*CONTAINS ERRORS: North American Colonialism IX: First Peoples

The Southeastern First Peoples: the chronology of Fort Caroline 2

Laudonniere's Expedition 22 Apr. 1564 - Laudonniere leaves le Havre 22 June - He arrives off the coast of FL 25 June - He reaches River of May 25 June - He meets Saturiwa (Chief) 30 June - Founding of la Caroline 13 Nov. - Thirteen men desert the colony May-June 1565 - Famine at la Caroline https://www.nps.gov/timu/learn/historyculture/foca_chronology.htm

First Peoples in the Americas time in Americas

Lived in the Americas 15,000 - 60,000 years ago

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery Kwakiutl in canoes

Kwakiutl in canoes, c. 1914. https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 17 of xxx

http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc2.html

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 18 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 19 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 20 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 4 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 5 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 6 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 7 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 8 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 9 of xxx

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Tribal Nations of British Columbia Map

http://www.firstnations.de/img/04-2-0-map-b.jpg

First Peoples Today's tribes and languages

http://www.native-languages.org/languages.htm#alpha

The Southeastern First Peoples: some remaining Timucua may have joined the Seminoles Xx/xxx

https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago Nootka Tribe, descendants Xxx/yyy

https://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_furtrade/fp_contact_nootka.html

Photo gallery Northwest Coast Tlingit totem pole and community house Totem Bight State Park, Ketchikan, Alaska.

https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

Photo gallery: Northwest Coast Native Americans' wood-carving traditions

https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337 (video)

Tribal Nations of Oregon Map

https://www.grandronde.org/media/1287/ceded-lands-map.jpg

PHOTO GALLERIES Rare Photos of Native American Life at the Turn of the Century

https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 24 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 25 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 26 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 27 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 28 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 29 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 30 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 31 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 32 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 33 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 34 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 35 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 36 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 37 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 38 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 39 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 40 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 41 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 42 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 43 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 44 of xxx

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Native American History Timeline 1 of xxx

https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-timeline

(Algonquian-speaking) Cree Photos and Art (2 of 7)

https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/amerindians-t273-s30.html

(Algonquian-speaking) Cree Photos and Art (3 of 7)

https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/amerindians-t273-s30.html

(Algonquian-speaking) Cree Photos and Art (4 of 7)

https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/amerindians-t273-s30.html

(Algonquian-speaking) Cree Photos and Art (5 of 7)

https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/amerindians-t273-s30.html

(Algonquian-speaking) Cree Photos and Art (6 of 7)

https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/amerindians-t273-s30.html

(Algonquian-speaking) Cree Photos and Art (7 of 7)

https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/amerindians-t273-s30.html

??? (Algonquian-speaking) Cree Photos and Art (1 of 7)

https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/amerindians-t273-s30.html

The Southeastern First Peoples: pre-Columbian 1/11

north of the Gulf of Mexico and south of the Northeast https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Northeast's First Peoples (1 of xxx

one of the first to have sustained contact with Europeans https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/native-americans/native-people-of-the-american-northeast/ Wampanoag people reenact their ancestors' lives as part of a living exhibit in Plimouth Plantation in Massachusetts.

The Southeastern First Peoples: hamlets 3/11

organized lives around small ceremonial and market villages known as hamlets

The Subarctic's First Peoples: population 3/12

population sparse no large permanent settlements small family groups https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_subarctic1.html

The Arctic's First Peoples: location 1/5

present-day Alaska, Canada, Greenland the Inuit and the Aleut https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Northeast's First Peoples (6 of 6)

white settlement pressed westward eventually displaced both groups https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 10 of xxx

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The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 11 of xxx

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Colonial America: second explanation

In The Age of Empire, Eric Hobsbawm argues that during the imperial period Westerners mistreated the non-westerners in much the same way as had colonial empires before them treated those people and cultures they exploited.

