Consumer Behavior Chp 16 (Exam 2)
form brand alliances
Firms with a limited reputation sometimes do which of the following with a reputable firm so as to gain from the quality associated with the known brand?
to identify or discover the one optimal choice for the decision confronting the decision maker
What is the task in the rational choice theory?
all of the above
Which of the following is a decision rule used by consumers?
all of the above
Which of the following is a noncompensatory decision rule?
a, b, and c
Which of the following is a type of consumer choice process?
Truth-in-Lending law
Which of the following is an example of a federal law passed to facilitate direct comparisons among alternatives?
bounded rationality
A limited capacity for processing information is known as _____.
the general nature of the outcome being sought
A metagoal refers to _____.
brand alliance
A new brand of peanut butter cookies includes Hershey's Kisses chocolates on top. Which of the following is this new brand using in an attempt to gain from the quality associated with Hershey's chocolate?
perceptual mapping
A technique that requires consumers to judge the similarity of alternative brands is _____.
True
Affective choices tend to be holistic in nature.
True
All consumers have a bounded rationality.
affective choice
Amy is shopping for a dress to wear to a formal dance. She tried on several dresses, not even noticing the price of each. After about two hours of this, she tried one on and exclaimed, "This is it!" That particular dress was the one that she thought made her look fabulous, so she bought it. Which type of choice did Amy use to select this dress?
False
Attitude-based choices are not used for important decisions.
False
Attribute-based choices involve the use of general attitudes, summary impressions, intuitions, or heuristics.
all of the above must be determined
Before a marketing manager or a public policy decision maker can develop a sound strategy to affect consumer decisions, her or she must determine all EXCEPT which of the following?
a, b, and c
Before a marketing manager or public policy decision maker can develop a sound strategy to affect consumer decisions, he or she must determine _____.
attitude-based choice
Bobbie bought a Dell computer because her brother has one, and he seems to be satisfied with it. She did not compare any other computers when making this choice. Which type of choice process did Bobbie use?
direct
Chaz was asked by a market researcher which criteria he uses when purchasing beer. He told the researcher that taste and price are important to him. Which method did the researcher use to obtain this information from Chaz?
True
Conjunctive, disjunctive, elimination-by-aspects, and lexicographic are noncompensatory decision rules.
conjunctive
Conrad is considering the purchase of a laptop computer. He has decided that he will not spend more that $1200, the computer must weigh no more that 4 pounds, and battery life must last at least 4 hours. He has similar minimum requirements for a few other criteria he is using to evaluate alternatives. If an alternative does not meet ALL of these minimum requirements, he will not consider it further. Which decision rule is Conrad using?
bounded rationality
Duane is of average intelligence, and like most consumers, he cannot compare too many alternatives at one time. This limited capacity for processing information is known as _____.
True
Evaluative criteria can differ in type, number, and importance.
a, b, and c
Evaluative criteria can differ on which of the following?
quality
Evaluative criteria differ on all EXCEPT which of the following?
True
Factors affecting the relative importance and influence of evaluative criteria include usage situation, competitive context, and advertising effects.
True
For a target market using the elimination-by-aspects rule, it is critical to meet or surpass the consumers' requirements on one more (in order) of the criteria used than the competition.
perceptual mapping
Gail was participating in a market research study, and she was given 20 pairs of brands of shampoo and asked to indicate which pair is most similar, which is second most similar, and so forth until all pairs were ranked. Which type of indirect measurement technique used to assess Gail's evaluative criteria does this represent?
Compaq and NEC would be considered further.
Given attribute cutoffs of Price = 5, Quality = 5, and Weight = 4, which of the following would be chosen using the disjunctive decision rule?
Compaq
Given the following importance weights Price = 50, Quality = 40, and Ease of use = 10, which of the following computers would be chosen using a compensatory decision rule?
Sony and Pioneer would be considered further.
Given the following information, which of the following compact disc players would be chosen using the elimination-by-aspects decision rule?
Sony
Given the following information, which of the following compact disc players would be chosen using the lexicographic decision rule?
IBM
Given the following minimum standards (cutoff points) Price = 3, Quality = 4, and Ease of use = 3, which of the following computers would be chosen using the conjunctive decision rule?
projective technique
Gwen is an elderly lady and is participating in a market research study. The researcher asked her to describe the criteria someone who needs adult diapers might use to evaluate alternatives. The researcher was not asking Gwen what criteria she would use, but rather, the criteria Gwen thinks someone else would use. Which type of technique is this known as?
instrumental motive
Hannah asked her mother to buy her a certain brand of athletic shoes because that's what all the other kids are wearing at school. For Hannah, which type of motive is most likely underlying her request for that specific brand?
