Consumer Behavior - Comprehensive Test

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The degree to which an individual behaves in a manner unique to a subculture depends on

the extent to which the individual identifies with that subculture

Which of the following is an important means of reaching virtually all of the native-language speakers of any nationality nationwide?

Direct broadcast satellite (DBS)

The simplest form of message framing where only a single attribute is the focus of the frame is known as _____. A) priming B) a one-sided message C) goal framing D) simple framing E) attribute framing

The vegetarian market includes which group of consumers? A) adults B) adolescents C) children D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which of the following are the most commonly described subcultures?

Ethic group

______subcultures are defined as those whose members' unique shared behaviors are based on a common racial, language, or national background.

Ethnic

Repeat purchasers continue to buy the same brand because of their emotional attachment to it.

False

Research has shown that the Internet is used equally by all segments of the adult U.S. population.

False

Market characteristics that influence the expected benefits and perceived costs of search include the number of alternatives, price range, store distribution, and information availability.

True

Nominal decision making is sometimes referred to as habitual decision making.

True

One reason a consumer does an ongoing search is because the process itself is pleasurable to him or her.

True

Sometimes consumers purchase products and do not use them.

True

Which of the following is an example of a federal law passed to facilitate direct comparisons among alternatives?

Truth-in-Lending law

Which information source is NOT actively acquired by consumers?

low-involvement learning

Which of the following is a source of increased customer profitability over time? all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is an alternative once a consumer has decided to get rid of a product?

all of the above

Which of the following is a noncompensatory decision rule?

all of the above

Pamela likes to sew because it relaxes her. To her, it's like therapy. For Pamela, sewing represents which type of motive?

consummatory motive

Which of the following motives are most likely in affective choices?

consummatory motives

The person present during a focus group discussion that keeps the discussion moving and focused on the topic is called a(n) _____.

moderator

Which of the following drives problem recognition?

the consumer's perception of the actual state

Which consumer group is driven by a desire to help with respect to cause-related marketing programs? A) Skeptic B) Balancer C) Attribution-oriented D) Socially concerned E) Apathetic

Which country has the largest percentage of its citizens older than 60 years of age? A) Philippines B) Canada C) United States D) Japan E) Saudi Arabia

Which need is activated when one's identity is threatened, motivating the person to protect his or her self-concept and utilize defensive behaviors and attitudes?

D) need for ego defense

Which motives reflect needs for observable cues or symbols that enable people to infer what they feel and know?

D) need for objectification

Which of the following is NOT a type of cognitive learning?

D) operant

A consumer's need for reinforcement is _____.

D) passive and external

The newest generation born after 1994 is referred to as _____. A) the baby boom generation B) Generation X C) Generation Y D) Generation Z E) Millennials

Disposition of the product or the product's container may occur _____ product use.

a, b, and c

Evaluative criteria can differ on which of the following?

a, b, and c

Which of the following is often used as a surrogate indicator of quality?

all of the above

Which marketing strategies are appropriate for limited decision making?

capture strategy and intercept strategy

The term used to refer to turnover in a firm's customer base is _____.

churn

Negative emotions or guilt feelings aroused by the use of a product or a service are referred to as _____.

consumption guilt

A(n) _____ is the way an individual wants to feel or be at the present time.

desired state

Candice is on a diet and wants to lose 10 pounds. She wants to be thin right now, which represents her _____.

desired state

Chaz was asked by a market researcher which criteria he uses when purchasing beer. He told the researcher that taste and price are important to him. Which method did the researcher use to obtain this information from Chaz?

direct

Which group of consumers doubts the sincerity or effectiveness of cause-related marketing programs? A) Skeptic B) Balancer C) Attribution-oriented D) Socially concerned E) Apathetic

Which index is published by the Human Rights Campaign Foundation and measures how equitably a company treats its GLBT (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender) employees, customers, and investors? A) corporate equality index (CEI) B) corporate GLBT index C) corporate identity index (CII) D) gay rights index (GRI) E) green index

Which of the following is a nonmarketing factor affecting problem recognition?

all of the above

Which of the following is a primary source of information available to consumers?

all of the above

26. Which of the following is NOT evaluated when analyzing a company's own ability to meet customer needs? A. competitors B. financial strengths C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation

A. competitors

Which of the following involves presenting two stimuli in close proximity so that eventually the two are perceived to be related or associated? A) pairing B) combining C) conditioning D) operating E) shaping

_____ refers to the traits of femininity and masculinity. A) Gender B) Sex C) Gender identity D) Gender roles E) Gender continuum

Which of the following is NOT considered an emotional dimension?

D) feeling

The process of encouraging partial responses leading to the final desired response is known as _____.

D) shaping

60. Families considering the purchase of products such as a house, furniture, or a vacation, typically use which type of family decision making? A. husband-dominant B. wife-dominant C. individualized D. joint E. child-dominant

D. joint

Which of Maslow's needs reflects individuals' desires for status, superiority, self-respect, and prestige? A) safety B) self-actualization C) physiological D) belongingness E) esteem

Which of the following is a function served by attitudes?

E) all of the above

Which of the following is a hedonic shopping motive related to McGuire's typology?

E) all of the above

Which of the following is a motivation research technique?

E) all of the above

Which of the following is a strategy for altering the cognitive component of a consumer's attitude?

E) all of the above

Which type of consumer decision making does NOT include alternative evaluation?

nominal decision making

Marketing efforts focused on a firm's current customers are generally termed _____.

relationship marketing

Household income

Which demographic characteristic describes the greatest percentage of U.S. adult Internet users? A) Women B) Black, non-Hispanic C) 65+ years of age D) Household income of $75,000+ E) Rural

Marketing efforts focused on a firm's current customers are generally termed _____. A) relationship marketing B) internal marketing C) personal marketing D) formal marketing E) acquisition marketing

Marriott Rewards customers earn points whenever they stay at any Marriott property. Louis is in this program, and he travels quite a bit because he works in sales. He usually stays at a Courtyard by Marriott, and when he walks into the lobby there is a sign by the desk welcoming him by name as well as other Marriott Rewards customers who might be staying there. This ongoing relationship between Louis and Marriott is an example of _____. A) relationship marketing B) internal marketing C) personal marketing D) formal marketing E) acquisition marketing

Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes all EXCEPT which of the following? A) cognition B) physiological C) safety D) belongingness E) esteem

The energizing force that activates behavior and provides purpose and direction to that behavior is known as _____.

A) motivation

Which of the following statements is true regarding active and inactive consumer problems?

Active problems require the marketer only to convince consumers that its brand is the superior solution.

What is the premise underlying geo-demographic analyses? A) Age is the primary factor influencing lifestyle. B) Lifestyle, and thus consumption, is largely driven by demographic factors. C) Lifestyle, and thus consumption, is largely driven by education. D) Lifestyle cannot be measured, that is why geographic and demographic variables are analyzed. E) Lifestyle, and thus consumption, is based on primary motivations and resources.

When a teenager says, "It's cool," his friends understand that he's not talking about the temperature. In this case, the meaning of the word, "cool," is based on its _____ meaning. A) semantic B) psychological C) cognitive D) affective E) seminal

When asked why he bought a specific automobile, Jeremy replied that is has good gas mileage, is rated one the best cars in terms of safety, and was in a moderate price range. These reasons reflect Jeremy's _____ motives. A) latent B) manifest C) acceptable D) primary E) identifiable

When consumers do not directly experience a reward or punishment to learn but instead observe the outcomes of others' behaviors and adjust their own accordingly, which type of learning has occurred? A) operant learning B) vicarious learning C) shaping D) analytical reasoning E) iconic rote learning

When orange juice attempted to expand the various times of day when consumers would see orange juice as an appropriate beverage to consume, they were trying to influence which situation? A) communication B) usage C) purchase D) disposition E) all of the above

Which VALS segment of consumers is style conscious and trendy, has limited education, narrow interests, and money defines success for them? A) Experiencers B) Strivers C) Survivors D) Makers E) Believers

Which cohort was born between 1930 and 1945? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Which core trait in the Five-Factor Model of personality is manifested by an individual being moody, temperamental, and touchy? A) introversion B) instability C) sulkiness D) conscientiousness E) agreeableness

Which of the following barriers to online purchasing is related to consumer fears regarding how personal information about them that is gathered online might be used? A) lack of "touch" B) online privacy concerns C) economic costs D) opportunity costs E) dispersion concerns

Which of the following is an ability factor related to attention that may require less attention to the brand's ads by an individual due to their high existing knowledge? A) involvement B) brand familiarity C) brand equity D) contrast E) interestingness

Which set of motives deals with our need to determine who or what causes the things that happen to us?

B) need for attribution

SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin) is used to assess which component of attitude? A) cognitive B) affective C) behavioral D) orientation E) personality

Vanity Fair, the makers of Lee jeans, learned from market research that young men perceived the brand as for women. As a result, they developed an advertising campaign targeted to young men and used Buddy Lee, which is a little doll in dungarees that is portrayed as "cool," to alter this market's perception of this brand. Vanity Fair's deliberate decision to significantly alter the way the market views its brand is an example of _____.

B) product repositioning

Which of Maslow's needs involves the desire for self-fulfillment, to become all that one is capable of becoming?

B) self-actualization

Which of the following occurs when a company provides financial support for an event such as the Olympics or a concert?

B) sponsorship

B) theory of reasoned action

Advertisements for BC Headache Powders usually show blue-collar workers using this product to obtain fast pain relief caused by their job (e.g., heavy lifting). Which advertising tactic is BC using to communicate its brand personality?

B) user imagery

53. _____ is everything the consumer must surrender in order to receive the benefits of owning/using the product. A. Value B. Consumer cost C. Price D. Opportunity cost E. Value proposition

B. Consumer cost

82. _____ are the knowledge, attitudes, and values that cause people to attach differential evaluations to products, brands, and retail outlets. A. Buying skills B. Consumption-related preferences C. Consumption-related attitudes D. Instrumental attitudes E. Consumer skills

B. Consumption-related preferences

Twitter is an example of a _____. A. retailing online ordering service B. micro-blogging tool C. hyperlink to online car auctions D. buzz agent E. a brand community

B. micro-blogging tool

Before a marketer can successfully launch a brand in a foreign country, several nonverbal communication factors need to be understood. One of these factors is time, and international marketers must understand a culture's overall orientation toward time. This is known as a culture's _____. A) time meaning B) time interpretation C) time perspective D) time relationship E) time symbolism

Before doing most things, Erin considers what others will think of her actions and how her behavior will affect them. Others' opinions and feelings really matter to her, more so than most people she knows. Erin is an example of a(n) _____. A) independent B) thinker C) high self-monitor D) low self-monitor E) conspicuous consumer

Carl likes to support marketers that support causes or charities that are important to him. However, he is concerned about a marketer's motive behind cause-related marketing programs and uses good judgment on which ones to support. Carl is best described as belonging to which group of consumers? A) Skeptic B) Balancer C) Attribution-oriented D) Socially concerned E) Apathetic

John was born in 1955, and he has only known prosperity in his lifetime. He remembers when President Kennedy was assassinated, primarily because his family purchased their first color television not long after that event. While he remembers the Vietnam War, he was too young to be drafted. To which generation does he belong? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Kerri is searching within herself and trying to determine how she would like to be to herself. Kerri is seeking her _____. A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) present self-concept

Leon is concerned with the reliability and durability of laptop computers he is considering purchasing. This represents which dimension of product performance? A) affective B) direct C) instrumental D) symbolic E) consummatory

Leslie loves to shop at T.J. Maxx and feels she is saving a lot of money because the price tags usually have the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) listed and crossed off and the T.J. Maxx price below much lower. The MSRP is being used as a _____. A) markup B) base price C) reference price D) deceptive price E) perceptual price

Self-image congruity really doesn't matter much to Sam, particularly because he doesn't usually consider the opinions of others or their feelings when he acts. Sam would be described as a(n) _____. A) independent B) thinker C) high self-monitor D) low self-monitor E) conspicuous consumer

Taitenger is a famous champagne maker in France. Part of this company's market research of U.S. consumers looked at education levels of champagne consumers. What education level is the likely consumer of champagne to have attained? A) did not graduate high school B) graduated high school C) attended college D) graduated college E) none of the above

The fact that Americans are prone to engage in physical activities and to take an action-oriented approach to problems can be explained through which self-oriented value dichotomy? A) sensual gratification/abstinence B) competitive/cooperative C) diversity/uniformity D) active/passive E) age/youth

The fact that all aspects of the perception process are extremely selective is referred to as _____. A) perceptual selectivity B) sensory screening C) ego defenses D) perceptual defenses E) none of the above

The likelihood and ease with which information can be recalled from long-term memory is termed _____. A) retrieval B) elaboration C) maintenance D) accessibility E) learning

Which of the following is true regarding changes in American cultural values? A) Shifts in cultural values are not observable. B) Changes in values tend to occur quickly. C) Changes in values tend to occur evenly across individuals and groups. D) There is substantial variance in values across individuals and groups. E) Cultural values are constant.

Under conditions of crowding, consumers tend do to all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) buy less B) make faster decisions C) make more demands on the sales personnel D) be less satisfied E) all of the above

Unplanned purchases are further subdivided into which two categories? A) primary and secondary B) direct and indirect C) reminder and impulse D) generally planned and substitute E) latent and manifest

What is the approximate population of the United States today? A) 100 million B) 249 million C) 298 million D) 350 million E) 498 million

Which age group is the closest thing to a global culture today? A) babies B) young children C) teenagers D) middle-aged adults E) senior citizens

Which disposition alternative is the most widely used by consumers? A) trade in B) recycle C) throw away D) give away E) sell

Which generation is NOT part of the mature market? A) pre-Depression B) Depression C) Generation X D) baby boom E) all of the above are part of the mature market

Which generation was the first to gain a very broad view of a family, which may include parents, siblings, stepparents, half-siblings, close friends, live-in lovers, and others? A) Depression generation B) baby boom generation C) Generation X D) Generation Y E) Millennials

Which of the following is a situation characteristic? A) product B) package C) temporal perspective D) demographics E) social class

Strong, relatively uncontrollable feelings that affect our behavior are known as _____.

C) emotions

Which type of memory involves the nonconscious retrieval of previously encountered stimuli?

C) implicit memory

Sometimes consumers have difficulty retrieving a specific piece of information because other related information in memory gets in the way, which is an effect referred to as _____.

C) interference

Which of the following is NOT an advertising tactic used to communicate brand personality?

C) length of the ad

Which of the following is used to understand a consumer's cognitive component of attitude?

C) multiattribute attitude model

Which term is often used interchangeably with the term "motivation"?

C) need

Which of the following is a type of cognitive preservation motive?

C) need for objectification

42. Consumers who are single due to the death of a spouse are labeled _____. A. "single by death" B. "single by choice" C. "single by circumstance" D. "single again" E. "unwillingly single"

C. "single by circumstance"

29. While roughly 40 percent of children are born to unmarried mothers, this may not be an accurate representation of the situation. A more accurate representation of the situation may be gained by looking at the percentage of American households that are single-parent families. What is that percentage? A. 2 percent B. 5 percent C. 9 percent D. 14 percent E. 21 percent

C. 9 percent

One factor motivating U.K. travelers is status. Which of Maslow's needs is this most related to?

D) esteem

The tendency of many consumers to discount claims made by sales people and ads is related to the need _____.

D) to attribute causation

Harley-Davidson motorcycle owners that join a Harley group, Jeep owners that attend events sponsored by Jeep, and Star Trek "Trekkies" are all examples of ___. A. cohort groups B. clone groups C. dissociative reference groups D. consumption subcultures E. purchase consortium's

D. consumption subcultures

53. Which family purchase role is played by the individual(s) who makes the final decision? A. initiator B. information gatherer C. influencer D. decision maker E. user

D. decision maker

Tasha doesn't understand all the hype about Internet shopping. When she shops, she wants to personally see the item, and she wants it right then, not 5-9 business days latter. Tasha belongs to which segment of online shoppers? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

The "Merchandise" dimension of store image includes _____. A) quality B) selection C) price D) style E) all of the above

Thomas is studying for vocabulary exam by merely repeating the words and their definitions over and over. Which type of cognitive learning is this? A) operant learning B) vicarious learning C) modeling D) analytical reasoning E) iconic rote learning

To understand a consumer's behavior, we must know about the _____. A) consumer B) situation C) stimulus object D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Transient feeling states that are generally not tied to a specific event or object are known as _____. A) noncontextual effects B) traits C) temporal effects D) social surroundings E) moods

What has research revealed regarding consumers' variety-seeking behavior?

Consumers are more likely to become bored on sensory attributes such as taste.

Which of the following factors had a significant impact on Americans' emphasis on security? A) the Depression B) World War II C) the Cold War D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome once a consumer is satisfied? A) committed customer B) discontinued use C) repeat purchases D) increased use E) all of the above are possible outcomes

Buzz is a self-employed construction worker. He is proud of his ability to do "real work" and sees himself as the often-unappreciated backbone of America. He dislikes the upper-middle class and prefers products and stores positioned toward his social-class level. Which term best describes Buzz? A) working-class stiff B) "blue blood" class C) white collar worker D) working-class aristocrat E) no-collar worker

Charmaine is a member of a junior miss organization that teaches young women how to behave in various social situations. She is learning manners, how to carry herself, and appropriate attire for specific situations. Charmaine is learning _____. A) culture B) time symbolism C) symbolism D) etiquette E) verbal language

Consumers acquiring product through mail, telephone, or computer orders is referred to as _____. A) outsourcing B) outlet shopping C) non-traditional shopping D) in-home shopping E) all of the above

Heather is married and has three children. While she and her family are concerned about the environment, they only alter their actions and purchases when it is convenient for them. Which environmental activism segment best describes Heather and her family? A) True Naturals B) Unconcerned C) Overwhelmed D) New Green Mainstream E) Affluent Healers

How are actual behaviors and response tendencies most often measured? A) physiological measures B) multiattribute models C) SAM and adSAM D) direct questioning E) 100-point constant-sum scales

How does music influence consumer behavior? A) subliminally B) reduces consumers' perception of overcrowding C) changes temporal perspective D) influences mood E) changes cognitive structures

Which of the following is a major PRIZM lifestage group? A) Urban B) Town & Country C) Second City D) Strivers E) Family Life

Which of the following is a source of increased customer profitability over time? A) increased sales volume B) lower costs C) referrals D) price premium E) all of the above

Which of the following is a step in the approach for developing situation-based marketing strategies that was given in the textbook? A) Use observational studies, focus group discussions, depth interviews, and secondary data to discover the various usage situations that influence the consumption of the product. B) Survey a large sample of consumers to better understand and quantify how the product is used and the benefits sought in the usage situation by the market segment. C) Construct a person-situation segmentation matrix. D) Evaluate each cell in terms of potential. E) all of the above

Which of the following is a strategy for altering the cognitive component of a consumer's attitude? A) change beliefs B) shift importance C) add beliefs D) change ideal E) all of the above

Which of the following is a variable that influences brand decisions inside a retail outlet? A) point-of-purchase materials B) price reductions C) outlet atmosphere D) stockout situations E) all of the above

Which of the following is an alternative once a consumer has decided to get rid of a product? A) sell it B) give it away C) loan it to someone D) throw it away E) all of the above

One retailer asked a group of consumers the types of emotions they experience in both positive and negative retail situations. The purpose of this research was to uncover consumer reactions to various situations so that clerks could be trained to respond appropriately. Which approach to problem recognition is this?

emotion research

Nancy usually considers price and quality when she has to make a major purchase, such as an appliance or an automobile. These two features represent Nancy's _____.

evaluative criteria

The desired features or characteristics required to meet a consumer's needs are his or her _____.

evaluative criteria

The various dimensions, features, or benefits consumers look for in response to a specific problem are called _____.

evaluative criteria

Bicultural Hispanic teens tend to ____.

feel more pressure to blend in and "be American" than their parents

Barry is always searching information about wine. He reads Wine Spectator every month, has several books related to wine, visits wine-related Web sites frequently, and has visited several wine regions throughout the world. While he purchases wine frequently, he does not conduct this information search for just that reason. He just enjoys learning about wine. For Barry, his search for information about wine is a(n) _____.

ongoing search

Which type of ad directly compares the features or benefits of two or more brands? A) one-sided message B) two-sided message C) fear appeal D) third-party endorsement E) comparative ad

Which type of learning situation is one in which the consumer is motivated to process or learn the material? A) explicit learning B) implicit learning C) primary learning D) low-involvement learning E) high-involvement learning

_____ values prescribe a society's relationship to its economic and technological as well as its physical environment. A) Other-oriented B) Self-oriented C) Externally-oriented D) Internally-oriented E) Environment-oriented

How can accessibility of information stored in long-term memory be enhanced?

E) a, b, and c

Which of the following do marketers need to be concerned about with respect to using celebrities as company spokespersons?

E) a, b, and c

Accessibility is related to which of the following?

E) all of the above

Generally speaking, compared to attitudes formed under the peripheral route, attitudes formed under the central route tend to be _____.

E) all of the above

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on which premise?

E) all of the above

Which group of consumers are better able to chunk product information?

E) product experts

Memory of how an action should occur is a special type of schema known as a(n) _____.

E) script

One factor motivating U.K. travelers is learning. Which of Maslow's needs is this most related to?

E) self-actualization

Barbara is an individual that usually feels restful, serene, comfortable, and soothed. Which emotion is Barbara experiencing?

E) serenity

Key aspects of Proctor & Gamble's My Black is Beautiful campaign included ____.

E. A. a 12-page advertorial in Essence magazine B. a My Black is Beautiful conversation tour in various U.S. locations C. a web site that provides a forum for discussion and provides ongoing initiatives information D. grants to community-based organizations related to health and education of black women E. all of the above

Which of the following are bases for subcultures in the United States?

E. A. ethnic groups B. religions C. geographic areas D. generations E. all of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding word-of-mouth (WOM) communications? A. It is estimated that two-thirds of all consumer product decisions are influenced by WOM. B. Negative experiences are powerful motivators of WOM. C. Going beyond satisfaction to deliver more than was expected appears to have the potential to generate substantial WOM. D. Not all personal sources are equal in value. E. Consumers generally trust advertising as much as they do WOM.

E. Consumers generally trust advertising as much as they do WOM.

Elaine is considering the purchase of a computer and is aware that Toshiba and HP are brands in this product category. However, she is basically indifferent toward them. These two brands represent Elaine's _____.

inert set

Hannah asked her mother to buy her a certain brand of athletic shoes because that's what all the other kids are wearing at school. For Hannah, which type of motive is most likely underlying her request for that specific brand?

instrumental motive

Which type of motives activates behaviors designed to achieve a second goal?

instrumental motives

Samantha is purchasing a new car. She knows she should compare alternatives on the basis of cost and performance features, but she can't help but consider the styling and the color. She also wants a car that will make her look "cool" and feel special when she's driving it. Styling, color, and how the car will make her feel are examples of _____ evaluative criteria.

intangible

Style, taste, prestige, feelings generated, and brand image are examples of which type of evaluative criteria?

intangible

If a brand is included in a consumer's evoked set, which marketing strategy is NOT appropriate?

intercept strategy

The minimum amount that one brand can differ from another with the difference still being noticed is referred to as the ______.

just noticeable difference

Which decision rule requires the consumer to rank the criteria in order of importance, and then the consumer selects the brand that performs best on the most important attribute?

lexicographic

Marla is bored with her cell phone. She wants to purchase a new one that has cool ring tones and can take a picture. She's not going to conduct a big search for a new phone as she's just going to consider a few others. Which type of decision making is this?

limited decision making

Which type of consumer decision making includes the evaluation of only a few attributes, simple decision rules, and few alternatives?

limited decision making

Which type of decision making covers the middle ground between nominal and extended decision making?

limited decision making

disrupt strategy

Which marketing strategy is appropriate if the brand is not part of consumers' evoked sets? A) disrupt strategy B) maintenance strategy C) capture strategy D) preference strategy E) all of the above

motivation

Which of the following is considered an individual factor affecting attention? A) motivation B) intensity C) clutter D) attractiveness E) isolation

temporal perspective

Which of the following is probably the most important situational variable with respect to search behavior? A) temporal perspective B) task definition C) physical surroundings D) antecedent state E) social surrounding

semantic

_____ meaning is the conventional meaning assigned to a word such as found in the dictionary. A) Semantic B) Psychological C) Cognitive D) Affective E) Seminal

attention

_____ occurs when the stimulus activates one or more sensory receptor nerves, and the resulting sensations go to the brain for processing. A) Attention B) Perception C) Exposure D) Interpretation E) Selection

ability

_____ refers to the capacity of individuals to attend to and process information. A) Intelligence B) IQ C) Ability D) Aptitude E) Motivation

clutter

_____ represents the density of stimuli in the environment. A) Program involvement B) Clutter C) Repetition D) Intensity E) Isolation

Perceived risk is a function of the _____.

a, b, and c

Which of the following is a type of consumer choice process?

a, b, and c

Which of the following is a type of consumer decision making discussed in your text?

a, b, and c

Lane is test driving several models of automobiles to help him decide which one to purchase. Which source of information does this represent?

marketing sources

Maximizing the accuracy of the decision or minimizing the experience of negative emotion while making the decision are examples of consumer _____.

metagoals

A consumer's decision of whether or not to take action when he or she is dissatisfied is a function of which of the following?

all of the above

How has the Internet changed consumers' ability to search for information?

all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome once a consumer is satisfied?

all of the above are possible outcomes

Before a marketing manager or a public policy decision maker can develop a sound strategy to affect consumer decisions, her or she must determine all EXCEPT which of the following?

all of the above must be determined

All EXCEPT which of the following nonmarketing factor affects consumers' desired state?

normal depletion

All of the brands that a consumer thinks of as potential solutions are known as the _____.

awareness set

Services that aid consumers in their search and decision making on the Internet are known as _____.

bots

A limited capacity for processing information is known as _____.

bounded rationality

Duane is of average intelligence, and like most consumers, he cannot compare too many alternatives at one time. This limited capacity for processing information is known as _____.

bounded rationality

Which nonmarketing factor affects a consumer's desired state?

culture/subculture

Which marketing strategy is appropriate if the brand is not part of consumers' evoked sets?

disrupt strategy

A segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing values and patterns of behavior is known as a

subcultural

The costs of finding, evaluating, and adopting another solution are known as _____.

switching costs

The willingness to buy a particular product or service is known as _____.

A) a need

decreases, increases

Attention generally _____ across repeated exposures, and repetition often _____ recall. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) remains constant; decreases D) remains constant; increases E) increases; increases

a, b, and c

Attention is determined by which factor? A) the stimulus B) the individual C) the situation D) a and b E) a, b, and c

A $10 savings on a $200 item should _____. A) not show the regular price B) show the dollar savings but not the percentage savings C) show the percentage savings but not the dollar savings D) show both the dollar savings and the percentage savings E) show neither the dollar savings nor the percentage savings

A brand whose perceived performance falls below expectations generally produces _____. A) satisfaction B) dissatisfaction C) nonsatisfaction D) elation E) fear

Which side of the brain is primarily responsible for verbal information, symbolic representation, sequential analysis, and the ability to be conscious and report what is happening? A) right B) left C) front D) back E) top

Which term is used to refer to the liking/disliking aspect of a specific feeling? A) emotion B) affect C) hedonic D) cognition E) valence

Which theory holds that behavioral intentions are based on a combination of the attitude toward a specific behavior, the social or normative beliefs about the appropriateness of the behavior, and the motivation to comply with the normative beliefs? A) cognitive dissonance theory B) theory of reasoned action C) elaboration likelihood model D) attribution theory E) noncompensatory theory

Which type of conditioning requires that consumers first engage in a deliberate behavior (i.e., trying the product) and come to understand its power in predicting positive outcomes that serve as reinforcement? A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) iconic conditioning D) vicarious conditioning E) reinforced conditioning

Which of the following statements adequately reflects the concept of attitude component consistency?

B) A change in one attitude component tends to produce related changes in the other components.

_____ motives deal with the need to reach satisfying feeling states and to obtain personal goals.

B) Affective

Any change in the content or organization of long-term memory or behavior is known as _____.

B) Learning

_____ refers to presenting one of two equivalent value outcomes either in positive or gain terms or in negative or loss terms.

B) Message framing

Carl is a physician earning $200,000 per year. Using the Coleman-Rainwater system, identify the social class to which Carl belongs A) upper-upper B) lower-upper C) upper-middle D) middle E) working

Which of the following is a type of cognitive preservation motive? A) need for tension reduction B) teleological need C) need for objectification D) need for stimulation E) need for ego defense

_____ refers to the fact that repeat and particularly committed customers tend to buy the brand consistently rather than waiting for a sale or continually negotiating price.

Price premium

Most purchases are the result of extended decision making and therefore involve considerable external search prior to purchase.

False

The three types of decision making are rebuy, limited, and extended.

False

Universal problem recognition involves a discrepancy that a variety of brands within a product category can reduce.

False

When a consumer's actual state is perceived as being greater than the desired state, recognition of a problem does not occur.

False

product differentiation

Feature and quality variations across brands are referred to as _____. A) product positioning B) brand leverage C) product differentiation D) market segmentation E) market characteristics

Which of the following is the largest ethnic subculture in the United States?

Hispanic

emotion research

Which approach to problem recognition examines emotions associated with certain problems? A) activity analysis B) product analysis C) problem analysis D) human factors research E) emotion research

product analysis

Which approach to problem recognition examines the purchase or use of a particular product or brand? A) activity analysis B) product analysis C) problem analysis D) human factors research E) emotion research

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the way in which disposition decisions can affect a firm's marketing strategy?

The United States is a completely throw away society, and consumers are willing to purchase new products without concern for waste.

Disposition of the product or the product's container may occur before, during, or after product use.

True

Evaluative criteria can differ in type, number, and importance.

True

Factors affecting the relative importance and influence of evaluative criteria include usage situation, competitive context, and advertising effects.

True

Firms attempt to cause selective problem recognition to gain or maintain market share.

True

For a target market using the elimination-by-aspects rule, it is critical to meet or surpass the consumers' requirements on one more (in order) of the criteria used than the competition.

True

If a customer is dissatisfied with a company's product, the company would prefer that he or she complains to the company.

True

Indirect measurement techniques used to determine consumers' evaluative criteria differ from direct measurements in that they assume consumers will not or cannot state their evaluative criteria.

True

Compared to the white population, African Americans tend to _____

be younger

Past searches, prior personal experiences, and prior low-involvement learning are examples of which source of information?

memory

Which type of consumer decision making includes only a limited internal information search and no external search for information?

nominal decision making

The level of one's desire to resolve a particular problem depends on which factors?

the magnitude of the discrepancy between the desired and actual states and the relative importance of the problem

One marketer for a brand of shampoo learned through research that consumers in the target market engage in limited decision making but that this marketer's brand is not part of their evoked set. Which marketing strategy is appropriate for this company?

intercept strategy

What is the most common approach to discovering consumer problems?

intuition

High-involvement learning often involves _____.

B) analytical reasoning

Affective performance can arise from only the symbolic dimension of product performance.

False

Affective choices tend to be holistic in nature.

True

Exploding demand and short product life-spans for high-tech gadgets such as cell phones, personal computers, and various other personal electronic devices is creating growing concerns over _____.

e-waste

Which approach to problem recognition examines emotions associated with certain problems?

emotion research

Employees who deal directly with consumers are known as _____.

front-line employees

Which type of consumer problem is one on which the consumer is not aware?

inactive

Why must manufacturers design products with both the primary purpose and other potential uses in mind?

stringent product liability laws

Which disposition alternative is the most widely used by consumers?

throw away

What is the task in the rational choice theory?

to identify or discover the one optimal choice for the decision confronting the decision maker

To which set do alternatives the consumer does not know about belong?

unawareness set

_____ meaning is the specific meaning assigned a word by a given individual or group of individuals based on their experiences, expectations, and the context in which the term is used. A) Semantic B) Psychological C) Cognitive D) Affective E) Seminal

_____ motives deal with the need to reach satisfying feeling states and to obtain personal goals. A) Cognitive B) Affective C) Preservation-oriented D) Advancement-oriented E) Safety-oriented

_____ refers to presenting one of two equivalent value outcomes either in positive or gain terms or in negative or loss terms. A) Message sidedness B) Message framing C) Benefit segmentation D) Positive/negative message E) Priming

_____ refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in power, authority, status, and wealth as natural or inherent in society. A) Cooperation B) Power distance C) Collectivism D) Individualism E) Status

_____ refers to the fact that stimuli positioned close together are perceived as belonging to the same category. A) Organization B) Proximity C) Closeness D) Closure E) Affect

_____ represents generally accepted ways of behaving in social situations. A) Guanxi B) Etiquette C) Demographics D) Culture E) Monochronism

_____ represents the density of stimuli in the environment. A) Program involvement B) Clutter C) Repetition D) Intensity E) Isolation

By 2030, what percentage of the U.S. population will be made up of non-European ethnic groups?

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding information search?

Searching for information is free.

Which of the following is NOT a key element of relationship marketing?

Standardize the relationship across customers.

The two types of evaluative criteria are _____.

tangible and intangible

Sherri pulled up to the drive-up ATM at her bank. She put her card in, and it came right back out. On the screen was a message that the machine was not operational. Sherri was not happy. Which incident type with respect to self-service technologies does this represent?

technology failure

_____ values reflect the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable. A) Other-oriented B) Self-oriented C) Environment-oriented D) Externally-oriented E) Internally-oriented

Giving out candy to children on Halloween, giving chocolate and roses to sweethearts on Valentine's Day, and wearing green and drinking green beer on St. Patrick's Day are all examples of _____. A) ritual situations B) momentary conditions C) prescriptives D) schemas E) social surroundings

Good product offers and information, value, and alignment with consumers' interests are components of which dimension of online retailer image? A) usefulness B) enjoyment C) trustworthiness D) style E) familiarity

When perceptions of product performance match expectations that are at or above the minimum performance level, _____ generally results. A) satisfaction B) dissatisfaction C) nonsatisfaction D) elation E) surprise

Which changing American value has been a major force in maintaining a relatively strong economy? A) the shift toward immediate gratification B) the shift toward a more religious society C) the shift toward voluntary simplicity D) the shift toward becoming more active E) the shift away from being fatalistic

Which component of memory is also referred to as working memory and is that portion of total memory that is currently activated or in use? A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) primary memory D) secondary memory E) transient memory

Which construct represents an unobservable inner force that stimulates and compels a behavioral response and provides specific direction to that response? A) motive B) personality C) emotion D) perception E) feeling

Which dimension of self-concept refers to the individual's perception of who I am now? A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) present self-concept

Which dimension of store image consists of quality, selection, style, and price components? A) merchandise B) service C) physical facilities D) store atmosphere E) institutional

Which is NOT a reason why Americans work long hours? A) minimum wage is higher the more hours worked B) because of their material orientation C) because they may lack skills or job opportunities to provide even a moderate lifestyle without doing so D) work is meaningful and valuable to them E) all of the above are reasons why Americans work long hours

Which is a product or service that often needs modification when targeting gay consumers? A) financial services B) automobiles C) furniture D) interior decorating E) all of the above

Which of the following are components of the physical environment? A) colors, aromas, music, and crowding B) normal and expanded usage C) utilitarian and hedonic product characteristics D) moods and momentary conditions E) internal and external influences

Which of the following category of products and services identified by Forrester Research based on their purchase characteristics relative to Internet shopping consists of moderate cost, high-frequency purchases? A) replenishment goods B) researched items C) convenience items D) shopping goods E) selective items

Which of the following factors is the MOST likely reason consumers change providers of a service? A) core service failure B) service encounter failure C) pricing D) attraction by competitors E) ethical problems

Which of the following has NOT been found to be a motive for choosing to become a vegetarian? A) economics B) moral C) gustatory D) health E) ecological

Which of the following is FALSE regarding ad avoidance? A) Females are more likely to avoid ads than males. B) High levels of advertising clutter increase ad avoidance. C) Higher social classes avoid ads more than lower social classes. D) Hectic lifestyles increase ad avoidance. E) Younger consumers avoid ads more than older consumers.

Which of the following is NOT a consumption response? A) task definition B) problem recognition C) purchase D) disposition E) alternative evaluation

Which of the following is NOT a factor that creates problems in literal translations and slang expressions? A) differences in the direction in which written words are read B) symbolic meanings associated with words C) absence of some words from various languages D) difficulty of pronouncing certain words E) all of the above are factors that create problems in literal translations and slang expressions

Which of the following is NOT a specific learning theory? A) schematic B) operant C) iconic rote D) vicarious/modeling E) reasoning/analogy

Which of the following is NOT an online shopper segment? A) Technocrats B) Adventurous Explorers C) Suspicious Learners D) Fun Seekers E) all of the above are online shopper segments

Which of the following is a major PRIZM social group? A) urban B) family life C) mature years D) younger years E) all of the above

Which of the following is a motivational state caused by consumer perceptions that a product, brand, or advertisement is relevant or interesting? A) involvement B) need C) want D) desire E) action

Which of the following is a negative emotion influenced by both the product (e.g., hearing aids, feminine hygiene products) and the situation? A) embarrassment B) shame C) fear D) anger E) disappointment

Which of the following is a recommended strategy for retailers when consumers select the outlet first and the brand second? A) appropriate pricing B) brand availability advertising C) brand image management D) price special on brands E) co-op ads featuring brands

Which of the following is a segment of consumers based on shopping orientation? A) Chameleons B) Shopping Lovers C) Adventurous Explorers D) Shopping Avoiders E) Fun Seekers

Which of the following is a segmentation approach to the mature market that incorporates aging processes and life events related to the physical health and mental outlook of older consumers? A) Gerontographics B) Cognitive psychology C) Demographics D) Ageographics E) Censographics

Which of the following is a situational factor affecting attention? A) program involvement B) ability C) motivation D) repetition E) isolation

Which of the following is an ancient solemn event marketing the coming of age of a Jewish male? A) bar mitzvah B) bat mitzvah C) Chanukah D) Passover E) Yom Kippur

Which of the following is an example of a self-oriented value? A) religious/secular B) individual/collective C) risk taking/security D) tradition/change E) diversity/uniformity

Which of the following is an individual characteristic that influences interpretation? A) expectations B) organization C) changes D) proximity E) clutter

Which of the following is one of the shopping lifestyle segments based on consumer shopping motives? A) Enthusiasts B) Junkies C) Proud Patrons D) Fantasists E) all of the above

Which of the following is the FIRST step in the approach for developing situation-based marketing strategies? A) Use observational studies, focus group discussions, depth interviews, and secondary data to discover the various usage situations that influence the consumption of the product. B) Survey a large sample of consumers to better understand and quantify how the product is used and the benefits sought in the usage situation by the market segment. C) Construct a person-situation segmentation matrix. D) Evaluate each cell in terms of potential. E) Develop and implement a marketing strategy for cells that offer sufficient profit potential given your capabilities

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Americans' environment-oriented values? A) Americans have long valued cleanliness. B) Americans traditionally have not been very receptive to change. C) American's risk-taking orientation seems to be moving more toward taking risks. D) Traditionally, nature was viewed as an obstacle. E) Americans are shifting back to a focus on performance rather than status.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding situational factors affecting attention? A) Motivation and ability are two major situational factors affecting attention. B) In advertising, consumers pay less attention to a commercial in a large cluster of commercials than they do to one in a smaller set. C) Clutter represents the density of stimuli in the environment. D) Program involvement refers to how interested viewers are in the program or editorial content surrounding the ads. E) Clutter and program involvement are two major situational factors affecting attention.

Which segment of mature consumers is mentally and physically active, both spouses are generally still alive, has prepared for retirement both financially and psychologically, is basically content and set to enjoy life, has traded down to a smaller home, likes convenience, personal service, and high-tech home appliances, and is a strong market for travel? A) Healthy Indulgers B) Ailing Indulgers C) Ailing Outgoers D) Frail Recluses E) Healthy Hermits

Which segment of online shoppers, while open to new ways of doing things, are reluctant to purchase online because of their lack of computer training? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

Which side of the brain deals with pictorial, geometric, timeless, and nonverbal information without the individual being able to verbally report it? A) right B) left C) front D) back E) top

Which social class has low incomes and minimal education, may be unemployed for long periods of time, and is the major recipient of government support and services provided by non-profit organizations? A) lower-lower class B) upper-lower class C) working class D) lower-middle class E) middle class

Which term describes consumers' purchase and use of automobiles, homes, yachts, clothes, and so forth primarily to demonstrate their great wealth? A) conspicuous consumption B) outrageous consumption C) obnoxious consumption D) nouveaux consumption E) "blue blood" consumption

Which type of marketing ties a company and its products to an issue or cause with the goal of improving sales or corporate image while providing benefits to the cause? A) cause-related marketing B) green marketing C) nonprofit marketing D) image marketing E) corporate marketing

Which type of memory is characterized by the conscious recollection of an exposure event? A) explicit memory B) schematic memory C) implicit memory D) constructed memory E) concrete memory

Which type of memory structure is a complex web of associations? A) schema B) image C) script D) iconic E) conceptual

Which type of processing involves the recall and mental manipulation of sensory images, including sight, smell, taste, and tactile (touch) sensations? A) imagery processing B) mental processing C) episodic processing D) transient processing E) conditioned processing

While John is open to new ways of doing things and he's not afraid of giving a computer his credit card number, he is reluctant to purchase online due to his lack of confidence in using a computer. He has never had any training on using a computer. To which segment of online shoppers does John belong? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

Whole Foods Supermarkets have been described as down-to-earth, honest, wholesome, and cheerful. Which dimension of brand personality does this represent? A) sincerity B) excitement C) competence D) sophistication E) ruggedness

Why are the SAM and adSAM measures effective across cultures? A) because the pictorial representations don't require translation or alteration B) because the numerical representations don't require translation or alteration C) because they are based on emotions D) because they are based on attitudes E) because the musical representations do not include lyrics

61. Rod is surveying consumers to gain a better understanding of his restaurant's image relative to competing restaurants. Rod is concerned with his restaurant's _____. A. position B. equity C. placement D. driver E. satisfaction index

A. position

Angie is a teenage, living at home with her parents and two brothers. Even though she wants to venture out more on her own, her parents will not allow it, and she obeys their wishes. Her family represents a(n) ___ group. A. primary group B. secondary group C. consumer group D. restrictive group E. intimate group

A. primary group

Which type of group includes family and friends and involves strong ties and frequent interaction? A. primary group B. secondary group C. consumer group D. reference group E. intimate group

A. primary group

73. What is the first step in the consumer decision process? A. problem recognition B. budget setting C. information search D. outlet selection E. alternative evaluation and selection

A. problem recognition

Samantha and Greg have owned an MG for several years and enjoy taking road trips through the Rockies with other MG owners every year. Which characteristic of brand communities does this illustrate? A. rituals and traditions B. similarity C. brand traditions D. brand festing E. consumers of kind

A. rituals and traditions

57. Auxiliary or peripheral activities that are performed to enhance the primary product or primary service is referred to as _____. A. service B. supplemental product C. intangible benefits D. secondary product E. ancillary attributes

A. service

34. Which of the following is NOT a step in market segmentation? A. set budget B. identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. select an attractive segment(s) to serve

A. set budget

With respect to advertising, _____ opinion leadership can involve presenting the results of surveys showing that a high percentage of either knowledgeable individuals or typical users recommend the brand. A. simulating B. stimulating C. parroting D. modeling E. faking

A. simulating

In which of the following consumption situations will a reference group's influence be strongest? A. when the use of the product or brand is visible to the group B. when the product is a necessity C. when the consumer is confident in the purchase situation D. when the individual's commitment to the group is low E. when the reference group is large

A. when the use of the product or brand is visible to the group

While marketers must be sensitive to nationality-based differences, some variables create sufficient cultural homogeneity for most products and advertising campaigns targeted to the Hispanic market. Which of the following is one of those variables?