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timucuan "slash and burn" technology Xx/xx

"slash and burn" technology large growth cut fields cleared with fire soil turned and broken utilizing nitrates in ash as effective fertilizer

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 12 of xxx

http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc2.html

California's First Peoples: Governor Hardenman Burnett's "war of extermination" 12/13

"That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected," he told legislators in the second state of the state address in 1851. https://www.history.com/news/californias-little-known-genocide

Race in the New World

"Over time, this racial boundary of 'white superiority,' and the belief that Africans and American Indians belonged to inferior races, grew to influence European social, political, legal, and labor systems throughout Atlantic World societies." -Ira Berlin http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/new_world_racism

California's First Peoples: Junipero Serra's brutal period 9/13

Junipero Serra inaugurated a particularly brutal period. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Plains' First Peoples 2 of 6

Before the arrival of European traders and explorers, its inhabitants—speakers of Siouan, Algonquian, Caddoan, Uto-Aztecan and Athabaskan languages—were relatively settled hunters and farmers. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 14 of xxx

http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc2.html

First Peoples Population: 1400s, 2000s

15C: 50 million+, No America 21C: 10 million, No America

The Beaver Wars (1 of 7)

A series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region. Depicted: Dutch supplying Iroquois with as many guns as they want

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures No American Timeline

A theory of eleven pre-Columbian North American cultures chronologically accepts land bridge theory; no mention of nautical or pre-existing theories https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ http://faculty.humanities.uci.edu/tcthorne/map/mapassignment2013.htm

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 5/

A worker cleans oil from the 2003 Point Wells spill that coated the Suquamish's area of coastline. Photo courtesy of Suquamish Tribe https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

First Peoples genocide by war, disease

Acclaimed historian/activist Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz's history of indigenous peoples: https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/indigenous-peoples-history-of-the-us/ explains that history largely omits discussing the genocide of indigenous people

The Plains' First Peoples 3 of 6

After European contact, and especially after Spanish colonists brought horses to the region in the 18th century, the peoples of the Great Plains became much more nomadic. Groups like the Crow, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Comanche and Arapaho used horses to pursue great herds of buffalo across the prairie. The most common dwelling for these hunters was the cone-shaped teepee, a bison-skin tent that could be folded up and carried anywhere. Plains Indians are also known for their elaborately feathered war bonnets. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Great Basin's First Peoples 5 of 6

After European contact, some Great Basin groups got horses and formed equestrian hunting and raiding bands that were similar to the ones we associate with the Great Plains natives. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.blm.gov/programs/wild-horse-and-burro/herd-management/gathers-and-removals/wyoming

The Great Basin's First Peoples 6 of 6

After white prospectors discovered gold and silver in the region in the mid-19th century, most of the Great Basin's people lost their land and, frequently, their lives. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Subarctic's First Peoples: eastern languages 6/12

Algonquian speakers east: the Cree; the Ojibwa; and the Naskapi https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_subarctic1.html

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timucuans' "black drink" Xx/xx

Black Drink: men's ritual drink >energy while hunting >sweating out impurities like fear >before battle/hunt drank to vomit https://www.livescience.com/22310-caffeine-black-drink-north-america-millennium-nsf-ria.html https://www.jaxhistory.org/dive-into-history/ossachite-timucua-village/

First Peoples: Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci xxxxx

First Peoples: The New World

Amerigo Vespucci xxxxx

The Northeast's First Peoples (4 of 6)

Another of two main groups: more numerous Algonquins Pequot Fox Shawnee Wampanoag Delaware Menominee in small farming and fishing villages along the ocean growing crops like corn, beans and vegetables https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: "Sauk Indian family" [possibly Fox people], photograph by Frank A. Rinehart, 1899.

First Peoples: No. America's 10 distinct indigenous cultures

Anthropologists and geographers divided No. American Natives into "culture areas," or rough groupings, of contiguous peoples. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures AIM occupies Alcatraz

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 3 of xxx

As a result, unlike many other hunter-gatherers who struggled to eke out a living and were forced to follow animal herds from place to place, the Indians of the Pacific Northwest were secure enough to build permanent villages that housed hundreds of people apiece. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc2.html

The Plains' First Peoples 4 of 6

As white traders and settlers moved west across the Plains region, they brought many damaging things with them: commercial goods, like knives and kettles, which native people came to depend on; guns; and disease. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: Christie's auction items

The Subarctic's First Peoples: western languages 5/12

Athabaskan speakers west: the Tsattine (Beaver); Gwich'in (or Kuchin); and the Deg Xinag https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_subarctic1.html

The Subarctic's First Peoples: the whole animal 12/12

Athabaskans use the entire animal not just the fur heritage and roots important maintain the culture https://www.flickr.com/photos/hashcaked/4925669107/

