.

Common Bond

Which brick mortar joints are acceptable for outdoor use, where it freezes or rains?

Concave and Vee

Types of CMU: Larger hollow units

Concrete Blocks

Types of CMU: smaller units, size of bricks but they're concrete.

Concrete Bricks

What do you call something on top of a parapet wall, a roof, or on top of a masonry wall? Something that's going to protect the wall itself form moisture and freeze/thaw, sun, rain, and all the kinds of breakdowns that happens on any surface that's horizontal?

Coping

Type of brick where it's placed on the top, to protect the wall that's beneath it.

Coping Brick

In this type of masonry arch, each successful course of masonry leans out a little further than the one below it.

Corbel Arch

These two types of bricks are considered 'solid' bricks, and can achieve more drying with less heat because it has a greater surface area that's more exposed to the air.

Cored & Frogged Brick

Stones are categorized by shape and size: Quarried stones that are cut into rectangular shapes, large slabs

Cut Stone

Stones are categorized by shape and size: Rectangular stone that is quarried is called:

Dimension Stone

Allows the water that's running down to let it drip down. It prevents capillary action and keeps water from seeping into gaps.

Drip Ledge

When blocks are stacked without mortar, then they are covered with a thick layer of cement plaster on both sides. The plaster itself has tiny fiber reinforcing that resembles stucco, and acts like a stressed-skin panel. -it provides the structural support needed for both in tension and compression. -Because we don't have the mortars to keep the blocks level when we go course to course, we level the blocks instead with plastic shims.

Dry-Stacked masonry wall or surface bonded masonry

Is a crystalline or powdery deposit of salts often visible on the surface of concrete, brick, stucco, or natural stone surfaces. It occurs when water leaves behind salt deposits on the masonry surface.

Efflorescence

At the sill flashing, it's important to have the _________, to prevent water from seeping into the sill horizontally. -could be a peel and stick membrane -or could be a pre-formed flashing that you can insert in.

End Dam

Brick Patterns: Every other course is a course of headers.

English Bond

Facing Bricks: -More variation in size and chippage than FBS. But this is done intentionally. -Produces less of a 'machined look'.

FBA

Facing Bricks: -Most common appearance grade. -Some variation in size and some chippage. -This type is our standard, our baseline.

FBS

Facing Bricks: -More dimensionally uniform, higher appearance grade with less chippage.

FBX

This type of brick is used for exterior use, where the brick can be seen. -it looks better; better finish -Can be structural or non-structural

Facing Brick

Stones are categorized by shape and size: These stone come from riverbeds. Often strewn on fields.

Field Stone

These bricks are used for lining things like fireplaces or furnaces. -superior heat resistance -requires a special fire clay mortar and thinner joints.

Fire Bricks

Stones are categorized by shape and size: regular or irregular shaped, and used for floor or paving.

Flagstone

Brick Patterns: Stretchers and headers are alternated every other brick.

Flemish Bond

Cages of metal that have loose rock filling them. We can stack those for things like retaining walls.

Gabion Walls

Type of Stone: -The most common igneous rock in North America in construction. -Hardest and Strongest -Non-porous -The most permanent of building stones. -Can use it sub-grade, underground, or exposed. -Used even in severe weathering -Graded as: Fine, Medium, or Coarse grained. -Able to cut really thin, at 3/8" thick.

Granite

Types of CMU: filled with reinforced concrete and will span across a window or door as a lintel or header to tie the two portions of the wall together horizontally. (Two types)

Header Unit & Channel Bond Beam

This type of brick is used if we have reinforcing bars running through them.

Hollow Brick

Rock species nomenclature: Rocks that come from volcanoes.

Igneous

Type of brick that's used around the window.

Jamb and Sill Brick

Types of CMU: Really large, and they're solid.

Large Solid Units

What are masonry corners called?

Leads

These pins are used to lift stones. The pins are inserted into the stones temporarily.

Lewis Pins

Type of Stone: -Sedimentary, made from skeletons of shells, ancient sea life. -It's porous, therefore weakest in the stone family. -Can only cut it to 2" thick. -Contains quarry sap (water), must ensure it's not exposed to frost until it dries, otherwise it can break. -Must be polished (when polished, it's classified as marble) -Can deteriorate in acid, therefore not for use in polluted areas, and cannot be cleaned with acid. -Four grades: --Select grade (finest grain and fewest flaws) --Varigated grade (coarsest grain and most flaws)

Limestone

A horizontal support of timber, stone, or steel across the top of a door or window.

Lintel

Brick Grade: -2nd toughest brick -weather resistant -exterior use, but only in warm areas (negligible weathering)

MW

Type of Stone: -Metamorphic rock, comes from limestone that's been re-heated by the geology of the earth. -Easily carved and polished. -Can be cut really thin, 3/4" thick. -Like limestone, it can deteriorate in acid. Therefore, not for use in polluted areas with acid rain. And can't be cleaned with acid. -Graded from group A through D --Grade A is most uniform, and Grade D has most faults.

Marble

Proprietary cements that are used in Masonry. Typically a cocktail of various materials. -The air-entraining admixtures required to make this cement type more workable, but reduces the strength of the mortar and allows more water to penetrate.

Masonry Cement

Rock species nomenclature: Are either igneous rock or sedimentary rock, that have bene pushed down and re-heated and become a third type of rock.