ALL A.common language B. common religion C. emergence of national Spanish-language media D. emergence of national entertainment figures

The major reason people give for not shopping on the Internet is _____. A) lack of "touch" B) security concerns C) too difficult D) unfamiliar merchants E) none of the above

The more often a response is reinforced, the more likely it will be repeated in the future as consumers learn that the response is associated with a positive outcome is the basic premise of which type of learning? A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) iconic learning D) vicarious learning E) reinforced learning

The nearness that others can come to you in various situations without your feeling uncomfortable is known as _____. A) intimate space B) personal space C) sphere of influence D) range of interaction E) interaction space

The other individuals present in the particular situation are referred to as the _____. A) servicescape B) social surroundings C) physical surroundings D) store atmosphere E) temporal perspective

The physiological ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli is called _____. A) just noticeable difference B) sensory discrimination C) consumer inference D) closure E) expectations

The purchase decision and consumption process always occur in the context of _____. A) others B) a specific situation C) marketing communications D) an extended decision-making process E) a social surrounding

The size, shape, and color are specific _____ of the stimulus that can affect interpretation. A) cues B) traits C) elements D) contextual cues E) signals

The source of a communication represents _____. A) "how" a message is communicated B) "who" delivers the message C) the "what" of the message D) the "when" of the message E) the "where" of the message

The term used to refer to turnover in a firm's customer base is _____. A) turnover B) churn C) attrition rate D) turn ratio E) defection rate

The upper-middle class achieve their social position primarily _____. A) through their unusually high incomes B) by their occupation and career orientation C) through inherited position D) through their children's accomplishments E) none of the above

The value that Americans place on youth has _____. A) increased dramatically in recent years B) shown a slow reversal toward more value being placed on age in recent years C) decreased dramatically in recent years D) remained unchanged in recent years E) shown a slight increase in recent years

Which of the following reflects temporary states of being rather than temporary states of mind? A) moods B) momentary conditions C) task definition D) personality traits E) self-concept

Which of the following reflects the relatively stable behavioral tendencies that individuals display across a variety of situations? A) motivation B) personality C) emotion D) perception E) needs

Which of the following statements adequately reflects the concept of attitude component consistency? A) All three attitude components do not change over time. B) A change in one attitude component tends to produce related changes in the other components. C) The three attitude components operate independently from each other, so a change in one component does not necessarily mean the others will change. D) All three attitude components are equal in their influence on one's attitude. E) Each component is equally important regardless of the situation.

_____ is done to enhance the welfare of individuals or society without direct benefit to a firm. A) Cause-related marketing B) Social marketing C) Personal marketing D) Green marketing E) Hybrid marketing

inept

Brands that are found completely unworthy of further consideration are members of the _____. A) evoked set B) inept set C) excluded set D) inert set E) discarded set

Many victims of hurricane Katrina were left without their homes, food, and water--basic necessities for living. Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which motives were activated for these individuals? A) security B) self-actualization C) physiological D) belongingness E) esteem

Marcie will soon be 50 years old, so to pamper herself, she decided to get a massage. With respect to the typology of service environments, this type of service would be categorized as _____. A) utilitarian B) personal C) hedonic D) intangible E) moderate

Marketers that wish to expand internationally need to understand a culture's widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable. To do this, marketers should study _____. A) laws B) religions C) cultural values D) sanctions E) edicts

Marty is an action-oriented consumer, and he strives to express his individuality through his choices. He purchases products and services for the experience they can provide him rather than what they might say about him to others. Which primary motivation is guiding Marty's behavior? A) ideals motivation B) achievement motivation C) self-expression motivation D) realist motivation E) focused motivation

Mike is the owner of a restaurant that also has a bar. Based on research that studied the impact of background music on restaurant patrons, what can Mike expect if he uses slow music in his establishment? A) faster service time B) customers spend less time at a table C) larger amount of bar purchases D) significantly more (i.e., 50% or more) spent on food purchases E) greater number of customer groups leaving before seated

One aspect of purchasing from QVC, one of the cable shopping channels on television, is that the "offer" will expire within a certain amount of time, creating a sense of urgency among consumers. Teresa watches this channel frequently, and admitted that this aspect of the situation does influence her decision to buy something. Which characteristic of the situation is influencing Teresa and others' behavior? A) physical surroundings B) social surroundings C) temporal perspective D) task definition E) antecedent states

One motivation research technique known as the cartoon technique has consumers fill in the words or thoughts of one of the characters in a cartoon drawing. Which type of technique is this? A) association technique B) completion technique C) construction technique D) third-person technique E) animated technique

One's perceived age, a part of one's self-concept, is known as _____. A) felt age B) real age C) cognitive age D) perceptual age E) chronological age

Pam and her friends ate at a new Italian restaurant, and the food, service, and ambiance exceeded their expectations. They all decided that this was the only Italian restaurant they will ever go to again in their town. This is an illustration of _____. A) nonsatisfaction B) extended decision making C) commitment D) relationship marketing E) customer value

People in this group retain their physical health, but life events (i.e., death of a spouse) have reduced their self-concept. They have reacted by becoming withdrawn, and many resent the isolation and the feeling that they are expected to act like old people. They prefer clothing styles that are popular with other seniors and will pay a premium for well-known brands. They tend to stay in homes in which they raised their families, and they are an important part of the do-it-yourself market. Which segment is this? A) Healthy Indulgers B) Ailing Outgoers C) Healthy Hermits D) Frail Recluses E) Ailing Indulgers

Placing ads in videogames is known as _____. A) video advertising B) integrated advertising C) advergaming D) message integration E) entertainment integration

Purchase of which product typically represents low social risk and low economic risk for consumers? A) deodorant B) automobile C) socks D) auto repairs E) hair cut/style

Purchases made in a retail outlet that are different from those the consumer planned to make prior to entering that retail outlet are called _____. A) incremental purchases B) irrational purchases C) unplanned purchases D) emotional purchases E) deviant purchases

Raymond is conducting motivation research. He gives consumers a list of words, and they are asked to respond to the list with the first word that comes to mind. This is an example of _____. A) analysis and use B) a construction technique C) an association technique D) story completion E) a third-person technique

Veronica is a shopper primarily motivated by enjoyment of shopping for her family and finding the best value. She's not motivated by fun and adventure. To which shopping lifestyle segment does Veronica belong? A) Minimalists B) Gatherers C) Providers D) Enthusiasts E) Traditionalists

Wendy was describing to her friend what the American Girl store is Chicago is like. She was telling her about all the different rooms that were in the store, such as a room for each doll (e.g., Bitty Baby, Felicity, Kit, etc.), a room for furniture, a room for girl-sized clothing that matched the dolls' clothing, the tea room, and the auditorium where she saw a stage show. Which dimension of store image was Wendy describing? A) merchandise B) service C) physical facilities D) convenience E) institutional

What are the two types of materialism? A) primary and secondary B) internal and external C) instrumental and terminal D) masculine and feminine E) individual and collective

What is the first decision a dissatisfied customer will make? A) whether to complain to the store or to the manufacturer B) whether or not to stop buying that brand C) whether or not to take any external action D) whether or not to initiate legal action E) whether or not to complain to a government agency

What was the MAIN reason consumers gave in a survey for why they don't like shopping in stores? A) don't like shopping B) dealing with crowds C) salespeople are poorly informed D) parking and traffic E) the time it takes to shop

When a retailer represents a price as "regularly $15.99, now $9.99," the $15.99 is called the _____. A) starting price B) base price C) reference price D) comparison price E) markup

When asked why she likes to shop, Melanie replied that it relaxes her, and she looks at is as a personal reward. This is an example of which hedonic shopping motive? A) adventure shopping B) social shopping C) gratification shopping D) value shopping E) role shopping

When consumers see the new product (i.e., brand extension) as requiring the same manufacturing skills as the original, successful brand leverage is more likely. Which dimension is this referring to? A) complement B) substitute C) transfer D) image E) extension

Which PRIZM social group is characterized by smaller, less densely populated cities or satellites to major cities? A) Urban B) Suburban C) Second City D) Town & Country E) Rural

Which VALS segment consists of consumers that are conservative, conventional people with concrete beliefs based on traditional, established codes of family, church, community, and the nation, and are motivated by ideals? A) Achievers B) Makers C) Believers D) Experiencers E) Innovators

Which VALS segment of consumers is comprised of successful, sophisticated, active, take-charge people with high self-esteem and abundant resources and are driven by a mix of motivations? A) Achievers B) Makers C) Innovators D) Thinkers E) Experiencers

Which VALS segment of consumers lead the most constricted lives, living simply on limited incomes but are relatively satisfied? A) Experiencers B) Strivers C) Survivors D) Makers E) Believers

Which characteristic of a logo has been found to lead to higher levels of logo liking? A) extremely elaborate B) depicting unusual objects C) symmetrically balanced D) asymmetrically balanced E) extremely simple

Which component of attitude represents one's tendency to respond in a certain manner toward an object or activity? A) cognitive B) affective C) behavioral D) orientation E) personality

Which dimension of product performance relates to the physical functioning of the product? A) affective B) direct C) instrumental D) attributional E) consummatory

Which dimension of self refers to how I am or would like to be to myself? A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) present self-concept

Which following PRIZM factor is determined by population density, relates to where people live and is strongly related to the lifestyles people lead? A) ethnicity B) geodemographics C) urbanicity D) lifestage E) consensus

Which is NOT a factor used in the Warner's Index of Status Characteristics (ISC)? A) occupation B) source of income C) education D) house type E) dwelling area

Which of the following also includes a situation-specific component? A) personality B) self-concept C) involvement D) demographics E) brand image

Which of the following is the most widely applied single cue we use to initially evaluate and define individuals we meet? A) age B) income C) occupation D) gender E) education

Which of the following is the primary determinant of how material is learned? A) education level B) age C) level of involvement D) occupation E) gender

Which of the following is true regarding the size and distribution of the population of the United States? A) The population of the United States is approximately 250 million today. B) The population has grown steadily since 1960 due to increasing birth rates. C) The growth has not been even throughout the United States. D) Midwest states, such as Michigan and Illinois, are expected to grow dramatically in the next ten years. E) The population of the United States has continued to decrease since 1960.

Which of the following is(are) designed to provide information on latent motives? A) perceptual mapping B) regression analysis C) projective techniques D) conjoint analysis E) multivariate analyses

Which of the following occurs when a consumer actively acquires a product that is not used or used only sparingly relative to its potential use? A) consumption guilt B) nonconsumption guilt C) product nonuse D) counterfactual thinking E) prefactual thinking

Which of the following refers to imagining the outcome if a different decision had been made in the past? A) postpurchase dissonance B) consumption guilt C) counterfactual thinking D) prefactual thinking E) innovative thinking

Which of the following stages of the information-processing model constitute perception? A) exposure B) exposure and attention C) exposure, attention, and interpretation D) exposure, attention, interpretation, and memory E) exposure, attention, interpretation, memory, and action

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Internet retailing? A) Internet retailing is a booming and increasingly competitive business. B) Apparel is one of the largest sales categories on the Internet and one of the fastest growing. C) Research has shown that consumers shop online for reasons different to those for shopping from catalogs. D) Catalogs and the Internet appear to work in a complementary fashion. E) With respect to apparel, lack of touch can be a major barrier for nonstore retailers.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding crowding as a situational characteristic? A) Crowding generally produces negative outcomes for both the retail outlet and the consumer. B) Most consumers find crowded feelings to be unpleasant. C) Crowding is unpleasant regardless of a consumers' culture. D) Most consumers find feelings of crowding to be unpleasant and will spend less time in the store. E) Crowding causes most consumers to spend more money.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding humorous appeals? A) Ads built around humor appear to increase attention to the ad. B) The overall effectiveness of humor is generally increased when the humor relates to the product or brand in a meaningful way. C) Humorous ads are low risk because they tend to translate well across situations and cultures. D) Companies have been successful using humor that is only loosely tied to the product. E) Ads built around humor appear to increase liking of the ad.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding short-term memory (STM)? A) STM is short-lived. B) STM has limited capacity. C) STM is a static structure. D) Elaborative activities occur in STM E) STM is also called working memory.

_____ involves presenting an incomplete stimulus with the goal of getting consumers to complete it and thus become more engaged and involved. A) Proximity B) Ambush marketing C) Closure D) Inference E) Figure-ground

_____ is a process whereby stimuli are placed into existing categories of meaning. A) Affective interpretation B) Consumer inference C) Cognitive interpretation D) Perceptual interpretation E) Perceptual relativity

_____ is a series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored. A) Perception B) Interpretation C) Information processing D) Perceptual exposure E) Selective exposure

_____ is consumers' efforts to reduce their reliance on consumption and material possessions. A) Downsizing B) Dematerialization C) Voluntary simplicity D) Demarketing E) Voluntary withdrawal

_____ is how a person lives. A) Personality B) Self-concept C) Lifestyle D) Subculture E) Consumption

_____ is the assignment of meaning to sensations. A) Attention B) Perception C) Interpretation D) Hemispheric lateralization E) Information processing

_____ is the complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society. A) Reference group B) Government C) Culture D) Authority E) Gestalt

_____ is the process managers use to manipulate the physical retail environment to create specific mood responses in shoppers. A) Servicescape B) Psychographics C) Atmospherics D) Environmentalism E) Landscaping

_____ is turning the sound off during commercial breaks. A) Zipping B) Zapping C) Muting D) Silencing E) Voluntary exposure

_____ refers to the capacity of individuals to attend to and process information. A) Intelligence B) IQ C) Ability D) Aptitude E) Motivation

_____ refers to the fact that repeat and particularly committed customers tend to buy the brand consistently rather than waiting for a sale or continually negotiating price. A) Acquisition cost B) Referral C) Price premium D) Price indifferent E) Price insensitive

_____ refers to the manner in which the message is presented. A) Position B) Isolation C) Format D) Contrast E) Lateralization

_____ refers to the physical location of individuals in terms of geographic region and rural, suburban, and urban location. A) Size B) Structure C) Distribution D) Dispersion E) Concentration

Which of the following statement is true regarding comparative advertising?

C) Audience characteristics, especially brand loyalty associated with the sponsoring brand, are important.

_____ are(is) the use of previously stored experiences, values, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings to interpret and evaluate information in working memory as well as to add relevant previously stored information.

C) Elaborative activities

Which type of message framing stresses either the positive outcomes of performing a behavior or the negative outcomes of not performing a behavior?

C) goal framing

When asked why she likes to shop, Melanie replied that it relaxes her, and she looks at is as a personal reward. This is an example of which hedonic shopping motive?

C) gratification shopping

Donald has just learned that he has Type II diabetes, so he wants to learn as much as he can to manage his health. He reads health magazines, visits health-related Web sites, and reads product nutrition and ingredient information on packages. Donald's strength of learning is most likely to be strong due to which factor that affects the strength of learning?

C) importance

87. _____ occurs when a child learns appropriate, or inappropriate, consumption behaviors by observing others. A. Consumer training B. Instrumental training C. Modeling D. Mediation E. Parroting

C. Modeling

61. Which of the following statements is true regarding the nature of family purchases and the roles played by various family members? A. Individuals tend to play the same role for all decisions. B. All family members tend to be involved in every stage of the decision process. C. Over time, each spouse develops more specialized roles as a part of the family lifestyle and family responsibilities. D. Individual family members play only a single role in a given purchase decision. E. The stage of the decision process does not influence decision roles.

C. Over time, each spouse develops more specialized roles as a part of the family lifestyle and family responsibilities.

75. A major basis for concern about marketing to children is their inability to fully process and understand commercial messages. Much of the theory and research in this area is based on _____. A. Asche's diffusion theory B. Weber's intellect enhancement theory C. Piaget's stages of cognitive development D. Pavlov's process acquisition stages E. none of the above

C. Piaget's stages of cognitive development

51. _____ is the amount of money one must pay to obtain the right to use the product. A. Consumer cost B. Total cost C. Price D. Value E. Customer value

C. Price

21.Which of the following is considered an "Older" (i.e., > 64) stage of the household life cycle? A. Single II B. Delayed full nest I C. Single III D. Single parent II E. Empty nest I

C. Single III

Vicki likes to visit a social network site called Fanfiction.com and read the stories that others post on this site. She doesn't really visit very often, and she has never posted a story on this site. Vicki is which type of social media participant? A. Joiners B. Critics C. Spectators D. Inactives E. Creators

C. Spectators

Most Asian Americans come from home cultures influenced by _____, which emphasizes subordination of the son to the father, the younger to the elder, and the wife to the husband.

Confucianism

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding consumer decisions and the consumer decision process?

Consumer decisions are rational and functional; otherwise they do not involve

general product-related terms

Consumers conducting a generic search in an Internet search engine use which type of terms? A) retailer-related terms B) brand-related terms C) general product-related terms D) brand- plus product-related terms E) price-related terms

Which of the following is true regarding word-of-mouth (WOM)?

Consumers trust WOM more than many other sources.

shopping orientations

Consumers' general approaches or patterns of external search are termed _____. A) social status B) shopping orientations C) involvement D) motives E) differentials

Timothy is a 54 year old African American consumer who is content with his life. He prefers to be a follower rather than a leader and is not status conscious. To which segment of the African American market identified by Market Segment Research would Timothy belong?

Contented

all of the above

Which condition is appropriate to attempt to influence generic problem recognition? A) It is early in the product life cycle. B) The firm has a high percentage of the market. C) External search after problem recognition is apt to be limited. D) It is an industry-wide cooperative effort. E) all of the above

Which group needs to understand how situational influences affect consumers' disposition decisions? A) marketers B) government C) environmental organizations D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which group of consumers are better able to chunk product information? A) younger consumers B) older consumers C) males D) females E) product experts

Which of the following affects consumers' retail outlet selection? A) outlet image B) retailer brands C) retail advertising D) outlet location and size E) all of the above

Which of the following do marketers need to be concerned about with respect to using celebrities as company spokespersons? A) overexposure of the celebrity B) negative behavior involving the spokesperson C) image of the celebrity does not match the image of the product or brand D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting consumers' retail outlet selection? A) outlet image B) retailer brands C) retail advertising D) outlet location and size E) number of levels of distribution

Which of the following is NOT a global lifestyle segment identified by Roper Starch Worldwide? A) Strivers B) Devouts C) Intimates D) Creatives E) Rustics

Which of the following is NOT a key element of relationship marketing? A) Developing a core service or product around which to build a customer relationship. B) Pricing in a manner to encourage loyalty. C) Augmenting the core service or product with extra benefits. D) Marketing to employees so that they will perform well for customers. E) Standardize the relationship across customers.

Which of the following is NOT a way emotional ads may enhance persuasion? A) by increasing attention of the ad and, therefore, ad recall B) by increasing liking of the ad C) by increasing product liking through classical conditioning D) by increasing product liking through high-involvement processes E) all of the above are ways emotional ads may enhance persuasion

Which of the following is NOT an action a consumer may utilize to reduce dissonance? A) Increase the desirability of the brand purchased. B) Decrease the desirability of rejected alternatives. C) Decrease the importance of the purchase decision. D) Reverse the purchase decision (return the product before use). E) Increase the importance of alternatives that were not considered in the purchase initially.

Which of the following is a common technique for inducing trial behavior? A) coupons B) free samples C) point-of-purchase displays D) tie-in purchases E) all of the above

Which of the following is a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy? A) demographics B) values C) language D) nonverbal communications E) all of the above

Which of the following is a dimension of a consumer's self-concept? A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) all of the above

Which of the following is a factor influencing nonverbal communications? A) things B) relationships C) space D) symbols E) all of the above

Which of the following is a factor that may account for inconsistencies between measures of beliefs and feelings and observations of behavior? A) lack of need B) failure to consider relative attitudes C) failure to consider interpersonal influence D) failure to consider situational factors E) all of the above

Which of the following is a hedonic shopping motive related to McGuire's typology? A) adventure shopping B) social shopping C) gratification shopping D) idea shopping E) all of the above

expectations

Which of the following is an individual characteristic that influences interpretation? A) expectations B) organization C) changes D) proximity E) clutter

position

Which of the following is considered a stimulus factor affecting attention? A) clutter B) position C) motivation D) ability E) all of the above

E) need for expression

An approach to measuring the importance of attitude components that requires consumers to allocate 100 points among the components such that the distribution of the points reflects the relative importance of the component is _____.

E) none of the above

Erin is very imaginative and appreciative of all types of art. She is very creatively talented, and others come to her for novel solutions to problems because she tends to "think outside the box." Which core trait best describes Erin?

E) openness to experience

Maria was raised as a Catholic, but she has not been attending church regularly since she moved out of her parents' home into her own apartment. However, when she does attend mass, she remembers the sequence of events and what she must do (e.g., sit, kneel, stand, which prayer to say, etc.). Her memory of how an action sequence should occur is known as a(n) _____.

E) script

Angie was participating in a market research study. The researcher gave her a shopping list and asked Angie to describe the type of person who would go shopping with this list. This is an example of which motivation research technique?

E) third-person technique

Mitch likes Toyota automobiles because he thinks they have the highest reliability of all automobiles. His belief about Toyota's reliability represents which component of Mitch's attitude?

E) utilitarian

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding consumption of subcultures? A. These groups have an identifiable, hierarchical social structure B. These groups have a set of shared beliefs or values C. These groups have a unique jargon, rituals, and modes of symbolic expression D. They are reference groups for their members as well as those who aspire to join or avoid them E. Consumption must be shared physically to be a shared ritual that creates and sustains a group

E. Consumption must be shared physically to be a shared ritual that creates and sustains a group

20. Which of the following is NOT considered a "Middle-aged" (i.e., 35-64) stage of the household life cycle? A. Single II B. Full nest II C. Delayed full nest I D. Single parent II E. Empty nest II

E. Empty nest II

Which type of participants in social media tend to be older, are online but don't participate in social media A. Creators B. Critics C. Joiners D. Spectators E. Inactives

E. Inactives

48. _____ include(s) advertising, the sales force, public relations, packaging, and any other signal that the firm provides about itself and its products. A. Value promotions B. Brand equity C. Distribution D. Market segmentation E. Marketing communications

E. Marketing communications

3. Which of the following is a household factor that influences purchase and consumption behavior? A. structure of household unit B. stage of the household life cycle C. household decision process D. a and b E. a, b, and c

E. a, b, and c

38. Which of the following is used to describe a group of consumers with similar needs sets? A. demographics B. lifestyles C. media usage D. a and b E. a, b, and c

E. a, b, and c

external search

Which type of search can involve independent sources, personal sources, marketer-based information, and product experience? A) internal search B) external search C) primary search D) secondary search E) evoked search

expectation bias

Individuals' interpretation of stimuli tend to be consistent with their expectations, an effect referred to as the _____. A) expectation response B) affect intensity C) individual bias D) expectation trait E) expectation bias

Which of the following is NOT a country from which Arab Americans come?

Israel

problem recognition

What is the first stage of the consumer decision process? A) information search B) problem recognition C) alternative evaluation D) purchase E) postpurchase behavior

intuition

What is the most common approach to discovering consumer problems? A) activity analysis B) intuition C) product analysis D) problem analysis E) qualitative research

limited decision making

When a consumer notices a new product in a store because of the point-of-purchase display, reads about the attributes of the product and recalls an unresolved problem that this product will solve, and then purchases the product, _____ has occurred. A) automatic decision making B) limited decision making C) nominal decision making D) extended decision making E) truncated decision making

Experience, familiarity, social status, shopping orientation and product involvement are examples of which factor that influences the expected benefits and perceived costs of search?

consumer characteristics

Jon purchased an antique watch on eBay from another consumer. Which type of sale is this known as?

consumer-to-consumer sale

To determine which criteria are used by consumers in a specific product decision, the marketing researcher can utilize which two methods of measurement?

direct and indirect

A loyal consumer will often use _____ to protect their brand by reducing the importance they put on a given attribute.

discounting

A brand whose perceived performance falls below expectations generally produces _____.

dissatisfaction

Which decision rule requires the consumer to rank the evaluative criteria in terms of their importance and to establish a cutoff point for each criterion, and all brands are first considered on the most important criterion, the second most important, and so on until only one brand remains?

elimination-by-aspects

Freddy is purchasing a new car, and he has decided that gas mileage, price, reliability, and styling are important to him. These attributes represent Freddy's _____.

evaluative criteria

The brands or products one will evaluate for the solution of a particular consumer problem are called the _____.

evoked set

For which type of decision making is external information search relatively important?

extended decision making

Which type of decision making involves an extensive internal and external information search followed by a complex evaluation of multiple alternatives and significant postpurchase evaluation?

extended decision making

Nathan is purchasing a new computer, so he asks his friends and family for help in selecting one. He also has searched the Internet and visited the Dell, Gateway, and IBM Web sites and has consulted Consumer Reports. Nathan is conducting which type of information search?

external search

Which type of search can involve independent sources, personal sources, marketer-based information, and product experience?

external search

Which of the following enhances the strength of learning? A) importance B) message involvement C) mood D) repetition E) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT an environment-oriented value? A) cleanliness B) performance/status C) tradition/change D) risk taking/security E) all of the above are environment-oriented values

Which of the following is NOT one of the shopping lifestyle segments based on consumer shopping motives? A) Minimalists B) Gatherers C) Providers D) Enthusiasts E) Proud Patrons

Which of the following is a reason consumers give gifts? A) social expectations B) ritualized consumption experiences C) to elicit return favors D) as an expression of love and caring E) all of the above

Which segment of shoppers is primarily motivated by value, not fun and adventure? A) Minimalists B) Enthusiasts C) Traditionalists D) Gatherers E) Providers

When considering consumers' ideal levels of performance on attributes when using a multiattribute attitude model, which attitude index is best?

A) 0

_____ occurs when a response to one stimulus is elicited by a similar but distinct stimulus.

A) Stimulus generalization

Nike has several models of athletic shoes, and most have high functionality. However, several models are also sleek looking and can actually make a fashion statement for the wearer as well as performing the functional aspects of the product. By going beyond the cognitive associations of functionality and attempting to tap consumers' affective reactions, Nike and other marketers are developing products with _____.

A) aesthetic appeal

In which type of motivational conflict must a consumer choose between two attractive alternatives?

A) approach-approach

Why are the SAM and adSAM measures effective across cultures?

A) because the pictorial representations don't require translation or alteration

Segmenting consumers on the basis of their most important attribute or attributes is called _____.

A) benefit segmentation

When Honda introduced its Odyssey mini-van, its advertising merely claimed, "It's the Honda of mini-vans." This is an example of _____.

A) brand leverage

Motives that are known and freely admitted are called _____.

A) manifest motives

Duane is attempting to determine consumers' attitudes toward his restaurant by asking them their beliefs about how his restaurant performs on several attributes, such as price, ambience, quality of the food, and friendliness of service. Consumers can rate his restaurant with a score of 1 to 7 for each of these attributes, with 7 being the highest. Duane adds up the scores to see how he performs, using the assumption that a higher total is better. At a basic level, which type of model is Duane using?

A) multiattribute attitude model

Normative influence is sometimes referred to as _____ influence. A. utilitarian B. coercive C. functional D. value-expressive E. conformist

A. utilitarian

25. Julie and Bart are both in their late 20s and recently married. They have no children and are learning how to make joint decisions. Recent purchase/service decisions were related to household furnishings, a washer and dryer, and insurance coverage. Which stage of the household life cycle are they experiencing? A. young married B. full nest C. empty nest D. introduction E. growth

A. young married

Amal immigrated from Jordan and has become a U.S. citizen. To which ethnic subculture does Amal belong?

Arab American

Which of the following was the source of the most immigrants into the United States in 2007?

Asia

Which subculture is the most diverse group, with numerous nationalities, languages, and religions?

Asian Americans

Malcolm is studying subcultures in the United States. He is trying to identify the subculture that has the highest education levels and median household incomes. Which ethnic group meets these criteria?

Asian/Pacific Islander

Which of the following is an approach used by marketers to increase consumers' affect toward their brand? A) classical conditioning B) create a positive affect toward the ad or Web site C) mere exposure D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Hailey purchased furniture for her living room and spent quite a bit of money. After she purchased it, she started regretting that she spent so much and she wasn't sure she liked the furniture. To make herself feel better, she told herself that the other furniture she was considering really wasn't that good and probably would not last as long as the furniture she ended up purchasing. Which of the following is Hailey using to reduce her postpurchase dissonance? A) Increasing the desirability of the brand purchased. B) Decreasing the desirability of rejected alternatives. C) Decreasing the importance of the purchase decision. D) Reversing the purchase decision. E) Increasing the importance of the purchase decision.

Which type of materialism is the acquisition of things to enable one to do something? A) primary B) secondary C) terminal D) means-end E) instrumental

Jim is trying to determine the level of his store's attraction by using the square footage as a measure of breadth of merchandise and the distance to the store from different geographic areas. Which model is he using? A) retail multiattribute model B) retail gravitation model C) retail attribution model D) retail geographic model E) retail distribution model

Learning a concept or the association between two or more concepts in the absence of conditioning is known as _____. A) operant learning B) iconic rote learning C) vicarious learning D) modeling E) analytical reasoning

Leslie was participating in a market research study, and she was asked to list all of the brands of computer printers that come to her mind. She listed HP, Epson, and Lexmark. These brands represent Leslie's _____. A) preferred set B) evoked set C) priority set D) accessible set E) primary set

The boundaries that culture sets on behavior are called _____. A) rules B) norms C) prescriptions D) precepts E) sanctions

The owner of a local restaurant wants to enhance consumers' attitudes toward his restaurant by changing the affective component of their attitude. Which of the following is an appropriate approach to achieve this objective? A) Change consumers' beliefs about attributes of his restaurant. B) Use positive music in their advertisements so that over time consumers will transfer the positive affect associated with the music to the restaurant. C) Convince consumers that an attribute for which this restaurant is strong is more important than other attributes consumers consider for this product category. D) Inform consumers that delivery is now available. E) Offer coupons to get consumers to visit the restaurant.

What two basic approaches are used to measure social status? A) primary and secondary measures B) single-item and multi-item indexes C) position and status measures D) income and occupation indexes E) income and education measures

Which of the following are abstractions of reality that capture the meaning of an item in terms of other concepts? A) imagery B) concepts C) episodes D) semantics E) schema

Many consumers associate Mercedes automobiles with status, luxury, quality engineering, and high price. This is an example of Mercedes' _____.

B) brand image

Which emotion would be classified under the "arousal" dimension of emotion?

B) distraction

For which type of products can affect, emotions, and Aad play a role in more conscious, high-involvement settings?

B) hedonic products

Which function of attitudes serves to express an individual's central values and self-concept?

B) value-expressive function

_____ involves tracking consumer click patterns on a Web site and using that information to decide on banner ad placement.

Behavioral targeting

have men recognize a problem with respect to facial care

Beiersdorf is working to have their Nivea for Men brand introduced and publicized in America in order to _____. A) fulfill a governmental mandate B) have men recognize a problem with respect to facial care C) market its new home hair coloring system D) increase brand awareness E) none of the above

Cameron was searching the Internet for information on digital cameras. He went to a search engine (i.e., Goggle) and searched the key words "digital camera." Unbeknownst to him, several banner ads for brands and retailers of digital cameras appeared on the results page that were activated based on the terms he used in his search. These banner ads are known as _____. A) product placement B) zoned banners C) smart banners D) smart placements E) behavioral ads

Carl and his family purchased a new home, and the builder left half empty paint cans in the garage. Carl doesn't know what to do with them because he cannot put them out in the regular trash. Carl is concerned with which of the following with regard to the paint? A) purchase B) use C) disposition D) consumption E) product nonuse

Every time Hannah buys a sandwich at Subway, she gets a stamp on a card. Once she has 10 stamps, she'll get a free sandwich. This is an example of a(n) _____. A) food stamp program B) acquisition program C) customer loyalty program D) tie-in program E) overlay program

For which type of product is self-image congruity likely to matter more? A) vacuum B) laundry detergent C) perfume D) paper towel E) lawn mower

Individuals born between 1977 and 1994 belong to which generation? A) baby boom B) Generation X C) Generation Y D) Generation Z E) Millennial generation

The idea behind _____ is that different parts of our brain are better suited for focused versus nonfocused attention. A) right brain/left brain lateralization B) subliminal lateralization C) hemispheric lateralization D) interpretation E) affective interpretation

Which of the following statement is true regarding comparative advertising? A) Comparative advertising is more effective regardless of the source. B) Comparative advertising is particularly effective for promoting established, market-share leader brands. C) Audience characteristics, especially brand loyalty associated with the sponsoring brand, are important. D) Broadcast media, particularly radio, appear to be better vehicles for comparative advertisements. E) A partially comparative ad is one in which a specific competitor is not named.

Groups with negative desirability are referred to as ___. A. primary reference group B. secondary reference group C. dissociative reference group D. aspiration reference group E. unattractive reference group

C. dissociative reference group

23. Forty-eight percent of females classified as "Single I" _____. A. live alone B. live with parent(s) C. live with others D. are divorced E. are engaged to be married

C. live with others

12. To survive in a competitive environment, an organization must provide its target customers more _____ than is provided to them by its competition. A. product B. service C. value D. feedback E. attention

C. value

Identification influence is also called _____ influence. A. informational B. normative C. value-expressive D. affective E. utilitarian

C. value-expressive

Jeep Jamboree, Jeep 101, and Camp Jeep, in which owners of Jeeps gather for the purposes of interacting with one another in the context of learning about and using their Jeeps, are examples of a _____. A. consumption gathering B. convention C. consortium D. brand event E. brand fest

E. brand fest

56. While the entire family is usually involved in major purchase decisions, Lisa is the one who usually makes the actual purchase. What family purchase role does Lisa play? A. initiator B. information gatherer C. influencer D. decision maker E. purchaser

E. purchaser

62. Which outcome of marketing strategy produces the revenue necessary for the firm to continue in business? A. customer satisfaction B. product position C. consumption D. social welfare E. sales and profits

E. sales and profits

21. A shopper who cares about brand-name merchandise and convenience is known as a ________ shopper. A. destination B. brand C. basic D. enthusiast E. serious

E. serious

All of the brands thought of as potential solutions are known as the consideration set.

False

The awareness set has generally been found to be smaller than the evoked set.

False

Nick looked up a phone number in the telephone directory, and instead of writing it down, he kept repeating it to himself over and over until he could punch the numbers and make the call. Which of the following describes what Nick was doing? A) developing a schema B) developing a script C) employing imagery D) maintenance rehearsal E) chunking information

Roger is an adult that has moved back in with his parents. He doesn't believe in sacrificing time, energy, and relations to the extent he sees older workers do for the sake of career or economic advancement. He has a master's degree but does not want to work for a large corporation. To which generation does Roger most likely belong? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Which of the following statements is true regarding marketing to Asian Americans?

Geographic concentration is aiding marketing efficiency.

intercept strategy

If a brand is included in a consumer's evoked set, which marketing strategy is NOT appropriate? A) maintenance strategy B) intercept strategy C) capture strategy D) preference strategy E) all of the above are appropriate

direct false claim

If it is literally false that Gardenburger's competitor is not "mushroom in origin" then what category of misleading advertising does this fall into? A) direct false claim B) claim-belief discrepancy C) inferential discrepancy D) interpretation discrepancy E) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT an action a consumer may utilize to reduce dissonance?

Increase the importance of alternatives that were not considered in the purchase initially.

perceptual relativity

Interpretation is generally a relative process rather than absolute, often referred to as _____. A) perceptual lateralization B) adaptation C) perceptual defenses D) selective perception E) perceptual relativity

Nikki is 23 years old, socially active in several community outreach programs, carefree, and image conscious. Which African American market segment identified by Market Segment Research best describes Nikki?

Living for the Moment

Which segment of the African American market identified by Market Segment Research is young, socially active, carefree, and image conscious?

Living for the Moment

When a communication leads consumers to believe something about the product that is not true even though it doesn't present a direct false claim, this is known as _____. A) a direct claim B) deceptive advertising C) interpretation discrepancy D) claim-belief discrepancy E) inferential discrepancy

When asked what the concept "New Year's" meant to Holly, she mentioned the following: party, holiday, new beginning, football, fun, resolution, and winter. Holly's basic knowledge and feelings she has about this concept comprises her _____. A) episodic memory B) primary memory C) accessible memory D) semantic memory E) conditioned memory

When did Americans begin to place increased emphasis on leisure, immediate gratification, and sensual gratification? A) after the end of the Civil War B) after the end of World War I C) during the Depression D) after the end of World War II E) after the Vietnam War

Which color is arousing? A) red B) yellow C) blue D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which need is activated when one's identity is threatened, motivating the person to protect his or her self-concept and utilize defensive behaviors and attitudes? A) need for cognition B) need for expression C) need for reinforcement D) need for ego defense E) need for identity preservation

A culture that tends to view time as being less discrete and less subject to scheduling, views simultaneous involvement in many activities as natural, allows activities to occur at their own pace rather than according to a predetermined timetable is adhering to a _____ time perspective. A) polychronic B) monochronic C) linear D) parallel E) simultaneous

A culture's overall orientation toward time is known as its _____. A) time perspective B) time meaning C) uses and gratifications D) time symbolism E) time relationship

A household's purchasing power is a function of which of the following? A) income and accumulated wealth B) age and gender C) income and education D) occupation and income E) social class and education

A socially defined occasion that triggers a set of interrelated behaviors that occur in a structured format and that have symbolic meaning is referred to as a _____. A) ritual situation B) momentary condition C) prescriptive D) schema E) holiday

According to the authors, American culture increasingly values _____. A) diversity B) uniformity C) collectivity D) fatalism E) none of the above

Advertisements and packages for Kellogg's Smart Start breakfast cereal include the seal of the American Heart Association, indicating that it is a hearty-healthy choice. This seal can influence consumers to purchase this brand because the American Heart Association has a reputation of trustworthiness and expertise. The seal appearing on packages and in advertisements represents a _____. A) third-party endorsement B) testimonial C) two-sided message D) sponsorship E) message frame

Carl is doing his homework and has the television on in the background. While it is on, several commercials aired. What stage of the information-processing model does this represent? A) exposure B) attention C) interpretation D) memory E) action

Carla watches television shows whenever she has time because she uses a digital video recorder to record the shows. When she watches them, she fast-forwards through the commercials, which is known as _____. A) zipping B) zapping C) muting D) exposure E) voluntary exposure

Generation X is also referred to as the _____ generation. A) baby bust B) baby boomlet C) mini baby boom D) echo boom E) boomerang

Which term is used to refer to whether a person is biologically a male or female? A) gender B) sex C) gender identity D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Health Valley is a brand of food, such as breakfast cereals, that uses all natural and organic ingredients. Moreover, they only purchase grain from organic farms. They state on their packages that "organic farming helps keep our food pure and protects our land and water from harmful substances. By supporting dozens of small organic farms, Health Valley helps protect a way of life for these family farmers, and helps ensure a safer and healthier Earth for you and your children." This is an example of _____. A) green marketing B) clean marketing C) environmental marketing D) activist marketing E) cause-related marketing

Howard Industries is a computer manufacturer located in Laurel, MS. This company is interested in expanding internationally. Which of the following is a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy that Howard Industries needs to be aware of? A) nonverbal communications B) natural resources C) economic conditions D) exchange rates E) all of the above

Jason will only drink Pepsi cola, and he feels an emotional attachment to it. That is the brand he was brought up on and is the one he continues to drink every day. Jason is exhibiting _____. A) brand loyalty B) brand leverage C) brand image D) brand equity E) brand bias

Jenny is interested in understanding the behavior of consumers that are classified as working in technical, clerical, or sales occupations. Which of the following products is this group LEAST likely to purchase? A) domestic beer B) cigarettes C) diet colas D) laptop/notebook computers E) all of the above

John and his wife love art and travel the world to purchase artwork that is representative of a country's culture. Which type of materialism does this represent? A) terminal B) instrumental C) cultural D) primary E) secondary

Shirley and Bud have been married for almost 50 years, but Shirley can remember their wedding day so clearly. She remembers how happy she felt that day and how wonderful it was to celebrate their marriage with all of their family and friends. She even remembers walking down the aisle, seeing her future husband waiting for her, and her father kissing her as her placed her hand in Bud's. Which type of memory does this represent? A) episodic memory B) primary memory C) accessible memory D) semantic memory E) conditioned memory

41. J&J Produce is a distributor of fresh produce. They conducted a thorough analysis of its market and identified groups of consumers that had similar product-related needs. One particular market identified wanted fresh and unique produce, such as Swiss chard, radicchio, and exotic fruits, and they were willing to pay higher prices for these choices. J&J Produce decided to focus its marketing effort on this segment of the total market. This segment is J&J's _____. A. need set B. primary market C. customer set D. target market E. market focus

D. target market

73. Which of the following refers to what children learn with respect to consumption? A. the process of consumer socialization B. the rate of consumer socialization C. the impact of consumer socialization D. the content of consumer socialization E. the influence of consumer socialization

D. the content of consumer socialization

A consumer's decision of whether or not to take action when he or she is dissatisfied is a function of which of the following? A) importance of the purchase to the consumer B) ease of taking action C) consumer's existing level of overall satisfaction with the brand or outlet D) characteristics of the consumer involved E) all of the above

A market research study asked consumers to rate themselves with respect to several adjectives, such as happy, cheerful, peaceful, sad, blue, and depressed. What is this research trying to assess? A) noncontextual effects B) traits C) temporal effects D) social surroundings E) mood

A store's atmosphere can influence which of the following? A) consumers' judgments of the quality of the store B) store's image C) shoppers' moods D) shoppers' willingness to visit and linger E) all of the above

Accessibility is related to which of the following? A) strength of incoming linkages B) number of incoming linkages C) strength of links to nodes D) directness of links to nodes E) all of the above

Ads that encourage consumers to remember past personal experiences and use language such as "you" and "your" in the copy are using the strategy of _____ to enhance message involvement. A) importance B) personalization C) dual coding D) mood enhancement E) self-referencing

An advertisement for AT&T long distance telephone service split the screen in two and showed a person on each screen talking on the telephone. Below each person, there was a running total of the cost of the call. At the end of the commercial, the total cost on the AT&T side was lower than that for the Sprint side. This is an example of which type of ad? A) one-sided message B) two-sided message C) fear appeal D) third-party endorsement E) comparative ad

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population has a high school degree? A) 25% B) 40% C) 50% D) 75% E) 85%

Attention is determined by which factor? A) the stimulus B) the individual C) the situation D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Generally speaking, compared to attitudes formed under the peripheral route, attitudes formed under the central route tend to be _____. A) stronger B) more resistant to counterpersuasion attempts C) more accessible from memory D) more predictive of behavior E) all of the above

One factor motivating U.K. travelers is learning. Which of Maslow's needs is this most related to? A) physiological B) safety C) belongingness D) esteem E) self-actualization

Which of the following is considered an individual factor affecting attention? A) motivation B) intensity C) clutter D) attractiveness E) isolation

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding appropriate alternatives?