It was used to provide data on the structure of consumers' preferences for product features and their willingness to trade one feature for more of another feature.
How did Sunbeam Appliance Company use conjoint analysis to help them redesign its many lines of small kitchen appliances?
False
In a compensatory decision, a brand's weakness on one attribute cannot be overcome by it's strength on another attribute.
conjoint analysis
In which type of indirect measurement approach to measuring the relative importance of consumers' evaluative criteria are consumers presented with several descriptions of alternatives and asked to rank all of them in terms of his or her preference for those combinations of features?
compensatory
Joanne is considering the purchase of a microwave oven and has four evaluative criteria. For each criterion, she has attached an importance weight ("W"), and each brand is evaluated on its performance on that criterion ("B"). Then a rating is calculated by summing the product of the B's and W's on a criterion for each brand, and the brand with the highest overall rating is chosen. Which type of decision rule is Joanne using?
usage situation
John drinks Schwepps Ginger Ale for dinner as a beverage, while Jack uses it only as a mixer in his cocktails. Which factor that influences the importance of evaluative criteria is this?
metagoals
Maximizing the accuracy of the decision or minimizing the experience of negative emotion while making the decision are examples of consumer _____.
The reduction in the quantity did not reach the level of a just noticeable difference.
Procter & Gamble is the manufacturer of Pampers diapers. At one time, the price of a typical package of diapers was relatively high (i.e., over $12 a package). Due to the threat of store brands stealing market share because of their lower price, P&G decided to lower the price for Pampers. While most consumers noticed the price reduction because P&G promoted that fact, what most of them did not notice was that the number of diapers per package also decreased. However, the reduction was only one or two diapers per package. Which of the following best explains why consumers did not notice the reduction in the quantity?
surrogate
Sam is a retiree with considerable resources, so he doesn't really spend much time on purchase decisions. His belief is that the most expensive brand is probably also the best in terms of quality. Sam uses price as a _____ indicator of quality.
intangible
Samantha is purchasing a new car. She knows she should compare alternatives on the basis of cost and performance features, but she can't help but consider the styling and the color. She also wants a car that will make her look "cool" and feel special when she's driving it. Styling, color, and how the car will make her feel are examples of _____ evaluative criteria.
the ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli
Sensory discrimination is _____.
usage situation
Speed of service and convenient location are criteria Jake considers when deciding at which restaurant to eat lunch during a work day. However, when he and his wife go out for a romantic dinner, the ambiance and quality of the food are more important. Which factor is influencing the importance he places of various criteria?
intangible
Style, taste, prestige, feelings generated, and brand image are examples of which type of evaluative criteria?
sensory discrimination
The ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli is called _____.
True
The conjunctive decision rule establishes minimum required performance standards for each evaluative criterion and selects the first or all brands that meet or exceed these minimum standards.
False
The disjunctive decision rule establishes an optimum level of performance for each evaluative criterion.
blind tests
The famous Pepsi challenge had consumers taste two brands of cola without letting them know the brand name of either. Which type of test is this?
just noticeable difference
The minimum amount that one brand can differ from another with the difference still being noticed is referred to as the ______.
False
The most common method of direct measurement to determine the relative importance of evaluative criteria is the semantic differential.
compensatory
The multiattribute model is which type of decision rule?
tangible and intangible
The two types of evaluative criteria are _____.
evaluative criteria
The various dimensions, features, or benefits consumers look for in response to a specific problem are called _____.
direct and indirect
To determine which criteria are used by consumers in a specific product decision, the marketing researcher can utilize which two methods of measurement?
all of the above
Which of the following is an example of a metagoal?
all of the above
Which of the following is often used as a surrogate indicator of quality?
constant sum scales
Which of the following is the most common method of direct measurement of the relative importance of consumers' evaluative criteria?
conjoint analysis
Which of the following is the most popular indirect measurement approach to measuring the relative importance of consumers' evaluative criteria?
semantic differential scales
Which of the following is the most widely used technique for measuring consumers' judgments of brand performance on specific attributes?
consummatory motives
Which of the following motives are most likely in affective choices?
Motivation, information availability, and situational factors interact to determine which choice process will be used.