Metamorphic Rock

This type of brick is the most commonly used in most parts of the country.

Modular

Is the metric most important to determining the ability of a stone to accept metal anchors that hold them to buildings. -The compressive strength of a stone is most important for stone in a load-bearing wall. -The flexural strength of stone is most important for resistance to wind, which can be a problem for thin panels that we see in buildings.

Modulus of Rupture

Tallest load-bearing brick ever constructed. The prototypical skyscraper, before we started using steel. Constructed in (1891-93)

Monadnock Building

Brick Grade: -Interior use only

NW

These types of bricks are used for horizontal surfaces (walks, drives, patios) -superior freeze/thaw resistance -lower water absorption rates

Paving Bricks

Type of Kiln: -Bricks are taken into a kiln, fired up for 2 days to a week, emptied, new bricks come in, are fired up again, and so forth.

Periodic Kiln

Which mortar offers higher strength and lower water permeability? Mortar made with _____

Portland Cement

Type of Stone: -Sedimentary -Includes sandstone (which contains brownstone and bluestone) --Brownstone is a porous stone, thus can't be polished. --Bluestone is often used in paving.

Quartz-based stone

Are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall or opening. Historically used to reinforce the areas to prevent horse carriages or buggies from chipping away at the corners. Now, it's used more as a decorative feature.

Quoins

A little notch that we run our flashing into, and the flashing runs down and outboard of the actual masonry.

Reglet

Stones are categorized by shape and size: Irregular quarried stone, with at least one exposable face (non-rectangular)

Rubble

Brick Patterns: No headers

Running Bond

Brick Grade: -Toughest Brick -Used for underground applications -Most resistant to weathering -Acceptable for any climate

SW

Rock species nomenclature: Rocks that comes from deposits.

Sedimentary

Type of Stone: -Metamorphic stone, comes from clay. -has planes of cleavage -good for paving, roof shingle, and thin wall facings.

Slate

Types of CMU: Just a solid unit that's the size of a normal CMU

Solid Unit

Type of CMU Block: -Is a type of decorative block. -Two blocks are cast together, with a perforation between them. And then they're split apart by a metal blade, creating a rough texture.

Split Faced Block

Mortar Type: -Least expensive & least labor intensive. -Most common type of bricks. -They make brick that's 15% water and run it through a vacuum to remove pockets of air, then they extrude the clay through a rectangular window. Which is then cut with an automatic wire. -It's the most homogenous/uniform. Each brick looks like the next. (seen in newer buildings)

Stiff Mud Process

Masonry corners are built very carefully with a mason's rule called?

Story pole

These anchors are used to anchor the mortar to the wall between two course stones.

Strap anchors

Facing tiles made of clay. They are used when we want a durable surface that's easy to clean. -often seen in public bathrooms, subways, factories, and locker room showers.

Structural glazed facing tiles

Type of Kiln: -Continuous train of bricks on rail cars. They move through a tube with continuously new brick being added to the front end, and fired brick continuously emerging on the back end.

Tunnel Kiln

Which types of cement is used in mortar?

Type I, Type II, Type III

Mortar Type: -The lowest strength. (75 PSI) -Phased out. -Only used for specialty applications, like restoration work.

Type K

Mortar Type: -Highest strength (2,500 PSI) -For below grade -High loads (lateral or compressive) -Climates with severe frost -Not easily workable

Type M

Mortar Type: -Medium Strength, General Purpose Mortar (750 PSI) -Along with Type S, is the most commonly used. -Balance of workability and strength. -For non-loadbearing veneers and chimneys. -For interior-loadbearing walls.

Type N

Mortar Type: -Low Strength (300 PSI) -For interior non-loadbearing use.

Type O

Pointing mortar, which is the visible portion of the mortar from the front, uses typically which types of mortar? (two types)

Type O or Type N

Mortar Type: -Second highest strength (1,800 PSI) -Along with Type N, is the most commonly used. -Exterior Reinforced Masonry -Exterior Load-Bearing Masonry -Veneers subject to lateral loads (seismic or high wind loads)

Type S

These types of bricks are larger and cheaper than modular bricks. Only costs 75% the cost of a modular brick wall and will better resist compressive loads. -Larger bricks are less expensive because they require less mortar.

Utility Bricks

Mortar Type: -Soft Mud Process, uses moist clays that are 20-30% water. -Clays are pressed into molds, typically wood molds, either by hand or machines. -Very labor intensive process. -Used for custom bricks (arches, historic preservation project) -More variation for each brick

Water Struck Brick

Mortar Type: -For dryer clays (10% water) to prevent excess shrinking. -Clays are pressed into steel molds, either by hand or machines. -Very labor intensive process. -Used for custom bricks (arches, historic preservation project) -More variation for each brick

Water Struck Brick Variation

Type of brick where it projects at the lower masonry on the outside of a wall, slightly above the ground. -Functions both as a decorative element, and a way to deflect water running down the face of a building away from lower courses of the foundation.

Water Table Brick

A continuous vertical section of masonry that is one unit thick.

Wythe

What is the smallest interior dimension used for the hollow part in the middle of concrete masonry units (CMU)?

Zero, CMU can be completely solid

Should the Pointing Mortar be stronger or the rest of the mortar deeper in be stronger?

rest of the mortar deeper in

In a masonry wall, we're worried most about the areas where we have some kind of _____

transition