Marketing strategy that focuses only on creating awareness is adequate.

Which of the following is NOT a research finding regarding the Internet as an information source?

Over 90% of Americans use the Internet to research a product/service before buying it.

using email

Research shows that the most common use of the Internet is _____. A) searching for a map or driving directions B) getting news C) buying a product D) using e-mail E) checking the weather

bots

Services that aid consumers in their search and decision making on the Internet are known as _____. A) bots B) worms C) viruses D) seekers E) minimizers

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding African American Internet usage?

The percentage of college-educated African Americans who use the Internet is the same as the general population.

John is an older, retired Japanese American. He has a strong identification with his Japanese culture, still speaks primarily Japanese and is not concerned about status. Which segment of the Asian American market identified by Market Segment Research best describes John?

Traditionalists

activity analysis

Which approach to problem identification focuses on a particular activity such as lawn maintenance? A) activity analysis B) product analysis C) problem analysis D) human factors research E) emotion research

situational

Which of the following characteristics influencing interpretation represents factors beyond the stimulus itself? A) individual B) personal C) situational D) stimulus E) inferential

the consumer's perception of the actual state

Which of the following drives problem recognition? A) the consumer's perception of the actual state B) objective reality of the consumer's actual state C) the amount of information available D) the number of alternatives from which to choice E) others' perception of an individual's actual state

all of the above

Which of the following factors influences the expected benefits and perceived costs of search? A) market characteristics B) product characteristics C) consumer characteristics D) situation characteristics E) all of the above

search engine optimization

Which of the following involves techniques designed to ensure that a company's Web pages appear high on an Internet search result list? A) market segmentation B) search engine optimization C) spam D) blogging E) behavioral targeting

Which of the following is NOT a research finding regarding the Internet as an information source? A) Online information is expected. B) Online information boosts offline sales. C) Online sources are viewed as valuable. D) Online sources reduce a salesperson's role. E) Over 90% of Americans use the Internet to research a product/service before buying it.

all of the above

Which of the following is true regarding the Internet as a source of information? A) Online information is expected. B) Online information boosts offline sales. C) Online sources are viewed as valuable. D) Online sources reduce a salesperson's role. E) all of the above

generic problem recognition

Which problem recognition involves a discrepancy that a variety of brands within a product category can reduce? A) generic problem recognition B) selective problem recognition C) active problem recognition D) inactive problem recognition E) primary problem recognition

ad avoidance

Zipping, zapping, and muting are simply mechanical ways for consumers to selectively avoid exposure to advertising messages, often referred to as _____. A) exposure avoidance B) selective perception C) selective interpretation D) exposure avoidance E) ad avoidance

product involvement

_____ indicates motivation or interest in a specific product category, and it can be temporary or enduring. A) Ability B) Product involvement C) Cognition D) Focused attention E) Interest

rhetorical figures

_____ involve(s) the use of an unexpected twist or artful deviation in how a message is communicated either visually in the ad's picture or verbally in the ad's text or headline. A) Rhetorical figures B) Proximity C) Ambush marketing D) Contextual figures E) Affective interpretation

information quantity

_____ represents the number of cues in the stimulus field. A) Interestingness B) Contrast C) Expectations D) Information Quantity E) Size/Intensity

A consumer decision requires information on which of the following?

a, b, and c

The degree to which an immigrant has adapted to his or her new culture is known as ___

acculturation

Expenses associated with advertising, establishing a new account, and mailing catalogs are examples of _____.

acquisition costs

Bessie is at the grocery store and is trying to remember some of the things she needs to buy. She is in the cleaning products aisle looking at the floor cleaning products. She's pretty sure she has another bottle left at home, so she doesn't purchase another. Bessie's perception of her current situation regarding this product reflects her ____.

actual state

Ben is interested in golf, so he visits several golf-related Web sites, such as the USGA and the PGA. Unbeknownst to him, his surfing behavior is being tracked, and it's no accident that he receives several banner ads for golf products and destinations. This is called _____.

behavioral targeting

Every time Hannah buys a sandwich at Subway, she gets a stamp on a card. Once she has 10 stamps, she'll get a free sandwich. This is an example of a(n) _____.

customer loyalty program

Darcy is considering the purchase of living room furniture. While there are several national-chain furniture stores in her city, she is not considering Haverty's because she's purchased furniture from this store before and has been dissatisfied. For Darcy, this furniture retailer is included in her _____.

inept set

Beverly went to the store to purchase instant hot chocolate mix for her family. A sign near the hot chocolate directed her to a specific aisle where she could purchase marshmallows. This is an example of a(n) _____. A) cross-promotion B) brand extension C) co-brand D) overlay E) simultaneous promotion

_____ is separating a stimulus object from other objects. A) Positioning B) Isolation C) Formatting D) Contrasting E) Lateralization

the "do not purchase" alternative

A completely nominal decision does not even include consideration of _____. A) information B) problem recognition C) the "do not purchase" alternative D) purchase evaluation E) all of the above

12. Which type of family consists of a married couple and their own or adopted children living at home? A. nontraditional family B. traditional family C. blended family D. stepfamily E. combination family

B. traditional family

13. Barry and Laurie have been married for almost twenty years, and this is the first marriage for both of them. They have two children living at home. Which type of family is this? A. nontraditional family B. traditional family C. blended family D. stepfamily E. combination family

B. traditional family

Which term is often used interchangeably with the term "motivation"? A) personality B) emotion C) need D) perception E) feeling

52. Amy purchased a new 32" LCD high-definition television and paid $400 for it. This amount of money Amy had to pay to obtain this product is known as the _____. A. total cost B. value C. value proposition D. price E. consumer cost

D. price

Which type of group's presumed perspectives or values are being used by an individual as the basis for his or her current behavior? A. cohort group B. generation group C. community group D. reference group E. modeling group

D. reference group

Which of the following is an online "pass-it-along" strategy? A. online guides B. dispersion C. blogs D. viral marketing E. e-gossip

D. viral marketing

How did Sunbeam Appliance Company use conjoint analysis to help them redesign its many lines of small kitchen appliances?

It was used to provide data on the structure of consumers' preferences for product features and their willingness to trade one feature for more of another feature.

marketing sources

Lane is test driving several models of automobiles to help him decide which one to purchase. Which source of information does this represent? A) memory B) personal sources C) independent sources D) marketing sources E) experiential sources

Which of the following statements is true regarding counterfactual thinking?

Marketers always try to reduce the likelihood that consumer think this way.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding problem recognition?

Only when the desired state is greater than the actual state will a problem exist.

memory

Past searches, prior personal experiences, and prior low-involvement learning are examples of which source of information? A) memory B) personal sources C) independent sources D) marketing sources E) experiential sources

a b and c

Perceived risk is a function of the _____. A) individual B) product C) situation D) a and b E) a, b, and c

all of the above

Perceived risk is high for products whose failure to perform as expected would result in a high _____. A) social cost B) financial cost C) time cost D) physical cost E) all of the above

interpretation

Perception is a process that begins with consumer exposure and attention to marketing stimuli and ends with consumer _____. A) interpretation B) attitudes C) action D) acceptance E) behavior

how critical the problem is to the maintenance of the consumer's desired lifestyle

Relative importance of a problem is determined by which of the following? A) how critical the problem is to the maintenance of the consumer's desired lifestyle B) how critical the problem is to others C) the magnitude of the discrepancy between the desired and actual states D) the magnitude of the discrepancy between the actual self-concept and the ideal self-concept E) the level of risk associated with the decision process

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding subcultures in the United States?

Religious groups are the most commonly described subcultures.

_____ continue to buy the same brand though they do not have an emotional attachment to it.

Repeat purchasers

affect intensity

Some people experience emotions more strongly than do others, which is a trait known as _____. A) physiological differentiation B) psychological differentiation C) affect intensity D) cognitive intensity E) psychological intensity

Given the following information, which of the following compact disc players would be chosen using the lexicographic decision rule?

Sony

Given the following information, which of the following compact disc players would be chosen using the elimination-by-aspects decision rule?

Sony and Pioneer would be considered further.

Mexican Americans tend to live in which region of the United States?

Southwest and California

evoked set

The brands or products one will evaluate for the solution of a particular consumer problem are called the _____. A) evoked set B) evaluative criteria C) alternative set D) preferred set E) awareness set

evaluative criteria

The desired features or characteristics required to meet a consumer's needs are his or her _____. A) evoked set B) evoked criteria C) consideration criteria D) evaluative criteria E) evaluative set

moderator

The person present during a focus group discussion that keeps the discussion moving and focused on the topic is called a(n) _____. A) coordinator B) director C) moderator D) initiator E) interpreter

traits

The size, shape, and color are specific _____ of the stimulus that can affect interpretation. A) cues B) traits C) elements D) contextual cues E) signals

Which of the following is FALSE regarding committed customers?

They are less likely to forgive an occasional product or service failure.

selective problem recognition

Which problem recognition involves a discrepancy that only one brand can solve? A) generic problem recognition B) selective problem recognition C) active problem recognition D) inactive problem recognition E) primary problem recognition

product placement

____ involves incorporating brands into movies, television programs, and other entertainment venues in exchange for payment or promotional or other consideration, with the goal being to add realism to the scene, give subtle exposure to the brand, and influence consumers in an unobtrusive manner. A) Ad integration B) Product integration C) Brand integration D) Product placement E) Product synergy

exposure

____ occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person's relevant environment and comes within range of their sensory receptor nerves. A) Perception B) Attention C) Interpretation D) Perceptual offense E) Exposure

motivation

_____ is a drive state created by consumer interests and needs. A) Ability B) Emotion C) Cognition D) Motivation E) Focused attention

Which type of consumer choice process involves the use of general attitudes, summary impressions, intuitions, or heuristics, and no attribute-by-attribute comparisons are made at the time of choice?

attitude-based choice

Joseph is considering the purchase of a computer, and he is comparing brands on the basis of price, memory, speed, and reliability. He mentally ranks each alternative on these attributes and makes a selection based on these rankings. Joseph is using which type of choice process?

attribute-based choice

Marketers must promote _____ rather than _____, especially for less knowledgeable consumers and for complex products

benefits, features

Miles is considering the purchase of a new car. Price is the most important criterion for him, and he will only consider those models that do not exceed $20,000. Since several models satisfy this criterion, he then considers how each alternative performs with respect to gas mileage, and he will not consider any that get less than 20 miles per gallon in the city. Which decision rule is Miles using?

elimination-by-aspects

Firms with a limited reputation sometimes do which of the following with a reputable firm so as to gain from the quality associated with the known brand?

form brand alliances

front-line employee

Consumers conducting a generic search in an Internet search engine use which type of terms?

general product-related terms

Bob is searching the Internet for information on digital cameras, so he types in the words "digital camera" in Google. Which type of search is Bob conducting?

generic

Research has shown that most of the online search leading up to a purchase was _____.

generic

Kimberly loves the ham and turkey from the Heavenly Ham store. There is only one store in her town, though, and it is pretty far away. She goes that direction on Saturdays for her daughter's music lesson, but by the time it's over and she's heading home, the store is already closed. Sometimes she brings a cooler and stops there before her daughter's lesson, but most of the time she forgets to bring the cooler. She usually ends up buying lunch meat at the grocery deli. Which reason for changing providers does this represent?

inconvenience

Which of the following is NOT a source of increased customer profitability over time?

increased churn

Jon needed to purchase new tires for his SUV. He consulted Consumer Reports to see how the various brands were rated. Jon consulted which type of information source?

independent sources

Magazines, consumer groups, and government agencies represent which source of information?

independent sources

Which measurement technique used to assess consumers' evaluative criteria assumes consumers will not or cannot state their evaluative criteria?

indirect

Brands that are found completely unworthy of further consideration are members of the _____.

inept set

Brands for which a consumer is aware but basically indifferent toward compose his or her _____.

inert set

What are the two dimensions to performance for products?

instrumental and symbolic

Blake doesn't much care about cars but is engaging in a substantial amount of information search about cars since he is about to buy a new car. In terms of involvement, Blake is _____.

low in product involvement; high in purchase involvement

What percentage of Arab Americans are U.S. citizens?

more than 80 percent

Every winter, Laurie's skin becomes very dry and results in painful cracks in her skin on her fingers. Once this happens, Laurie remembers that Zim's Crack Cream works really well for this problem, so she stops at the store to pick some up. Which type of decision making has occurred?

nominal decision making

Which type of consumer decision making only includes the stages of problem recognition, limited internal information search, purchase, and limited postpurchase behavior?

nominal decision making

Which type of decision making process in effect involves no decision per se?

nominal decision making

An outlet or brand whose performance confirms a low-performance expectation generally will result in _____.

nonsatisfaction

Friends, family, and others are examples of which source of information?

personal sources

Which of the following is NOT a type of consumer choice process?

rational choice

Which theory assumes that the consumer is a rational decision maker with well-defined, stable preferences, and has sufficient skills to calculate which option will maximize his or her value and will choose on this basis?

rational choice theory

A firm that introduces a new line of non-fat snack food due to increasing consumer concern with health is _____.

reacting to problem recognition

Which of the following is NOT an alternative if a consumer decides to retain a product's package?

recycle it

All EXCEPT which of the following nonmarketing factors affect a consumer's actual state?

reference group

Which type of subculture arises as a result of climatic conditions, the natural environment and resources, the characteristics of the various immigrant groups that have settled there, and significant social and political events?

regional

relationship marketing

What is the major difference between white and black shoppers' store selection criteria?

respect

Which segment of the African American market identified by Market Segment Research is mature and content with life, tends to be followers not leaders, and are not status conscious?

Contented

Which subculture of Hispanics tends to have incomes well above the others?

Cubans

Andrew is considering the purchase of a portable DVD player. He is comparing alternatives on the basis of screen size, battery life, and price. Andrew is using which type of evaluative criteria?

tangible

Changing behavior prior to changing affect or cognition is based primarily on _____.

B) operant conditioning

In conditioned learning, forgetting is often referred to as _____.

C) extinction

How are actual behaviors and response tendencies most often measured?

D) direct questioning

Which of the following is a concern marketing managers have related to problem recognition?

all of the above

Coca-Cola does not advertise during the evening news because the marketer does not want the often negative information reported on the news to create a negative feeling toward the brand. Which type of learning creates an association between the brand and some response?

A) classical conditioning

A) episodic memory

The memory of a sequence of events in which a person participated is called _____.

A) episodic memory

A market researcher asked Carl about his recollection of a specific exposure event, such as seeing an advertisement, or experience, such as driving or riding in an Acura automobile, which was the brand the researcher was interested in. While Carl could not recall a specific ad and has never traveled in an Acura, he seemed to "know" quite a bit about this brand. Carl described the brand as "reliable," "high-performance," "luxury," and "expensive." Which type of memory does this represent?

A) explicit memory

Which type of memory is characterized by the conscious recollection of an exposure event?

A) explicit memory

Dolly prefers to be in a large group rather than alone. She is talkative when with others and is very bold. Which personality trait best describes Dolly?

A) extroversion

Which type of processing involves the recall and mental manipulation of sensory images, including sight, smell, taste, and tactile (touch) sensations?

A) imagery processing

Smoke detectors, preventive medicines, insurance, retirement investments, seat belts, burglar alarms, and sunscreen are all examples of products to satisfy consumers' _____ needs.

A) safety

Which type of memory structure is a complex web of associations?

A) schema

Which of the following is NOT a specific learning theory?

A) schematic

Which component of memory is also referred to as working memory and is that portion of total memory that is currently activated or in use?

A) short-term memory

Whole Foods Supermarkets have been described as down-to-earth, honest, wholesome, and cheerful. Which dimension of brand personality does this represent?

A) sincerity

Which of the following is the primary determinant of how material is learned?

C) level of involvement

48. A family purchase decision differs from an organizational decision in _____. A. the level of emotion involved B. the involvement of multiple people in the decision C. the absence of time pressure D. the fact that different people play different roles in the purchase E. all of the above

A. the level of emotion involved

74. Which of the following refers to how children learn with respect to consumption? A. the process of consumer socialization B. the rate of consumer socialization C. the impact of consumer socialization D. the content of consumer socialization E. the influence of consumer socialization

A. the process of consumer socialization

19. Marketing strategy is formulated in terms of the marketing mix; that is, it involves determining the product, features, price, communications, distribution, and services that will provide customers with superior value. This entire set of characteristics is often referred to as the _____. A. total product B. customer value C. offering D. value proposition E. total value

A. total product

normal depletion

All EXCEPT which of the following nonmarketing factor affects consumers' desired state? A) reference group B) household characteristics C) normal depletion D) financial status/expectations E) culture

awareness set

All of the brands that a consumer thinks of as potential solutions are known as the _____. A) awareness set B) evaluative criteria C) alternative set D) preferred set E) consideration set

Which of the following statements is true regarding ethnic subcultures?

All subcultures are very diverse, and general descriptions do not apply to all of the members

will increase the chances that their information is perceived to be true

An advertiser who formats its factual information so that it is easier to process _____. A) is tapping into the isolation effect B) is basing their strategy on figure-ground theory C) is utilizing adaptation level theory D) will increase the chances that their information is perceived to be true E) none of the above

After experiencing a major earthquake in California, Tina often felt powerless and helpless. This caused her to be fearful and anxious, which sometimes made her panicked. Which dimension of emotions is Tina experiencing? A) arousal B) dominance C) negative D) uncontrollable E) destructive

An advertising theme such as "Serve Pepsi to your friends, they'll love you for it" is most likely based on _____ motivation. A) tension reduction B) affiliation C) modeling D) expression E) none of the above

Atmosphere is referred to as _____ when describing a service business such as a hospital, bank, or restaurant. A) landscape B) servicescape C) ambiance D) environment E) servqual

Consumers who purchase only popular brands because of insecurity, are most likely influenced by the _____ motive.

D) ego-defense

A local car dealership advertises quite frequently on local broadcast and cable television, and it seems as though the man in the ad is always yelling for consumers to "Come on down, you'll be glad you did!" This car dealership uses the same type of ad over and over even though the specific information changes, and consumers tend to shut out the message, evaluate it negatively, or disregard it. John is so sick of these ads that he instantly changes the channel when one comes on. This is an example of _____. A) zipping B) advertising wearout C) interference D) pulsing E) poor positioning

A shift back to an emphasis on postponed gratification in American would most likely _____. A) increase the use of credit B) decrease the use of credit C) alter the timing of television commercials D) expand the use of Internet shopping E) none of the above

Barbara is a great grandmother with a few health problems that require her to live in assisted-living housing. However, she does not let her physical and economic limitations affect her self-esteem. She remains independent, socializes in several seniors' groups, and still likes to remain stylish in her dress. Barbara would be classified as a(n) _____. A) Healthy Hermit B) Ailing Outgoer C) Ailing Hermit D) Frail Recluse E) Healthy Indulger

Charles was examining his perception of himself as whom he would like to be. Charles is examining his _____. A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) present self-concept

Harriet is very frugal, so she regularly combs the grocery ads looking for bargains. Usually she'll go to a particular store just to buy an advertised item, but sometimes she purchases other items that were not advertised as well. The purchase of the unadvertised items represent which type of sales? A) incremental sales B) spillover sales C) marginal sales D) sales plus E) impulse sales

High-involvement learning often involves _____. A) classical conditioning B) analytical reasoning C) iconic rote learning D) all of the above E) none of the above

Many consumers associate Mercedes automobiles with status, luxury, quality engineering, and high price. This is an example of Mercedes' _____. A) brand equity B) brand image C) brand leverage D) brand position E) brand identity

Many store brands use packaging and labeling that is similar to the more expensive national brand. The hope is that the look-alike package will elicit a similar response in consumers that encourages them to purchase the cheaper store brand. This is an example of _____. A) stimulus discrimination B) stimulus generalization C) stimulus confusion D) stimulus similarity E) stimulus deception

Marie has purchased a brand that she has purchased before. However, the first time she used this brand, the product failed and she was dissatisfied. Unfortunately, the second time she purchased this brand, the same thing happened. She's frustrated and wants her money back, but she doesn't feel as though she has any control over this situation. She's decided that she just needs to accept this poor quality and not expect so much from the next product she purchases. Marie can be described as a(n) ______. A) individualist B) fatalist C) collectivist D) cooperativist E) other-oriented consumer

The WUSA, WNBA, and LPGA have _____. A) succeeded due to America's increased focus on nature B) been a response to the changing role of women in American society C) been slow to grow due to the shift toward more traditional values D) been slow to grow due to women's lack of involvement in general fitness activities E) none of the above

Sensory discrimination is _____.

the ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli

Which dimension of self-concept refers to the individual's perception of who I would like to be? A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) future self-concept

Which emotion would be classified under the "arousal" dimension of emotion? A) duty B) distraction C) guilt D) shame E) disgust

Which generation "invented" rock and roll and grew up with music and television as important parts of their lives? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Which global lifestyle segment values duty, tradition, faith, obedience, and respect for elders? A) Strivers B) Devouts C) Altruists D) Intimates E) Creatives

Which model is used to calculate the level of store attraction based on store size and distance from the consumer? A) retail multiattribute model B) retail attraction model C) retail attribution model D) retail geographic model E) retail distribution model

Which need results in the consumer playing various roles and gaining pleasure from adding new, satisfying roles and by increasing the significance of roles already adopted? A) need for stimulation B) need for identification C) need or objectification D) teleological need E) need for expression

Which of Maslow's needs involves the desire for self-fulfillment, to become all that one is capable of becoming? A) safety B) self-actualization C) physiological D) belongingness E) esteem

Which of the following services would be classified as having an extended hedonic consumption purpose? A) bank B) cruise C) business dinner D) exercise class E) theater

SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin) is used to assess which component of attitude?

B) affective

An advertising theme such as "Serve Pepsi to your friends, they'll love you for it" is most likely based on _____ motivation.

B) affiliation

The situation interacts with the marketing activity and the individual to determine behavior. Which of the following is a marketing activity? A) lifestyle B) temporal perspective C) package D) purchase E) task definition

The source of a communication represents _____.

B) "who" delivers the message

Which of the following is true regarding value-expressive versus utilitarian appeals?

B) Utilitarian appeals are most effective for functional products.

B) advertising wearout

Which term is used to refer to the liking/disliking aspect of a specific feeling?

B) affect

69. Karen and her kids were hungry and were trying to decide where to eat for dinner. After several minutes of bickering, Karen decided where they were going to go. Her children balked at her decision and asked why she got to decide, and she said, "Because I'm your mother and I said so!" Which approach did Karen use to resolve this family conflict? A. bargaining B. use of authority C. impression management D. playing on emotion E. reasoning

B. use of authority

Which type of communication involves individuals sharing information with other individuals in a verbal form including face-to-face, phone, and the Internet? A. mass advertising B. word-of-mouth C. impersonal D. two-step E. multistep WOM involves individuals sharing information with other individuals in a verbal form including face-to-face, phone, and the Internet.

B. word-of-mouth

Mitch seems to know everything about cars - at least that's what his friends and family think. He has been involved with cars since he was a child and even took an engine apart and put it back together again by the time he was 16 years old. He reads several publications related to cars, visits websites, and hangs out with others who are interested in cars as well. Due to his enduring involvement with this product category, Mitch would be considered a(n) _____. A. product maven B. opinion leader C. product fanatic D. product endorser E. market leader

B., opinion leader

Which of the following groups is characterized by a strong belief in the literal truth of the Bible, a very strong commitment to their religious beliefs, having had a "born-again" experience, and encouraging others to believe in Jesus Christ?

Born-again Christians

inert set

Brands for which a consumer is aware but basically indifferent toward compose his or her _____. A) evoked set B) consideration set C) inept set D) excluded set E) inert set

Consumers who place heavy weight on the opinions and feelings of others are called _____. A) independents B) interdependents C) high self-monitors D) low self-monitors E) conspicuous consumers

Dale has to write a research report about Poland in his International Marketing class. One aspect he must learn about the country is its size, structure, and distribution. What does this represent? A) psychographics B) geography C) demographics D) economics E) lifestyles

Denise tends to experience emotions more strongly than most people, so much so that there are some ads that she cannot even watch because they make her cry. This trait is known as _____. A) physiological differentiation B) psychological differentiation C) affect intensity D) cognitive intensity E) psychological intensity

Doubt or anxiety regarding a purchase a consumer has made is known as _____. A) postpurchase worry B) postpurchase guilt C) postpurchase dissonance D) postpurchase shame E) postpurchase fear

Even if a dissatisfied consumer takes no external action, which of the following is likely? A) will engage in negative work-of-mouth B) will stop buying that brand C) will have a less favorable attitude toward the store or brand D) will stop buying at that store E) all of the above

Hunter purchased a new computer, and he started thinking about what it would be like if he had purchased the other brand that he was considering seriously. He purchased a Dell, but he kept thinking that if he had only spent a little more and purchased the IBM, he might not be experiencing some of the problems that he is (i.e., computer "freezing up"). Which of the following is Hunter engaging in? A) postpurchase anxiety B) consumption guilt C) counterfactual thinking D) prefactual thinking E) innovative thinking

Kelly likes to shop at Target. She really likes the Archer Farms brands with the rooster on the label, which is one of Target's own brands and can only be purchased there. These types of brands are known as _____. A) primary brands B) secondary brands C) store brands D) internal brands E) limited distribution brands

Neil is considering the purchase of a 4-wheeler ATV. He visited a distributor to look at different models, and when he looked at prices he compared them with a price his brother told him he paid for an ATV. The price Neil retrieves from memory is known as a(n) _____. A) base reference price B) external reference price C) internal reference price D) private reference price E) personal reference price

Nicholas is examining how people in India perceive time, space, symbols, relationships, agreements, things, and etiquette. He is interested in these factors because they influence _____. A) language B) demographics C) nonverbal communications D) values E) laws

Nouveaux riche is most commonly associated with the _____. A) upper-middle class B) middle class C) lower-upper class D) upper-upper class E) none of the above

Robert is fifteen years old and has recently moved to a new town, and therefore, a new high school. He was trying to get accepted by a group of kids that he wanted to be friends with. When they asked him to attend a party over the weekend, he said he'd have to ask his parents for permission. This group of students laughed at him and called him a "momma's boy" and told him he can't be one of them because they don't ask parents for permission, they just do what they want. This social disapproval of Robert's behavior is an example of a(n) _____. A) norm B) violation C) sanction D) precept E) edict

The willingness to buy a particular product or service is known as _____. A) a need B) a want C) demand D) motivation E) an attitude

Which generation is considered to be more self-centered, individualistic, economically optimistic, skeptical, suspicious of authority, and focused on the present than other generations? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Which generation refers to those individuals born during the dramatic increase of births (i.e., almost 80 million baby births) between the end of World War II and 1964? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Which of the following is NOT considered a stimulus factor affecting attention? A) size B) intensity C) clutter D) position E) isolation

_____ refers to the process of learning to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. A) Stimulus generalization B) Stimulus reasoning C) Stimulus discrimination D) Stimulus contrasting E) Stimulus identification

28. Roughly what percentage of children are born to unmarried mothers, a percentage that has risen by thirteen percentage points since 1990? A. 10 B. 25 C. 40 D. 50 E. 66

C. 40

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding humorous appeals?

C) Humorous ads are low risk because they tend to translate well across situations and cultures.

The capacity of STM is thought to be in the range of _____ bits of information.

C) 5 to 9

____ motives emphasize the individual as striving to maintain equilibrium.

C) Preservation-oriented

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding short-term memory (STM)?

C) STM is a static structure.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding how emotional responses to advertising influence consumer behavior?

C) While emotional content in advertisements may increase attention, emotional messages have not been found to be processed more thoroughly than neutral messages.

A consumer's propensity to pursue differentness relative to others through the acquisition, utilization, and disposition of consumer goods is exhibiting _____.

C) a need for uniqueness

In an attempt to alter consumers' cognitive component of their attitude toward Pepsi brand of cola, a freshness date was added on the cans. Pepsi wanted consumers to consider this attribute that was never a consideration before. Pepsi was using which strategy to alter the cognitive structure of a consumer's attitude?

C) add beliefs

Feelings or emotional reactions to an object reflect the _____ component of an attitude.

C) affective

Kimberly-Clark is interested in mothers' emotional reactions to their Huggies brand of disposable diapers, which usually have popular characters or cute designs printed on them. Which component of attitude is Kimberly-Clark interested in?

C) affective

Raymond is conducting motivation research. He gives consumers a list of words, and they are asked to respond to the list with the first word that comes to mind. This is an example of _____.

C) an association technique

How did Johnson & Johnson hope to reposition St. Joseph's Aspirin?

C) as the best source for a low-dosage aspirin regime to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes in adults

A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object is known as a(n) _____.

C) attitude

Caleb learned from his parents that littering was bad, so when he sees someone doing it, he forms an unfavorable impression of that person. Caleb's learned predisposition to dislike someone who litters represents his _____.

C) attitude

Which component of attitude represents one's tendency to respond in a certain manner toward an object or activity?

C) behavioral

The elaboration likelihood model posits two routes to persuasion, which are the _____.

C) central route and peripheral route

Which of the following is a theory about how attitudes are formed and changed under varying conditions of involvement?

C) elaboration likelihood model

Tony the Tiger, the Jolly Green Giant, and the Aflac duck are examples of _____.

C) spokescharacters

A substantial amount of brand switching when the current brand is satisfactory may be explained by the _____ motive.

C) stimulation

Bob wants to purchase a big screen television, but he's reluctant because he tells himself that "If I buy it now, then the price will drop and I'll regret not waiting longer." Bob is engaging in _____. A) prepurchase dissonance B) consumption guilt C) counterfactual thinking D) prefactual thinking E) purchase anxiety

Which of the following is an ambient condition related to store atmosphere? A) customer characteristics B) symbols C) layout D) temperature E) furnishings

A message presented so fast or so softly or so masked by other messages that one is not aware of seeing or hearing it is called a(n) _____ stimulus. A) subversive B) sublingual C) lateralized D) subliminal E) unfocused

A series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored is called _____. A) marketing B) interpretation C) learning D) information processing E) positioning

A set of human characteristics that become associated with a brand is referred to as _____. A) brand image B) brand equity C) brand leverage D) brand personality E) brand positioning

A woman that is married where both she and her husband work and share homemaking and child care responsibilities is classified as _____ with respect to gender orientation. A) transgender B) gender inconsistent C) traditional D) modern E) cutting-edge

All other things being equal, consumers tend to prefer _____. A) external reference prices over internal reference prices B) dollar savings over percentage savings C) percentage savings over dollar savings D) larger retail outlets over smaller outlets E) smaller retail outlets over larger outlets

Amber tends to be individualistic and prefers to do things her own way. She lives on her own and decides for herself what she wants to do or how to do things. Which type of self-concept describes Amber? A) primary self-concept B) individual self-concept C) interdependent self-concept D) independent self-concept E) connected self-concept

An advertisement for the Honda Civic Hybrid featured gas mileage in the subheading (49 city/51 highway). The copy also noted that owners of this automobile may be eligible for a clean-fuel tax deduction. At the time this ad appeared, gas was over $3.00 per gallon, which made the information important to consumers. This is an example of which type of appeal? A) value-expressive appeal B) comparative ad C) two-sided message D) utilitarian appeal E) supportive appeal

An advertisement theme of "do your own thing" is most likely to be based on a need for _____. A) affiliation B) modeling C) consistency D) independence E) none of the above

An estimate by the consumer of how much money he or she has available to spend on nonessentials is known as _____. A) objective discretionary income (ODI) B) adjusted gross income (AGI) C) adjusted discretionary income (ADI) D) subjective discretionary income (SDI) E) subjective gross income (SGI)

Low-involvement learning often involves _____. A) classical conditioning B) iconic rote learning C) modeling D) all of the above E) none of the above

Tylenol, which is an analgesic known as acetaminophen, warns in some of its advertising that consumers should read labels carefully because several other types of medications include acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol Sinus) and consumers could overdose on this medicine and potentially suffer liver damage. Which type of cost is associated with this risk? A) social cost B) time cost C) effort cost D) physical cost E) mental cost

Under the Federal Trade Commission's set of voluntary guidelines for green claims, labels promoting products as "environmentally safe" or "environmentally friendly" must _____. A) be completely biodegradable B) be at least photodegradable C) be produced from completely organic methods D) must specify what portion of the product is being referred to E) must specify how to recycle the packaging

What are the two dimensions of the VALS typology of consumers? A) age and gender B) age and stage of family life cycle C) stage of family life cycle and resources D) primary motivation and resources E) primary motivation and age

Which of the following is strongly associated with occupation? A) income B) education C) age D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which value has a strong influence on entrepreneurship and economic development as well as new-product acceptance? A) individual/collective B) competitive/cooperative C) tradition/change D) risk taking/security E) masculine/feminine

_____ are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable. A) Laws B) Religion C) Edicts D) Cultural values E) Sanctions

The likelihood and ease with which information can be recalled from long-term memory is termed _____.

D) accessibility

Kevin is shy and doesn't really like to be around others. Most of the others from his high school that went to the same college he did got involved in student organizations, such as fraternities and sororities, business organizations, and religious groups, but Kevin didn't join anything. Kevin has a low need for _____.

D) affiliation

Low-involvement learning often involves _____.

D) all of the above

Consumers who actively complain when a product is not satisfactory are probably fulfilling _____ need.

D) an assertion

The most complex form of cognitive learning is _____.

D) analytical reasoning

The tendency of many consumers to discount claims made by sales people can be explained in part by _____.

D) attribution theory

Which need in Maslow's hierarchy reflects a desire for love, friendship, affiliation, and group acceptance?

D) belongingness

When the SPCA presents facts to counter untrue myths, they are dealing most closely with the _____ component of attitudes.

D) cognitive

Which of the following is NOT a reason why celebrity sources are effective?

D) Celebrities are physically attractive, and research has shown that individuals will agree with a physically attractive person regardless of the message or their own initial attitude.

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with emotions?

D) Emotions are often triggered by environmental events.

Which of the following is NOT used to classify McGuire's psychological motives?

D) Is the outcome of the behavior temporary or permanent?

_____ is an individual's characteristic response tendencies across similar situations.

D) Personality

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the central route to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model?

D) Persuasion operates through classical conditioning.

_____ consists of trustworthiness and expertise.

D) Source credibility

_____ refers to the process of learning to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli.

D) Stimulus contrasting

Which motives emphasize development?

D) growth

Appeal characteristics represent _____ a message is communicated.

D) how

An advertisement theme of "do your own thing" is most likely to be based on a need for _____.

D) independence

A series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored is called _____.

D) information processing

D) latent

Motives that are either unknown to the consumer or are such that he or she is reluctant to admit them are referred to as _____ motives.

D) latent

In which type of learning situation does the consumer have little or no motivation to process or learn the material?

D) low-involvement learning

The decision by a marketer to try to achieve a defined brand image relative to competition within a market segment is called _____.

D) product positioning

Disposition of the product or the product's container may occur _____ product use. A) during B) after C) before D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Expenses associated with advertising, establishing a new account, and mailing catalogs are examples of _____. A) churn B) opportunity costs C) switching costs D) contribution costs E) acquisition costs

Gay consumers, like heterosexuals, vary in terms of _____. A) ethnicity B) geographic region C) occupations D) age E) all of the above

How can accessibility of information stored in long-term memory be enhanced? A) repetition B) rehearsal C) elaboration D) a and b E) a, b, and c

How many PRIZM segments are there? A) 8 B) 10 C) 38 D) 54 E) 66

In recent years, body piercing and tattooing have become additional ways to alter both the extended self and the physical self. In what way do tattoos have meaning? A) There is the meaning associated with having a tattoo, which makes a statement about the person. B) The location of the tattoo has meaning, with more visible tattoos conveying more rebelliousness or nonconformity. C) The nature of the tattoo is a source of meaning, both private and symbolic. D) a and b E) a, b, and c

In the United States, promptness is considered a virtue. Americas are expected to be on time to an event, and they expect others to do so as well. Which aspect of culture best explains this behavior? A) Culture is a simple concept. B) Culture is something one is born with. C) Culture is unique to each individual in a society. D) Culture is time-bound. E) Culture is acquired, that is, it is learned.

Individualism affects which of the following? A) incentive systems for salespeople B) advertising themes C) product design D) customer complaining behavior E) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a reason consumers gave for why they don't like shopping in stores? A) don't like shopping B) dealing with crowds C) salespeople are poorly informed D) parking and traffic E) all of the above were reasons why consumers don't like shopping in stores

Which of the following is NOT a situation in which consumer behavior occurs? A) communications situation B) purchase situation C) usage situation D) disposition situation E) all of the above are situations in which consumer behavior occurs

Which of the following is NOT a situational characteristic influencing interpretation? A) time pressure B) mood C) number of other individuals present D) nature of the material surrounding the message in question E) all of the above are situational characteristics influencing interpretation

Which of the following is NOT a type of cost associated with perceived risk? A) social cost B) time cost C) effort cost D) physical cost E) spatial cost

Which of the following is a traditional American value? A) youth B) competition C) active D) hard work E) all of the above

Which of the following is considered a dimension of brand personality? A) ruggedness B) excitement C) sincerity D) competence E) all of the above

Which of the following is considered a symbol that has varying meaning across cultures? A) colors B) animals C) numbers D) music E) all of the above

Which of the following is enabling the growth of a global culture? A) mass media B) work C) education D) travel E) all of the above

Which of the following is the major reason consumers give for shopping online? A) want product delivered B) unique merchandise C) price D) impulse E) convenience

Which of the following is true regarding consumers who are highly involved in a specific product category? A) They are more likely to pay attention to relevant marketing messages. B) They are more likely to engage in analytical reasoning to process and learn new information. C) They are more likely to seek out information from numerous sources prior to a decision. D) They are more likely to act as opinion leaders. E) all of the above

Which of the following is typically included in a psychographic or lifestyle study? A) attitudes B) values C) activities and interests D) demographics E) all of the above

Which of the following variables is associated with cognitive age? A) health B) education C) income D) social support E) all of the above

Which of the following is an approach used by marketers to increase consumers' affect toward their brand?

E) a, b, and c

Which of the following is a factor that may account for inconsistencies between measures of beliefs and feelings and observations of behavior?

E) all of the above

Which of the following is considered a dimension of brand personality?

E) all of the above

Which of the following is true regarding consumers who are highly involved in a specific product category?

E) all of the above

Which of the following provides learning experiences that affect the type of lifestyle people seek and the products they consume?

E) all of the above

The simplest form of message framing where only a single attribute is the focus of the frame is known as _____

E) attribute framing

E) comparative ad

Which of Maslow's needs reflects individuals' desires for status, superiority, self-respect, and prestige?

E) esteem

Pat is purchasing new tires for his car. Since he expected to spend $400 or more for these tires, he started researching on the Internet. He spent several days learning about this product and studied several consumer magazines (e.g., Consumer Reports). He decided to purchase Yokohama tires because they were rated the best tire value. Which type of learning situation does this illustrate?

E) high-involvement learning

Which type of learning situation is one in which the consumer is motivated to process or learn the material?

E) high-involvement learning

Thomas is studying for vocabulary exam by merely repeating the words and their definitions over and over. Which type of cognitive learning is this?

E) iconic rote learning

80. Those capabilities necessary for purchases to occur such as understanding money, budgeting, product evaluation, and so forth are referred to as _____. A. buying skills B. consumption-related preferences C. consumption-related attitudes D. instrumental skills E. consumer skills

E. consumer skills

Chrysler sponsored Patti LaBelle's "The Gospel According to Patti" concert tour in 2006 in which Chrysler offered test drives before each concert and donated $5 for each test drive to Ms. LaBelle's chosen charity. This marketer is using _____ to reach this market.