Which of the following statements is true regarding consumer choice processes?
affective choice
Which of the following tends to be more holistic in nature, and the brand is not decomposed into distinct components that are evaluated separately from the whole?
all of the above
Which of the following was used by Sunbeam Appliance Company to assist in redesigning its many lines of small kitchen appliances?
rational choice theory
Which theory assumes that the consumer is a rational decision maker with well-defined, stable preferences, and has sufficient skills to calculate which option will maximize his or her value and will choose on this basis?
attitude-based choice
Which type of consumer choice process involves the use of general attitudes, summary impressions, intuitions, or heuristics, and no attribute-by-attribute comparisons are made at the time of choice?
attribute-based choice
Which type of consumer choice process requires the knowledge of specific attributes at the time the choice is made, and it involves attribute-by-attribute comparisons across brands?
instrumental motives
Which type of motives activates behaviors designed to achieve a second goal?
consummatory motives
Which type of motives underlie behaviors that are intrinsically rewarding to the individual involved?
blind tests
Which type of test enables the marketer to evaluate the functional characteristics of the product and to determine if an advantage over a particular competitor has been obtained without the contaminating, or halo, effects of the brand name or the firm's reputation?
blind tests
Which type of test is one in which the consumer is not aware of the product's brand name?
how consumers will trade one evaluative criteria for another
With the information provided by perceptual mapping the marketer can determine all of the following EXCEPT _____.
surrogate indicator
An attribute used to stand for or indicate another attribute is known as a _____.
False
An attribute used to stand for or indicate another attribute is known as a proxy indicator.
tangible
Andrew is considering the purchase of a portable DVD player. He is comparing alternatives on the basis of screen size, battery life, and price. Andrew is using which type of evaluative criteria?
tangible
Cost and performance features are examples of which type of evaluative criteria?
True
Indirect measurement techniques used to determine consumers' evaluative criteria differ from direct measurements in that they assume consumers will not or cannot state their evaluative criteria.
conjoint analysis
Jamie was participating in a market research study regarding computers when he was presented with 24 different computers that varied on four criteria. He was asked to rank all 24 descriptions in terms of his preference for those combinations of features. Which approach to assess the relative importance Jamie places on evaluative criteria was this research using?
attribute-based choice
Joseph is considering the purchase of a computer, and he is comparing brands on the basis of price, memory, speed, and reliability. He mentally ranks each alternative on these attributes and makes a selection based on these rankings. Joseph is using which type of choice process?
elimination-by-aspects
Miles is considering the purchase of a new car. Price is the most important criterion for him, and he will only consider those models that do not exceed $20,000. Since several models satisfy this criterion, he then considers how each alternative performs with respect to gas mileage, and he will not consider any that get less than 20 miles per gallon in the city. Which decision rule is Miles using?
evaluative criteria
Nancy usually considers price and quality when she has to make a major purchase, such as an appliance or an automobile. These two features represent Nancy's _____.
consummatory motive
Pamela likes to sew because it relaxes her. To her, it's like therapy. For Pamela, sewing represents which type of motive?
disjunctive
Which decision rule establishes a minimum level of performance for each important attribute (often a fairly high level), and all brands that meet or exceed the performance level for any key attribute are considered acceptable?
conjunctive
Which decision rule establishes minimum required performance standards for each evaluative criterion and selects the first or all brands that meet or exceed these minimum standards?
lexicographic
Which decision rule requires the consumer to rank the criteria in order of importance, and then the consumer selects the brand that performs best on the most important attribute?
elimination-by-aspects
Which decision rule requires the consumer to rank the evaluative criteria in terms of their importance and to establish a cutoff point for each criterion, and all brands are first considered on the most important criterion, the second most important, and so on until only one brand remains?
compensatory
Which decision rule states that the brand that rates highest on the sum of the consumer's judgments of the relevant criteria will be chosen?
projective techniques
Which indirect measurement techniques used to determine consumers' evaluative criteria allow the respondent to indicate the criteria someone else might use?
direct
Which measurement method involves asking consumers what criteria they use in a particular purchase or, in a focus group setting, noting what consumers say about products and their attributes?
indirect
Which measurement technique used to assess consumers' evaluative criteria assumes consumers will not or cannot state their evaluative criteria?
projective techniques and perceptual mapping
Which of the following are indirect measurement techniques used to determine consumers' evaluative criteria?
all of the above
Which of the following does NOT affect how important various criteria are for consumers?
decision rules applied
Which of the following does NOT influence the evaluation of alternatives on each criterion?
conjoint
Which of the following is NOT a decision rule used by consumers?
rational choice
Which of the following is NOT a type of consumer choice process?