The Southwest's First Peoples 5a of 8

Because these groups were always on the move, their homes were much less permanent than the pueblos. For instance, the Navajo fashioned their iconic eastward-facing round houses, known as hogans, out of materials like mud and bark. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Navajo hogan https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/navajo-hogan-eco-friendly

The Great Basin's First Peoples 3a of 6

Because they were always on the move, they lived in compact, easy-to-build wikiups made of willow poles or saplings, leaves and brush. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Great Basin People (Washo women) http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/north-america/

California's First Peoples: population 1/13

Before European contact, the temperate, hospitable California culture area had more people—an estimated 300,000 in the mid-16th century—than any other. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Southeastern First Peoples (3 of 6)

Cherokee Chickasaw Choctaw Creek Seminole sometimes called the Five Civilized Tribes https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

British Empire: major events

British Empire, 1601 - ? Major Events British raj North Africa campaigns American Revolution New Imperialism French and Indian War Battle of Passchendaele Pequot War Anglo-Zanzibar War Anglo-Zulu War Anglo-Burmese Wars

Eventual English colonial holdings after the Treaty of Paris, 1763

British territory in North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1763

The Plateau's First Peoples 8 of 8

By the end of the 19th century, most of the remaining Plateau Indians had been cleared from their lands and resettled in government reservations. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Plains' First Peoples 5 of 6

By the end of the 19th century, white sport hunters had nearly exterminated the area's buffalo herds. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Southwest's First Peoples 6 of 8

By the time the southwestern territories became a part of the United States after the Mexican War, many of the region's native people had already been killed. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Southeastern First Peoples: the French probably did not have the first Thanksgiving with Native Americans Xx/xxx

Can we conclusively determine that Laudonniere's 1564 feast is the mother of all American Thanksgivings? Probably not. All these Europeans most likely would have had to rely not only on native peoples' kindness, goodwill, and food. https://www.jaxhistory.org/timucua_first_thanksgiving/

The Northeast's First Peoples (2 of 6)

Canada's Atlantic coast to North Carolina & Mississippi River valley https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/native-americans/native-people-of-the-american-northeast/ Zach Miller, a Seneca (pronounced SEH-neh-kah) tribe member, was the first tribal member to play college lacrosse.

Reconquista (Reconquest)

Catholic reconquest of Spain from the Moors (Muslims) In 1238, the Christian Reconquest forced Spanish Muslims south, and the kingdom of Granada was established as the last refuge of the Moorish civilization. https://www.ancient.eu/Reconquista/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Clovis Culture, c. 11,200 years ago

Clovis Culture, c. 11,200 years ago Invented superbly crafted grooved/fluted stone projectiles (Clovis points) found near Clovis, New Mexico, in 1932. Clovis points found throughout the Americas. Hunted big game, notably mammoths. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline Clovis Culture, c. 11,200 years ago

Clovis Culture, c. 11,200 years ago The first clear evidence of human activity in No America include spearheads like this: Clovis points, used to hunt large game. Clovis people's time coincides with the extinction of mammoths, giant sloth, camels and giant bison. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/hLAME-wiTyaZU2KQf-P5vA

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Xxx/yyy

Conical burial mound built by the Adena culture c. 50 BCE, in the Grave Creek Mound Archaeology Complex, Moundsville, West Virginia. Michael Keller/WV Division of Culture and History https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adena-culture

Trading post colony

Created for the purpose of exchanging goods in trade. France had the biggest trade and created an empire selling fish and furs.

The Subarctic's First Peoples: educational philosophy in practice 8/12

Cree students and instructor learning Cree language and culture together https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/it-s-a-part-of-our-identity-indigenous-language-instructors-learn-alongside-students-at-sturgeon-lake-1.4545813

The Subarctic's First Peoples: university students 9/12

Cree students together at McGill University https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/cree-graduates-mcgill-university-1.5186848?cmp=rss

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Xxx/yyy

Criel Mound, Adena culture, South Charleston, W. Virginia. David G. Simpson https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adena-culture