Event marketing

_____ involves creating or sponsoring an event that has a particular appeal to a market segment.

Event marketing

consumer characteristics

Experience, familiarity, social status, shopping orientation and product involvement are examples of which factor that influences the expected benefits and perceived costs of search? A) market characteristics B) product characteristics C) consumer characteristics D) situation characteristics E) personality traits

An attribute used to stand for or indicate another attribute is known as a proxy indicator.

False

An latent problem is one of which the consumer is not aware.

False

Attitude-based choices are not used for important decisions.

False

Attribute-based choices involve the use of general attitudes, summary impressions, intuitions, or heuristics.

False

Committed customers are less likely to forgive a product or service failure.

False

Counterintuitive thinking refers to imagining the outcome if a different decision had been made in the past.

False

Functional performance relates to the physical functioning of the product.

False

According to the Pew Hispanic Center, which generation of Hispanic adults is born in the United States to immigrant parents, is more likely than the previous generation to identify themselves as Americans, is equally split between bilinguals and English as their primary language, and is somewhat less likely to ascribe to traditional values?

First generation adults

Jose was born in Mexico and came to the United States in 1975. He still speaks primarily Spanish, has not graduated from high school and works as a day laborer in the agricultural industry in California. He and his family still possess traditional values which include him making all the decisions for his family's welfare. The Pew Hispanic Center would identify Jose as which generation of Hispanic adults?

First generation adults

Which generation of Hispanic adults was born outside the United States, has the lowest income and education, is most likely to identify themselves as Hispanic, is most likely to have Spanish as their primary language, and is most likely to possess traditional values including a masculine view of the family decision hierarchy?

First generation adults

evaluative criteria

Freddy is purchasing a new car, and he has decided that gas mileage, price, reliability, and styling are important to him. These attributes represent Freddy's _____. A) evoked set B) evoked criteria C) consideration criteria D) evaluative criteria E) evaluative set

Which of the following is NOT a major issue marketers must deal with concerning the Internet's role in information search and decision making?

How can they get more consumers to use the Internet instead of seeking information from salespeople?

Which of the following factors influences the expected benefits and perceived costs of search?

all of the above

Which African American market segment identified by Market Segment Research has a low education and income level, is price conscious, and is pessimistic about the future?

Living Day to Day

Li Ming is an Asian American of Chinese dissent and is young, has a moderate identification with her native culture, is bilingual, and is spontaneous, materialistic, and an impulsive shopper. She is concerned with status and quality. Which segment of the Asian American market identified by Market Segment Research best describes her?

Living in the moment

Which segment of Asian Americans identified by Market Segment Research is younger, has moderate identification with their native culture, tends to be bilingual, and is spontaneous, materialistic, and impulsive shoppers who are concerned with status and quality?

Living in the moment

Which of the following statements is true regarding consumer choice processes?

Motivation, information availability, and situational factors interact to determine which choice process will be used.

habitual decision making

Nominal decision making is sometimes referred to as _____. A) habitual decision making B) routine decision making C) simple decision making D) automatic decision making E) default decision making

brand loyal decisions and repeat purchase decisions

Nominal decisions can be broken into which two distinct categories? A) brand loyal decisions and repeat purchase decisions B) primary decisions and secondary decisions C) high involvement decisions and low involvement decisions D) expensive decisions and inexpensive decisions E) first purchase decisions and repeat purchase decisions

consideration set

The evoked set is also called the _____. A) evaluative set B) alternative set C) awareness set D) preferred set E) consideration set

Many customer loyalty programs are designed to generate repeat purchases rather than committed customers.

True

In terms of the Asian American market, which segment identified by Market Segment Research is older, often retired, has strong identification with their original culture, tends to use their native language as their primary language, and is not concerned about status?

Traditionalists

Approaches to discovering consumer problems include activity analysis, product analysis, problem analysis, human factors research, and emotion research.

True

Attempts to influence generic problem recognition are appropriate for brands that have a high market share.

True

Banner ads are one way to drive a firm's information to consumers.

True

Churn is a term used to refer to turnover in a firm's customer base.

True

Conjunctive, disjunctive, elimination-by-aspects, and lexicographic are noncompensatory decision rules.

True

Consumers continually recognize problems and opportunities, so internal and external searches for information to solve these problems are ongoing processes.

True

Consumers might experience guilt by the use of a product or a service.

True

Firms need to satisfy consumer expectations by creating reasonable expectations through promotional efforts and maintaining consistent quality so those expectations are fulfilled.

True

For many products and services, there are wide variations in profitability across customers.

True

generic problem recognition and selective problem recognition

Two basic approaches to causing problem recognition are _____. A) generic problem recognition and selective problem recognition B) active problem recognition and inactive problem recognition C) actual problem recognition and desired problem recognition D) perceived problem recognition and objective problem recognition E) primary problem recognition and secondary problem recognition

spam

Unsolicited e-mail that is a major concern and irritant and is known as _____. A) spit B) spam C) blog D) junk mail E) banner mail

Robert is an African American active in sports. He is a status-conscious professional who is financially secure and optimistic about his and his family's future. Which segment of the African American market identified by Market Segment Research best describes Robert?

Upwardly Mobile

extended decision making

Very high levels of purchase involvement tend to produce _____. A) extended decision making B) nominal decision making C) affective decision making D) limited decision making E) none of the above

motivation and ability

What are the major individual factors affecting attention? A) needs and wants B) hemispheric lateralization and interpretation C) motivation and needs D) exposure and interpretation E) motivation and ability

active and inactive

What are the types of consumer problems? A) latent and manifest B) primary and secondary C) low involvement and high involvement D) active and inactive E) actual and perceived

What has research revealed regarding consumers' variety-seeking behavior? A) Once a consumer tries another brand, there is a high probably that he or she will not return to the previous brand. B) Consumers usually switch to options within the same brand. C) Consumers are unwilling to switch to options within the brand. D) Consumers are more likely to become bored on sensory attributes such as taste. E) Consumers are more likely to become bored with non-sensory attributes such as brand name.

culture/subculture

Which nonmarketing factor affects a consumer's desired state? A) culture/subculture B) normal depletion C) product/brand performance D) availability of products E) all of the above

purchase set

Which of the following is NOT a subcategory of the awareness set? A) evoked set B) purchase set C) inert set D) inept set E) all of the above are subcategories of the awareness set

complex decision making

Which of the following is NOT a type of consumer decision making discussed in your text? A) nominal decision making B) extended decision making C) complex decision making D) limited decision making E) all of the above are types of decision making

organization

Which of the following is NOT an individual characteristic that influences interpretation? A) traits B) learning and knowledge C) expectations D) organization E) all of the above are individual characteristics that influence interpretation

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding information search? A) Consumers continually recognize problems and opportunities, so internal and external searches for information to solve these problems are ongoing processes. B) Searching for information is free. C) Information search involves mental as well as physical activities that consumers must perform. D) The benefits of information search often outweigh the cost of search. E) Consumers acquire a substantial amount of relevant information without deliberate search.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding problem recognition? A) Problem recognition is the first stage in the consumer decision process. B) Only when the desired state is greater than the actual state will a problem exist. C) Problem recognition is the result of a discrepancy between a desired state and an actual state that is sufficient to arouse and activate the decision process. D) Without recognition of a problem, there is no need for a decision. E) all of the above are true regarding problem recognition

survey

Which research technique asks relatively large numbers of individuals about the problems they are facing? A) survey B) focus group C) content analysis D) laddering E) perceptual mapping

right

Which side of the brain deals with pictorial, geometric, timeless, and nonverbal information without the individual being able to verbally report it? A) right B) left C) front D) back E) top

left

marketing sources

Which source of information includes inspection or product trial? A) memory B) personal sources C) independent sources D) marketing sources E) experiential sources

nominal decision making

Which type of consumer decision making does NOT include alternative evaluation? A) routine decision making B) nominal decision making C) extended decision making D) simple decision making E) limited decision making

nominal decision making

Which type of consumer decision making includes only a limited internal information search and no external search for information? A) routine decision making B) nominal decision making C) extended decision making D) simple decision making E) limited decision making

limited decision making

Which type of consumer decision making includes the evaluation of only a few attributes, simple decision rules, and few alternatives? A) routine decision making B) nominal decision making C) extended decision making D) simple decision making E) limited decision making

inactive

Which type of consumer problem is one on which the consumer is not aware? A) latent B) manifest C) active D) inactive E) blatant

Behavioral targeting

_____ involves tracking consumer click patterns on a Web site and using that information to decide on banner ad placement. A) Clickthrough targeting B) Search engine optimization C) Bot software D) Behavioral targeting E) Spam

cognitive interpretation

interpretation

_____ is the assignment of meaning to sensations. A) Attention B) Perception C) Interpretation D) Hemispheric lateralization E) Information processing

Which of the following is NOT a type of knowledge where a low level of calibration frequently occurs to the detriment of consumers and firms?

all of the above

Kim was participating in a focus group in which the discussion centered around the participants' problems encountered while taking care of their hair. Which approach to problem identification is this?

activity analysis

Which approach to problem identification focuses on a particular activity such as lawn maintenance?

activity analysis

A(n) _____ is the way an individual perceives his or her feelings and situation to be at the present time.

actual state

Which of the following tends to be more holistic in nature, and the brand is not decomposed into distinct components that are evaluated separately from the whole?

affective choice

Dawn and her two daughters went to see Pride & Prejudice at the movie theater. They all loved the movie and came out saying "we're so glad she married Mr. Darcy!" This movie provided them with _____.

affective performance

The emotional response that owning or using the product or outlet provides is known as _____.

affective performance

Perceived risk is high for products whose failure to perform as expected would result in a high _____.

all of the above

The NFL is able to customize their newsletter by _____.

all of the above

The probability of a consumer experiencing postpurchase dissonance, as well as the magnitude of such dissonance, is a function of which of the following?

all of the above

Which condition is appropriate to attempt to influence generic problem recognition?

all of the above

Which type of nominal decision is characterized by a fairly high degree of product involvement but a low degree of purchase involvement?

brand loyal decision

Nominal decisions can be broken into which two distinct categories?

brand loyal decisions and repeat purchase decisions

Consumers that exhibit a positively biased behavior toward a specific brand are exhibiting _____.

brand loyalty

The percentage who clicks through a banner ad to the corporate Web site is known as _____.

clickthrough rate

commitment

George has used the same company for his car and home insurance for over 20 years. Any claim he has made has been handled fairly and quickly. A major hurricane came through his area causing many individuals, including George, and business owners to lose everything. While he was hearing about so many insurance claim nightmares, he knew his company would come through because he trusts this company. George is an example of a _____.

committed customer

Which type of customer has an emotional attachment to the brand or firm?

committed customer

Joanne is considering the purchase of a microwave oven and has four evaluative criteria. For each criterion, she has attached an importance weight ("W"), and each brand is evaluated on its performance on that criterion ("B"). Then a rating is calculated by summing the product of the B's and W's on a criterion for each brand, and the brand with the highest overall rating is chosen. Which type of decision rule is Joanne using?

compensatory

The multiattribute model is which type of decision rule?

compensatory

Which decision rule states that the brand that rates highest on the sum of the consumer's judgments of the relevant criteria will be chosen?

compensatory

Which of the following is NOT a type of consumer decision making discussed in your text?

complex decision making

Which of the following is NOT a decision rule used by consumers?

conjoint

In which type of indirect measurement approach to measuring the relative importance of consumers' evaluative criteria are consumers presented with several descriptions of alternatives and asked to rank all of them in terms of his or her preference for those combinations of features?

conjoint analysis

Jamie was participating in a market research study regarding computers when he was presented with 24 different computers that varied on four criteria. He was asked to rank all 24 descriptions in terms of his preference for those combinations of features. Which approach to assess the relative importance Jamie places on evaluative criteria was this research using?

conjoint analysis

Which of the following is the most popular indirect measurement approach to measuring the relative importance of consumers' evaluative criteria?

conjoint analysis

Conrad is considering the purchase of a laptop computer. He has decided that he will not spend more that $1200, the computer must weigh no more that 4 pounds, and battery life must last at least 4 hours. He has similar minimum requirements for a few other criteria he is using to evaluate alternatives. If an alternative does not meet ALL of these minimum requirements, he will not consider it further. Which decision rule is Conrad using?

conjunctive

Which decision rule establishes minimum required performance standards for each evaluative criterion and selects the first or all brands that meet or exceed these minimum standards?

conjunctive

The evoked set is also called the _____.

consideration set

Which decision rule establishes a minimum level of performance for each important attribute (often a fairly high level), and all brands that meet or exceed the performance level for any key attribute are considered acceptable?

disjunctive

disposition

Which marketing strategy is appropriate if the brand is not part of the evoked set and the target market engages in nominal decision making?

disrupt strategy

Thomas is aware of several different brands of electric shavers, but he is only considering seriously three different brands. These three brands that Thomas is evaluating represent his _____.

evoked set

Eric was in the store and started looking at riding lawn mowers. He didn't come to this store for the purpose of purchasing one, but he started considering it once he was there. However, he did not purchase one on that trip. Instead he went to other stores to look at their mowers, he asked his neighbor and his brother-in-law about their mowers, and he searched the Internet before he decided on the brand to purchase. Which type of decision making did Eric undertake?

extended decision making

The Smith's oldest daughter, Olivia, is a senior in high school. She has all "A's" and scored a 34 on the ACT. She is president of the debate team and the national honor society as well as a member of the cheerleading squad. Olivia wants to attend medical school, so both she and her parents are very concerned about which undergraduate school she attends. They have spent countless hours on the Internet examining universities, and they have already visited five campuses. For Olivia and her parents, which type of decision making does this represent?

extended decision making

Very high levels of purchase involvement tend to produce _____.

extended decision making

Which type of consumer decision making involves the evaluation of many attributes and alternatives and employs complex decision rules?

extended decision making

Two basic approaches to causing problem recognition are _____.

generic problem recognition and selective problem recognition

Campbell's soup used several advertising campaigns that stressed the benefits of soup in general. For example, one tagline used was "Soup is good food," and another was "Never underestimate the power of soup." Which type of problem recognition was Campbell's attempting to stimulate?

generic problem recognition

Which problem recognition involves a discrepancy that a variety of brands within a product category can reduce?

generic problem recognition

Research by Yankelovich finds wide differences among African Americans represented by two distinct segments labeled "market leaders" and "market followers." Compared to "market followers," "market leaders" _____.

have less of a need to be seen as "hip and cool"

Beiersdorf is working to have their Nivea for Men brand introduced and publicized in America in order to _____.

have men recognize a problem with respect to facial care

According to the Bureau of the Census, a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race is defined as a(n) _____.

hispanic

The manager of a bank branch is concerned about the number of mistakes the tellers were making, so he started manipulating different aspects of the environment in the bank to see what effect each has on the tellers' performance. He examined factors such as the lighting, temperature, and the volume of the music playing in the bank. Which approach to problem recognition is this manager using?

human factors research

Which dimension of product performance relates to the physical functioning of the product?

instrumental

Susan actually knows quite a bit about some product categories that she doesn't actively seek out information concerning and doesn't even own. Which of the following is the most likely means by which she obtained this information?

low-involvement learning

What are the two distinct segments of African Americans identified by Yankelovich?

market leaders and market followers

Which of the following refers to imagining different outcomes before a decision is made?

prefactual thinking

Which approach to problem recognition examines the purchase or use of a particular product or brand?

product analysis

The ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli is called _____.

sensory discrimination

An attribute used to stand for or indicate another attribute is known as a _____.

surrogate indicator

Ronald is dissatisfied with a product he has bought. What is the first decision Ronald will make with regard to his dissatisfying situation?

whether or not to take any external action

_____ attempts to create an association between a stimulus (e.g., brand name) and some response (e.g., behavior or feeling).

C) Classical conditioning

In McGuire's classification of motives, which ones focus on the person's need for being adaptively oriented toward the environment and achieving a sense of meaning?

D) cognitive

Which of the following is a common technique for inducing trial behavior?

D) consumer knowledge

Which criterion is used to classify groups? A. membership B. strength of social tie C. type of contact D. attraction E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding marketing to Hispanics?

Hispanics tend to be more receptive than the general market to store brands.

Which type of sale occurs when one consumer sells a product directly to another with or without the assistance of a commercial intermediary?

consumer-to-consumer sale

Which type of motives underlie behaviors that are intrinsically rewarding to the individual involved?

consummatory motives

Which of the following occurs when a consumer actively acquires a product that is not used or used only sparingly relative to its potential use?

product nonuse

_____ refers to the schematic memory of a brand.

A) Brand image

Which of the following is the largest Native American tribe?

Cherokee

Which of the following is true regarding the Internet as a source of information?

all of the above

Which of the following is most closely related to verbal communications? A) time B) space C) language D) colors E) shapes

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing nonverbal communications? A) etiquette B) time C) relationships D) values E) things

A market researcher asked Adam to place an "X" on one of the seven spaces that are placed between several sets of adjectives that best represents how he sees himself on those two opposite adjectives. This is the most common approach to measuring self-concept and is known as _____. A) semantic differentials B) Likert items C) a 100-point constant-sum scale D) nominal variables E) open-ended questions

A price with which other prices are compared is known as a(n) _____. A) reference price B) comparison price C) base price D) starting price E) internal price

Age, gender, education, occupation, and income are examples of _____ variables. A) demographic B) holographic C) geographic D) psychographic E) censographics

All those factors particular to a time and place that do not follow from knowledge of the stable attributes of the consumer and the stimulus and that have an effect on current behavior are known as _____. A) situational influence B) motivators C) consumption triggers D) consumption influencers E) motivational influence

An attempt to develop an ongoing, expanding exchange relationship with a firm's customers is called _____. A) relationship marketing B) internal marketing C) personal marketing D) formal marketing E) acquisition marketing

An experience that surpasses the usual level of intensity, meaningfulness, and richness and produces feelings of joy and self-fulfillment is known as a(n) _____. A) peak experience B) defining moment C) ultimate experience D) ideal experience E) intense experience

Any source of products or services for consumers is referred to as a _____. A) retail outlet B) contact point C) transaction point D) distribution outlet E) channel outlet

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population has completed college? A) 27% B) 43% C) 50% D) 75% E) 87%

Binge drinking among college students can be described as a(n) _____. A) ritual behavior B) socially desirable behavior C) task accomplishing behavior D) antecedent behavior E) value-expressive behavior

Clara is shopping with her friend, Jane, when they both went into a drug store. Clara needed to buy medication for hemorrhoids, but she was reluctant to do so in front of Jane. Which emotion was Clara probably experiencing in this situation? A) embarrassment B) shame C) fear D) anger E) disappointment

Consumers that exhibit a positively biased behavior toward a specific brand are exhibiting _____. A) brand loyalty B) brand leverage C) brand image D) brand equity E) brand bias

Dawn and her two daughters went to see Pride & Prejudice at the movie theater. They all loved the movie and came out saying "we're so glad she married Mr. Darcy!" This movie provided them with _____. A) affective performance B) direct performance C) instrumental performance D) symbolic performance E) consummatory performance

Decisions made by consumers regarding the _____ situation can create significant social problems as well as opportunities for marketers. A) disposition B) purchase C) communication D) expanded usage E) usage

Decor, sounds, aromas, lighting, weather, and configurations of merchandise or other materials surrounding the stimulus object are included in which situational characteristic? A) physical surroundings B) social surroundings C) temporal perspectives D) task definition E) antecedent states

Eric booked a hotel through hotels.com. However, when he arrived at the hotel, they had no record of his reservation, and he was unable to get a room. He decided then that he would never use this service again. Which reason for changing providers does this represent? A) core service failure B) service encounter failure C) pricing D) attraction by competitors E) ethical problems

Every year around the 4th of July, families get together and celebrate a family reunion as well as Independence Day. The Normans, one such family, does this every year, and the party is pretty much the same every year. A cookout is held at one family member's home, and games for the children are played, such as a three-legged race and an egg toss competition. The family that wins the overall competition gets to take home a hideous, but meaningful trophy for that year. This is an example of a _____. A) ritual situation B) momentary condition C) prescriptive D) schema E) social schema

Exploding demand and short product life-spans for high-tech gadgets such as cell phones, personal computers, and various other personal electronic devices is creating growing concerns over _____. A) e-waste B) poisonous waste C) hazardous waste D) reusable waste E) recyclable waste

For a period of time, Energizer Batteries used mock commercials for seemingly boring, mundane products. A few seconds into the mock commercial, viewers heard the distinctive drumbeat of the Energizer Bunny before it marched across the screen. Several viewers said that when they heard the drums, they looked at and attended to the commercial because they liked the bunny. However, over time, viewers stopped paying attention to the commercial. What theory suggests that if a stimulus doesn't change, over time we adapt or habituate to it and begin to notice it less? A) Adaptation level theory B) Dual-coding theory C) Expectation theory D) Wear-out theory E) Over-exposure theory

For which product is no disposition involved? A) ice cream cone B) laundry detergent C) soft drink D) clothing E) electronics

For years, American automobiles did not have the level of quality that foreign, particularly Japanese, automobiles had. However, that has changed, and most automobiles built in the United States have comparable or superior quality than imports. Consumers' attitudes are slow to change, however, and marketers must use which strategy to change the cognitive component of consumers' attitudes? A) change beliefs B) shift importance C) add beliefs D) change ideal E) change feelings

Gertrude expresses deeply felt environmental concerns and tailors everything she does and purchases on these beliefs. Which segment of environmental activism best describes Gertrude? A) True Naturals B) New Green Mainstream C) Young Recyclers D) Affluent Healers E) Concerned

Graham is a college student who is impulsive and somewhat rebellious. He seeks out variety and excitement, usually looking for something new, offbeat, and risky. Even though he was old enough, he didn't vote in the last presidential election and is not very interested in world events. To which VALS segment does Graham belong? A) Experiencers B) Strivers C) Survivors D) Makers E) Believers

Harold was born in 1923. He entered young adulthood during World War II, and served in the Navy during that war. He has witnessed radical social, economic, and technological change in his lifetime. To which generation does he belong? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

In the VALS typology, which primary motivation is characteristic of consumers guided in their choices by their beliefs and principles rather than by feelings or desire for social approval? A) ideals motivation B) achievement motivation C) self-expression motivation D) realist motivation E) focused motivation

In which situation do marketers attempt to place their ads in appropriate media contexts to enhance their effectiveness? A) communications B) purchase C) usage D) disposition E) preliminary

In which type of motivational conflict must a consumer choose between two attractive alternatives? A) approach-approach B) positive-positive C) win-win D) avoidance-avoidance E) primary-primary

Individuals born before 1930 belong to which generation? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Individuals with independent self-concepts tend to be _____. A) autonomous B) holistic C) connected D) obedient E) all of the above

Individuals with which type of self-concept are more likely to seek adventure and excitement through travel, sports, and entertainment, to be opinion leaders, and to prefer magazines over TV? A) independents B) interdependents C) self-monitors D) idealists E) doers

John doubts the sincerity of marketers who claim that they will donate to a cause if he purchases their product. He doesn't believe that they will make a difference because he thinks that marketers are only concerned with profits and probably only donate a small portion of their profits to the stated cause. John is best described as belonging to which group of consumers? A) Skeptic B) Balancer C) Attribution-oriented D) Socially concerned E) Apathetic

Jonathon is a career-oriented person who feels in control of his life. He values consensus, predictability, and stability over risk, intimacy, and self-discovery. Convenience and time-saving products and services are important to him and his family due to their hectic lifestyle. To which VALS segment does Jonathon belong? A) Achievers B) Makers C) Believers D) Experiencers E) Innovators

Jose and his family, all Mexican by birth, went to dine at a new Mexican restaurant in Houston, which is home to many outstanding Mexican restaurants. They were expecting authentic Mexican food, and they got it. They most likely experienced _____. A) satisfaction B) dissatisfaction C) amazement D) nonsatisfaction E) surprise

Juan is interested in knowing occupational influences on purchases of laptop computers. Which of the following occupations are most likely to purchase this type of product? A) administrative/managerial B) technical/clerical/sales C) precision/craft D) medical E) construction/laborer

Kelly is hungry, and this inner force is making him search for the type of food he wants to eat. He decides that an Arby's roast beef sandwich will satisfy his hunger. This inner force that is compelling him to search for food is known as a(n) _____. A) motive B) personality trait C) emotion D) perception E) feeling

Leigh is working on a research project for her marketing class, and her assignment is to study how Americans' values with respect to consumer behavior have changed in the past 50 years. Which of the following would give her the best insight into these changes? A) advertising B) stock reports C) Supreme Court cases D) government documents E) postage stamps

Lori reads three newspapers a day and is always reading a book in the evening. She has a high need to engage in thinking, and she actually enjoys it. She likes to complete crossword puzzles and do other types of word games. Lori has a high need for _____. A) cognition B) affection C) ethnocentrism D) uniqueness E) acceptance

Maria is analyzing the baby boom generation by describing and explaining their attitudes, values, and behaviors as well as predicting its future, attitudes, values, and behaviors. Maria is conducting a _____ analysis. A) cohort B) generational C) demographic D) census E) cognitive

Marketers have responded to Americans' increasing concern for the environment with an approach called _____. A) green marketing B) clean marketing C) environmental marketing D) activist marketing E) cause-related marketing

Melanie lives in a small city that does not have a lot of the interesting retail stores. She and her two best friends take a trip twice a year to places such as Atlanta, Dallas, and Chicago to go shopping. It's so exciting for them to go in some of the stores because they are so unique, and they have only seen them online or in catalogs. Also, several cities now have lifestyle centers or town centers that are reminiscent of downtown in bygone days. All of the factors such as decor, sounds, aromas, lighting, weather, and configurations of merchandise or other materials surrounding the merchandise that Melanie and her friends make a special trip to experience comprise which situation characteristic? A) physical surroundings B) social surroundings C) temporal perspectives D) task definition E) antecedent states

Motives that are known and freely admitted are called _____. A) manifest motives B) latent motives C) objective motives D) acceptable motives E) primary motives

Norms are derived from _____. A) cultural values B) laws C) education D) international protocol E) law enforcement officials

One type of motivation research involves showing consumers a product or brand and asking them to name all the benefits that possession or use of that product might provide. Then for each benefit mentioned, the respondent is asked to identify further benefits that the named benefit provides, and this is repeated for each round of benefits until the consumer can no longer identify additional benefits. This technique is known as _____. A) laddering B) probing C) questioning D) third-party techniques E) story completion

One's position relative to others on one or more dimensions valued by society is known as one's _____. A) societal rank B) social status C) social standing D) social sphere E) social realm

Organizing individual items into groups of related items that can be processed as a single unit is called _____. A) chunking B) maintenance rehearsal C) zipping D) minimizing E) conditioning

Pamela is a consumer that is guided in her choices by her beliefs and principles rather than by feelings or desire for social approval. She tends to purchase products based on functionality and reliability. Which primary motive is guiding Pamela's behavior? A) ideals motivation B) achievement motivation C) self-expression motivation D) realist motivation E) focused motivation

Perception is a process that begins with consumer exposure and attention to marketing stimuli and ends with consumer _____. A) interpretation B) attitudes C) action D) acceptance E) behavior

Program-length commercials with an 800 number and/or Web address through which to order or request additional information are known as _____. A) infomercials B) direct-to-consumer advertisements C) advertorials D) infotorials E) product placement

Rebecca is opening a women's shoe store. She is carefully considering the quality, selection, style, and price that she wants for her store. Which dimension of store image is she concerned with? A) merchandise B) service C) physical facilities D) store atmosphere E) institutional

Renee has been going to the same dentist for years. However, her employer changed her dental insurance plan, and her dentist was not part of the plan. She had to switch to an approved dentist. Which reason for changing providers does this represent? A) involuntary switching B) responses to service failures C) pricing D) attraction by competitors E) ethical problems

Renee sat down and did some serious soul searching. She wanted to understand her perception of her self-concept of who she is now. Renee is searching for her _____. A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) present self-concept

Robert was studying for an exam and organized lists of things into words that he could remember. For example, he needed to know five creative advertising strategies, and used the first letter of each strategy to form the acronym, AIIEE. He knew what word each letter stood for and then only had to remember this acronym for the exam. What is Robert doing? A) chunking B) maintenance rehearsal C) zipping D) minimizing E) conditioning

Sam is a healthy 75 year old man. He is a retired attorney, has a substantial retirement income, and is a member of several social groups that travel, help others, and encourage life-long learning. Which of the following is most likely true about Sam? A) Sam's cognitive age is less than 75. B) Sam's cognitive age is 75. C) Sam's cognitive age is greater than 75. D) Sam's cognitive age is 50. E) Sam's cognitive age is 85.

Sarah just purchased some casual twill pants from L.L.Bean. When she was checking out, she was asked for her e-mail address. Below that box was a box that was checked that indicated she would like to receive promotion messages and have her information shared with similar marketers. She unchecked that box because she did not want to receive these promotional offers and did not want her information shared. This is an example of which approach online retailers are using to enhance consumers' control? A) "opt-in" approach B) behavioral targeting C) search engine optimization D) bots E) blogs

Sarah's job at a major manufacturer of consumer package goods is to learn as much as possible about the knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans in a given country in which her company intends to expand. Her job, then, is to understand a country's _____. A) culture B) society C) government D) way of doing things E) economic environment

Segmenting consumers on the basis of their most important attribute or attributes is called _____. A) benefit segmentation B) demographic segmentation C) psychographic segmentation D) attribute segmentation E) utilitarian segmentation

Shelly orders her disposable contact lenses online, and she is sent two boxes every six weeks. Based on Forrester Research's categories of products and services, which does this represent? A) replenishment goods B) researched items C) convenience items D) shopping goods E) selective items

Simply presenting a brand to an individual on a large number of occasions might make the individual's attitude toward the brand more positive is known as _____. A) mere exposure B) the familiarity effect C) positive exposure D) repetitive exposure E) the saturation effect

Smoke detectors, preventive medicines, insurance, retirement investments, seat belts, burglar alarms, and sunscreen are all examples of products to satisfy consumers' _____ needs. A) safety B) self-actualization C) physiological D) belongingness E) esteem

Target stores give one percent of a customer's purchase to a school of their choice if they use a Target Visa credit card to pay for their purchases. Target will also donate one-half percent of all other purchases made on that card. This is an example of _____. A) cause-related marketing B) green marketing C) nonprofit marketing D) image marketing E) corporate marketing

The emotional response that owning or using the product or outlet provides is known as _____. A) affective performance B) direct performance C) instrumental performance D) symbolic performance E) consummatory performance

The manager of a brand of trash bags that is degradable and better for the environment wants to make that claim on the package and in its advertising. According to the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) guidelines for green claims, what must this marketer do to be able to label the product as "environmentally safe" or "environmentally friendly"? A) Labels making these claims must specify what portion of the product is being referred to. B) Marketers must first get permission from the FTC. C) In addition to getting permission from the FTC, marketers must also get permission from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). D) Labels making these claims must specify in exactly what way the product is "environmentally safe" or "environmentally friendly." E) Reference to scientific research supporting such claims must be made available to consumers.

The memory of a sequence of events in which a person participated is called _____. A) episodic memory B) primary memory C) accessible memory D) semantic memory E) conditioned memory

The minimum amount that one stimulus can differ from another with the difference still being noticed is referred to as the _____ . A) just noticeable difference B) perceptual difference C) discriminatory difference D) inferential difference E) minimal difference

The population of the United States is almost 300 million people. With respect to demographics, this number represents _____. A) size B) structure C) dispersion D) density E) concentration

The retail attraction model is also called the _____. A) retail gravitation model B) retail dispersion model C) retail composition model D) retail network model E) retail concentration model

The situation in which consumers receive information has an impact on their behavior and is referred to as the _____ situation. A) communications B) purchase C) usage D) disposition E) preliminary

The totality of the individual's thoughts and feelings having reference to himself or herself as an object is known as _____. A) self-concept B) lifestyle C) self-profile D) personal space E) ideal-self

Those who work in such professions as architecture, science, engineering, and health care and business who generate new ideas and technologies for a living or engage in complex problem solving are referred to as _____. A) the creative class B) social engineers C) the developers D) trend setters E) true naturals

Using one marketing strategy across various cultures is referred to as _____. A) standardization B) optimization C) cross-culturalization D) marketing imperialism E) cross-fertilization

Using the toll-free number 1-800-FLOWERS to help consumers remember the phone number is an example of _____. A) chunking B) maintenance rehearsal C) zipping D) minimizing E) conditioning

Walker and his wife have two children. They have purchased a new computer for their household every four years or so for almost twenty years. When Walker purchases a new one, usually for him to be able to work at home, one of his children will get the old one. However, they have a few old computers sitting in the attic and garage because Walker doesn't really know how to get rid of them. This is an example of which type of situation? A) disposition situation B) purchase situation C) communications situation D) expanded usage situation E) replacement situation

Walker was gathering information on plasma and LCD TVs because he wanted to purchase one for his household. He bought several electronic product magazines, visited several electronics stores, searched the Internet, and paid attention to the ads in the newspaper to learn more about this product. However, he was confronted with so much information that he could not attend to all of it. In fact, he it got to the point that he would not attend to it and became frustrated. This is an example of _____. A) information overload B) information burnout C) shopping burnout D) giving up E) consumer backlash

What are the two basic forms of conditioned learning? A) classical and operant B) classical and iconic C) iconic rote and modeling D) analogy and metaphor E) positive and negative

What are the two dimensions to performance for products? A) instrumental and symbolic B) latent and manifest C) immediate and delayed D) direct and indirect E) consummatory and instrumental

What is the basis for virtually all societies? A) family unit B) government C) schools D) religion E) workplace

What is the largest single influence on the movement toward uniformity in the teenage market? A) mass media B) education C) work D) travel E) religion

What is the most common measurement approach to measuring self-concept? A) semantic differential B) Likert items C) 100-point constant-sum scale D) nominal variables E) open-ended questions

What percentage of American adults exercise regularly? A) less than 50% B) 50% C) 60% D) 75% E) more than 75%

When Honda introduced its Odyssey mini-van, its advertising merely claimed, "It's the Honda of mini-vans." This is an example of _____. A) brand leverage B) brand generalization C) brand discrimination D) brand substitute E) brand complement

When Joan sees an ad with a kitten or puppy, she always pays attention because seeing them makes her feel so happy. This emotional or feeling response triggered by the ads is known as _____. A) affective interpretation B) consumer inference C) cognitive interpretation D) perceptual interpretation E) perceptual relativity

Willie and Harriet, married for over 30 years, are both in their late 60s and are healthy and physically active. They have prepared for retirement both financially and psychologically, have sold their large five bedroom home for a smaller two bedroom condominium, and take group vacations twice a year. To which segment of mature consumers would Willie and Harriet belong? A) Healthy Indulgers B) Ailing Indulgers C) Ailing Outgoers D) Frail Recluses E) Healthy Hermits

With respect to the specific lifestyle scheme developed by Porsche, which segment of consumers is ambitious and driven, values power and control, and expects to be noticed? A) Top Guns B) Elitists C) Proud Patrons D) Bon Vivants E) Fantasists

With respect to the typology of service environments, a bank would be categorized as _____. A) utilitarian B) personal C) hedonic D) tangible E) moderate

_____ are rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations. A) Norms B) Precepts C) Sanctions D) Prescriptions E) Values

_____ are the arbitrary meanings a culture assigns actions, events, and things other than words. A) Nonverbal communication systems B) Values C) Sub-cultures D) Semiotics E) Perspectives

_____ continue to buy the same brand though they do not have an emotional attachment to it. A) Repeat purchasers B) Brand loyals C) Committed customers D) Satisfied buyers E) Referred buyers

_____ is the emotional or feeling response triggered by a stimulus such as an ad. A) Affective interpretation B) Consumer inference C) Cognitive interpretation D) Perceptual interpretation E) Perceptual relativity

_____ is the total accumulation of prior learning experiences. A) Memory B) Brand image C) Brand equity D) Information processing E) Positioning

_____ meaning is the conventional meaning assigned to a word such as found in the dictionary. A) Semantic B) Psychological C) Cognitive D) Affective E) Seminal

_____ occurs when a response to one stimulus is elicited by a similar but distinct stimulus. A) Stimulus generalization B) Stimulus reasoning C) Stimulus discrimination D) Stimulus contrasting E) Stimulus identification

_____ refers to the schematic memory of a brand. A) Brand image B) Brand equity C) Brand leverage D) Brand position E) Brand benefit

_____ tend to feel they don't have control over the outcome of events. A) Fatalists B) Individualists C) Collectivists D) Females E) Males

_____ values reflect a society's view of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups within that society. A) Other-oriented B) Environment-oriented C) Self-oriented D) Externally-oriented E) Internally-oriented

a b and c

A consumer decision requires information on which of the following? A) The appropriate evaluative criteria for the solution of a problem. B) The existence of various alternative solutions. C) The performance level or characteristic of each alternative solution on each evaluative criterion. D) a and b E) a, b, and c

reacting to problem recognition

A firm that introduces a new line of non-fat snack food due to increasing consumer concern with health is _____. A) activating problem recognition B) reacting to problem recognition C) suppressing problem recognition D) triggering problem recognition E) none of the above

subliminal

younger consumers

A study by WPP Group suggests which group of consumers are the most likely to consider buying products they see in movies? A) males B) females C) younger consumers D) older consumers E) gay consumers

actual state

A(n) _____ is the way an individual perceives his or her feelings and situation to be at the present time. A) current state B) actual state C) desired state D) self-concept E) self-assessment

desired state

A(n) _____ is the way an individual wants to feel or be at the present time. A) current state B) desired state C) actual state D) ideal state E) idolized state

_____ attempts to create an association between a response (e.g., buying a brand) and some outcome (e.g., satisfaction) that serves to reinforce the response.

A) Operant conditioning

A) change beliefs

Organizing individual items into groups of related items that can be processed as a single unit is called _____.

A) chunking

Using the toll-free number 1-800-FLOWERS to help consumers remember the phone number is an example of _____.

A) chunking

What are the two basic forms of conditioned learning?

A) classical and operant

A) cognition

Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) cognition

Which of the following is a motivational state caused by consumer perceptions that a product, brand, or advertisement is relevant or interesting?

A) involvement

Some attitudes serve primarily as a means of organizing beliefs about objects or activities such as brands and shopping, which serves a(n) _____ function.

A) knowledge

A) laddering

Simply presenting a brand to an individual on a large number of occasions might make the individual's attitude toward the brand more positive is known as _____.

A) mere exposure

A consumer who buys a product because a close friend bought one may be fulfilling a _____ motivation.

A) modeling

A) motive

Which construct represents an unobservable inner force that stimulates and compels a behavioral response and provides specific direction to that response?

A) motive

Which need results in the consumer playing various roles and gaining pleasure from adding new, satisfying roles and by increasing the significance of roles already adopted?

A) need for stimulation

Dr. Rosenfeld is the doctor on Sunday House Call, a Sunday morning health program on the Fox News channel. Dr. Rosenfeld is highly esteemed in his field and provides up-to-date medical information for viewers. Sometimes he recommends specific products, and Valerie, a regular viewer of the program, trusts what he says or recommends because he doesn't seem to have an apparent motive to mislead viewers. Which characteristic does Dr. Rosenfeld possess?

A) source credibility

Individuals who filter, interpret, or provide product and brand-relevant information to their family, friends, and colleagues are known as _____. A. opinion leaders B. market mavens C. interpreters D. screeners E. market leaders

A. opinion leaders

A) third-party endorsement

Which of the following is a segment of the African American market identified by Market Segment Research?

A. Contented B. Upwardly Mobile C. Living for the Moment D. Living Day to Day

Stephen is 19 years old and is a participant in social media in that he creates content of his own--Web pages, blogs, video and video uploads to places like YouTube. Which category of social media is Stephen? A. Creator B. Critic C. Joiner D. Spectator E. Inactive

A. Creator

76. _____ represents how one lives, including the products one buys, how one uses them, what one thinks about them, and how one feels about them. A. Lifestyle B. Self-concept C. Position D. Status E. Social class

A. Lifestyle

22. Which HLC group is basically the unmarried members of the Generation Yers? A. Single I B. Single II C. Single III D. Single X/Y E. Empty nest

A. Single I

24. Mike is a 23 year old recent college graduate and is starting his career as a pharmaceutical sales representative. He will be living in an extended-stay hotel in the city where he will undergo training, but once he finishes that, he plans on renting a nice apartment with a friend of his from college. He also wants to purchase a sports car and save money for a ski vacation next year. To which stage of the household life cycle does Mike belong? A. Single I B. Single II C. Beginning D. Introduction E. Growth

A. Single I

8. _____ is the application of marketing strategies and tactics to alter or create behaviors that have a positive effect on the targeted individuals or society as a whole. A. Social marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Regulation D. Proactive marketing E. Ethical marketing

A. Social marketing

46. The horizontal axis in the HLC/occupational category matrix represents _____, which provides a range of acceptable solutions. A. a set of occupational categories B. the number of children in the household C. the household income D. stage in the household life cycle E. current economic conditions

A. a set of occupational categories

77. In children's information processing, the period of sensorimotor intelligence is characterized by _____. A. an absence of conceptual thought B. the development of language C. the development of the ability to apply logical thought to concrete problems D. the development of the ability to apply logic to all types of problems E. none of the above

A. an absence of conceptual thought

A non-geographically bound community, based on a set of social relationships among owners of a brand and the psycological relationship they have with the brand itself, the product in use, and the firm is known as a ___. A. brand community B. cohort group C. purchase consortium D. clone grouo E. census track

A. brand community

Todd purchased a Harley-Davidson motorcycle because he identifies himself with what he feels is the typical owner of a Harley. Many other owners of this brand also feel this way, and they get upset when they see someone riding one who they think is not the "right" kind of person to own this brand. Which characteristic of brand communities does this illustrate? A. consciousness of kind B. rituals and traditions C. moral responsibility D. similarity E. brand fanaticism

A. consciousness of kind

Adoption of which type of innovation requires relatively minor changes in behavior or changes in behaviors that are unimportant to the consumer? A. continuous innovation B. dynamically continuous innovation C. discontinuous innovation D. technological innovation E. nontechnological innovation

A. continuous innovation

When consumer input is requested by firms online it is called: A. crowdsourcing B. response generating C. input requesting D. data sourcing E. consumer inputting

A. crowdsourcing

There are several Asian American markets, based primarily on nationality and language. Each of these in turn can be further segmented on _____.

A. degree of acculturation B. social class C. generation D. lifestyle

6. A _____ has at least two members related by birth, marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the householder (i.e., the one who owns or rents the residence). A. family household B. blended family household C. consumption unit D. household E. nontraditional family household

A. family household

33. Tony and Katie are in their 50s, and both have careers that keep them very busy. However, their children are grown, so they have more free time and money than they used to have. Which type of product or service are they likely to spend LESS money on than they have in the past? A. food at home B. expensive vacations C. meals out D. house-cleaning E. luxury cars

A. food at home

Tara is a marketing professor and is a member of the American Marketing Association. The members of this organization are associated with the discipline of marketing, either as academicians or practitioners. The purpose of this organization is to disseminate research about marketing, to share best practices, and to foster the professional development of marketers. The American Marketing Associate is an example of ___. A. group B. cohort C. generation D. primary group E. consumer group

A. group

In which situation is the likelihood of an individual seeking an opinion leader high? A. high product/purchase involvement and low product knowledge B. high product/purchase involvement and high product knowledge C. low product/purchase involvement and low product knowledge D. low product/purchase involvement and high product knowledge E. low product/purchase involvement and either high or low product knowledge

A. high product/purchase involvement and low product knowledge

The relatively faster growth rate of non-European groups in the United States is due to their _____

A. higher birthrates B. greater immigration

17. Most families pass through an orderly progression of stages, each with its own characteristics, financial situation, and purchasing patterns, which is the basic assumption underlying the _____ approach. A. household life cycle (HLC) B. product life cycle (PLC) C. brand life cycle (BLC) D. inevitable cycle (IC) E. predictable cycle (PC)

A. household life cycle (HLC)

59. Hank and Carol have been married for over 20 years, and in that time they have purchased six automobiles. Hank is the one who usually does all the research and decides what they can afford, while Carol just gets involved when it's time to decide among a few alternatives, and she really only cares about the comfort and styling. Which of the following category of family decision making does this illustrate? A. husband-dominant B. wife-dominant C. individualized D. single role E. dual role

A. husband-dominant

50. The family member who first recognizes a need or starts the purchase process is known as the _____. A. initiator B. information gatherer C. influencer D. decision maker E. user

A. initiator

51. Stan has noticed that his car is not working properly and that it is getting expensive to repair. Thus, he gathered his family together to discuss the purchase of a new automobile. In terms of family purchase roles, which one best describes Stan's actions? A. initiator B. information gatherer C. influencer D. decision maker E. user

A. initiator

65. Bob and his friends go out every weekend and drink until they get drunk. Then they drive home in that condition. Which type of consumption does this represent? A. injurious consumption B. severe consumption C. conspicuous consumption D. unethical consumption E. anti-social consumption

A. injurious consumption

Which adopter group represents the first 2.5 percent to adopt an innovation? A. innovators B. early adopters C. early majority D. late majority E. laggards

A. innovators

28. A portion of a larger market whose needs differ somewhat from the larger market is referred to as a(n) _____. A. market segment B. niche C. subgroup D. ancillary market E. secondary market

A. market segment

7. Thomas wants to gain a usable understanding of consumer behavior in order to help him become a more effective marketing manager. Which application of consumer behavior does this represent? A. marketing strategy B. regulatory policy C. social marketing D. informed consumers E. resource management

A. marketing strategy

89. Claire is six years old and begged her mother for a Barbie doll that she saw ice skating in a television commercial. Her mother explained to her that the doll won't be able to ice skate and that she will have to make the doll move. She was trying to explain to Claire that the toys she sees in advertisements are probably going to look more fun than they actually are. Claire's mother is exhibiting _____. A. mediation B. interpretation C. modeling D. terminal training E. interference

A. mediation

47. To be successful, a product must _____. A. meet the needs of the target market better than the competition does B. be lower priced than competitors' products C. be of higher quality than competitors' products D. be advertised more than competitors' products E. have greater distribution than the competition does

A. meet the needs of the target market better than the competition does

30. Which stage of the household life cycle is made up of people between the ages of 35 and 64 who have never married and those who are divorced and have no child-rearing responsibilities? A. middle-aged single (or single II) B. middle-aged childless C. empty nest I D. empty nest II E. single III

A. middle-aged single (or single II)

31. Bobbie is 47 years old, has never been married, and does not have any children of her own. She lives alone and doesn't like to cook because most recipes feed more than one person. She can only eat so many leftovers, and she usually forgets about it if she freezes to eat at a later date. So she purchases frozen dinners and canned food that come in single servings. To which stage of the household life cycle does Bobbie belong? A. middle-aged single (or single II) B. middle-aged empty nest C. empty nest I D. empty nest II E. single III

A. middle-aged single (or single II)

16. Janet is a 60 year old secretary with a retired husband and 30 year old unemployed son who lives at home. Janet's 90 year old widowed mother May, who is disabled, has lived with the family for six years. May's Social Security and Medicare do not adequately cover her living and medical expenses. Which type of family is represented here? A. multigenerational family B. stepfamily C. traditional family D. non-traditional family E. senior family

A. multigenerational family

The U.S. Census reports Native Americans by _____.

A. one tribe only B. one tribe only or in combination with another tribe C. one tribe only or in combination with another tribe plus in combination with any other race

Elsie and her two sisters are all in their mid- to late-sixties. They are part of the _____ market. A) boom B) mature C) generational D) gerontological E) aging

A hierarchical division of a society into relatively distinct and homogeneous groups with respect to attitudes, values, and lifestyles is known as a _____. A) social stratum B) social class system C) caste system D) social continuum E) societal ranking

A shift from a focus on sensual gratification to abstinence in America would most likely affect _____. A) the role of price in purchase decisions B) the types of advertising themes used C) the complexity of decision rules used in purchase decisions D) the diffusion of Internet shopping E) none of the above

A(n) _____ is a group of persons who have experienced a common social, political, historical, and economic environment. A) census age group B) age cohort C) cognitive group D) chronological group E) demographic group

Advertisements or sales messages in which only one point of view is expressed are referred to as _____. A) biased messages B) one-sided messages C) two-sided messages D) utilitarian appeals E) noncomparative ads

Barry is considerably computer literate, and he uses it all the time in his profession. He's a free-lance writer and uses the Internet to search for information, and most of his work is sent back and forth to his editors via the Internet. While Barry does shop online, it's nothing novel to him. To which segment of online shoppers does Barry belong? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

Bob is a consumer that strives for a clear social position and is strongly influenced by the actions, approval, and opinions of others. He drives an expensive automobile, and only buys brands of clothing that are considered "status symbols." Which primary motivation is driving Bob's behavior? A) ideals motivation B) achievement motivation C) self-expression motivation D) realist motivation E) focused motivation

Carla and her family lost their home and everything in it in to a fire. People would console her by saying that at least her family was not harmed and that everything else can be replaced. She would reply, "I know it was just stuff, but it was our stuff and was special to us." This is reflecting Carla's _____. A) self-concept B) extended self C) past self D) ideal self E) personal self

Carla continued to search for information on cars even after she purchased one. She would go over her decision in her head, and pay attention to ads that featured the car she bought. She was also noticing how many other people drove her model of car, which made her feel more confident that she made a wise decision. Carla is attempting to reduce _____. A) consumption guilt B) postpurchase dissonance C) postpurchase shame D) postpurchase fear E) consumption anxiety

Carmen is double majoring in fashion merchandising and graphic design in college. When she graduates, she wants to design the physical environment of retail stores, particularly those in women's fashions. She wants to create environments that create specific mood responses in shoppers. Which field best describes what Carmen wants to do? A) architecture B) retail atmospherics C) art D) graphic design E) marketing

Cindy did almost all of her Christmas shopping on the Internet last year. She enjoys buying online and does so frequently. She'll tell anybody who will listen how wonderful it is to shop online, especially since she lives in a small city that does not have all the wonderful retail stores she likes. Cindy would be categorized as which segment of online shopper? A) Retailer's Dream B) Shopping Lovers C) Fun Seekers D) Adventurous Explorers E) Cyber Shopper

Color and the nature of the programming surrounding the brand's advertisement are examples of _____ present in the situation that can play a role in consumer interpretation independent of the actual stimulus. A) stimulus characteristics B) contextual cues C) situational organization D) stimulus cues E) stimulus traits

Consumers 55 years of age and over constitute the _____ market. A) baby boom B) mature C) generational D) gerontological E) aging

Consumers driven by which primary motivation strive for a clear social position, are strongly influenced by the actions, approval, and opinions of others, and tend to purchase status symbols? A) ideals motivation B) achievement motivation C) self-expression motivation D) realist motivation E) focused motivation

Consumers who browse and/or purchase in more than one channel are known as _____. A) cosmopolitan B) multi-channel shoppers C) multi-taskers D) market mavens E) opinion leaders

Earl did not complete high school and works as a janitor at two jobs. His income is very low, and he does not possess any skills to help him get a better paying job. Which social class best describes Earl? A) lower-lower class B) upper-lower class C) working class D) lower-middle class E) middle class

Eric is 25 years old and has a favorable attitude toward drinking alcohol. However, he knows that he should not drink and drive, so he always makes sure that someone in his group is the designated driver. Which theory can explain his behavior? A) cognitive dissonance theory B) theory of reasoned action C) elaboration likelihood model D) attribution theory E) noncompensatory theory

Features of the individual person that are not lasting characteristics, such as momentary moods or conditions, are called _____. A) personality B) antecedent states C) context effects D) task definition E) self-concept

For which product are consumers more willing to travel longer distances to shop for? A) toothpaste B) wedding dress C) beer D) laundry detergent E) soft drinks

For which type of firm has research shown that reducing the number of customers who leave by 5 percent resulted in the highest percentage increase in average profits per customer? A) auto services B) branch banks C) insurance brokerage D) industrial laundry E) credit insurance

For which type of products can affect, emotions, and Aad play a role in more conscious, high-involvement settings? A) durable products B) hedonic products C) services D) high-price products E) nondurable products

For years, the U.S. Army ran an advertising campaign with the tagline, "Be all you can be." To which of Maslow's needs is this appealing? A) safety B) self-actualization C) physiological D) belongingness E) esteem

Generation Y is sometimes referred to as the _____. A) baby bust generation B) echo boom C) boomerangs D) baby boomlet E) step-boomers

Gertrude is very environmentally-conscious, so she only uses paper bags at the grocery store and tries to purchase items in packages that are recyclable. Her behavior concerns which type of situation? A) socially sensitive situation B) disposition situation C) usage situation D) purchase situation E) communications situation

Gwen lives in Dijon, France. To her, French wine is the only wine worth drinking, and she would never consider drinking wine from California. Gwen is exhibiting _____. A) stubbornness B) consumer ethnocentrism C) sincerity D) consumer culturalism E) patriotism

How did the movie "Bring It On" become a success with teens? A) It was positioned as a movie about cheerleading. B) It was positioned as a contest between a white cheerleading squad from the suburbs and a black squad from the inner city. C) It was positioned as a love story. D) It positioned the cheerleaders as humans. E) It was positioned as a movie about football rivalry.

IBM has developed the Shopping Buddy, which is a _____. A) full-body scanner that collects full body measurements in 10 seconds B) computerized touchscreen PC that can be attached to shopping carts C) system in which consumers register their fingerprint and then pay by having their finger scanned at checkout D) a shopping "bot" that searches the Internet for the lowest prices for consumers E) computerized shopping list of favorite and frequently purchased items

In Japan, the exchange of meishi is the most basic of social rituals in a nation where social ritual matters very much. The act of exchanging meishi is weighted with meaning. Once the social minuet is completed, the two know where they stand in relation to each other and their respective statures within the hierarchy of corporate or government bureaucracy. What is "meishi"? A) shaking hands B) exchange of business cards C) introductions by a third party D) formal invitation E) bows

In the United States, a man usually gives a woman a diamond ring for her to wear on her left-hand ring finger when they become engaged to be married. However, one diamond distributor has developed the idea that women should wear diamonds on their right hands as well. Marketing communications regarding the Diamond Right Hand Ring stress the independence of women and their ability to buy a diamond for themselves. One ad claims that a diamond on a left hand says "we," while a diamond on the right hand says "me." This diamond distributor is attempting to _____. A) influence the competitive situation B) expand the usage situation C) reduce the disposition situation D) influence the social surroundings E) influence the temporal perspective

Individuals with which type of self-concept are more likely to engage in home and domestic-related activities and entertainment including cooking at home and from scratch? A) independents B) interdependents C) self-monitors D) idealists E) doers

James is giving his cousin, Conor, a new video game for his birthday. Which of the following is the most likely reason James is giving this gift? A) he is required to do so B) it is a ritualized consumption experience C) to elicit return favors D) as a return favor E) because he hopes the receiver will share the gift

Jessica and her friends are 16 years old like to shop at Aeropostale, which is a clothing store targeted to teens and young adults. They like to go in that store because there are usually some pretty cute guys working and shopping there. Even though there are some parents shopping with their teens, the other customers are usually teens like themselves. The other individuals present in this store represent the _____. A) servicescape B) social surroundings C) physical surroundings D) store atmosphere E) temporal perspective

John is watching a football game on TV when a commercial comes on. He doesn't want to see it, so he grabs the remote control and changes the channel. What is John doing to avoid the advertising message? A) zipping B) zapping C) muting D) avoiding E) grazing

Jon purchased an antique watch on eBay from another consumer. Which type of sale is this known as? A) direct-to-consumer sale B) consumer-to-consumer sale C) personal sale D) private sale E) electronically-mediated sale

Karen believes in cause-related programs, but she doesn't always act accordingly. That is, she likes to patronize retailers that claim to donate a portion of her purchases to charity, but she only shops there when it is convenient for her to do so. Which consumer group would Karen belong? A) Skeptic B) Balancer C) Attribution-oriented D) Socially concerned E) Apathetic

Karen went to a movie and was disappointed because the main character died. She prefers happy endings to movies, and this one really put her in a bad mood for the rest of the day. This movie was in contrast with which need of Karen's? A) need for stimulation B) teleological need C) utilitarian need D) need for tension reduction E) need for objectification

Lori purchased new tires for her car, and she can bring it back every 5,000 miles to have the tires rotated for free. However, Lori doesn't do it because that would require that she take her car to the shop and either leave it and have someone get her and take her back later or sit and wait for the tires to be rotated. Which type of cost does this represent? A) social cost B) time cost C) effort cost D) physical cost E) mental cost

Mitch is a vegetarian who does not eat any animal products. He based this lifestyle decision on his love of animals, and he did not want an animal to suffer for his pleasure. On which motive did Mitch base his decision? A) economics B) moral C) gustatory D) health E) ecological

Negative emotions or guilt feelings aroused by the use of a product or a service are referred to as _____. A) postpurchase anxiety B) consumption guilt C) consumption anxiety D) postpurchase dissonance E) consumption dissonance

Nicholas is examining consumers' responses for themes and key concepts, which is referred to as content analysis. Which type of motivation research technique is Nicholas using? A) word association B) analysis and use C) picture response D) story completion E) successive word association

Nikki likes to attend the movies, but she is concerned with how expensive ticket prices are getting and the cost of concessions. She wants to have fun, but she also knows that she needs to save money for college. Which type of motivational conflict is Nikki experiencing? A) approach-approach B) approach-avoidance C) avoidance-avoidance D) acceptable-unacceptable E) unacceptable-acceptable

Paul was searching the Internet for information regarding the purchase of a digital video recorder (DVR). Based on Forrester Research's categories of products and services relative to Internet shopping, which category does this represent? A) replenishment goods B) researched items C) convenience items D) shopping goods E) selective items

Ralph is very prompt. If he says he will be there at 10:00 a.m., he will be there exactly at that time. Furthermore, he will not begin another task until he is completely done with the one he is currently working on. Which time perspective does Ralph have? A) polychronic B) monochronic C) linear D) parallel E) priority

Rebecca is a single woman in her 40s. She sold her Honda Civic and bought an Acura CSX, which is considerably more expensive. She was going to her brother's house with her mother, and she asked her mother to drive in her car instead of Rebecca's new one. She didn't want her brother to see that she had purchased an expensive car for herself. Rebecca was experiencing _____. A) postpurchase anxiety B) consumption guilt C) consumption anxiety D) postpurchase dissonance E) consumption dissonance

Sales for which product or service classified as "researched items" are the highest? A) food & beverage B) travel C) automotive parts D) computer hard/software E) event tickets

Sales of additional items to customers who came to purchase an advertised item are referred to as _____. A) incremental sales B) spillover sales C) marginal sales D) sales plus E) impulse sales

Sam doesn't know much about digital video recorders, so when he went shopping for one, he decided on the model that had the highest price and the best warranty as well as one he had seen a lot of advertising for. Sam used these factors as _____. A) inferential variables B) quality signals C) just noticeable difference cues D) sensory cues E) choice determinants

Sandy uses online banking, and her bank charges her $4.99 per month. However, she has seen ads for a competing bank offering free online banking services. She'd like to switch, but she realized that it might be difficult to do since she has several of her bill payments set up as automatic debits. The cost of changing to another bank represent Sandy's _____. A) incurred costs B) switching costs C) effort costs D) balancing costs E) committed costs

Scott is twenty years old and has a high school education. He likes to go on the Internet to play games, but he's afraid to buy things online. Even if this was not so, he doesn't make enough money for him to be able to buy much anyway. Scott belongs to which segment of online shoppers? A) Suspicious Learners B) Fun Seekers C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

Service employees that are uncaring, impolite, unresponsive, or unknowledgeable will cause consumers to switch providers for which reason? A) core service failure B) service encounter failure C) pricing D) attraction by competitors E) ethical problems

Simon was dissatisfied with the meal and service he received at a restaurant, so he complained. The manager came out and was arrogant to Simon, and Simon felt like he was trying to blame him for the bad experience he had by saying he was too picky. Simon vowed never to eat at that restaurant again. Which reason for changing providers does this represent? A) involuntary switching B) responses to service failures C) pricing D) attraction by competitors E) ethical problems

Skippy is a well-known brand of peanut butter that recently introduced a line of snack bars bearing the Skippy name. This is an example of _____. A) co-branding B) a brand extension C) a brand inference D) repetition E) quality signals

Stan was feeling very tired and hungry in the mid-afternoon, so he ate a Snickers candy bar. Stan is attempting to manage his _____. A) personality traits B) momentary condition C) mood D) self-concept E) daily ritual

The costs of finding, evaluating, and adopting another solution are known as _____. A) incurred costs B) switching costs C) effort costs D) balancing costs E) committed costs

The gay market has been estimated to comprise _____ of the adult U.S. population. A) 1 percent B) 5-7 percent C) 10 percent D) 15-20 percent E) 25 percent

Todd owns a discount sporting goods store, and several of the items in his store have a manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) above Todd's lower price. Todd is using the MSRP as a(n) _____. A) base reference price B) external reference price C) perceptual reference price D) internal reference price E) disclosed reference price

Toyota offers a hybrid version of its popular Highlander mid-sized SUV. The advertising for this car features the positive benefits of owning a hybrid, but it fails to mention that the Hybrid is considerably more expensive than the conventional version of the model. This is an example of a(n) _____. A) biased message B) one-sided message C) two-sided message D) positive appeal E) comparative ad

Violation of cultural norms results in _____, or penalties ranging from mild social disapproval to banishment from the group. A) norms B) sanctions C) proclamations D) ostracization E) sentencing

What are two important long-term memory structures? A) primary and secondary B) schema and scripts C) semantic and conceptual D) conceptual and imagery E) iconic and vicarious

What has been found to improve the results of cause-related marketing programs? A) the amount of money donated B) the fit between the company and the cause C) supporting causes that help children D) supporting causes that help the environment E) longer commitments to supporting a cause

What is the movement called in which companies have expanded opportunities for less affluent consumers to afford luxury? A) mass to class B) class to mass C) more to all D) one for all E) all for one

Which of the following components represent the service dimension of a store's image? A) quality, selection, style, and price B) layaway plan, sales personnel, easy return, credit, and delivery C) location and parking D) congeniality, fun, excitement, and comfort E) store reputation

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the population of the United States has grown steadily since 1960? A) longer life expectancies B) increasing birth rate C) immigration D) baby boomers moving through child-bearing years E) all of the above are reasons why the population of the United States has grown

Which of the following is NOT a segment of mature consumers? A) Healthy Indulgers B) Ailing Indulgers C) Ailing Outgoers D) Frail Recluses E) Healthy Hermits

Which of the following is NOT a step in the information-processing model? A) exposure B) comparison C) attention D) interpretation E) memory

Which of the following is a current American value? A) uniformity B) active C) religious D) youth E) overcome nature

Which of the following is a description of the shopping orientation known as Predators? A) Their shopping styles are situation-specific or constantly changing. B) They are purposive and speed oriented in their shopping. C) They shop both to make purchases and as an activity. D) They like to shop. E) They have a propensity to stockpile items and to purchase large quantities to either save money or alleviate the need for shopping.

Which of the following is a segment used to describe consumers with respect to their environmental activism? A) True Blues B) New Green Mainstream C) Ailing Recluse D) Healthy Hermits E) Green Earths

Which of the following is an example of an environment-oriented value? A) active/passive B) tradition/change C) extended/limited family D) masculine/feminine E) material/nonmaterial

Which of the following is considered a stimulus factor affecting attention? A) clutter B) position C) motivation D) ability E) all of the above

Which of the following is true regarding postpurchase dissonance? A) All consumer purchase decisions are followed by postpurchase dissonance of some sort. B) The importance of the decision to the consumer is one factor that influences the probability and magnitude of postpurchase dissonance. C) The individual's tendency to experience anxiety is not related to postpurchase dissonance. D) The easier it is to alter the decision, the more likely postpurchase dissonance will be. E) Nominal decision making usually results in the greatest magnitude of postpurchase dissonance.

Which of the following is true regarding value-expressive versus utilitarian appeals? A) Utilitarian appeals attempt to build a personality for the product or create an image of the product user. B) Utilitarian appeals are most effective for functional products. C) Products serve either a utilitarian purpose or a value-expressive purpose but not both. D) For value-expressive products, banner ads on Web sites serve primarily to transport consumers to the more detailed target ads or sites. E) all of the above

Which of the following is true regarding word-of-mouth (WOM)? A) WOM is a minor factor in consumer behavior. B) Consumers trust WOM more than many other sources. C) Satisfaction yields more WOM than does dissatisfaction. D) Consumers do not give WOM much merit, especially negative WOM. E) Marketers are not concerned about WOM.

Which of the following means that the consumer is enthusiastic about a particular brand and is somewhat immune to actions by competitors? A) satisfaction B) commitment C) market maven D) brand leverage E) brand fanatic

Which of the following occurs when a company provides financial support for an event such as the Olympics or a concert? A) third-party endorsement B) sponsorship C) celebrity endorsement D) source credibility E) two-sided message

Which core trait in the Five-Factor Model of personality is manifested by an individual being moody, temperamental, and touchy?

B) instability

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding self-concept and culture? A) The self-concept is important in all cultures. B) Those aspects of the self that are most valued and most influence consumption and other behaviors do not vary across cultures. C) An independent construal of the self is based on the predominant Western cultural belief that individuals are inherently separate. D) An interdependent construal of the self is based on the common Asian cultural belief in the fundamental connectedness of human beings. E) all of the above are true

Which of the following statements is true regarding Americans' other-oriented values? A) A strong emphasis on collectivism is one of the defining characteristics of American society. B) Since World War II, Americans have increasingly valued diversity. C) The impact that the family has on the individual is great. D) Older people are considered wiser than young people and are looked to as models and leaders in American society. E) America is a cooperative rather than a competitive society.

Which of the following statements is true regarding culture? A) Culture is a relatively simple concept. B) Culture is acquired. C) Culture often provides detailed prescriptions for appropriate behavior. D) The nature of cultural influences is such that we are consciously aware of them. E) all of the above

Which online shopper segment is the most computer literate, does not view online shopping as novel, and aren't usually champions of the practice? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

Which portion of total memory is devoted to permanent information storage? A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) primary memory D) secondary memory E) established memory

Which segment of environmental activists are concerned about the environment but alter their actions and purchases only when it is convenient? A) True Naturals B) New Green Mainstream C) Affluent Healers D) Young Recyclers E) Overwhelmed

Which segment of online consumers are the least wealthy and least educated, sees entertainment value in the Internet, but buying things online frightens them? A) Suspicious Learners B) Fun Seekers C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

Which set of motives deals with our need to determine who or what causes the things that happen to us? A) need for consistency B) need for attribution C) need to categorize D) need for objectification E) need for autonomy

Which social class consists of individuals who are poorly educated, have very low incomes, and work as unskilled laborers? A) lower-lower class B) upper-lower class C) working class D) lower-middle class E) middle class

Which type of industry has developed around the use of ambient scents? A) professional scenting B) environmental fragrancing C) scent motivation D) environmental creationism E) environmental construction

Which type of learning encompasses all the mental activities of humans as they work to solve problems or cope with situations? A) conditioning B) cognitive learning C) affective learning D) shaping E) conscious learning

Which type of memory is viewed as an unlimited, permanent storage that can store numerous types of information such as concepts, decision rules, processes, affective (emotional) states, and so forth? A) short-term memory B) long-term memory C) primary memory D) secondary memory E) episodic memory

Which type of reasoning allows consumers to use an existing knowledge base to understand a new situation or object? A) operant reasoning B) analogical reasoning C) cognitive reasoning D) affective reasoning E) conscious reasoning

Which type of reference price is presented by a marketer for the consumer to use to compare with the current price? A) base reference price B) external reference price C) private reference price D) outlet reference price E) public reference price

Which type of sale occurs when one consumer sells a product directly to another with or without the assistance of a commercial intermediary? A) direct-to-consumer sale B) consumer-to-consumer sale C) personal sale D) private sale E) direct marketing

Which value relates to tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty avoidance? A) youth/age B) risk taking/security C) individual/collective D) masculine/feminine E) diversity/uniformity

With respect to demographics, which of the following refers to the number of individuals in a society? A) distribution B) size C) structure D) dispersion E) concentration

Xavier was born in 1940. He was too young to remember World War II, and he matured during the prosperous years of the 1950s and early 1960s. His favorite singer was, and still is, Elvis Presley. To which generation does he belong? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

____ are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable. A) Norms B) Cultural values C) Precepts D) Prescriptions E) Orientations

_____ are based on performance criteria over which the individual has some degree of control. A) Traditional roles B) Achievement roles C) Ascribed roles D) Gender roles E) Selective roles

_____ deals with the mature market and is based on the theory that people change their outlook on life when they experience major life events such as becoming a grandparent, retiring, losing a spouse, or developing chronic health conditions. A) Demographics B) Gerontographics C) Cognitive psychology D) Cohort analysis E) Generational analysis

_____ describe a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution. A) Economics B) Demographics C) Psychographics D) Geographics E) Lifestyles

_____ indicates motivation or interest in a specific product category, and it can be temporary or enduring. A) Ability B) Product involvement C) Cognition D) Focused attention E) Interest

B) Use positive music in their advertisements so that over time consumers will transfer the positive affect associated with the music to the restaurant.

Janice and her mother were visiting an art gallery, and they were looking at modern art. When they came to one painting, Janice said, "I like that." When her mother asked her why she liked it, all she could say was, "I don't know, I just like it." Which component of attitude does this represent?

B) affective

Which type of reasoning allows consumers to use an existing knowledge base to understand a new situation or object?

B) analogical reasoning

Nicholas is examining consumers' responses for themes and key concepts, which is referred to as content analysis. Which type of motivation research technique is Nicholas using?

B) analysis and use

B) approach-avoidance

Which component of attitudes consists of a consumer's beliefs about an object?

B) cognitive

Which type of learning encompasses all the mental activities of humans as they work to solve problems or cope with situations?

B) cognitive learning

Which of the following are abstractions of reality that capture the meaning of an item in terms of other concepts?

B) concepts

Gwen lives in Dijon, France. To her, French wine is the only wine worth drinking, and she would never consider drinking wine from California. Gwen is exhibiting _____.

B) consumer ethnocentrism

B) dominance

Brands in the schematic memory that come to mind (are recalled) for a specific problem or situation are known as the _____.

B) evoked set

Consumers have described Apple's iPod products, such as the MP3 music player and the new video player, as imaginative and up-to-date. The brand is also considered to be daring, changing the traditional media models. Based on this description, which dimension of brand personality best describes the iPod?

B) excitement

Learning a concept or the association between two or more concepts in the absence of conditioning is known as _____.

B) iconic rote learning

Which portion of total memory is devoted to permanent information storage?

B) long-term memory

Which type of memory is viewed as an unlimited, permanent storage that can store numerous types of information such as concepts, decision rules, processes, affective (emotional) states, and so forth?

B) long-term memory

B) manifest

B) one-sided message

Advertisements or sales messages in which only one point of view is expressed are referred to as _____.

B) one-sided messages

B) operant conditioning

Which of the following reflects the relatively stable behavioral tendencies that individuals display across a variety of situations?

B) personality

What are two important long-term memory structures?

B) schema and scripts

For years, the U.S. Army ran an advertising campaign with the tagline, "Be all you can be." To which of Maslow's needs is this appealing?

B) self-actualization

B) stimulus generalization

B) teleological need

B) theory of reasoned action

When consumers do not directly experience a reward or punishment to learn but instead observe the outcomes of others' behaviors and adjust their own accordingly, which type of learning has occurred?

B) vicarious learning

In experiments, the power of groups to influence an individual to agree with the incorrect judgment of the others is known as the _____. A. group effect B. Asch phenomenon C. Skinner effect D. Pavlov phenomenon E. follower effect

B. Asch phenomenon

_____ is defined as the exponential expansion of word-of-mouth. A. Dispersion B. Buzz C. Infection D. Gossip E. Dissemination

B. Buzz

2. _____ is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. A. Marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Psychographics D. Demographics E. Psychology

B. Consumer behavior

Which categories of participants are the true leaders of conversation and opinion in Web 2.0? A. Critics and Inactives B. Creators and Critics C. Joiners and Creators D. Spectators and Joiners E. Inactives and Spectators

B. Creators and Critics

Which category of Web 2.0 participants are bloggers and post ratings and reviews, and tend to be in their late teens to mid-twenties? A. Creators B. Critics C. Joiners D. Spectators E. Jumpers

B. Critics

67. Todd is fifteen years old and really enjoys using the Internet. Compared to his friends and family, he has greater knowledge about the Web-based marketplace, has more expertise in searching out and finding information and resources on the Web, and really enjoys helping others by providing information found on the Web. Todd is called a(n) _____. A. techie B. Internet maven C. geek D. market maven E. Internet browser

B. Internet maven

34. The trend toward later marriage and children has resulted in which of the following? A. Over 80 percent of all married couples with children under 18 now fall into the middle age HLC categories of delayed full nest I and full nest II. B. Now, 71 percent of all married couples with children under 18 fall into the middle age HLC categories of delayed full nest I and full nest II. C. Now, the empty nest I HLC category does not begin until married couples are over 64 years old. D. The stage of the HLC labeled empty nest I no longer exists. E. Now, 71 percent of all married couples do not experience the empty nest II stage of the HLC.

B. Now, 71 percent of all married couples with children under 18 fall into the middle age HLC categories of delayed full nest I and full nest II.

Social media is part of an online revolution online, sometimes referred to as: A. online communities B. Web 2.0 C. social network sites D. consumer review sites E. blogging

B. Web 2.0

63. John purchases and is satisfied with his SUV because he believes that it provides greater crash safety than a sedan even though this is not technically true. John's satisfaction is based on the distinction between _____. A. primary need fulfillment and secondary need fulfillment B. actual need fulfillment and perceived need fulfillment C. initial need fulfillment and repeat need fulfillment D. articulated need fulfillment and unarticulated need fulfillment E. attribute fulfillment and benefit fulfillment

B. actual need fulfillment and perceived need fulfillment

60. A product's position refers to _____. A. its shelf location in retail stores B. an image of the product in the consumer's mind relative to competing products C. its price relative to other products in the firm's product line D. its price relative to competitors' products E. its stage in the product development process

B. an image of the product in the consumer's mind relative to competing products

31. Tacoda Systems tracks consumers' online activity and delivers specific banners based on that activity. This tracking and ad delivery system has been installed on almost 3,000 websites, and advertisers pay on a pay-for-performance basis, which means that advertisers pay Tacoda Systems only when a consumer clicks on their ad. The tracking of online activity and delivery of ads based on that activity is called _____. A. click-throughs B. behavioral targeting C. spamming D. blogging E. cookie targeting

B. behavioral targeting

18. Harold is tasked with developing the marketing strategy for his family's business. What should he do first? A. segment the market B. conduct a market analysis C. decide on which segments to target D. develop the marketing mix E. set objectives

B. conduct a market analysis

72. The process in which young people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes relevant to their functioning as consumers in the marketplaces is known as _____. A. consumer education B. consumer socialization C. consumer programming D. consumer research E. consumer acclimation

B. consumer socialization

83. Scott and his family have always purchased Honda automobiles because they feel that they are the best quality cars on the market. This attitude is an example of a(n) _____. A. coping mechanism B. consumption-related preference C. consumption-related bias D. economic skill E. mediation

B. consumption-related preference

67. Which of the following is NOT a societal outcome of marketing strategy and consumer behavior? A. economic outcomes B. customer satisfaction C. physical environment outcomes D. social welfare E. all of the above are societal outcomes

B. customer satisfaction

14. Laurie saved for six months to have enough money to buy a new designer outfit to wear to a special party. She had to travel to a larger city to purchase this outfit, but it was worth it to her because it made her feel beautiful and confident. The difference between the benefits Laurie perceived from this purchase and the cost to her to acquire these benefits describes her _____. A. consumer behavior B. customer value C. motivation D. equity difference E. perceptual field

B. customer value

Leigh received a digital camera for her birthday. She was able to figure this product out pretty easily because it only required a moderate change in how she used to take pictures. One thing she had to get used to was printing the pictures instead of taking a roll of film to a processor. This is an example of a _______ innovation. A. continuous B. dynamically continuous C. discontinuous D. technological E. nontechnological

B. dynamically continuous

Nonconventional marketing activities that use a limited budget and can increase buzz are known as: A. gorilla tactics B. guerilla marketing C. undercover marketing D. online guides E. e-gossip

B. guerilla marketing

2. What is the basic consumption unit for most consumer goods? A. organization B. household C. individual D. husband E. wife

B. household

6. Which of the following is NOT an application of consumer behavior? A. marketing strategy B. human resource management C. regulatory policy D. informed consumers E. social marketing

B. human resource management

63. Hispanics who identify most strongly with their Hispanic subcultures are most likely to engage in _____. A. wife-dominated decisions B. husband-dominated decisions C. joint decisions D. child-dominated decisions E. none of the above

B. husband-dominated decisions

35. Carlos is attempting to segment the market for his company's products. Where should he begin? A. set objectives B. identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. select an attractive segment(s) to serve

B. identify product-related need sets

35. What is a major difference between delayed full nest I and younger new parents? A. the number of children B. income C. education D. commitment E. years married

B. income

65. The teen Internet maven's primary role is as _____. A. initiator B. information gatherer C. decision maker D. purchaser E. user

B. information gatherer

Which type of influence occurs when an individual uses the behaviors and opinions of reference group members as potentially useful bits of information? A. transient B. informational C. normative D. identification E. substantive

B. informational

86. Which type of training occurs when a parent or sibling specifically and directly attempts to bring about certain responses through reasoning or reinforcement? A. consumer training B. instrumental training C. modeling D. mediation E. coercion

B. instrumental training

71. Which of these categories is NOT part of the content of consumer learning? A. consumer skills B. learning skills C. consumption-related preferences D. consumption-related attitudes E. all of the above are part of the content of consumer learning

B. learning skills

Rayna provides a significant amount of information to others across a wide array of products, including durables and nondurables, services, and store type. She can provide information on product quality, sales, usual prices, product availability, store personnel characteristics, and other features of relevance to consumers. Rayna is best described as a(n) _____. A. opinion leader B. market maven C. shopping expert D. market leader E. influencer

B. market maven

44. The product, price, communications, distribution, and services provided to the target market is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. marketing mix C. marketing set D. decision set E. value proposition

B. marketing mix

27. As part of developing your company's marketing strategy, you are tasked with analyzing the new-product capabilities, channel strength, advertising abilities, service capabilities, marketing research abilities, and market and consumer knowledge. Which aspect of your company's capabilities are you assessing? A. financial strength B. marketing skills C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation

B. marketing skills

MVM (My Virtual Model) helps consumers shopping online overcome which barrier? A) security B) information quantity C) lack of touch D) flow E) difficulty

37. Barry is looking for a car that is dependable yet stylish enough to let others know that he has achieved a respectable status in his life and career. He also wants it to be a high-performance automobile. Dependability, status, and performance represent Barry's _____. A. self-image B. need set C. alter ego D. unarticulated needs E. lifestyle

B. need set

8. According to the Census Bureau, a _____ household is a householder living alone or exclusively with others to whom he or she is not related. A. family B. nonfamily C. traditional D. blended E. consumption

B. nonfamily

Amie usually wears a uniform to her Catholic school, but on the first Friday of every month, students can wear other clothes as long as they bring in something for the church's food bank. Amie loves to shop and has plenty of fashionable clothes, but on these free dress days, she usually wears blue jeans, a T-shirt, and athletic shoes. Her mother asked her why she doesn't wear her nice clothes, and Amie told her that she would be made fun of at school. Which type of influence do the other students have on Amie? A. informational B. normative C. identification D. conformist E. punitive

B. normative

Which type of reference group influence occurs when an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction? A. informational B. normative C. identification D. transient E. permanent

B. normative

Jill is a breast cancer survivor. She posts a blog, which is her online journal, on a site that is specifically for others to share their experiences and support one another. She and others discuss products that help them deal with the side effects of their treatments as well as products that can help them maintain their self-esteem (e.g., wigs). Jill is participating in a(n) _____. A. online consortium B. online community C. consumption subculture D. subversive community E. electronic community

B. online community

Which type of community interacts over time around a topic of interest on the Internet? A. brand community B. online community C. cyber community D. techie community E. geek squad

B. online community

John doesn't know very much about electronic equipment, but he wanted to get his girlfriend an MP3 player for her birthday. His roommate, Hank, knows all about these types of products and made a recommendation to John. For this product category, Hank is known as a(n) _____. A. market maven B. opinion leader C. interpreter D. screener E. market leader

B. opinion leader

72. Liz Claiborne is a brand of clothing, accessories, and home products. Brand managers at this company are trying to learn which internal influences impact their customers' needs and desires most. Which of the following is a possible internal influence these managers should examine? A. culture B. personality C. demographics D. family E. social status

B. personality

Which of the following is NOT a guiding principle for marketing to online communities and social networks? A. become part of the community B. post marketing content so it does not stand out and appears as just another participant in the community, such as a flog C. take advantage of the unique capabilities of each venue D. transparency E. a and d

B. post marketing content so it does not stand out and appears as just another participant in the community, such as a flog

As a marketing major, Stan is a collegiate member of the American Marketing Association. This association holds a collegiate conference every year, and he did attend if one year. While this is a group he belongs to, his ties to other members are relatively weak, and his interaction is infrequent. Which type of group is this? A. primary group B. secondary group C. tertiary group D. cohort group E. work group

B. secondary group

What type of group includes organizations such as professional associations and neighborhood associations that involve relatively weak ties and less frequent interaction among its members? A. primary group B. secondary group C. tertiary group D. cohort group E. work group

B. secondary group

33. What is the LAST step in market segmentation? A. describing each group B. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve C. identifying product-related need sets D. grouping customers with similar need sets E. deciding the segmenting scheme

B. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve

75. The totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about him- or herself is known as _____. A. lifestyle B. self-concept C. internal influences D. external influences E. consumption outcomes

B. self-concept

With respect to advertising, _____ can involve themes designed to encourage current owners to talk about the brand or prospective owners to ask current owners for their impressions. A. simulating B. stimulating C. parroting D. modeling E. slice of life

B. stimulating

Which group classification variable refers to the closeness and intimacy of the group linkages? A. membership B. strength of social tie C. number of members D. type of contract E. attraction

B. strength of social tie

40. The segment(s) within the larger market on which an organization will focus its marketing effort is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. target market C. customer set D. strategic market E. primary market

B. target market

78. In children's information processing, the period of preoperational thought is characterized by _____. A. an absence of conceptual thought B. the development of language C. the development of the ability to apply logical thought to concrete problems D. the development of the ability to apply logic to all types of problems E. none of the above

B. the development of language

Which of the following is one of the defining characteristics of American society? A) aversion to change B) collectivism C) individualism D) extended family E) status

Tony the Tiger, the Jolly Green Giant, and the Aflac duck are examples of _____. A) celebrity spokespersons B) sponsors C) spokescharacters D) two-sided messages E) inanimate celebrity characters

A closed-in feeling created by a crowded store will result in adaptive strategies that could _____. A) lengthen shopping time, shorten purchases, and increase the use of in-store information B) shorten shopping time, increase purchases, and decrease the use of in-store information C) reduce shopping time, reduce purchases, and alter the use of in-store information D) reduce shopping time, reduce purchases, and greatly increase the use of in-store information E) none of the above

A consumer using a product in a new way is referred to as _____. A) counterfactual thinking B) prefactual thinking C) use innovativeness D) usage expansion E) extended use thinking

A given consumer's or target market's perception of all the attributes associated with a retail outlet is generally referred to as the _____. A) store atmosphere B) servicescape C) store image D) store ambiance E) store personality

A long-running television commercial for Dial soap would show an individual in various situations with other people (e.g., car pool or elevator). This individual would join the others and look around, appearing to be in discomfort. Then a voice over would say, "Aren't you glad you used Dial...don't you wish everyone did?" Which type of appeal does this illustrate? A) one-sided message B) two-sided message C) fear appeal D) third-party endorsement E) comparative ad

A person who shops a nicer store than normal because he or she is buying a gift is influenced by the _____ characteristic of the situation. A) physical surroundings B) antecedent state C) task definition D) temporal perspective E) none of the above