The Southeastern First Peoples: the chronology of Fort Caroline 4

De Gourgue' Expedition Aug. 1567 - De Gourges departs 22 April 1568 - He lands in Florida 4 April - He takes the 2 Spanish forts 27 April - Captures Fort San Mateo (Fort Caroline) 27-28 April - Massacre of the Spaniards 3 May - De Gourgues leaves Florida https://www.nps.gov/timu/learn/historyculture/foca_chronology.htm

California's First Peoples: similar lives 5/13

Despite this great diversity, many native Californians lived very similar lives. They did not practice much agriculture. Instead, they organized themselves into small, family-based bands of hunter-gatherers known as tribelets. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/jj1003a.htm

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery Distribution of Northwest Coast Indians

Distribution of Northwest Coast Indians https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

The Beaver Wars (4 of 7)

Due to over hunting, beaver became extremely scarce in the traditional hunting grounds of the Iroquois. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, starting in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois extended their territory in all directions and monopolized the fur trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation/chapter/5-7-the-five-nations-war-population-and-diplomacy/ https://www.vizettes.com/kt/upstateny-history/ny-na/index.htm

The Southwest's First Peoples 8 of 8

During the second half of the 19th century, the federal government resettled most of the region's remaining natives onto reservations. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: White Mountain Apache family https://www.grandcanyontrust.org/info/white-mountain-apache

The Beaver Wars (6 of 7)

During this period, the Iroquois emerged as a dominant force that was both respected and dreaded by neighboring tribes and the European colonial powers alike. https://www.vizettes.com/kt/upstateny-history/ny-na/index.htm

The Beaver Wars (3 of 7)

European hat makers had to rely on Russian and Scandinavian beaver fur until North American furs became available. Beaver pelts were the first great American trade commodity. https://www.vizettes.com/kt/upstateny-history/ny-na/index.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: other Thanksgivings with Native Americans Xx/xxx

Europeans calling for prayers of thanksgiving upon their safe arrivals in Florida included Juan Ponce de León, in 1513 and 1521; Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528; Hernando de Soto in 1529; Father Luis Cáncer de Barbastro in 1549; and Tristán de Luna in 1559. https://www.jaxhistory.org/timucua_first_thanksgiving/

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucuan population when Europeans arrived

Europeans first arrived in the 1500s Timucuans occupied 19,000+ sq mi population ~200,000 https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/timucua.htm http://www.pbchistoryonline.org/middle-school-lessons/002-Timucua/002-Timucua1.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timucuan language Xx/xx

Europeans often used the Timucuan language to communicate with other tribes. https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 4/

Excerpted from "getting to market" from Oil Change International Coast Salish people, CA & US https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

The Southwest's First Peoples 5b of 8

Exterior of a Navajo hogan, Monument Valley, Navajo land https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/navajo-hogan-eco-friendly

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timucuan farming Xx/xx

Farming was another important means of obtaining food for the Timucua, who harvested maize (corn), beans, squash, pumpkins, and melons. https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm https://fineartamerica.com/art/photographs/timucua+indians

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Spanish name St. Augustine Fifty-six years before the Pilgrims celebrated their feast, Spanish explorer Don Pedro Menéndez de Aviles arrived on the coast of Florida. He came ashore on September 8, 1565, naming the land on which he stepped "St. Augustine" in honor of the saint on whose feast day, Aug. 28, the land was sighted. https://www.jaxhistory.org/timucua_first_thanksgiving/

Fifty-six years before the Pilgrims celebrated their feast, Spanish explorer Don Pedro Menéndez de Aviles arrived on the coast of Florida. He came ashore on September 8, 1565, naming the land on which he stepped "St. Augustine" in honor of the saint on whose feast day, Aug. 28, the land was sighted. https://www.jaxhistory.org/timucua_first_thanksgiving/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline Folsom Culture, c. 10,900 years ago

Folsom Culture, c. 10,900 years ago Developed a smaller, thinner, fluted spear point than Clovis type. Hunted big game, notably huge bison. Used a spear-throwing device, an atlatl (an Aztec word for "spear-thrower"). https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ https://www.thoughtco.com/arrowheads-and-other-points-facts-167277

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 15 of xxx

http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc2.html

The Beaver Wars (2 of 7)

From the 1600s to the 1700s, beaver hats served as an important status symbol for position and wealth in Europe. Hat sales were an extremely important source of income to the English and French nations. From 1700 to 1770, 21 million hats made from beaver skins were exported from England. The fur trade was heavily dependent on beaver pelts but beavers were nearly extinct in western Europe due to over hunting. https://www.vizettes.com/kt/upstateny-history/ny-na/index.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timucuan food 14/14