A retailer being temporarily out of a particular brand is called _____. A) whiteouts B) blackouts C) stockouts D) shortage E) shrinkage

A shift away from a competition oriented society would most likely affect _____. A) sales force compensation B) the types of decision rules used C) the use of comparative advertising D) the use of price as a competitive weapon E) all of the above

A shopping style that puts particular emphasis on certain activities or shopping motivations is called a _____. A) shopping segment B) shopping typology C) shopping orientation D) shopping perspective E) store atmosphere

A study by WPP Group suggests which group of consumers are the most likely to consider buying products they see in movies? A) males B) females C) younger consumers D) older consumers E) gay consumers

A substantial amount of brand switching when the current brand is satisfactory may be explained by the _____ motive. A) expression B) reinforcement C) stimulation D) affiliation E) none of the above

A television commercial for Senseo brand of coffee maker that can make coffee similar to what consumers purchase at coffee shops (e.g., Starbucks) encourages viewers to remember the experience of drinking their favorite coffee drinks at these types of shops. This coffee maker allows consumers to experience that sensation at home. What is this marketer trying to encourage? A) maintenance rehearsal B) chunking C) elaborative activities D) conceptualization E) conditioning

A woman that is married with the husband assuming the responsibility for providing for the family and the wife running the house and taking care of the children would be classified as _____. A) gender appropriate B) gender consistent C) traditional D) modern E) old-fashioned

A(n) _____ is based on an attribute over which the individual has little or no control. A) traditional role B) achievement role C) ascribed role D) gender identity E) gender orientation

Action-oriented consumers that strive to express their individuality through their choices and purchase experiences are driven by which primary motivation? A) ideals motivation B) achievement motivation C) self-expression motivation D) realist motivation E) focused motivation

Adam was working on a term paper and was exposed to so much information that he devised a classification system to organize the different sources of information he was using. This reflects which cognitive preservation motive? A) need for consistency B) need for attribution C) need to categorize D) need for objectification E) need for autonomy

Addison is a brand manager and wants consumers to form attitudes that are strong, resistant to counterpersuasion attempts, more accessible from memory, and more predictive of behavior. Which route of the elaboration likelihood model should he encourage consumers to take? A) primary route B) secondary route C) central route D) peripheral route E) direct route

American Sports Data, Inc., which examines trends in sports, found that _____. A) traditional sports are becoming more popular B) team sports are rooted in "fierce individualism" C) the values underlying extreme sports are very different from those of traditional team sports D) extreme sports were experiencing a growing fan base particularly among young women E) extreme sports are just a fad

Amie was born in 1991. Her mother is a college professor, and her father is an attorney. She's not sure what she wants to do when she grows up, but she knows she will go to college and embark on a career of her own. She was amazed when her grandmother told her that women really couldn't do that when she was young. If a woman did work, choices were usually limited to becoming a teacher, a secretary, or a nurse. Her grandmother told her that she was a secretary, but after she started having children, she left the workforce and stayed home to raise her children, which was common for most women at that time. That concept was totally foreign to Amie. To which generation does she belong? A) baby boom B) Generation X C) Generation Y D) Generation Z E) Millennial generation

An outlet or brand whose performance confirms a low-performance expectation generally will result in _____. A) satisfaction B) dissatisfaction C) nonsatisfaction D) elation E) anger

Asian societies (i.e., Japan) value collective activity. That is, consumers look toward others for guidance in purchase decisions and do not respond favorably to promotional appeals focusing on individualism. Which category of cultural values does this represent? A) internally-oriented B) environment-oriented C) other-oriented D) self-oriented E) group-oriented

Barbara derives the meaning of herself from her relationships with her family. She has never sought a career of her own, and she is most happy when she is "taking care of someone." If her grandchildren do not like what is prepared for dinner, she will make them something else. Which type of self-concept does Barbara have? A) role-based self-concept B) individual self-concept C) interdependent self-concept D) independent self-concept E) connected self-concept

Barry decided he needs a new car, so he started looking at commercials on television and ads in magazines as well as visiting several Web sites. What type of exposure does this represent? A) involuntary B) non-voluntary C) voluntary D) selective E) considered

Brands owned and sold by a specific retail outlet are known as _____. A) primary brands B) secondary brands C) store brands D) internal brands E) limited distribution brands

Carl is young and single. He has a high school education and works at a construction job. He lives in a tiny apartment. Even though he doesn't have a high income, he tries to live an active life attending sporting events, and sometimes he brings a date with him. He eats fast food almost every day and likes to go fishing on his days off. To which PRIZM group does Carl belong? A) Young Digerati B) Bohemian Mix C) Young & Rustic D) Big Fish, Small Pond E) Minimalists

Carmen was participating in a psychographic study, and several questions pertained to activities and interests. Questions regarding this aspect of lifestyle include which of the following? A) evaluative statements about other people, places, ideas, products, and so forth B) widely held beliefs about what is acceptable or desirable C) nonoccupational behaviors to which consumers devote time and effort, such as hobbies, sports, public service, and church D) age, education, income, occupation, family structure, ethnic background, gender, and geographic location E) specific media the consumers utilize

Catherine is married and a mother of two children. She has decided to forego her own career to stay home with her children until they are grown and on their own. Both she and her husband have decided that it is best for their family for him to assume the responsibility for providing financial security for them while she takes care of the home and family. Catherine would be classified as which type of woman? A) gender appropriate B) gender consistent C) traditional D) modern E) old-fashioned

Christine has never purchased anything from the Internet. She likes to look at items on the Internet, but she doesn't want to give her credit card number or pay shipping charges. To which segment of online shoppers does Christine belong? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

Clark and his family normally live paycheck to paycheck. However, this month, they found themselves with a little extra money, so they decided to go out to a nice restaurant and to a movie. This is an example of the antecedent state of _____. A) positive mood B) good luck C) momentary conditions D) optimism E) hedonism

Connie just purchased her first new car, and she's actually feeling a little bad about it. She's concerned about how much money she spent and how long she will be making car payments. She's not sure she made the right choice, either. She liked another car a little better, but ended up purchasing another model. Connie is experiencing _____. A) postpurchase worry B) postpurchase guilt C) postpurchase dissonance D) postpurchase shame E) postpurchase fear

Erin is 12 years old. While label is appropriate for Erin? A) little kid B) big kid C) tween D) teenager E) young adult

For years, L'Oreal hair color would say in their ad that L'Oreal is "expensive, but you're worth it." This is an example of which type of advertisement? A) truthful message B) one-sided message C) two-sided message D) negative/positive message E) balanced message

Gertrude is 93 years old, but she perceives herself to be about 65 years old. Sixty-five is Gertrude's _____ age. A) felt age B) real age C) cognitive age D) perceptual age E) chronological age

Green marketing methods that are profitable for the farmer, environmentally sound, and socially responsible are said to be _____. A) environmental B) acceptable C) sustainable D) impactful E) meaningful

High-involvement learning often involves _____. A) classical conditioning B) iconic rote learning C) operant conditioning D) all of the above E) none of the above

How did Johnson & Johnson hope to reposition St. Joseph's Aspirin? A) as the best source of arthritis pain relief in adults B) as the best source of pain relief in children C) as the best source for a low-dosage aspirin regime to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes in adults D) as the best source of fever reduction in children E) as the best source of pain relief in adult migraine headache sufferers

How does mere exposure enhance attitudes? A) by changing beliefs B) by adding beliefs C) through enhanced familiarity D) through shifting importance E) by changing perceptions of the ideal

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, food, water, sleep, and to an extent, sex, are considered _____ motives. A) safety B) self-actualization C) physiological D) belongingness E) esteem

In conditioned learning, forgetting is often referred to as _____. A) decay B) deconditioning C) extinction D) failure E) retrieval failure

In which country is the concept of guanxi, which involves personal relationships, an important consideration? A) United States B) Canada C) China D) India E) Saudi Arabia

Individuals with which type of self-concept tend to be obedient, sociocentric, holistic, connected, and relation oriented? A) group self-concept B) individual self-concept C) interdependent self-concept D) independent self-concept E) connected self-concept

James is a widower in good health that lives in the home he and his wife raised their five children. However, he has reacted to his wife's death by becoming withdrawn and feels isolated. He spends much of his time fixing up his house. James is best described as a(n) _____. A) Healthy Indulger B) Ailing Outgoer C) Healthy Hermit D) Frail Recluse E) Ailing Hermit

Jennifer sees herself as a loving, caring mother and wife. She also sees herself as an accomplished professional. Finally, she sees herself as a good citizen and devoutly religious person who takes the concerns of others seriously and tries to make the world a better place for those less fortunate than she and her family. This totality of Jennifer's thoughts and feelings about herself is known as her _____. A) inner peace B) inner self C) self-concept D) personal identity E) self-identity

John is a salesman and gave one of his customers an expensive watch. Which of the following is the most likely reason John gave this gift? A) social expectations B) it is a ritualized consumption experience C) to elicit a return favor D) it is a business requirement E) as an expression of loving and caring

Kevin buys the same brand of clothing all the time. He continues to buy it because it fits him well and the price is right, but he does not have an emotional attachment to it. Kevin is an example of a(n) _____. A) trapped purchaser B) committed customer C) repeat purchaser D) nonsatisfied customer E) indifferent purchaser

Kristen purchased a chair and ottoman from a national chain furniture store. After only six months, the fabric started to fade and tear in some spots. While she didn't spend much money on this chair, she did expect it to last longer than that. Kristen most likely experienced _____. A) satisfaction B) dissatisfaction C) nonsatisfaction D) elation E) guilt

Lakeisha is an architect, and her husband, Timothy, is an engineer. Both are in their early 30s. They represent a growing percentage of the workforce along with others who generate new ideas and technologies for a living or engage in complex problem solving. Lakeisha and Timothy are part of the _____. A) social reengineering movement B) cutting edge C) creative class D) true naturals E) young developers

Lisa is a single mother of two and works two jobs to provide for her family and derives little or no satisfaction from employment. To which market segment would Lisa belong? A) Traditional housewife B) Trapped housewife C) Trapped working woman D) Career working woman E) Modern-day woman

Richard is studying how various usage situations influence the consumption of his company's products. He conducted qualitative analyses (i.e., focus group discussions and depth interviews) as well as surveyed a larger sample of consumers to better understand and quantify how products are used and the benefits sought in the usage situation by the market segment. Richard is performing the first two steps in an approach to develop _____. A) demographically-based marketing strategies B) geographically-based marketing strategies C) situation-based marketing strategies D) momentary conditions E) hedonic purchase situations

Robert and his wife, Jan, were both born in the 1950s. The last of their three children will graduate from college soon, which is leaving them with increased discretionary income and time. To which generation do Robert and Jan belong? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Rod purchased Porsche to satisfy himself, not to impress others. He sees this car as a reward for his hard work. To which segment of Porsche owners does Rod belong? A) Top Guns B) Elitists C) Proud Patrons D) Bon Vivants E) Fantasists

Rod wasn't expecting much from the painters that came to his house. True to form, they did not do a good job and confirmed his low-performance expectations. Rod is most likely experiencing _____. A) satisfaction B) dissatisfaction C) nonsatisfaction D) elation E) anger

Ron owns a small retail establishment and is seeking your advice regarding getting shoppers' attention in the store. What should you recommend to Ron to help him get shoppers' attention? A) Ron should use cool colors, such as blues and grays, for displays. B) Ron should not use large displays because that can overwhelm shoppers. C) Ron should use warm colors, such as reds and yellows, because they are more arousing than cool colors. D) Ron should use displays with as much information as possible because shoppers will be able to attend to all of it. E) Ron should not use displays with moving parts because they will distract shoppers.

Ronald is dissatisfied with a product he has bought. What is the first decision Ronald will make with regard to his dissatisfying situation? A) whether to complain to the store or to the manufacturer B) whether or not to stop buying that brand C) whether or not to take any external action D) whether or not to initiate legal action E) whether or not to complain to a government agency

Sam has learned that a country to which his company desires to expand places a high value on cleanliness and admires nature immensely. Which category of cultural values does this represent? A) other-oriented B) self-oriented C) environment-oriented D) externally-oriented E) internally-oriented

Self-concepts have been categorized into two types, which are _____. A) primary and secondary B) manifest and latent C) independent and interdependent D) yin and yang E) direct and indirect

Sharon has to purchase a gift for her mother and only has this afternoon to do so because her birthday party is that evening. She's wondering how she will be able get to the mall in time to pick out the perfect gift. This is an illustration of which situation characteristic? A) physical features B) social surroundings C) temporal perspective D) task definition E) antecedent state

Sometimes consumers have difficulty retrieving a specific piece of information because other related information in memory gets in the way, which is an effect referred to as _____. A) noise B) echoic memory C) interference D) clutter E) memory failure

Stephanie is a working mother of two children. She has a stressful job, so she makes a point of walking two miles on her treadmill each day to help her unwind. By doing this, Stephanie is satisfying her _____. A) need for attribution B) need for autonomy C) need for tension reduction D) need for reinforcement E) need for modeling

Strong, relatively uncontrollable feelings that affect our behavior are known as _____. A) motivations B) personality C) emotions D) perceptions E) needs

Technographics is a technology segmentation scheme that examines lifestyle segments across such technologies and activities as online access, PC ownership, instant messaging, and shopping online. Which of the following is one of these segments? A) Achievers B) Innovators C) Handshakers D) Minimalists E) Enthusiasts

The accessibility effect for brands is called _____. A) episodic awareness B) conceptual awareness C) top-of-mind awareness D) operant learning E) conditioned response

The children of the original baby boomers are known as _____. A) the baby bust generation B) Generation X C) Generation Y D) Generation Z E) the Millennial generation

The external ice cube shoot on Cade's refrigerator door was not working properly. She could hear the ice falling into the shoot, but nothing would come out. She looked inside and realized there was a solid block of ice clogging the shoot, and she couldn't get it loose. Cade decided to use a hair dryer to melt the ice, and it worked. Cade's using a hair dryer in a new way represents _____. A) counterfactual thinking B) prefactual thinking C) use innovativeness D) usage expansion E) extended use thinking

The percentage of U.S. women who watch sports on TV every week is _____. A) 5 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) none of the above

The tendency of an owner to evaluate an object more favorably than a nonowner is called the _____. A) personal bias effect B) personal relevance effect C) mere ownership effect D) possessive effect E) mere exposure effect

Theories based on which need view the consumer as a problem solver who approaches situations as opportunities to acquire useful information or new skills? A) teleological need B) need for tension reduction C) utilitarian need D) need for autonomy E) need for identification

Which of the following category of products and services identified by Forrester Research based on their purchase characteristics relative to Internet shopping consists of low-risk discretionary items? A) replenishment goods B) researched items C) convenience items D) shopping goods E) selective items

Which of the following characteristics influencing interpretation represents factors beyond the stimulus itself? A) individual B) personal C) situational D) stimulus E) inferential

Which of the following country tends to value individualism over collectivism? A) Mexico B) India C) United States D) Korea E) Japan

Which of the following describe a population in terms of its size, distribution, and structure? A) geographics B) psychographics C) demographics D) censographics E) behaviorgraphics

Which of the following is FALSE regarding committed customers? A) They are unlikely to consider additional information when making a purchase. B) They are resistant to competitors' marketing efforts. C) They are less likely to forgive an occasional product or service failure. D) They are likely to be a source of positive word-of-mouth. E) They are more profitable to the firm than mere repeat purchasers.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding how emotional responses to advertising influence consumer behavior? A) Emotional advertisements that trigger a positively evaluated emotion will enhance liking of the ad itself. B) Emotional content in advertisements enhances their attention, attraction, and maintenance capabilities. C) While emotional content in advertisements may increase attention, emotional messages have not been found to be processed more thoroughly than neutral messages. D) Repeated exposure to positive-emotion-eliciting ads may increase brand preference through classical conditioning. E) Repeated exposure to positive-emotion-eliciting ads may result in brand preference occurring in a direct, high-involvement way.

Which of the following is NOT a construction technique of motivate research? A) cartoon techniques B) analysis and use C) story completion D) picture response E) third-person techniques

Which of the following is NOT a core trait in the Five-Factor Model of personality? A) extroversion B) instability C) reliability D) openness to experience E) conscientiousness

Which of the following is NOT a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy? A) demographics B) language C) exchange rates D) values E) nonverbal communications

Which of the following is NOT a key situational dimension or characteristic that influences consumer behavior? A) physical surroundings B) social surroundings C) alternative evaluation D) temporal perspectives E) task definition

Which of the following is NOT an advertising tactic used to communicate brand personality? A) celebrity endorsers B) user imagery C) length of the ad D) tone of the ad E) type of media outlet

Which of the following is NOT an alternative if a consumer decides to retain a product's package? A) store it B) use it for original purpose C) recycle it D) use it for a new purpose E) all of the above are alternatives in this situation

Which of the following is NOT an example of an other-oriented value? A) youth/age B) extended/limited family C) tradition/change D) masculine/feminine E) diversity/uniformity

Which of the following is NOT an individual characteristic influencing consumer behavior? A) culture B) attitudes C) task definition D) social class E) motivation

Which of the following is NOT generally involved in green marketing? A) developing products whose production, use or disposal is less harmful to the environment than the traditional versions of the product B) developing products that have a positive impact on the environment C) pricing products lower than the competition D) tying the purchase of a product to an environmental organization or event E) all of the above are involved in green marketing

Which of the following is a category of products and services based on their purchase characteristics relative to Internet shopping identified by Forrester Research? A) "high-touch" goods B) search goods C) replenishment goods D) adventurous goods E) tangible goods

Which of the following is a reason why women are an important target market? A) Women-headed households are expected to represent almost 50 percent of all households in 2010. B) Women are homogeneous as a group, which makes marketing to them easier. C) More women work more hours outside the home today than at any time in our history. D) Women's purchasing power now equals men's purchasing power. E) all of the above

Which of the following is a recommended strategy for manufacturers when consumers select the outlet first and the brand second? A) retailer image advertising B) more exclusive distribution C) point-of-purchase displays D) price special on brands E) brand availability advertising

Which of the following is a theory about how attitudes are formed and changed under varying conditions of involvement? A) cognitive dissonance theory B) theory of reasoned action C) elaboration likelihood model D) attribution theory E) noncompensatory theory

Which of the following is an emerging American value? A) materialistic B) individual C) admiring nature D) masculine E) postponed gratification

Which of the following is an example of cause-related marketing (CRM)? A) A company donates $10,000 to a school to purchase computers. B) A company recognizes alternative lifestyles among its employees and allows benefits accordingly. C) A company donates $1 to Diabetes research for every purchase of its product by consumers. D) A company features educational health information in its product advertising. E) A company hires physically challenged employees.

Which of the following is considered an outward expression of one's self-concept? A) demographics B) geographics C) lifestyle D) attitudes E) aspirations

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding stimulus factors and attention? A) Larger stimuli are more likely to be noticed than smaller ones. B) Stimuli with greater intensity (e.g., loudness, brightness, length) are more likely to be noticed than less intense stimuli. C) Attention generally increases across repeated exposures, particularly when those exposures occur in a short period of time. D) Individuals tend to be attracted to pleasant stimuli and repelled by unpleasant stimuli. E) Consumers pay more attention to stimuli that contrast with their background than to stimuli that blend with it.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the religious/secular value in American society? A) A religious group does not control the educational system, government, or political process. B) Most people's daily behaviors are not guided by strict religious guidelines. C) America is basically a religious society. D) Religious-based beliefs do influence decisions. E) Many Americans for whom religion is especially important are conservative in their beliefs.

Which of the following statements is true regarding stimulus position and attention with respect to advertising? A) Position effects in advertising are the same regardless of the medium used. B) Ads on the left-hand page receive more attention than those on the right based on how we peruse magazines and newspapers. C) For U.S. readers, high-impact zones in print ads and other print documents tend to be more toward the top and left of the ad. D) In online contexts, horizontal banners attract more attention then vertical banners. E) In television, the probability of a commercial being viewed and remembered increases as it moves from being the first to air during a break to the last to air.

Which of the following statements is true regarding subliminal stimuli? A) Research on messages presented too rapidly to elicit awareness indicates that such messages can actually have a substantial effect. B) There is evidence that marketers are using subliminal messages. C) A subliminal ad is different from a "normal" ad in that it "hides" key persuasive information within the ad by making it so weak that it is difficult or impossible for an individual to physically detect. D) Subliminal advertising has not been the focus of intense study and public concern. E) Masked symbols, deliberate or accidental, do appear to affect standard measures of advertising effectiveness and can influence consumption behavior.

Which of the following statements regarding the masculine/feminine value is FALSE? A) Basically, we live in a masculine-oriented world. B) The roles of women are changing and expanding throughout much of the world. C) Women in Japan frequently participate in sports and exercise. D) Many Japanese women feel guilty preparing frozen vegetables in a microwave rather than preparing fresh vegetables. E) Traditional and modern segments with regard to this value exist simultaneously in many cultures, so marketers must adapt not only across but within cultures.

Which shopping lifestyle segment based on hedonic shopping motives is the youngest and most likely to be female? A) Minimalists B) Gatherers C) Enthusiasts D) Bon Vivants E) Traditionalists

Which situational characteristic deals with the effect of time on consumer behavior? A) physical surroundings B) social surroundings C) temporal perspective D) task definition E) antecedent states

Which social class consists of skilled and semiskilled factory, service, and sales workers? A) upper-middle B) middle class C) working class D) upper-lower class E) lower-lower class

Which trait reflects an individual difference in consumers' propensity to be biased against the purchase of foreign products? A) need for affiliation B) need for uniqueness C) consumer ethnocentrism D) agreeableness E) introversion

Which type of advertisement or sales presentation presents both good and bad points? A) unbiased message B) one-sided message C) two-sided message D) positive/negative message E) balanced message

Which type of appeal attempts to build a personality for the product or create an image of the product user? A) humorous appeal B) utilitarian appeal C) value-expressive appeal D) hedonic appeal E) emotional appeal

Which type of appeal involves informing the consumer of one or more functional benefits that are important to the target market? A) multi-sided message B) value-expressive appeal C) utilitarian appeal D) factual appeal E) supportive appeal

Which type of appeal uses the threat of negative (unpleasant) consequence if attitudes or behaviors are not altered? A) one-sided message B) two-sided message C) fear appeals D) humorous appeals E) comparative ads

Which type of materialism is the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself? A) primary B) secondary C) terminal D) instrumental E) end state

Which type of memory involves the nonconscious retrieval of previously encountered stimuli? A) explicit memory B) schematic memory C) implicit memory D) constructed memory E) concrete memory

Which type of message framing stresses either the positive outcomes of performing a behavior or the negative outcomes of not performing a behavior? A) attribute framing B) two-sided framing C) goal framing D) end-state framing E) benefit/loss framing

Which type of self-concept emphasizes family, cultural, professional, and social relationships? A) group self-concept B) individual self-concept C) interdependent self-concept D) independent self-concept E) connected self-concept

____ motives emphasize the individual as striving to maintain equilibrium. A) Cognitive B) Affective C) Preservation-oriented D) Growth E) Leveling

_____ have experienced health problems which limit their physical abilities and frequently their financial capability. This segment is also a key market for retirement communities and assisted-living housing. While seniors in this group acknowledge their limits, they also maintain a positive self-esteem and seek to get the most out of life. Independence and socializing are important as is remaining stylish in their dress. A) Healthy Hermits B) Ailing Indulgers C) Ailing Outgoers D) Frail Recluses E) Healthy Recluses

C) central route

Carissa is highly involved is a purchase decision for a new car. She has searched the Internet, visited car dealerships, talked to friends and family, and paid attention to advertisements. According to the elaboration likelihood model, by which route is Carissa likely to be persuaded?

C) central route

Which of the following represent the three components of attitudes?

C) cognitive, affective, and behavioral

Which of the following involves presenting two stimuli in close proximity so that eventually the two are perceived to be related or associated?

C) conditioning

One motivation research technique known as the cartoon technique has consumers fill in the words or thoughts of one of the characters in a cartoon drawing. Which type of technique is this?

C) construction technique

Which trait reflects an individual difference in consumers' propensity to be biased against the purchase of foreign products?

C) consumer ethnocentrism

C) elaborative activities

C) fear appeal

Which type of appeal uses the threat of negative (unpleasant) consequence if attitudes or behaviors are not altered?

C) fear appeals

C) need for tension reduction

C) need to categorize

High-involvement learning often involves _____.

C) operant conditioning

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, food, water, sleep, and to an extent, sex, are considered _____ motives.

C) physiological

Which of the following is(are) designed to provide information on latent motives?

C) projective techniques

Which of the following was used by Sunbeam Appliance Company to assist in redesigning its many lines of small kitchen appliances?

all of the above

Anything that increases the likelihood that a given response will be repeated in the future is considered _____.

C) reinforcement

Which of the following is NOT a core trait in the Five-Factor Model of personality?

C) reliability

Which of the following is NOT a construction technique of motivate research?

C) story completion

How does mere exposure enhance attitudes?

C) through enhanced familiarity

The accessibility effect for brands is called _____.

C) top-of-mind awareness

When consumers see the new product (i.e., brand extension) as requiring the same manufacturing skills as the original, successful brand leverage is more likely. Which dimension is this referring to?

C) transfer

For years, L'Oreal hair color would say in their ad that L'Oreal is "expensive, but you're worth it." This is an example of which type of advertisement?

C) two-sided message

Which type of advertisement or sales presentation presents both good and bad points?

C) two-sided message

Which type of appeal involves informing the consumer of one or more functional benefits that are important to the target market?

C) utilitarian appeal

Theories based on which need view the consumer as a problem solver who approaches situations as opportunities to acquire useful information or new skills?

C) utilitarian need

Which type of appeal attempts to build a personality for the product or create an image of the product user?

C) value-expressive appeal

43. Barbara is 72 years old and has been a widow for almost three years. She would be labeled _____. A. "single by death" B. "single by choice" C. "single by circumstance" D. "single again" E. "unwillingly single"

C. "single by circumstance"

Which of the following statements is true regarding brand communities? A. Brand communities seem most relevant for low-involvement, routinely-purchased products. B. Once a consumer becomes a member of a brand community, he or she is always a member. C. Brand communities create value through a set of activities that create brand engagement. D. Brand communities can add value to the ownership of the product, but they do not build loyalty. E. Fostering a community requires the owners of the brand to come together on their own to establish relationships.

C. Brand communities create value through a set of activities that create brand engagement.

_____ represent about 10 percent of the adult online community, but their influence is extensive as they communicate, news, information, and experiences to a vast array of people both online and offline. A. Market mavens B. Internet mavens C. E-fluentials D. Opinion leaders E. Cyber leaders

C. E-fluentials

47. _____ is the process by which decisions that directly or indirectly involve two or more family members are made. A. Household decision making B. Consumer decision making C. Family decision making D. Joint decision making E. Group decision making

C. Family decision making

79. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the working poor? A. They are forced to spend a disproportionate percentage of their income on housing, utilities, and medical care. B. They generally rely on public transportation. C. They spend a larger portion of their relatively small incomes on meals away from home. D. They spend very little on their own financial security. E. They spend the same percent of their income as do higher income consumers on apparel and accessories.

C. They spend a larger portion of their relatively small incomes on meals away from home.

When purchasing an innovation, individual consumers presumably go through a series of distinct steps or stages known as the _____. A. product life cycle B. consumer life cycle C. adoption process D. consumption process E. diffusion of innovations

C. adoption process

37. What is a major difference between the full nest II and delayed full nest I stages of the household life cycle? A. income B. age of the parents C. age of the children D. number of children E. years married

C. age of the children

69. Which of the following is an internal influence on consumer behavior? A. culture B. family C. attitudes D. marketing activities E. reference groups

C. attitudes

Several girls in the 9th grade class at a small private school maintained an online journal. In this journal, some negative comments about the school were made, and the principal made them discontinue this online journal. The principal was concerned because anybody can read these comments as long as they know the address. Personalized online journals where people and organizations can keep a running dialogue such as the one illustrated here are known as _____. A. search engines B. diaries C. blogs D. viral marketing sites E. cyber diaries

C. blogs

Which factor affecting the spread of innovations refers to the consistency with the individual's and group's values or beliefs? A. relative advantage B. complexity C. compatibility D. observability E. type of decision

C. compatability

22. Which of the following is a component of a market analysis? A. market segmentation B. objectives C. conditions D. price E. all of the above

C. conditions

24. Jamie is developing a thorough understanding of his company's own capabilities, the capabilities of current and future competitors, the consumption process of potential customers, and the economic, physical, and technological environment in which these elements interact. Which step in the marketing strategy process is Jamie performing? A. setting objectives B. segmenting the market C. conducting a market analysis D. assessing the outcomes E. targeting the market

C. conducting a market analysis

10. Most economically developed societies are legitimately referred to as _____ societies. A. marketing B. proactive C. consumption D. competitive E. enhanced

C. consumption

84. The cognitive and affective orientations toward marketplace stimuli such as advertisements, salespeople, warranties, and so forth is referred to as _____. A. consumer skills B. consumption-related preferences C. consumption-related attitudes D. instrumental attitudes E. mediation preferences

C. consumption-related attitudes

39. Talbot's is a women's clothing store that offers classic fashions at a slightly premium price (i.e., a wool skirt typically costs over $100). During the process of market segmentation, Talbot's identified a group of consumers who are larger than average women yet still want stylish clothing. Further research into this segment revealed that these women tend to be between the ages of 35 and 50, are career-oriented, have a household income over $50,000, and are married with children under the age of 18 living at home. This group is also heavy users of magazines and newspapers as well as prime-time television. Which step of market segmentation does this describe? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers

C. describing each group

Potential obstacles to rapid market acceptance of an innovation are known as _____. A. diffusion delayers B. laggards C. diffusion inhibitors D. diffusion detractors E. minimizers

C. diffuision inhibitators

Bob is somewhat of a longer in high school. He really despises the school "jocks" that seem to be involved in every sport. He doesn't want anything to do with them or be like them in any way. To Bob, the group of students who represent the school athletes is a(n) ___. A. primary reference group B. secondary reference group C. dissociative reference group D. aspiration reference group E. unattractive reference group

C. dissociative reference group

55. Which element of the marketing mix is concerned with having the product available where target customers can buy it? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement

C. distribution

56. Tony's job entails making sure his company's products get to retailers so that target customers can buy them. Which element of the marketing mix is Tony involved with? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement

C. distribution

Which of the following characterizes opinion leaders? A. younger B. older C. enduring involvement in the product or activity D. highly educated E. high income

C. enduring involvement in the product or activity

38. Teresa and John are both in their 40s and have two children living at home. Their daughter, Erin, is 14 years old, and their son, Stephen, is 11 years old. To which stage of the household life cycle do they belong? A. young married B. full nest I C. full nest II D. delayed full nest I E. laggards

C. full nest II

Two or more individuals who share a set of norms, values, or beliefs and have certain implicity or explicitly defined relationships to one another such that their behaviors are interdependent is know as a(n) ___ A. family B. organization C. group D. cohort E. generation

C. group

26. When a couple has children, expenditures on which of the following do NOT usually decrease? A. alcoholic beverages B. meals out C. health care D. personal care products E. adult apparel

C. health care

Jamie wants to purchase a notebook computer, but she has limited product knowledge about computers other than how to turn one on and use it. She expects to pay over $1,000 for this computer, so this is an important decision for her and she wants to make the right choice. For Jamie, this represents a(n)_____. A. enduring purchase situation B. marketing dilemma C. high-involvement purchase situation D. consumer dilemma E. Asch phenomenon

C. high-involvement purchase situation

Valerie and her family are members of the Baptist Church. They have accepted the Baptist Church's values as their own and behave in a manner consistent with the Church's values because their values and the Church's values are the same. Which type of influence does the Church possess with respect to Valerie and her family? A. informational B. exemplary C. identification D. utilitarian E. affective

C. identification

Which type of reference group influence occurs when individuals have internalized the group's values and norms? A. informational B. normative C. identification D. utilitarian E. affective

C. identification

32. What is the first step in market segmentation? A. describe each group B. group customers with similar needs sets C. identify product-related need sets D. select an attractive segment to serve E. set objectives for segmenting

C. identify product-related need sets

70. Which approach to conflict resolution misrepresents the facts in order to win? A. bargaining B. use of authority C. impression management D. playing on emotion E. reasoning

C. impression management

52. While Katie and Matthew are the children in the family, they do influence the alternatives considered for their family's summer vacation. What role do Katie and Matthew play in this family decision? A. initiators B. information gatherers C. influencers D. decision makers E. purchasers

C. influencers

Jamarcus was his collegiate chapter's delegate at a national conference of a professional business fraternity, Phi Chi Theta, in which he is a member. When the business meeting was conducted, parliamentary procedure was used, and Jamarcus was not familiar with this. Thus, he looked to the others to learn how he should behave in this situation. What type of influence does this reference group exhibit? A. transient B. substantive C. informational D. legal E. procedural

C. informational

78. Karen was at the checkout at the grocery store and remembered that she was out of chewing gum that she normally likes to keep in her purse. Without much thought, she grabbed two packages of the gum she likes. What type of consumer decision does this illustration? A. primary decision B. top-of-mind decision C. low-involvement decision D. automatic decision E. self-related decision

C. low-involvement decision

77. Which type of decisions involve very little effort or thought on the part of the consumer? A. primary decisions B. top-of-mind decisions C. low-involvement decisions D. automatic decisions E. self-related decisions

C. low-involvement decisions

Several consumers rely on information they obtain from others they see as knowledgeable about a specific product they are interested in purchasing (i.e., opinion leaders) as well as information they learn from marketing communications (i.e., advertisements) and other people that are not experts in the product category. Which type of communication flow does this represent? A. direct B. two-step C. multistep D. rapid E. efficient

C. multipstep

The _____ flow of communication involves opinion leaders for a particular product area who actively seek relevant information from the mass media as well as other sources. These opinion leaders process this information and transmit their interpretations of it to some members of their groups, and these group members also receive information from the mass media and other members who are not opinion leaders as well. A. direct B. two-step C. multistep D. dispersion E. inoculation

C. multipstep

9. Eric and Elizabeth live together in the same apartment but are not married. According to the Census Bureau, which type of household do they represent? A. family household B. blended household C. nonfamily household D. nontraditional household E. nonconformist household

C. nonfamily household

Which of the following is NOT a criterion used to classify groups? A. membership B. strength of social tie C. number of members D. type of contact E. attraction

C. number of members

68. Which of the following is NOT a basic approach that individuals in a family use to resolve purchase conflicts after they have arisen? A. bargaining B. use of authority C. physical force D. playing on emotion E. reasoning

C. physical force

46. A(n) _____ is anything a consumer acquires or might acquire to meet a perceived need. A. satisfier B. end state C. product D. value proposition E. outcome

C. product

For which product category would a reference group's influence be strongest? A. vitamins B. toilet tissue C. running shoes D. insurance E. clothes washer

C. running shoes

58. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the firm's outcomes of the marketing strategy and consumer behavior process? A. product position B. customer satisfaction C. service D. sales and profits E. all of the above are considered outcomes for the firm

C. service

39. Teri and Ed are in their 40s, are childless, and were married for 15 years but are now divorced. However, Teri has always wanted children, so she adopted a daughter, who is now two years old. To which stage of the household life cycle do Teri and her daughter belong? A. single parent I B. divorced parent I C. single parent II D. full nest I E. delayed full nest I

C. single parent II

66. Which of the following is a societal outcome of marketing strategy and consumer behavior? A. sales B. need satisfaction C. social welfare D. customer satisfaction E. product position

C. social welfare

15. It is critical that a firm consider value from which perspective? A. the competition's B. the firm's C. the customer's D. the government's E. the industry's

C. the customer's

76. In children's information processing, the period of concrete operations is characterized by _____. A. an absence of conceptual thought B. the development of language C. the development of the ability to apply logical thought to concrete problems D. the development of the ability to apply logic to all types of problems E. none of the above

C. the development of the ability to apply logical thought to concrete problems

Whether or not a new idea, practice, or product is an innovation is determined by: A. statements made by a celebrity spokesperson B. product demonstration in an infomercial C. the perception of the potential market D. an objective measure of technological change E. packaging that states "new and improved"

C. the perception of the potential market

80. What does the consumption of a product like Nikes mean to Andre, the working poor consumer discussed in the "Consumer Insight"? A. that he can afford a brand that is superior in meeting his physical needs B. his peers will now accept him C. they serve as a visible symbol that he is back as a successful member of society D. his peers will try to be more like him E. they serve as a reminder of what he used to have

C. they serve as a visible symbol that he is back as a successful member of society

The process of one person receiving information from the mass media or other sources and passing it on to others is known as the _____. A. direct flow of communication B. one-step flow of communication C. two-step flow of communication D. multistep flow of communication E. impersonal/personal flow of communication

C. two-step flow of communication

exposure

Huata is a Native American from the largest tribe in the United States. Which tribe does she come from?

Cherokee

Which of the following represents the largest national background of Asian Americans?

Chinese

Much of the American value system and the resultant political and social institutions are derived from the _____ beliefs of the early settlers.

Christian

maintenance strategy

Coca-Cola has a large brand-loyal purchaser segment. Which marketing strategy is appropriate for this brand? A) capture strategy B) acceptance strategy C) maintenance strategy D) preference strategy E) disrupt strategy

contextual cues

Given the following importance weights Price = 50, Quality = 40, and Ease of use = 10, which of the following computers would be chosen using a compensatory decision rule?

Compaq

Given attribute cutoffs of Price = 5, Quality = 5, and Weight = 4, which of the following would be chosen using the disjunctive decision rule?

Compaq and NEC would be considered further.

Henry was born in the United States, but his parents were born in China. He was brought up to be subordinate to his father and his elders, and, when he marries, he will expect his wife to be subordinate to him. Henry is influenced by _____.

Confucianism

_____ occurs when one fast-forwards through a commercial on a prerecorded program, and _____ involves switching channels when a commercial appears. A) Zapping; muting B) Zapping; zipping C) Zipping; muting D) Zipping; zapping E) Muting; avoiding

Any communication or activity that implies, or from which one could reasonably infer, that an organization is associated with an event, when in fact it is not is known as _____. A) gorilla marketing B) tangential marketing C) stealth marketing D) ambush marketing E) product placement

Arm & Hammer baking soda has been very successful promoting other uses for this product. Advertisements provide several uses other than baking, such as removing odors from carpeting, the laundry, and kitty litter boxes. Finding more uses for a product is known as _____. A) disposition situation B) purchase situation C) communications situation D) expanded usage situation E) alternative usage situation

Attempts to develop quantitative measures of lifestyle were initially referred to as _____, and is a term that is frequently used interchangeably with lifestyle. A) demographics B) lifeographics C) household life cycle D) psychographics E) personality

Christina lives in Japan, and she and her friends value adventure, pleasure, and excitement. They are heavy users of electronic media, are fashion conscious, and like going to restaurants, bars, and clubs. To which global lifestyle segment identified by Roper Starch Worldwide do Christina and her friends belong? A) Strivers B) Altruists C) Intimates D) Fun Seekers E) Creatives

Consumers in which technology segment are optimistic, have a high income, are motivated by entertainment, and are the most likely to shop online, have a mobile phone, and bank online? A) Fast Forwards B) Techno-Strivers C) Gadget Grabbers D) Mouse Potatoes E) Media Junkies

Consumers who do not place heavy weight on the opinions and feelings of others are called _____. A) independents B) interdependents C) high self-monitors D) low self-monitors E) conspicuous consumers

Crowding generally produces which outcome for the retail outlet and the consumer? A) generally positive outcomes for the retailer, but negative outcomes for the consumer B) generally negative outcomes for the consumer, but positive outcomes for the retailer C) generally positive outcomes for both D) generally negative outcomes for both E) none of the above

David is a retired attorney who is satisfied and comfortable with his life. He keeps informed about the world by reading three newspapers a day and attends lectures at the senior activity center near his home. He is very content with his life, and he tends to center his leisure activities around his home. He plans his purchases carefully and looks for functionality, value, and durability in the products he buys. Which VALS segment best describes David? A) Achievers B) Makers C) Innovators D) Thinkers E) Experiencers

Employees who deal directly with consumers are known as _____. A) foot soldiers B) clerks C) consumer-level employees D) front-line employees E) primary employees

Erica and her family decided that it was just too much strain on them for Erica to work outside the home. Even though she was a successful attorney and they enjoyed the good things in life, her family made a conscious decision to reduce their reliance on consumption and material possessions. This behavior has been termed _____. A) downsizing B) dematerialization C) voluntary withdrawal D) voluntary simplicity E) demarketing

Even though Sam has a computer and online access, he doesn't spend much time using it. He hears how his friends purchase items online, but he really has no interest in that area. Sam belongs to which segment of online shoppers? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

For which group of mature consumers is a convenient location of their physician most important? A) Healthy Indulger B) Ailing Outgoer C) Healthy Hermit D) Frail Recluse E) Ailing Hermit

Kim likes to go to Sam's Warehouse because she can purchase large quantities of products such as paper and cleaning products. She likes to buy large quantities because she doesn't like to buy these things, so she figures she won't have to buy them that often if she purchases large quantities. Which shopping orientation best describes Kim? A) Chameleons B) Scavengers C) Foragers D) Collectors/Gatherers E) Predators

Hank is seen by others as the guy to go to if they have questions related to the Internet. He recently helped his friend download music from iTunes for his new iPod MP3 player. Hank also likes to shop online because, to him, it's more fun than going to a store. To which segment of online shoppers does Hank belong? A) Retailer's Dream B) Shopping Lovers C) Fun Seekers D) Adventurous Explorers E) Cyber Shopper

Harriett wants to describe the population of a new market in which her firms wishes to enter. She wants to describe the population in terms of its size, distribution, and structure. Which of the following should she use? A) psychographics B) behaviorgraphics C) censographics D) demographics E) geographics

How can firms enhance consumers' control with regard to online privacy concerns? A) don't ask for information B) use bots C) use blogs D) use "opt in" approach E) use search engine optimization approaches

In Germany, one concern retailers have is ensuring that cash drawers have enough money to make change when consumers make purchases. One company went so far as to use a computerized model that monitored the weight of the cash drawer and signaled a need for replenishment. This is such a concern because consumers typically use cash to make purchases, which differs from other countries, such as the U.S., where credit card use is more common. Which cultural value does this illustrate? A) hard work/leisure B) competitive/cooperative C) material/nonmaterial D) postponed gratification/immediate gratification E) sensual gratification/abstinence

In McGuire's classification of motives, which ones focus on the person's need for being adaptively oriented toward the environment and achieving a sense of meaning? A) affective B) preservation C) growth D) cognitive E) self-actualization

In which type of ad does a person, generally a typical member of the target market, recount his or her successful use of the product, service, or idea? A) single message B) two-sided message C) comparative ad D) testimonial ad E) demonstration

In which type of learning situation does the consumer have little or no motivation to process or learn the material? A) explicit learning B) implicit learning C) primary learning D) low-involvement learning E) high-involvement learning

Instead of featuring any functional benefits of the product or brand in ads for the iPod, this product was introduced by showing a silhouette of a person dancing with the white earbuds and holding a white iPod MP3 player. Which type of advertising appeal does this illustrate? A) one-sided message B) two-sided message C) testimony D) value-expressive appeal E) utilitarian appeal

Jake is in the market for a new car. He's looking at brands such as Mercedes, Lexus, and BMW because he feels they tell other people that he's successful in life. This is an illustration of which value? A) collectivism B) youth C) masculine D) individualism E) active

James begged his mother to buy him some high-top Converse shoes. When asked why he wanted these shoes, he said that he wanted them because they are comfortable. He really wanted them because his two best friends have them, and if he had them, he would be considered "cool," but he didn't want to tell his mother that. Wanting to appear "cool" to his friends represents which type of motive? A) manifest B) hidden C) secondary D) latent E) social

James used his birthday money to buy a skateboard so that he can be out with his friends at the park skateboarding. Which type of materialism does this represent? A) primary B) secondary C) terminal D) instrumental E) means-end

Jose is from Brazil and is currently enrolled in an MBA program at a U.S. university. He routinely comes to class 30-60 minutes late and does not turn in assignments by the deadline. One of his professors pulled him aside and asked him why he's always late for class and turns his work in late. Jose was surprised that his professor was bothered by this as this behavior is entirely acceptable in Brazil. In fact, it's expected. Which of the following best describes Jose's time perspective? A) spontaneous B) parallel C) monochronic D) polychronic E) variable

Karen's father is an executive for a major international corporation and has been transferred to various countries over the years. With each move, Karen is enrolled in a new school. Even though English is spoken in the schools she attends, there are students from all over the world whose parents have jobs similar to Karen's father. With each new school, Karen spends the first few weeks merely observing the other students to learn which behaviors are appropriate in specific situations because she's learned that at each school the kids behave differently. Karen is attempting to learn that student body's specific _____ regarding behavior. A) rules B) guidelines C) precepts D) norms E) prescriptions

Kay was watching American Idol on television when a commercial for toilet tissue came on. She was not motivated at all to process the information provided in the ad. Which type of learning situation does this represent? A) explicit learning B) implicit learning C) primary learning D) low-involvement learning E) high-involvement learning

The value consumers assign to a brand above and beyond the functional characteristics of the product is known as _____. A) bra nd solvency B) brand liquidation C) brand image D) brand equity E) brand leverage

Laurie purchased an entertainment armoire from a national chain furniture retailer. Unfortunately, one of the doors did not operate properly, so she called the retailer to complain. A service representative was sent out to adjust the door, but just a few weeks later, the problem reoccurred, so Laurie called again and asked for a new armoire. The store manager said that another service rep would have to come out to determine if it was due to a manufacturer's defect before it could be replaced. Because the service representative failed to show up, the manager decided to offer Laurie a new armoire. Unfortunately the replacement had the same problem and Laurie demanded her money back. Now she tells everyone she knows the problems she's had with this retailer. Which value most likely underlies Laurie's complaining behavior? A) diversity B) uniformity C) fatalistic D) individualism E) status

Leonard is a hardworking individual who works for himself and can do just about any construction or carpentry job around. He builds cabinets primarily, but he has also done masonry work. His idea of fun is fixing his truck, and several of his friends and family have him work on their cars as well. He is unimpressed by material possessions other than those with a practical or functional purpose. To which VALS segment does Leonard belong? A) Experiencers B) Strivers C) Survivors D) Makers E) Believers

Many of you have probably heard of Banana Republic retail stores and perhaps have shopped there. Many of you may not know that the store used to look much different than it does today. It used to be more like an adventure, and the merchandise assortment was more appropriate for a safari. If you've ever seen an Indiana Jones movie, you can get a pretty good idea of what Banana Republic used to look like. The stores would have a jeep in the store, camouflage netting, and music from the 1940s playing. The inside had wooden beams and maps hung on the wall that looked like treasure maps. Much of the merchandise was accompanied by a sign that had a tale of some adventure associated with it. These physical features of the retail environment are referred to as the _____. A) store situation B) retail ambiance C) retail surroundings D) store atmosphere E) merchandising mix

Maria will go out of her way to purchase a brand or patronage a store that claims to support a charity if she purchases their brand or shops in their store. Even though she knows that marketers develop these programs to help themselves as well as the cause, she doesn't really care about that. She's just driven by the desire to help. To which group of consumers does Maria belong? A) Skeptic B) Balancer C) Attribution-oriented D) Socially concerned E) Apathetic

Mark is developing the marketing strategy for his business, which is a retail store. He knows that situation characteristics will interact with his marketing activity. Which of the following is a situation characteristic he needs to consider? A) social class B) attitudes C) lifestyle D) task definition E) all of the above

Mickey is concerned about the environment, but he is most concerned about issues that relate to his personal health. That's why he protested when the city was considering placing a landfill near his home. Other than that, though, Mickey really does not consider environmental issues when he is shopping for products. To which environmental activism segment would Mickey belong? A) Unconcerned B) New Green Mainstream C) Young Recyclers D) Affluent Healers E) True Naturals

Monique is buying a new coat for the winter. While she is concerned with how well the coat will keep her warm, she is also concerned with how stylish it will make her look. Her concern for stylishness represents which dimension of product performance? A) affective B) direct C) instrumental D) symbolic E) consummatory

Motives that are either unknown to the consumer or are such that he or she is reluctant to admit them are referred to as _____ motives. A) manifest B) hidden C) secondary D) latent E) unacceptable

Myrtle has accepted her old-age status and has adjusted her lifestyle to reflect her reduced physical capabilities and social role. She focuses on becoming spiritually stronger and tends to stay at home. Which segment best describes Myrtle? A) Healthy Indulger B) Ailing Outgoer C) Healthy Hermit D) Frail Recluse E) Ailing Hermit

Nick was born in 1972. As long as he can remember, his mother worked outside the home. When he was 12, his parents divorced, which was hard on him, but the same thing happened to several of his friends. When both of his parents remarried, his view of a family changed to include all of his step-sisters and brothers. To which generation does he belong? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

One factor motivating U.K. travelers is status. Which of Maslow's needs is this most related to? A) physiological B) safety C) belongingness D) esteem E) self-actualization

One of the major distinctions of self-concept is between _____ and _____ - which is also related to an important value dimension in the U.S. and abroad. A) private self-concept; public self-concept B) personal self-concept; interpersonal self-concept C) actual self-concept; ideal self-concept D) independent self-concept; interdependent self-concept E) present self-concept; future self-concept

One study found that wedding gifts tend to be _____ while birthday gifts tend to be _____. A) expensive; inexpensive B) inexpensive; expensive C) fun; utilitarian D) utilitarian; fun E) large; small

Procter & Gamble is a major consumer packaged goods manufacturer. Which age category provides the greatest opportunity for P&G in terms of growth between 2005 and 2015? A) < 10 B) 20-29 C) 40-49 D) 60-69 E) > 69

_____ represents the number of cues in the stimulus field. A) Interestingness B) Contrast C) Expectations D) Information Quantity E) Size/Intensity

Procter & Gamble, the maker of Crest brand toothpaste, has modified this brand to include whiteners. To encourage consumers to adopt this brand, P&G gave away free samples along with a high value coupon on the purchase of a tube. The hope was that consumers would try the brand, purchase it at a discount, and finally buy it at full price. This is an example of _____. A) step learning B) staging C) stepping D) shaping E) modeling

Rachel is going to the mall to purchase a wedding gift for a co-worker. Based on research, which type of product is she likely to buy? A) expensive B) inexpensive C) expressive D) utilitarian E) hedonic

Rayna is married and a mother of four children. Both she and her husband share homemaking and child-rearing responsibilities. Rayna would be classified as a_____ gender orientation. A) transgender B) gender inconsistent C) traditional D) modern E) cutting-edge

Richard is reassessing his life and asking himself, "How am I seen by others?" He is also asking himself, "How would I like to be seen by others?" Richard is seeking his _____. A) actual self-concept B) ideal self-concept C) private self-concept D) social self-concept E) real self-concept

Savannah works at the front desk at a Marriott Hotel. If a guest has a complaint, she is empowered to make amends up to a certain amount without her supervisor's approval. Savannah is known as a _____. A) decision maker B) key employee C) consumer-level employee D) front-line employee E) primary employee

Shopping on the Internet provides which important time-related dimension? A) It has the potential to reduce the amount of time required to make a specific purchase. B) It provides the consumer with almost total control over when the purchase is made. C) It eliminates the uneasiness of crowding experienced in many retail outlets. D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Some consumers are highly susceptible to interpersonal influence, which is a _____. A) norm B) situation factor C) product factor D) personality trait E) cultural factor

Some people are known as "super tasters" because they have a higher concentration of taste buds compared to normal people. As a result, they tend to dislike the taste of broccoli because they claim it is too bitter. What type of trait is this? A) affective B) cognitive C) psychological D) physiological E) mental

Stacy is shopping to purchase new linens for her guest room. Which situational characteristic is influencing her behavior? A) physical surroundings B) social surroundings C) temporal perspective D) task definition E) antecedent states

The Martin's household income is $123,000 per year. However, this family estimates that they have $45,000 available to spend on nonessentials such as vacations and entertainment. The $45,000 represents the Martin's _____. A) objective discretionary income (ODI) B) adjusted gross income (AGI) C) adjusted discretionary income (ADI) D) subjective discretionary income (SDI) E) subjective gross income (SGI)

The United States is comprised of a culture that accepts a wide array of personal behaviors and attitudes, foods, dress, and other products and services. Thus, the United States values _____. A) uniformity B) collectivism C) power D) diversity E) cooperation

The behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a given society are known as _____. A) Gender B) Sex C) Gender identity D) Gender roles E) Gender continuum

The extended self consists of the self plus _____. A) all others B) family members C) friends D) possessions E) the ideal self

The manufacturer of the Little Giant Ladder runs a commercial that is 60 minutes long. The inventor of the ladder shows the versatility and uniqueness of this ladder, and several "regular" people demonstrate how easy it is to use. In fact, this ladder is over 20 ladders in one because of the many different ways it can be configured. Viewers can call the 800 number or visit the Web site to purchase this product. This is an example of a(n) _____. A) product placement B) advertorial C) advertising program D) infomercial E) infotorial

The more consistent an individual is on all status dimensions, the greater the degree of _____ for the individual. A) status maturity B) status permanence C) status inflexibility D) status crystallization E) status flexibility

The most complex form of cognitive learning is _____. A) operant learning B) vicarious learning C) iconic rote learning D) analytical reasoning E) modeling

The process of encouraging partial responses leading to the final desired response is known as _____. A) step learning B) staging C) stepping D) shaping E) modeling

The reason the consumption activity is occurring is the situation characteristic of _____. A) physical surroundings B) social surroundings C) temporal perspective D) task definition E) antecedent states

The sum of all the physical features of a retail environment is referred to as the _____. A) store situation B) retail ambiance C) retail surroundings D) store atmosphere E) merchandising mix

The tendency of many consumers to discount claims made by sales people and ads is related to the need _____. A) for ego defense B) for focus C) for assertion D) to attribute causation E) none of the above

The tendency of many consumers to discount claims made by sales people can be explained in part by _____. A) contrast theory B) assimilation theory C) classical conditioning D) attribution theory E) none of the above

The trustworthiness dimension of an online retailer's image is represented by which components? A) good product offers and information, value, aligned with interests B) fun, attractive, pleasant to browse C) easy to use and navigate, flexible site D) reputation, information safety and security E) fast and flexible delivery and transactions

The voluntary simplicity movement in America represents a shift in which value? A) active/passive B) problem solving/fatalistic C) masculine/feminine D) material/nonmaterial E) youth/age

This segment of mature consumers has accepted their old-age status and have adjusted their lifestyles to reflect physical reduced capabilities and social roles. They focus on becoming spiritually stronger, tend to stay at home, and are a major market for health care products. Locational convenience is often a critical factor for this group. Which group is this? A) Healthy Indulger B) Ailing Outgoer C) Healthy Hermit D) Frail Recluse E) Ailing Hermit

What is the key to success of store brands? A) low price B) low quality, but at a low price C) high quality at a high price D) high quality at a reasonable price E) attractive packaging

What is typically absolutely necessary of any firm that desires to capture the loyalty of the gay community? A) must have separate promotion efforts in gay and mainstream media B) must have gay themes in ads placed in mainstream media C) must offer discounts to gay consumers D) must have internal policies that do not discriminate against gay employees E) must use cause-related marketing programs that support causes relevant to gay consumers (i.e., AIDS research)

What was the challenge facing FedEx in the Chapter 2 opener? A) to influence Asian governments to allow FedEx to operate in their countries B) to increase awareness in Africa of the benefits of FedEx C) to increase awareness in Eastern Europe with a commercial that would work across this region with its differing cultures and languages D) to increase awareness in Latin America and the Caribbean with a commercial that would work across this region with its differing cultures and languages E) to influence Brazilian regulators to allow it to operate its service after normal working hours

Which PRIZM segment consists of consumers that are evolving into older "empty-nester" couples as their children grow up and leave home, live in older, stable neighborhoods with pools and patios in their backyard, are college-educated, and are typically Caucasian? A) Urban Achievers B) Blue Blood Estates C) Bohemian Mix D) Pools and Patios E) Town & Country

Which age category is expected to experience the largest percentage increase between 2005 and 2015? A) < 10 B) 20-29 C) 40-49 D) 60-69 E) > 69

Which country is the leading movie producer and consumer in the world? A) United States B) Japan C) China D) India E) England

Which dimension of product performance relates to aesthetic or image-enhancement performance? A) affective B) direct C) instrumental D) symbolic E) consummatory

Which factor affecting attention includes stimuli in the environment other than the focal stimulus (i.e., the ad or package) and temporary characteristics of the individual that are induced by the environment, such as time pressures or a crowded store? A) individual factors B) external factors C) transient factors D) situational factors E) nonprogrammatic factors

Which generation was born between 1965 and 1976? A) pre-Depression generation B) Depression generation C) baby boom generation D) Generation X E) Generation Y

Which motives emphasize development? A) cognitive B) affective C) preservation-oriented D) growth E) advancement

Which motives reflect needs for observable cues or symbols that enable people to infer what they feel and know? A) need for consistency B) need for attribution C) need to categorize D) need for objectification E) need for autonomy

Which need in Maslow's hierarchy reflects a desire for love, friendship, affiliation, and group acceptance? A) safety B) self-actualization C) physiological D) belongingness E) esteem

Which of the following are antecedent states? A) colors, aromas, music, and crowding B) normal and expanded usage C) utilitarian and hedonic D) moods and momentary conditions E) internal and external influences

Which of the following are the two interrelated components of memory? A) primary and secondary memory B) conditioned and unconditioned memory C) operant and classical memory D) short-term and long-term memory E) implied and explicit memory

Which of the following are types of reference prices? A) primary and secondary B) direct and indirect C) latent and manifest D) internal and external E) high and low

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the central route to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model? A) Consumers exhibit high involvement with the product, message, or decision. B) Consumers exhibit strong attention focused on central, product-related features and factual information. C) Consumers experience conscious thoughts about product attributes and use outcomes. D) Persuasion operates through classical conditioning. E) Persuasion generally alters product beliefs.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the way in which disposition decisions can affect a firm's marketing strategy? A) For most durable goods, consumers are reluctant to purchase a new item until they have "gotten their money's worth" from the old one. B) Disposition sometimes must occur before acquisition of a replacement because of space or financial limitations. C) Frequent decisions by consumer to sell, trade, or give away used products results in a large used-product market that can reduce the market for new products. D) The United States is a completely throw away society, and consumers are willing to purchase new products without concern for waste. E) Environmentally sound disposition decisions benefit society as a whole and thus the firms that are part of that society.

Which of the following is NOT a broad form of cultural values? A) other-oriented B) environment-oriented C) self-oriented D) object-oriented E) all of the above are broad forms of cultural values

Which of the following is NOT a common single-item index of social class? A) education B) occupation C) income D) age E) all of the above are common single-item indexes of social class

Which of the following is NOT a factor accounting for inconsistencies between measures of beliefs and feelings and observations of behavior? A) lack of need B) lack of ability C) weakly held beliefs and affect D) failure to consider negative reactions E) failure to consider interpersonal influence

Which of the following is NOT a key decision for retailers considering price advertising? A) How large a discount to use? B) Should a reference price be used? C) What verbal statements should be used? D) What is the cost of the item compared to the total media cost? E) None of the above are key decisions.

Which of the following is NOT a primary motivation on which the VALS typology is based? A) ideals motivation B) achievement motivation C) self-expression motivation D) realist motivation E) all of the are primary motivations in the VALS typology

Which of the following is NOT a reason why celebrity sources are effective? A) Celebrities may attract attention to the advertisement. B) A celebrity's likeability and popularity often translate into higher Aad which can enhance brand attitudes. C) Some celebrities are also experts. D) Celebrities are physically attractive, and research has shown that individuals will agree with a physically attractive person regardless of the message or their own initial attitude. E) Consumers may identify with or desire to emulate the celebrity.

Which of the following is NOT a segment used to describe consumers with respect to their environmental activism? A) True Naturals B) New Green Mainstream C) Affluent Healers D) Concerned E) Overwhelmed

Which of the following is NOT a source of increased customer profitability over time? A) increased sales volume B) lower costs C) referrals D) increased churn E) price premium

Which of the following is NOT a type of cognitive learning? A) iconic rote B) vicarious C) reasoning/analogy D) operant E) all of the above are types of cognitive learning

Which of the following is NOT an example of an environment-oriented value? A) cleanliness B) tradition/change C) nature D) competitive/cooperative E) problem solving/fatalistic

Which of the following is NOT an other-oriented value? A) diversity/uniformity B) masculine/feminine C) limited family/extended family D) tradition/change E) individual/collective

Which of the following is NOT considered an emotional dimension? A) pleasure B) arousal C) dominance D) feeling E) all of the above are emotional dimensions

Which of the following is NOT used to classify McGuire's psychological motives? A) Is the mode of motivation cognitive or affective? B) Is the motive focused on preservation of the status quo or on growth? C) Is this behavior actively initiated or in response to the environment? D) Is the outcome of the behavior temporary or permanent? E) Does this behavior help the individual achieve a new internal or a new external relationship to the environment?

Which of the following is a VALS segment of consumers? A) Traditionalists B) Minimalists C) Blue Blood Estates D) Believers E) Enthusiasts

Which of the following is a challenge facing marketers who implement cause-related marketing programs? A) It does not increase consumers' trust in the company. B) A company's commitment to a cause is not important to most consumers. C) Only a small percentage of consumers are likely to switch brands based on CRM when price and quality are equal. D) Consumer skepticism and apathy. E) all of the above

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with emotions? A) Emotions occur independently from physiological changes. B) Emotions are not associated with behaviors. C) Emotions involve objective feelings. D) Emotions are often triggered by environmental events. E) all of the above

Which of the following is a global lifestyle segment identified by Roper Starch Worldwide? A) Experiencers B) Young & Rustic C) Young Digerati D) Altruists E) Innovators

Which of the following is a lifestyle segment of Porsche owners? A) Enthusiasts B) Fast Forwards C) Traditionalists D) Bon Vivants E) all of the above

Which of the following is a self-oriented value? A) problem solving/fatalistic B) individual/collective C) tradition/change D) material/nonmaterial E) performance/status

Which of the following is a strategy to reduce competitive interference? A) create a semantic memory of a brand B) create a episodic memory of a brand C) use pulsing D) provide external retrieval cues E) provide an incentive for trial

Which of the following is a theory proposed to explain why so many retail prices end just below a round number (i.e., 99)? A) "left-to-right" theory B) sale-association theory C) multiattribute theory D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which of the following is an example of an other-oriented value? A) problem solving/fatalistic B) postponed gratification/immediate gratification C) religious/secular D) individual/collective E) risk taking/security

Which of the following is an individual factor that can influence attitude change? A) program context B) level of viewer distraction C) buying occasion D) consumer knowledge E) all of the above

Which of the following offers marketing managers a useful technique for measuring and developing a product's position by taking consumers' perceptions of how similar various brands or products are to each other and relates these perceptions to product attributes? A) regression analysis B) conjoint analysis C) analytical mapping D) perceptual mapping E) laddering

Which of the following refers to imagining different outcomes before a decision is made? A) prepurchase dissonance B) consumption guilt C) counterfactual thinking D) prefactual thinking E) innovative thinking

Which of the following refers to the continual repetition of a piece of information in order to hold it in current memory for use in problem solving or transferal to long-term memory? A) schema B) scripts C) imagery D) maintenance rehearsal E) chunking

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cross-cultural marketing? A) Marketing across cultural boundaries is a difficult and challenging task. B) Most categories of American products are generally prized throughout the world. C) There are both subtle and direct ethical issues involved in international marketing. D) While marketing strategy is heavily influenced by cultural factors, it does not influence aspects of cultures. E) Cultures may differ in demographics, languages, nonverbal communications, and values.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding schemas? A) A schema is also known as a knowledge structure. B) Concepts, events, and feelings are stored in nodes within memory. C) Associative links vary in terms of how strongly and how directly they are associated with a node. D) Once an associative link is formed, it is permanent. E) Marketers expend substantial effort to influence the schema consumers have for their brands.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding youth and age? A) Mature spokespersons would tend to be more successful in Asian cultures because they have traditionally valued the wisdom that comes with age. B) Arab countries are becoming increasingly youth oriented. C) American society is youth oriented. D) Children in all countries have a significant influence on purchases. E) China's policy of limiting families to one child has produced a strong focus on the child.

Which of the following statements is true regarding counterfactual thinking? A) It occurs before a decision is made. B) Marketers try to avoid consumers from thinking this way. C) It is the same as prefactual thinking, but it is more severe. D) Marketers always try to reduce the likelihood that consumer think this way. E) It can be removed by price guarantees.

Which of the following statements regarding education is FALSE? A) Education is increasingly critical for a "family wage" job. B) Traditional high-paying manufacturing jobs that required relatively little education are rapidly disappearing. C) Education clearly drives income in today's economy. D) Education does not influence how one thinks, makes decisions, and relate to others. E) Education has a strong influence on one's tastes and preferences.

Which situation involves consumers disposing of products or product packages after or before product use? A) communications situation B) purchase situation C) usage situation D) disposition situation E) task situation

Which term is used to refer to the application of marketing principles and tactics to advance a cause such as a charity, an ideology, or an activity? A) cause marketing B) social marketing C) personal marketing D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Which time perspective views time almost as a physical object believing that a person does one thing at a time? A) linear time perspective B) parallel time perspective C) sequential time perspective D) monochronic time perspective E) polychronic time perspective

Which type of ad is designed primarily to elicit a positive affective response rather than to provide information or arguments? A) one-sided message B) two-sided message C) fear appeal D) emotional ad E) comparative ad

Which type of customer has an emotional attachment to the brand or firm? A) repeat purchaser B) satisfied buyer C) total buyer D) committed customer E) affective customer

Which type of reference price or price range does a consumer retrieve from memory to compare with a price in the market? A) base reference price B) historical reference price C) private reference price D) internal reference price E) repeat reference price

Which type of self-concept emphasizes personal goals, characteristics, achievements, and desires? A) primary self-concept B) individual self-concept C) interdependent self-concept D) independent self-concept E) connected self-concept

While women are vital members of the workforce in the U.S., they are still considered the primary care givers of the children in a family. This represents women's _____ in American society. A) gender B) sex C) gender identity D) gender role E) gender continuum

Why must manufacturers design products with both the primary purpose and other potential uses in mind? A) consumers demand it B) competition requires it C) to be able to promote secondary uses D) stringent product liability laws E) to save on research and development costs

With respect to demographics, which of the following describes the society in terms of age, income, education, and occupation? A) size B) distribution C) concentration D) structure E) composition

_____ involves incorporating brands into movies, television programs, and other entertainment venues in exchange for payment or promotional or other consideration, with the goal being to add realism to the scene, give subtle exposure to the brand, and influence consumers in an unobtrusive manner. A) Ad integration B) Product integration C) Brand integration D) Product placement E) Product synergy

_____ involves presenting the stimulus in such a way that it is perceived as the focal object to be attended to and all other stimuli are perceived as the background. A) Proximity B) Closure C) Inference D) Figure-ground E) Fore-ground

_____ is a drive state created by consumer interests and needs. A) Ability B) Emotion C) Cognition D) Motivation E) Focused attention

_____ is an individual's characteristic response tendencies across similar situations. A) Motivation B) Emotion C) Empathy D) Personality E) Involvement

_____ is based on the cost of a standard market basket of products bought in each country. A) Adjusted gross income (AGI) B) Gross domestic product (GDP) C) Per capita income (PCI) D) Purchasing power parity (PPP) E) Cross-cultural purchasing power (CPP)

_____ is(are) a stimulus characteristic that refers to the physical arrangement of the stimulus objects and can affect consumer interpretation and categorization. A) Proximity B) Rhetorical figures C) Contextual cues D) Organization E) Closure

Elizabeth is 15 years old and is asking her parents for more freedom. She wants to make more of the decisions that affect her, such as the clothes she wears, how late she can stay out, and what school she attends. This is an example of Elizabeth's need for _____.

D) autonomy

The value consumers assign to a brand above and beyond the functional characteristics of the product is known as _____.

D) brand equity

A set of human characteristics that become associated with a brand is referred to as _____.

D) brand personality

Josh is in elementary school, and he has learned that when he gets good grades and behavior reports, his parents are really proud of him and reward him. So he has developed a favorable attitude toward behaving and doing well in school. This attitude is serving which function?

D) ego-defensive function

Which type of ad is designed primarily to elicit a positive affective response rather than to provide information or arguments?

D) emotional ad

A consumer who purchases a certain style of clothes to establish and reinforce a unique identity is most likely fulfilling a need for _____.

D) expression

D) low-involvement learning

D) maintenance rehearsal

D) perceptual mapping

Dana is watching television when a commercial for a brand of bathroom cleaner comes on. She is not very interested in the product category, but the ad was entertaining and made her laugh. As a result, she had a positive attitude toward the brand of cleaner advertised. According to the elaboration likelihood model, which route to persuasion influenced Dana?

D) peripheral route

Which of the following is a strategy to reduce competitive interference?

D) provide external retrieval cues

The basic knowledge and feelings an individuals has about a concept is known as _____.

D) semantic memory

Which of the following are the two interrelated components of memory?

D) short-term and long-term memory

Anne appears in a television commercial for a local chiropractor. She tells the audience how she suffered from migraine headaches several times a month. However, once she started treatment at this particular chiropractor, her headaches disappeared. She claimed, "I kept expecting them to come back, but they didn't. I have a whole new lease on life, thanks to Peavy Chiropractic!" Which type of ad is this?

D) testimonial ad

In which type of ad does a person, generally a typical member of the target market, recount his or her successful use of the product, service, or idea?

D) testimonial ad

A consumer's tendency to initially react to a new product as though it were the same as similar existing products is most likely to be based on a need _____.

D) to categorize

Many Jeep owners elect to become members of a Jeep ___ and attend brand fests such as Jeep Jamboree, Jeep 101, and Camp Jeep. A. exchange B. speedway-sponsored events C. insurance policy D. community E. a and b

D. community

D) utilitarian appeal

D) value-expressive appeal

74. Which of the following statements is true regarding the overall model of consumer behavior? A. It is sufficiently detailed so as to predict particular behaviors. B. Family and culture are internal influences on consumer behavior. C. Personality, emotions, and attitudes represent external influences on consumer behavior. D. A consumer's self-concept and lifestyle influence his or her needs and desires. E. Experiences and acquisitions have little effect on the process.

D. A consumer's self-concept and lifestyle influence his or her needs and desires.

19. Which of the following is considered a "Younger" (i.e., < 35) stage of the household life cycle? A. Single parent II B. Single II C. Single III D. Full nest I E. Empty nest I

D. Full nest I

64. _____ occurs when individuals or groups make consumption decisions that have negative consequence for their long-run well-being. A. Disintermediation B. Conspicuous consumption C. Disenfranchisement D. Injurious consumption E. Demarketing

D. Injurious consumption

88. _____ occurs when a parent alters a child's initial interpretation of, or response to, a marketing or other stimulus. A. Consumer training B. Instrumental training C. Modeling D. Mediation E. Reprogramming

D. Mediation

Howard is 30 years old, does not create his own content, but consumes other people's content by reading blogs, and watching videos. Which category of social media participant is Howard? A. Creators B. Critics C. Joiners D. Spectators E. Inactives

D. Spectators

91. Susan gave her five year old son $10 to purchase a toy at Walmart. She wanted him to learn how to select an appropriate toy and to pay for it with his "own" money, but she would help her son do this. Which stage of McNeal's model of how children learn to shop does this illustrate. A. Stage I B. Stage II C. Stage III D. Stage IV E. Stage V

D. Stage IV

90. Which of the following is NOT a stage of McNeal's model of how children learn to shop? A. Stage I: Observing B. Stage II: Making Requests C. Stage III: Making Selections D. Stage IV: Making Recommendations to Other Children E. Stage V: Making Independent Purchases

D. Stage IV: Making Recommendations to Other Children

4. Which of the following is NOT true regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. The overall model of consumer behavior presented in the text is accurate in predicting consumer behavior. E. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society.

D. The overall model of consumer behavior presented in the text is accurate in predicting consumer behavior.

64. Regarding the balance of family purchase roles, which of the following traditionally male dominated categories is/are tipping toward the wife? A. TV remote control B. household finances C. family weekend activities D. a and b E. all of the above

D. a and b

14. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline in traditional families? A. an increase in single parent households as a result of divorce B. an increase in single individuals as the median age of marriage is delayed C. an increase in sole survivors as our population ages D. a change in the way the Census Bureau has defined "traditional family" E. all of the above are reasons for the decline in traditional families

D. a change in the way the Census Bureau has defined "traditional family"

Amanda is in junior high and begged her mother to buy her a certain brand of athletic shoe that all the "cool" kids in school were wearing. She though that if she had those shoes, she would be accepted as one of them. To Amanda, these other students in school that she wants to be associated with represent a(n) ___. A. primary reference group B. secondary reference group C. dissociative reference group D. aspiration reference group E. attractive reference group

D. aspiration reference group

Individuals frequently purchase products thought to be used by a desired group in order to achieve actual or symbolic membership in the group. This type of group is referred to as a(n) ___. A. primary reference group B. secondary reference group C. dissociative reference group D. aspiration reference group E. attractive reference group

D. aspiration reference group

30. Tracking consumers' online activity and delivering specific banner ads based on that activity is known as _____. A. clickstream B. blogging C. spam D. behavioral targeting E. electronic targeting

D. behavioral targeting

16. How can an organization provide superior customer value to customers? A. by conducting market research B. by offering their products at the lowest price C. by offering extended warranty coverage on products D. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does E. by offering more variations of a product

D. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does

What are the two major ways time varies between cultures? A) primary and secondary B) work and leisure C) family and personal D) monochronic and polychronic E) perspective and interpretation

3. One primary function of Harriet's job is to study individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of her company's products and services to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Harriet works in the field of _____. A. social psychology B. cognitive psychology C. management D. consumer behavior E. organizational behavior

D. consumer behavior

54. Timothy and his wife are considering the purchase of a new car. In addition to the price, they are also considering the cost of insurance, gasoline, maintenance, finance charges, and license fees. All of these factors combined represent the _____. A. value B. price C. opportunity cost D. consumer cost E. value proposition

D. consumer cost

A distinctive subgroup of society that self-selects on the basis of a shared commitment to a particular product class, brand, or consumption activity is known as a ___. A. cohort group B. clone group C. dissociative reference group D. consumption subculture E. purchase consortium

D. consumption subculture

13. The difference between all the benefits derived from a total product and all the costs of acquiring those benefits is known as _____. A. price B. position C. consumer behavior D. customer value E. equity

D. customer value

54. Bob is in the 6th grade. His family does not own a computer, and he really needs one to do his homework. He also wants one so he can play some of the games he hears his friends talking about. His parents realize that he needs a computer, but they really have no need for one and probably will never use it. Since they don't know much about computers, they are letting Bob do all the research and asked him to find the options that will meet his needs. However, his parents are the ones who will make the final decision on how much to spend and which computer to purchase. In terms of the family purchase roles, which role do Bob's parents play? A. initiator B. information gatherer C. influencer D. decision maker E. user

D. decision maker

36. Sheila and Jim are both professionals in their late 30s and have two children under the age of five. Which stage of the household life cycle are they in? A. young married B. full nest I C. full nest II D. delayed full nest I E. laggards

D. delayed full nest I

The manner in which innovations spread throughout a market is referred to as the _____. A. adoption process B. consumer decision making process C. innovation process D. diffusion process E. dissemination process

D. diffusion process

40. Consumers in which stage of the household life cycle are over 64 years of age, are either fully or partially retired, are healthy, active, and often financially well-off, and are a big market for RVs, cruises, and second homes? A. single I B. single II C. empty nest I D. empty nest II E. delayed empty nest

D. empty nest II

85. Which of the following is the primary source of consumer socialization? A. school B. advertising C. friends D. family E. government

D. family

27. Stacy and Adam have just had their first child, and they hope to have two more. They can expect expenditures on which of the following to increase? A. meals out B. education C. personal care products D. food at home E. alcoholic beverages

D. food at home

1. New research by NPD Group uncovered several important aspects relating to the kids' market, including A. top spending categories are cosmetics and outdoor merchandise. B. the main diver of spending on kids is household income. C. children's influence on purchases is strong for 30 percent of mothers. D. gender does not influence amount spent except in two cases—apparel for girls and video games for boys. E. brands are important in all categories, while style and look were important in some categories.

D. gender does not influence amount spent except in two cases—apparel for girls and video games for boys.

4. According to the Census Bureau, all the people who occupy a housing unit is defined as a _____. A. buying unit B. blended family C. family household D. household E. traditional family

D. household

Some individuals have information about many different kinds of products, places to shop, and other aspects of markets. They can be considered a special type of opinion leader and are known as _____. A. product experts B. shopping experts C. personal shoppers D. market mavens E. market leaders

D. market mavens

32. Which of the following is NOT a description of the household life cycle stage known as "Empty Nest I: Middle-Aged with No Children"? A. married couples who have never had children B. second marriages in which children from a first marriage are not living with the parent C. married couples whose children have left home D. married couples who have adopted children who are still living at home E. all of the above are characteristics of this household life cycle stage

D. married couples who have adopted children who are still living at home

36. Which term reflects the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need? A. multiplicity B. duplicity C. need array D. need set E. value proposition

D. need set

70. Which is NOT an external influence on consumer behavior? A. culture B. family C. social status D. perception E. marketing activities

D. perception

43. Juan has segmented the market for boats and is currently analyzing each with respect to several factors, such as size, growth rate, competitor strength, fit with company image, distribution available, cost to serve, and risk before deciding which segment to target. Which step of market segmentation is Juan conducting? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers

D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve

10. Which type of family consists of a married couple, one or both of whom were previously married, their children, and the children from the previous marriage of one or both parents? A. nontraditional family B. traditional family C. nonfamily household D. stepfamily E. combination family

D. stepfamily

What do Hispanic girls celebrate when they are fifteen years old? A) ritual situation B) bat mitzvah C) quinceanera D) Cinco De Mayo E) a and c

79. In children's information processing, the period of formal operations is characterized by _____. A. an absence of conceptual thought B. the development of language C. the development of the ability to apply logical thought to concrete problems D. the development of the ability to apply logic to all types of problems E. none of the above

D. the development of the ability to apply logic to all types of problems

45. The vertical axis in the HLC/occupational category matrix represents _____, which determines the problems the household will likely encounter. A. a set of occupational categories B. the number of children in the household C. the household income D. the stage in the household life cycle E. current economic conditions

D. the stage in the household life cycle

15. Which of the following is not a reason why multigenerational families offer opportunities and challenges for marketers? A. some members are caregivers to family members or friends B. several generations might live in one household C. some members are less technologically proficient D. they are not easy to identify and reach E. all of the above offer opportunities and challenges

D. they are not easy to identify and reach

Clara had an unpleasant experience at a local restaurant at lunch one day. She went back to work and told all her coworkers about this experience, and many of them said they would never go back to that restaurant. Which type of communication is this an example of? A. negative B. two-step flow C. multistep flow D. word-of-mouth E. indirect

D. word-of-mouth

Decreasing the desirability of rejected alternatives.

ongoing search

Deliberate external search that occurs in the absence of problem recognition and is done both to acquire information for possible later use and because the process itself is pleasurable is known as _____. A) internal search B) ongoing search C) eternal search D) continuous search E) perpetual search

Consumers higher in individualism are more likely to _____ when faced with poor service performance. A) complain B) switch C) engage in negative word-of-mouth D) a and b E) a, b, and c

It is predicted that total US retail expenditures online will be _____ in 2008 A) $130 million B) $38 billion C) $1.2 billion D) $94 billion E) $232 billion

James is interested in just about any type of electronic equipment, such as digital video recorders, computers, MP3 players, and digital cameras. He subscribes to several magazines devoted to these types of products, and he visits several different Web sites to learn more about these products. Which individual factor affecting attention is influencing James to attend to information about these products? A) ability B) information quantity C) interestingness D) expectations E) motivation

Which culture has traditionally valued the wisdom that comes with age? A) American B) Australian C) British D) European E) Asian

Jane was looking through the Pottery Barn catalog and saw some lamps she liked. Instead of calling the toll-free number to purchase the lamps, she went to Pottery Barn's Web site and ordered them. This is an example of _____. A) alternative shopping B) outsourcing C) multi-level marketing D) non-traditional shopping E) in-home shopping

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is based on which premise? A) All humans acquire a similar set of motives through genetic endowment and social interaction. B) Some motives are more basic or critical than others. C) The more basic motives must be satisfied to a minimum level before other motives are activated. D) As the basic motives become satisfied, more advanced motives come into play. E) all of the above

Memory of how an action should occur is a special type of schema known as a(n) _____. A) directive B) episode C) concept D) operant E) script

Mimi is a teenager and wants to be accepted by her friends. In fact, she might act a certain way not because she really wants to, but rather, she does it because others around her are doing it. The influence these others have on Mimi represent which situational characteristic? A) temporal perspective B) physical surroundings C) task definition D) antecedent states E) social surroundings

Self-image congruity influences on brand preference and choice depend on which of the following? A) individual factors B) product factors C) situational factors D) a and b E) a, b, and c

Several coffee manufacturers are informing consumers of their fair trade practices in which farmers in less developed countries are paid a living wage for their crops. The philosophy behind this movement is to be profitable for the farmer, be environmentally sound, and to be socially responsible. This movement has been referred to as the _____. A) environmental movement B) fairness doctrine C) fairness movement D) substantial wage and environmentally sound movement E) sustainability movement

Shelby wears Tommy Hilfiger clothing and drives an expensive automobile. He likes these types of brands because he feels they communicate his image to others. These brands are satisfying Shelby's _____. A) need for attribution B) need for autonomy C) need for tension reduction D) need for reinforcement E) need for expression

Spokescharacters can be _____. A) animated animals B) animated people C) animated products D) animated objects E) all of the above

Suzy is having her 6th birthday party at Club Libby Lu at a department store in the mall. She and six of her friends will get a complete "make-over" with glittery makeup and shiny extensions added to their hair. This is an example of which approach retailers are taking to improve the shopping experience? A) kiosks B) mini-stores C) lifestyle centers D) brand stores E) "destination areas" within stores

Swiss Miss instant hot chocolate uses images of winter Olympic athletic events with athletes and fans warming up to a mug of their instant cocoa. While Swiss Miss is not an official sponsor of the winter Olympics, consumers viewing the ads might reasonably infer that they were. What type of marketing is this? A) gorilla marketing B) stealth marketing C) product placement D) unethical marketing E) ambush marketing

The "Service" dimension of store image includes all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) easy return B) sales personnel C) delivery D) credit E) all of the above are included

The NFL is able to customize their newsletter by _____. A) tracking what pieces are clicked on B) providing news about the individual fan's favorite team C) matching the individual fan's specific interests D) enabling fans to update their profile E) all of the above

The probability of a consumer experiencing postpurchase dissonance, as well as the magnitude of such dissonance, is a function of which of the following? A) The degree of commitment or irrevocability of the decision. B) The importance of the decision to the consumer. C) The difficulty of choosing among the alternatives. D) The individual's tendency to experience anxiety. E) all of the above

The purchase of products involves the risk that they may not perform as expected, causing which of the following to be high? A) social cost B) time cost C) effort cost D) physical cost E) all of the above

The voluntary and self-selected nature of online offerings where consumers "opt in" to receive email-based promotions is often referred to as _____ . A) voluntary marketing B) optional marketing C) allowable marketing D) acceptable marketing E) permission-based marketing

Thomas is an optimistic individual, earns a high income, and is motivated by his family. He believes strongly in the value of technology for his family and his children's education, so much so, that each of his children have their own computers with online access. To which technology lifestyle segment does Thomas belong? A) Fast Forwards B) Handshakers C) Mouse Potatoes D) Gadget Grabbers E) New Age Nurturers

Under conditions of crowding, consumers tend to _____. A) buy less B) make faster decisions C) use less information D) be less satisfied E) all of the above

Which of the following is a key consideration for each geographic market that a firm is contemplating? A) Is the geographic area homogenous or heterogeneous with respect to culture? B) What needs can this product or a version of it fill in this culture? C) What are the distribution, political, and legal structures for the product? D) In what ways can we communicate about the product? E) all of the above

Which of the following is a key element of relationship marketing? A) Customizing the relationship to the individual customer. B) Pricing in a manner to encourage loyalty. C) Augmenting the core service or product with extra benefits. D) Marketing to employees so that they will perform well for customers. E) all of the above

Which of the following is a motivation research technique? A) story completion B) picture response C) analysis and use D) word association E) all of the above

Which of the following is a reason why more baby boomers continue to work longer than previous generations? A) necessary due to a low income of some baby boomers B) necessary due to a poor pension plan C) due to changes in Social Security increasing the age at which full benefits can be drawn D) increased desire to stay active in interesting and rewarding careers E) all of the above

Which of the following is a segment of female consumers? A) Traditional housewife B) Trapped housewife C) Trapped working woman D) Career working woman E) all of the above

Which of the following is a segment of mature consumers? A) Healthy Indulgers B) Ailing Outgoers C) Healthy Hermits D) Frail Recluses E) all of the above

Which of the following is a situation in which consumer behavior occurs? A) communications situation B) purchase situation C) usage situation D) disposition situation E) all of the above

Which of the following is a way that gifts communicate symbolic meaning? A) In many cases price can be known and can be interpreted as a measure of the esteem the giver has for the receiver. B) The image and functionality of the gift implies the giver's impression of the image and personality of the receiver. C) It reflects on the image and thoughtfulness of the giver. D) It can signify the type of relationship the giver has or desires with the receiver. E) all of the above

Which of the following is an online shopper segment? A) Shopping Lovers B) Adventurous Explorers C) Suspicious Learners D) Fun Seekers E) all of the above

Which of the following provides learning experiences that affect the type of lifestyle people seek and the products they consume? A) culture B) family C) friends D) mass media E) all of the above

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding ritual situations? A) Rituals are receiving increasing attention by marketing scholars and practitioners. B) Ritual situations are of major importance to marketers because they often involve prescribed consumption behaviors. C) There is enough shared behavior across individuals and households that marketers can develop products and promotions around the common ritual situations that arise each year. D) Ritual situations can also result in injurious consumption. E) Marketers cannot change or create consumption patterns associated with ritual situations.

Which of the following statements is true regarding moods? A) Mood are relatively stable states that are tied to a specific event or object. B) Moods affect the consumption process, but they are not affected by the consumption process. C) Positive moods have not been shown to affect shopping behavior. D) Consumers do not actively try to manage their mood states. E) Ad and brand attitudes are often influenced in a mood-congruent manner.

Which of the following statements regarding age is true? A) Proper age positioning is critical for many products. B) Age affects a consumer's self-concept and lifestyle. C) Our age shapes the media we use. D) Analyzing age cohort groups or generations often provides more meaningful segments and marketing strategies than merely looking at census age groups. E) all of the above

Which segment of online shoppers has an appealing income, but they don't purchase from the Internet because they don't like to wait for products to be shipped to them, and they like seeing merchandise in person before buying? A) Suspicious Learners B) Business Users C) Fearful Browsers D) Technology Muddlers E) Shopping Avoiders

_____ is the process of describing and explaining the attitudes, values, and behaviors of an age group as well as predicting its future attitudes, values, and behaviors. A) Census analysis B) Demographic analysis C) Generation analysis D) Cognitive analysis E) Cohort analysis

_____ occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person's relevant environment and comes within range of their sensory receptor nerves. A) Perception B) Attention C) Interpretation D) Perceptual offense E) Exposure

Spokescharacters can be _____.

E) all of the above

Which of the following can be a component of a multiattribute model?

E) all of the above

Which of the following enhances the strength of learning?

E) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a way emotional ads may enhance persuasion?

E) all of the above are ways emotional ads may enhance persuasion

Which type of ad directly compares the features or benefits of two or more brands?

E) comparative ad

E) modeling

The exchange of advice and information between group members can occur _____. A. directly in the form of WOM when one individual seeks information from another B. directly in the form of WOM when one individual volunteers information C. indirectly through observation as a by-product of normal group interaction D. a and b E. a, b, and c

E. a, b, and c

Which of the following is a characteristic of a consumption subculture? A. an identifiable, hierarchical social structure B. a set of shared beliefs or values C. unique jargon, rituals, and modes of symbolic expression D. a and b E. a, b, and c

E. a, b, and c

Which type of reference group influence do marketers use when developing advertisements? A. informational B. normative C. identification D. a and b E. a, b, and c

E. a, b, and c

11. Which of the following is used by firms to influence consumers? A. ads B. packages C. store environments D. sales pitches E. all of the above

E. all of the above

18. Stages of the household life cycle are based on ____. A. age of the adult members B. marital status of the adult members C. presence of children D. age of children E. all of the above

E. all of the above

23. Darren is conducting a market analysis for his business, and he has asked your advice on what he should be analyzing. Which of the following should he consider at this step of marketing strategy development? A. the company's own ability to meet customer needs B. competitors' capabilities and strategies C. consumers' needs D. conditions in the market E. all of the above

E. all of the above

25. Which of the following aspects is evaluated when determining a firm's ability to meet customer needs? A. financial condition B. general managerial skills C. production capabilities D. technological sophistication E. all of the above

E. all of the above

42. Which of the following is used to evaluate the attractiveness of various market segments? A. segment size B. distribution available C. fit with company image D. cost to serve E. all of the above

E. all of the above

44. Research suggests that older singles that are single by circumstance (i.e., death of a spouse) will _____. A. be less innovative B. be more risk averse C. be more price sensitive D. engage in coping behaviors such as spending more time watching television E. all of the above

E. all of the above

45. Which of the following is part of the marketing mix? A. product B. price C. communications D. distribution E. all of the above

E. all of the above

49. Which of the following is a family purchase role? A. initiator B. information gatherer C. user D. purchaser E. all of the above

E. all of the above

49. Which of the following is included in marketing communications? A. advertising B. sales force C. public relations D. packaging E. all of the above

E. all of the above

5. Which of the following is a key aspect regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. E. all of the above

E. all of the above

58. Which of the following are ways to categorize family decision making? A. husband-dominant B. wife-dominant C. individualized D. child-dominant E. all of the above

E. all of the above

62. Which of the following can influence how family members interact in a purchase decision? A. culture or subculture in which the family exists B. role specialization of different family members C. degree of involvement each has in the product area of concern D. personal characteristics of the family members E. all of the above

E. all of the above

66. Which of the following is a characteristic of teens called "Internet mavens"? A. greater enjoyment and interest in the Internet in general B. greater knowledge about the Web-based marketplace C. more expertise in searching out and finding information and resources on the Web D. greater enjoyment and desire to help others by providing information found on the Web E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Brand communities can deliver value-creating activities by _____. A. social networking B. community engagement C. brand use D. impression management E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following is a factor affecting the spread of innovations? A. type of group B. type of decision C. compatibility D. observability E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following is a factor determining a reference group's influence on a consumer? A. whether or not the product is a necessity B. whether the use of the product or brand is visible to the group C. the degree of commitment the individual feels to a group D. the individual's confidence in the purchase situation E. all of the above

E. all of the above

50. Which of the following is NOT a critical question for developing marketing communications? A. Who do we want to communicate with? B. What effect do we want to have? C. What message will achieve the desired result? D. What media should we use? E. all of the above are critical questions

E. all of the above are critical questions

20. Disney World in Orlando, FL has several theme parks, resorts, restaurants, and stores. Each is intentionally created to offer a memorable event for visitors. For example, the Wilderness Lodge is a large resort hotel on the grounds, and everything within it is made to look like log cabins and pioneer days. Even the casual restaurant has the wait staff dressed in pioneer costumes, and they put on funny little skits when they are waiting on customers. Which of the following best describes what Disney is selling? A. a product B. a service C. a bundled product D. a bundled service E. an experience

E. an experience

1. Why is China very attractive to marketers around the world? A. because it represents a collective approach to marketing in contrast to the traditional individualist approach used in the United States and other western cultures B. Chinese consumers are very brand loyal C. they are the heaviest users of the Internet D. Chinese teens are easier to understand because they are less "trendy" than teenagers from other countries E. because of its massive population, rising income, and emerging youth market

E. because of its massive population, rising income, and emerging youth market

A _____ is a gathering of owners and others for the purposes of interacting with one another in the context of learning about and using the brand. A. consumption gathering B. convention C. consortium D. brand community E. brand fest

E. brand fest

57. Carla and John are both children, but they use their family's electronic equipment such as TVs, DVD players, and stereo equipment. They did not play much of a role in the purchase decision on which brands to buy, but their parents did consider their needs when deciding on which products and brands to purchase. In terms of family purchase roles, what role do these children play? A. initiator B. information gatherer C. influencer D. user E. c and d

E. c and d

17. Marketing strategy begins with _____. A. market segmentation B. targeting C. conducting an outcomes assessment D. objective setting E. conducting a market analysis

E. conducting a market analysis

81. Bob is teaching his son, Jack, how to handle money, count change, how to save for a desired purchase, and how to choose an appropriate product. Bob is teaching his son _____. A. buying skills B. consumption-related preferences C. consumption-related attitudes D. economic skills E. consumer skills

E. consumer skills

71. Teresa is trying to understand her customers better. She is examining the external influences that shape her customers' self-concepts and lifestyles. Which of the following is a possible external influence Teresa could examine? A. motives B. personality C. perception D. attitudes E. culture

E. culture

41. Ray is retired, and he and his wife are both in their late 60s. They are healthy, active, and financially well-off. They purchased an RV and plan to travel to all of the continental United States. Which stage of the household life cycle describes them? A. childless B. jobless C. retired D. empty nest I E. empty nest II

E. empty nest II

7. John and Dawn have been married for over twenty years. They have lived in their home in Northville, MI (a suburb of Detroit) with their three children for most of those years. According to the Census Bureau, which type of household do they live in? A. suburban household B. urban household C. rural household D. blended family household E. family household

E. family household

5. Sarah and her three roommates share an apartment. According to the Census Bureau, Sarah and her roommates constitute a _____. A. family B. nontraditional family C. subculture D. blended family E. household

E. household

According to Roper Starch (a market research company), the 10 percent of the population that have broad social networks that allow them to influence the attitudes and behaviors of the other 90 percent of the population are called _____. A. market mavens B. opinion leaders C. shopping experts D. market leaders E. influentials

E. influentials

Charles was the last person on his block to purchase a color television set, and that was in the 1980s. He just couldn't see the reason to purchase a new color television if his old one was working just fine. He finally purchased one because his old TV stopped working. In terms of adopter categories, Charles would be classified as a(n) _____. A. innovator B. early adopter C. early majority D. late majority E. laggard

E. laggard

29. Smaller women like to purchase fashionable clothes just as much as any women. However, most clothes are not proportioned for their smaller size and do not fit well. As a result, several manufacturers offer "petite" sizes of clothing for this group of consumers. Women who comprise this group have needs that differ somewhat from the total market and represent a _____. A. demographic segment B. lifestyle segment C. market potential D. sub-market E. market segment

E. market segment

59. An image of the product or brand in the consumer's mind relative to competing products and brands is referred to as the product's _____. A. equity B. extension C. message D. placement E. position

E. position

Which of the following is NOT an adopter category? A. innovators B. early adopters C. early majority D. late majority E. procrastinators

E. procrastinators

55. What family purchase role is played by the individual who actually purchases the product the family has decided upon? A. initiator B. information gatherer C. influencer D. decision maker E. purchaser

E. purchaser

68. Which is NOT a step in the consumer's decision process? A. information search B. postpurchase processes C. problem recognition D. alternative evaluation and selection E. self-concept analysis

E. self-concept analysis

9. Mia is concerned how her marketing activities will affect individual consumers as well as society at large. Mia is implementing _____. A. conscientious marketing B. regulated marketing C. ethical marketing D. proactive marketing E. social marketing

E. social marketing

11. Ashley and her husband just had their first child. Ashley was married previously, and her two young children from that marriage also live with Ashley and her current husband. Which type of family is this? A. nontraditional family B. traditional family C. multigenerational family D. secondary family E. stepfamily

E. stepfamily

suppressing problem recognition

Effective quality control and distribution and package inserts that assure the consumer of the wisdom of their purchase are attempts at _____. A) responding to consumer problems B) helping consumers recognize problems C) discovering consumer problems D) diverting consumers' attention away from problems E) suppressing problem recognition

Frank Chen is a Chinese immigrant in his mid-50s and has a master's degree in Engineering from MIT. He is a conservative professional with no need or desire for native-language programming. He is willing to pay premium prices for high quality products. Which segment of the Asian American market identified by Market Segment Research best describes him?

Established

If purchase involvement is high, then enduring product involvement will also be high.

False

In a compensatory decision, a brand's weakness on one attribute cannot be overcome by it's strength on another attribute.

False

One difficulty with using intuition alone to identify consumer problems is that it is a complex research technique that requires extensive training.

False

Search engine optimization involves tracking consumer click patterns on a Web site and using that information to decide on banner ad placement.

False

The brands found to be completely unworthy of further consideration comprise the excluded set.

False

The disjunctive decision rule establishes an optimum level of performance for each evaluative criterion.

False

The level of one's desire to resolve a particular problem depends on two factors: the actual state and the desired state.

False

The maintenance marketing strategy is appropriate if consumers use extended decision making and the brand is in the evoked set.

False

The most common method of direct measurement to determine the relative importance of evaluative criteria is the semantic differential.

False

extended decision making

For which type of decision making is external information search relatively important? A) automatic decision making B) limited decision making C) nominal decision making D) extended decision making E) truncated decision making

personal sources

Friends, family, and others are examples of which source of information? A) memory B) personal sources C) independent sources D) marketing sources E) experiential sources

The generation of Asian Americans which was born in the United States to immigrant parents is sometimes referred to as _____.

Generation 2.0

Toys-R-Us is examining subcultures in the United States and wants to identify the ethnic subculture that has the greatest percentage of children under the age of 18. Which ethnic group meets this criterion?

Hispanics

Which of the following ethnic group is predicted to have the youngest median age in the United States in the year 2010?

Hispanics

Which of the following is predicted to be the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States between 2000 and 2020?

Hispanics

Which demographic characteristic describes the greatest percentage of U.S. adult Internet users?

Household income of $75,000+

all of the above

How has the Internet changed consumers' ability to search for information? A) allows easy access to manufacturers' Web sites B) allows easy access to other consumers C) allows easy access to government agencies D) expands the ability of marketers to provide information to consumers E) all of the above

While Asian-Indian Americans are diverse in many ways, they do share a number of important cultural traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these shared traits?

Husbands and wives tend to share an equal role in family decisions.

Given the following minimum standards (cutoff points) Price = 3, Quality = 4, and Ease of use = 3, which of the following computers would be chosen using the conjunctive decision rule?

IBM

nominal decision making

If, in response to a problem, a consumer recalls a single, satisfactory solution, no further information search or evaluation may occur. The consumer purchases the recalled brand and _____ has occurred. A) automatic decision making B) limited decision making C) nominal decision making D) extended decision making E) truncated decision making

LaShonda is an African American high school drop out who works at a minimum wage job. She is very price conscious and buys mostly Wal-Mart store brands of products. Sometimes things seem hopeless for her and her family, and she is very pessimistic about their future. To which segment of the African American market identified by Market Segment Research would LaShonda and her family belong?

Living Day to Day

independent sources

Magazines, consumer groups, and government agencies represent which source of information? A) memory B) personal sources C) independent sources D) marketing sources E) experiential sources

Which of the following magazines is NOT in the Black Men's Top 10?

Maxim

_____ is the total accumulation of prior learning experiences.

Memory

evoked set

Thomas is aware of several different brands of electric shavers, but he is only considering seriously three different brands. These three brands that Thomas is evaluating represent his _____. A) evoked set B) evaluative criteria C) alternative set D) preferred set E) awareness set

internal search

Once a problem is recognized, relevant information from long-term memory is used to determine if a satisfactory solution is known, what the characteristics of potential solutions are, what are appropriate ways to compare solutions, and so forth. This is referred to as _____. A) internal search B) external search C) primary search D) ongoing search E) evoked search

Tess noticed that she was almost out of shampoo. Which stage of the decision process will this observation activate?

Problem recognition

_____ is the result of a discrepancy between a desired state and an actual state that is sufficient to arouse and activate the decision process?

Problem recognition

infomercials

generic

Research has shown that most of the online search leading up to a purchase was _____. A) brand only B) generic C) brand-item D) retail E) price-related

Which religion heavily influences the Hispanic culture?

Roman Catholicism

marketing sources

Sales personnel, Web sites, and advertising represent which type of information source? A) memory B) personal sources C) independent sources D) marketing sources E) experiential sources

Carlos was born in the United States to immigrant parents. He has a higher income and education than his father, is more likely to identify himself as an American, speaks Spanish and English fluently, and is less likely to ascribe to traditional values than his parents. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, to which generation of Hispanic adults does Carlos belong?

Second generation adults

Brand managers at Tommy Hilfiger, a famous brand of clothing, are increasing their efforts to reach the Hispanic teen market. Which of the following would have the greatest impact on this market by helping Hispanic bicultural teens differentiate from the U.S. mainstream?

Stress an urban and spanglish twist on their brands

perceptual defenses

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate condition to attempt to influence generic problem recognition?

The firm has a small percentage of the market.

hemispheric lateralization

Which of the following is true regarding postpurchase dissonance?

The importance of the decision to the consumer is one factor that influences the probability and magnitude of postpurchase dissonance.

purchase involvement

The level of concern for, or interest in, the purchase process triggered by the need to consider a particular purchase is known as _____. A) personal involvement B) product involvement C) purchase involvement D) enduring involvement E) activated involvement

the magnitude of the discrepancy between the desired and actual states and the relative importance of the problem

The level of one's desire to resolve a particular problem depends on which factors? A) the consumer's perception of his or her actual state and the desired state B) the length of time required to make a decision and the level of purchase involvement C) the magnitude of the discrepancy between the desired and actual states and the relative importance of the problem D) the degree of brand loyalty and the amount of time required to make a decision E) the direction of the discrepancy between the desired and actual states and the relative importance of the purchase

market characteristics

The number of alternatives, price range, store distribution, and information availability are examples of which factor that influences the expected benefits and perceived costs of search? A) market characteristics B) product characteristics C) consumer characteristics D) situation characteristics E) technological characteristics

clickthrough rate

The percentage who clicks through a banner ad to the corporate Web site is known as _____. A) response rate B) turnover rate C) clickthrough rate D) rating E) hits

Procter & Gamble is the manufacturer of Pampers diapers. At one time, the price of a typical package of diapers was relatively high (i.e., over $12 a package). Due to the threat of store brands stealing market share because of their lower price, P&G decided to lower the price for Pampers. While most consumers noticed the price reduction because P&G promoted that fact, what most of them did not notice was that the number of diapers per package also decreased. However, the reduction was only one or two diapers per package. Which of the following best explains why consumers did not notice the reduction in the quantity?

The reduction in the quantity did not reach the level of a just noticeable difference.

permission-based marketing

According the Pew Hispanic Center, which generation of Hispanic adults is born in the United States to U.S.-born parents, has the highest education and income levels, is most likely to identify themselves as Americans, is most likely to have English as the primary language, and is somewhat less likely to ascribe to traditional values?

Third generation adults

Maria's grandparents immigrated from Mexico, but her parents were both born in the United States. She has an MBA and earns the highest income in her family, she identifies herself as an American, speaks English as her primary language, and does not ascribe to the traditional values of her grandparents. In terms of the Pew Hispanic Center's generations of Hispanic adults, to which generation does Maria belong?

Third generation adults

unawareness set

To which set do alternatives the consumer does not know about belong? A) inert set B) inept set C) unawareness set D) unknown set E) evoked set

Market Segment Research found three groups of Asian Americans on the basis of their demographics and attitudes that cut across nationality groups. Which of the following is one of the segments identified?

Traditionalists

A consumer can be neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.

True

A consumer selling something to another individual through an online intermediary (i.e., eBay) is known as a consumer-to-consumer sale.

True

A consumer's desired state can be influenced by previous decisions.

True

A recent study found that a low level of calibration frequently occurs to the detriment of consumers and firms in the areas of memory of facts and events, belief polarization and validity, and personal forecasts.

True

All consumers have a bounded rationality.

True

Marketing strategy that focuses only on creating awareness may be inadequate.

True

Nominal and most limited decision making will not produce postpurchase dissonance.

True

Online services use bots, which are software "robots" that do the shopping/searching for users, and are therefore often referred to as shopping bots.

True

Problem recognition is the first stage of the consumer decision process.

True

Problem recognition is the result of a discrepancy between a desired state and an actual state that is sufficient to arouse and activate the decision process.

True

The conjunctive decision rule establishes minimum required performance standards for each evaluative criterion and selects the first or all brands that meet or exceed these minimum standards.

True

The five primary sources of information available to consumers are memory, personal sources, independent sources, marketing sources, and experiential sources.

True

The perceived risk associated with unsatisfactory product performance increases information search prior to purchase.

True

Two distinct categories of nominal decision making are brand loyal decisions and repeat purchase decisions.

True

Variety-seeking behavior is a challenge to marketers because it means the consumers switch brands for reasons beyond a company's control.

True

Which segment of the African American market identified by Market Segment Research is composed of active, status-conscious professionals who are financially secure and optimistic about the future?

Upwardly Mobile

situational factors

low involvement learning

Which information source is NOT actively acquired by consumers? A) past searches B) personal experience C) low-involvement learning D) independent groups E) marketer information

preference strategy and acceptance strategy

Which marketing strategies are appropriate for extended decision making? A) maintenance strategy and disrupt strategy B) capture strategy and intercept strategy C) preference strategy and acceptance strategy D) maintenance strategy and intercept strategy E) capture strategy and acceptance strategy

capture strategy and intercept strategy

Which marketing strategies are appropriate for limited decision making? A) maintenance strategy and disrupt strategy B) capture strategy and intercept strategy C) preference strategy and acceptance strategy D) maintenance strategy and intercept strategy E) capture strategy and acceptance strategy

maintenance strategy and disrupt strategy

Which marketing strategies are appropriate for nominal decision making? A) maintenance strategy and disrupt strategy B) capture strategy and intercept strategy C) preference strategy and acceptance strategy D) maintenance strategy and intercept strategy E) capture strategy and acceptance strategy

Females are more likely to avoid ads than males

Which of the following is NOT a major issue marketers must deal with concerning the Internet's role in information search and decision making? A) How can they get more consumers to use the Internet instead of seeking information from salespeople? B) How can they drive their information to consumers? C) How can they drive consumers to their information? D) How (if at all) can online selling be utilized or integrated with existing channels? E) all of the above are major issues marketers must deal with

all of the above

comparison

Which of the following is NOT a step in the information-processing model? A) exposure B) comparison C) attention D) interpretation E) memory

clutter

Which of the following is NOT considered a stimulus factor affecting attention? A) size B) intensity C) clutter D) position E) isolation

product/brand performance

Which of the following is a nonmarketing factor affecting consumers' actual state? A) social status B) household characteristics C) product/brand performance D) motives E) culture

all of the above

Which of the following is a nonmarketing factor affecting problem recognition? A) social status B) past decisions C) motives D) situation E) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a primary source of information available to consumers? A) memory B) personal sources C) independent sources D) marketing sources E) all of the above

program involvement

Which of the following is a situational factor affecting attention? A) program involvement B) ability C) motivation D) repetition E) isolation

a b and c

Which of the following is a type of consumer decision making discussed in your text? A) nominal decision making B) limited decision making C) extended decision making D) b and c E) a, b, and c

brand familiarity

all of the above

Which of the following is an approach to problem identification? A) activity analysis B) product analysis C) problem analysis D) emotion research E) all of the above

exposure, attention, and interpretation

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding appropriate alternatives? A) An evoked set is those brands or products one will evaluate for the solution of a particular consumer problem. B) The brand found completely unworthy of further consideration is a member of the inept set. C) Marketing strategy that focuses only on creating awareness is adequate. D) Brands for which a consumer is aware of but basically indifferent toward compose that consumer's inert set. E) Alternatives the consumer does not know about compose the unawareness set.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding consumer decisions and the consumer decision process? A) The decision process model provides useful insight into all types of consumer purchases. B) Consumer decisions are frequently the result of a single problem. C) Consumer decisions are rational and functional; otherwise they do not involve decisions per se. D) Some consumer decisions result from the convergence of several problems. E) Once the decision process begins, it may evolve and become more complex with multiple goals.

Which of the following statements is true regarding active and inactive consumer problems? A) Active problems require the marketer only to convince consumers that its brand is the superior solution. B) Active and inactive problems do not require different marketing strategies. C) An active problem is one of which the consumer is not aware. D) Even though a consumer is aware of it, an inactive problem is one that he or she has no desire to rectify. E) Active problems are more serious than inactive ones.

extended decision making

Which type of consumer decision making involves the evaluation of many attributes and alternatives and employs complex decision rules? A) routine decision making B) nominal decision making C) extended decision making D) simple decision making E) limited decision making

normal decision making

Which type of consumer decision making only includes the stages of problem recognition, limited internal information search, purchase, and limited postpurchase behavior? A) nominal decision making B) normal decision making C) limited decision making D) extended decision making E) simple decision making

active

Which type of consumer problem is one the consumer is aware of or will become aware of in the normal course of events? A) latent B) manifest C) active D) inactive E) blatant

limited decision making

Which type of decision making covers the middle ground between nominal and extended decision making? A) limited decision making B) partial decision making C) mid-range decision making D) modified decision making E) internal decision making

extended decision making

Which type of decision making involves an extensive internal and external information search followed by a complex evaluation of multiple alternatives and significant postpurchase evaluation? A) limited decision making B) nominal decision making C) extended decision making D) complex decision making E) complete decision making

limited decision making

Which type of decision making involves internal and external search, few alternatives, simple decision rules on a few attributes, and little postpurchase evaluation? A) nominal decision making B) routine decision making C) limited decision making D) partial decision making E) extended decision making

nominal decision making

Which type of decision making process in effect involves no decision per se? A) simple decision making B) nominal decision making C) extended decision making D) automatic decision making E) default decision making

repeat purchase decision

Which type of nominal decision is characterized by a consumer believing that all brands within a given product category are about the same and not attaching much importance to the product category or purchase? A) routine decision B) repeat purchase decision C) secondary decision D) inconsequential decision E) indifferent decision

brand loyal decision

Which type of nominal decision is characterized by a fairly high degree of product involvement but a low degree of purchase involvement? A) routine decision B) inexpensive decision C) primary decision D) brand loyal decision E) low visibility decision

focus group

Which type of research technique gathers 8 to 12 similar individuals (e.g., working mothers) brought together to discuss a particular topic? A) survey B) focus group C) content analysis D) laddering E) perceptual mapping

information processing

isolation

_____ is separating a stimulus object from other objects. A) Positioning B) Isolation C) Formatting D) Contrasting E) Lateralization

affective interpretation

problem recognition

_____ is the result of a discrepancy between a desired state and an actual state that is sufficient to arouse and activate the decision process? A) Alternative evaluation B) Problem recognition C) Information search D) Purchase E) Postpurchase evaluation

muting

_____ is turning the sound off during commercial breaks. A) Zipping B) Zapping C) Muting D) Silencing E) Voluntary exposure

organization

psychological

zipping, zapping

proximity

_____ refers to the fact that stimuli positioned close together are perceived as belonging to the same category. A) Organization B) Proximity C) Closeness D) Closure E) Affect

format

_____ refers to the manner in which the message is presented. A) Position B) Isolation C) Format D) Contrast E) Lateralization

Emma noticed that she was almost out of gas, so she pulled into the nearest gas station and filled up her tank. Emma's decision on which gas to purchase is characterized by _____.

a low level of purchase involvement

Before a marketing manager or public policy decision maker can develop a sound strategy to affect consumer decisions, he or she must determine _____.

a, b, and c

Which of the following is a key element of relationship marketing?

all of the above

Which of the following is an approach to problem identification?

all of the above

Which of the following is an example of a metagoal?

all of the above

Which marketing strategy is similar to preference strategy but is complicated by the fact that the target market is not seeking information about the brand?

acceptance strategy

Many elderly consumers have problems with arthritis. This painful condition makes it almost impossible for them to open jars or medicine containers because the joints in their fingers are so stiff. Which type of consumer problem is this?

active

Which type of consumer problem is one the consumer is aware of or will become aware of in the normal course of events?

active

What are the types of consumer problems?

active and inactive

Amy is shopping for a dress to wear to a formal dance. She tried on several dresses, not even noticing the price of each. After about two hours of this, she tried one on and exclaimed, "This is it!" That particular dress was the one that she thought made her look fabulous, so she bought it. Which type of choice did Amy use to select this dress?

affective choice

Which of the following does NOT affect how important various criteria are for consumers?

all of the above

Which of the following is a decision rule used by consumers?

all of the above

Bobbie bought a Dell computer because her brother has one, and he seems to be satisfied with it. She did not compare any other computers when making this choice. Which type of choice process did Bobbie use?

attitude-based choice

Which type of consumer choice process requires the knowledge of specific attributes at the time the choice is made, and it involves attribute-by-attribute comparisons across brands?

attribute-based choice

Karl and his wife are considering putting a built-in pool in their backyard. They were discussing who they could get to do it for them, and they realized they knew of five pool contractors in their city. These five pool contractors that they thought of as potential contractors for them represent their _____.

awareness set

Which of the following means that the consumer is enthusiastic about a particular brand and is somewhat immune to actions by competitors?

commitment

The famous Pepsi challenge had consumers taste two brands of cola without letting them know the brand name of either. Which type of test is this?

blind tests

Which type of test enables the marketer to evaluate the functional characteristics of the product and to determine if an advantage over a particular competitor has been obtained without the contaminating, or halo, effects of the brand name or the firm's reputation?

blind tests

Which type of test is one in which the consumer is not aware of the product's brand name?

blind tests

For which type of firm has research shown that reducing the number of customers who leave by 5 percent resulted in the highest percentage increase in average profits per customer?

branch banks

A new brand of peanut butter cookies includes Hershey's Kisses chocolates on top. Which of the following is this new brand using in an attempt to gain from the quality associated with Hershey's chocolate?

brand alliance

Brad was out of soft drinks in his dorm room, so he went to the store and purchased Coke. This is the brand he always buys, and he would not even consider purchasing another brand. Which type of nominal decision does this illustrate?

brand loyal decision

Jason will only drink Pepsi cola, and he feels an emotional attachment to it. That is the brand he was brought up on and is the one he continues to drink every day. Jason is exhibiting _____.

brand loyalty

Which of the following is the most common method of direct measurement of the relative importance of consumers' evaluative criteria?

constant sum scales

consumption guilt

core service failure

Which of the following factors is the MOST likely reason consumers change providers of a service?

core service failure

counterfactual thinking

Which of the following refers to imagining the outcome if a different decision had been made in the past?

counterfactual thinking

Which measurement method involves asking consumers what criteria they use in a particular purchase or, in a focus group setting, noting what consumers say about products and their attributes?

direct

Which of the following does NOT influence the evaluation of alternatives on each criterion?

decision rules applied

Mickey and his three roommates were asked to participate in a research study. They arrived and were seated in a room with about 8 other guys their age. Then the researcher started asking them questions about their sporting activities, but he let them talk pretty freely. Mickey and the others participated in which type of research technique?

focus group

Which type of research technique gathers 8 to 12 similar individuals (e.g., working mothers) brought together to discuss a particular topic?

focus group

The U.S. Census overall projections of ethnic subculture size understate the importance of ethnic groups to specific

geographic regions

Nominal decision making is sometimes referred to as _____.

habitual decision making

Juan came from Cuba in the late 1990s and is currently living in Miami, FL. According to the Bureau of the Census, Juan would be classified as a(n) _____.

hispanic

With the information provided by perceptual mapping the marketer can determine all of the following EXCEPT _____.

how consumers will trade one evaluative criteria for another

Relative importance of a problem is determined by which of the following?

how critical the problem is to the maintenance of the consumer's desired lifestyle

Which approach to problem recognition attempts to determine human capabilities in areas such as vision, strength, response time, flexibility, and fatigue and the effect on these capabilities of lighting, temperature, and sound?

human factors research

For which product is no disposition involved?

ice cream cone

The Martin's home has potentially unsafe levels of radon, but they have no idea because it is odorless and they have not been feeling any ill effects from it. In fact, several homes have this problem and the owners are not aware of it, and they may never become aware of it unless testing is done. What type of consumer problem is this?

inactive

Leon is concerned with the reliability and durability of laptop computers he is considering purchasing. This represents which dimension of product performance?

instrumental

If the target market engages in limited decision making and the brand is not part of their evoked set, the objective will be to _____.

intercept the consumer during the search for information on the brands in the evoked set

Nakeisha wants to purchase some new make-up, but she wants something different from what she is currently using. Since she has experience with this product, she just thinks of the other products she has tried and decides to purchase one of those. Which type of information search has Nakeisha performed?

internal search

Rudy is a product category manager for a major consumer packaged goods manufacturer. Part of his job requires that he analyze a given product category and logically determine where improvements could be made. Rudy has determined several consumer problems this way. Which of the following best describes how Rudy uncovers consumer problems?

intuition

involuntary switching

repeat purchaser

Wendy was in Wal-Mart and noticed a display with baking items collected together and a little pad with recipes to tear off. She looked at the recipe and decided that this would make a nice dessert for Thanksgiving, so she purchased the products that were conveniently located on the display. Which type of decision making did Wendy undertake?

limited decision making

Which type of decision making involves internal and external search, few alternatives, simple decision rules on a few attributes, and little postpurchase evaluation?

limited decision making

Which of the following is NOT a way that retailers have responded to the needs of the Hispanic market?

lowering prices on nationally-branded products

Which of the following refers to the continual repetition of a piece of information in order to hold it in current memory for use in problem solving or transferal to long-term memory?

maintenance rehearsal

Coca-Cola has a large brand-loyal purchaser segment. Which marketing strategy is appropriate for this brand?

maintenance strategy

Which marketing strategy requires consistent attention to product quality, distribution, and a reinforcement advertising strategy because the brand is purchased habitually by the target market?

maintenance strategy

Which marketing strategies are appropriate for nominal decision making?

maintenance strategy and disrupt strategy

The number of alternatives, price range, store distribution, and information availability are examples of which factor that influences the expected benefits and perceived costs of search?

market characteristics

Shondra is an African American who does not feel the need to be seen as "hip and cool." She doesn't use brands to indicate to others her style and identity and tends to be less brand loyal and more price sensitive than others. In terms of Yankelovich's segments of African Americans, which one best describes Shondra?

market followers

Jimmy is an African American who wants to be on the cutting edge and to set trends. He has an income sufficient to allow him to buy the "latest and greatest," and he has a strong need to be seen as "hip and cool" and uses brands to communicate his unique style and identity. He is not price sensitive and is brand loyal. In terms of Yankelovich's segments of African Americans, which one best describes Jimmy?

market leaders

Sales personnel, Web sites, and advertising represent which type of information source?

marketing sources

Stephanie and her husband are considering the purchase of a 52" plasma television. They have visited several manufacturers' Web sites, looked at the ads in the Sunday newspaper, and have spoken with sales people at several electronics stores. Which source of information are they using?

marketing sources

Which source of information includes inspection or product trial?

marketing sources

Karen is going to the mall to purchase new shoes. Based on her prior experience with Nine West and her positive attitude toward them, she plans on looking at the Nine West store first. Her decision to visit the Nine West store is based on which source of information?

memory

nonsatisfaction

Rod wasn't expecting much from the painters that came to his house. True to form, they did not do a good job and confirmed his low-performance expectations. Rod is most likely experiencing _____.

nonsatisfaction

ongoing search

A technique that requires consumers to judge the similarity of alternative brands is _____.

perceptual mapping

Which research technique asks relatively large numbers of individuals about the problems they are facing?

survey

Gail was participating in a market research study, and she was given 20 pairs of brands of shampoo and asked to indicate which pair is most similar, which is second most similar, and so forth until all pairs were ranked. Which type of indirect measurement technique used to assess Gail's evaluative criteria does this represent?

perceptual mapping

Kasi is seeking the advice of her parents in her decision on which college to attend. Which source of information is Kasi using?

personal sources

postpurchase dissonance

Doubt or anxiety regarding a purchase a consumer has made is known as _____.

postpurchase dissonance

prefactual thinking

Extended decision making with the brand in the evoked set requires which marketing strategy?

preference strategy

Which marketing strategies are appropriate for extended decision making?

preference strategy and acceptance strategy

A food manufacturer asked a group of working mothers to think about the problem of serving nutritious meals to their families given their time constraints and to indicate what activities, products, or brands are associated with or perhaps could eliminate those problems. This manufacturer is using which approach to problem recognition?

problem analysis

Which approach to problem recognition starts with a problem and asks respondents to indicate which activities, products, or brands are associated with (or perhaps could eliminate) those problems?

problem analysis

What is the first stage of the consumer decision process?

problem recognition

A manufacturer of a digital music player asked several consumers the problems associated with using these types of products. Several consumers said that they had trouble downloading music onto their computers and then onto their music players. Which approach to problem recognition is this marketer using?

product analysis

Feature and quality variations across brands are referred to as _____.

product differentiation

Which of the following is a nonmarketing factor affecting consumers' actual state?

product/brand performance

Gwen is an elderly lady and is participating in a market research study. The researcher asked her to describe the criteria someone who needs adult diapers might use to evaluate alternatives. The researcher was not asking Gwen what criteria she would use, but rather, the criteria Gwen thinks someone else would use. Which type of technique is this known as?

projective technique

Which indirect measurement techniques used to determine consumers' evaluative criteria allow the respondent to indicate the criteria someone else might use?

projective techniques

Which of the following are indirect measurement techniques used to determine consumers' evaluative criteria?

projective techniques and perceptual mapping

The level of concern for, or interest in, the purchase process triggered by the need to consider a particular purchase is known as _____.

purchase involvement

Which of the following is NOT a subcategory of the awareness set?

purchase set

Evaluative criteria differ on all EXCEPT which of the following?

quality

An attempt to develop an ongoing, expanding exchange relationship with a firm's customers is called _____.

relationship marketing

Rita is doing her family's grocery shopping and purchases ice cream. She's purchased Blue Bell ice cream before and purchases it again. She's not committed to this brand; it's just that she and her family like it. Which type of nominal decision is this?

repeat purchase decision

responses to service failures

satisfaction

When perceptions of product performance match expectations that are at or above the minimum performance level, _____ generally results.

satisfaction

Kodak markets digital cameras and is aware that consumers search for information concerning this product on the Internet using one of the several search engines (e.g., Google). To ensure that Kodak appears on the first page of results, this company pays the search engine to become a sponsored link when consumers search the key words "digital camera." This is an illustration of _____.

search engine optimization

Which of the following involves techniques designed to ensure that a company's Web pages appear high on an Internet search result list?

search engine optimization

America is basically a _____. That is, the educational system, government, and political process are not controlled by a religious group, and most people's daily behaviors are not guided by strict religious guidelines.

secular society

An advertisement for Topol toothpaste, which is targeted at smokers and coffee and wine drinkers, stresses how this is the only brand that can remove the stains associated with these consumption behaviors. Which type of problem recognition is this marketer attempting to stimulate?

selective problem recognition

Which problem recognition involves a discrepancy that only one brand can solve?

selective problem recognition

Which of the following is the most widely used technique for measuring consumers' judgments of brand performance on specific attributes?

semantic differential scales

Service employees that are uncaring, impolite, unresponsive, or unknowledgeable will cause consumers to switch providers for which reason?

service encounter failure

Amelia wanted to purchase a nice watch for her husband, but she was overwhelmed by the amount of information available on the Internet for this product. She visited one Web site that offered a service that would do the searching and comparisons for her, so she decided to use it. The service Amelia used is referred to as a(n) _____.

shopping bot

Consumers' general approaches or patterns of external search are termed _____.

shopping orientations

Lisa has to check her e-mail frequently to delete the unsolicited messages she gets, typically for loans and prescription drugs. If she doesn't delete them, her inbox will fill up and e-mails that she wants to receive won't get through. This unsolicited e-mail is known as _____.

spam

Unsolicited e-mail that is a major concern and irritant and is known as _____.

spam

Many companies develop special marketing mixes for a segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing values and patterns of behavior. These segments are known as

subcultural

The different religions in America prescribing differing values and behaviors are known as religious _____.

subcultures

ffective quality control and distribution and package inserts that assure the consumer of the wisdom of their purchase are attempts at _____.

suppressing problem recognition

Sam is a retiree with considerable resources, so he doesn't really spend much time on purchase decisions. His belief is that the most expensive brand is probably also the best in terms of quality. Sam uses price as a _____ indicator of quality.

surrogate

switching costs

symbolic

Which dimension of product performance relates to aesthetic or image-enhancement performance?

symbolic

Cost and performance features are examples of which type of evaluative criteria?

tangible

Which of the following is probably the most important situational variable with respect to search behavior?

temporal perspective

A completely nominal decision does not even include consideration of _____.

the "do not purchase" alternative

A metagoal refers to _____.

the general nature of the outcome being sought

John drinks Schwepps Ginger Ale for dinner as a beverage, while Jack uses it only as a mixer in his cocktails. Which factor that influences the importance of evaluative criteria is this?

usage situation

Speed of service and convenient location are criteria Jake considers when deciding at which restaurant to eat lunch during a work day. However, when he and his wife go out for a romantic dinner, the ambiance and quality of the food are more important. Which factor is influencing the importance he places of various criteria?

usage situation

A consumer using a product in a new way is referred to as _____.

use innovativeness

Research shows that the most common use of the Internet is _____.

using e-mail

James likes to eat a strawberry Pop-Tart for breakfast before school. After about two weeks of this, he starts to get bored with that and switches to waffles. James is displaying which type of behavior?

variety-seeking

What is the first decision a dissatisfied customer will make?

whether or not to take any external action

Even if a dissatisfied consumer takes no external action, which of the following is likely?

Consumer Behavior - Comprehensive Test

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