Game: bears, deer, turkey, alligators. Men caught fish, clams, and oysters using a trap — a weir — a fence. https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm https://fineartamerica.com/art/photographs/timucua+indians

Pre-Columbian Cultures' No American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Xxx/yyy

Great Serpent Mound, near Peebles, Ohio. © Praveen Indramohan/Dreamstime.com https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adena-culture

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery Haida argillite carving

Haida argillite carving, c. 1890, depicting a folktale in which the Bear Mother endures a cesarean birth; in the National Museum of the American Indian, George Gustav Haye Centre, Smithsonian Institution, New York City. https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery Haida headdress

Haida headdress, painted wood, swan's down, and abalone, c. 1870; in the Denver Art Museum https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

California's First Peoples: Junipero Serra's mission 8/13

In 1769, the cleric Junipero Serra established a mission at San Diego. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_6555358

The Plateau's First Peoples 7 of 8

In 1805, the explorers Lewis and Clark passed through the area, drawing increasing numbers of disease-spreading white settlers. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Southeastern First Peoples: Indian Removal Act 8/11

In 1830, the federal Indian Removal Act compelled the relocation of what remained of the Five Civilized Tribes. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.britannica.com/event/Trail-of-Tears

Populations, then and now

In No America now: 500+ nations 3,000,000/15,000,000 Living descendants/ancestors https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/indigenous-peoples-history-of-the-us/ unknown native, poss. associated with a peyote ceremony; One Nation Under God, Huston Smith

California's First Peoples: linguistic complexity 4/13

In fact, as one scholar has pointed out, California's linguistic landscape was more complex than that of Europe. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/geographical-complexity-linguistic-peculiarities-indigenous-languages-northern-california.html

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 2 of xxx

In particular, the ocean and the region's rivers provided almost everything its people needed—salmon, especially, but also whales, sea otters, seals and fish and shellfish of all kinds. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc3.html

The Plateau's First Peoples 5 of 8

In the 18th century, other native groups brought horses to the Plateau. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

California's First Peoples: Junipero Serra's destruction 10/13

Junipero Serra's period saw forced labor, disease, and assimilation, nearly destroying the culture area's native population. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

Northwest Coast First Peoples Karok twined basket

Karok twined basket, c. 1890; in the Denver Art Museum. https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 9/

Kassia Smith and Shaylene Jefferson of the Suquamish Tribe hold water taken from their area of the Salish Sea. Chris Jordan-Bloch/earthjustice https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

major initial European colonizers of North America (1500s)

In the late 16th century, England, France, Castile, and the Dutch Republic launched major colonization programs in No. America.

The Plateau's First Peoples 3 of 8

In the southern Plateau region, the great majority spoke languages derived from the Penutian (the Klamath, Klikitat, Modoc, Nez Perce, Walla Walla and Yakima or Yakama). https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

California's First Peoples: tribal relationships 6/13

Inter-tribelet relationships, based on well-established systems of trade and common rights, were generally peaceful. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://worldheritagef13.wordpress.com/2014/04/11/the-beauty-of-san-franciscos-backyard-and-its-tourism/

The Arctic's First Peoples: clothing, housing 3/5

Inuit and Aleut lived in sod, timber, ice domes. used seal/otter for clothing, dogsleds, boats (kayaks in Inuit; baidarkas in Aleut). https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Northeast's First Peoples (5 of 6)

Iroquois aggressive and warlike bands & villages outside of their allied confederacies never safe from raids grew more complex as Europeans arrived Colonial wars forced the region's natives to take sides, pitting the Iroquois against Algonquian neighbors https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Beaver Wars (7 of 7)

Iroquois war parties fought wide-ranging campaigns against both enemy tribes and Europeans in practically every state east of the Mississippi. In doing so, they subjugated, destroyed or displaced dozens of tribes, many of which are now known to history by their names alone. https://www.vizettes.com/kt/upstateny-history/ny-na/index.htm

California's First Peoples: diversity 2/13

It was also more diverse: Its estimated 100 different tribes and groups spoke more spoke more than 200 dialects. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Great Basin's First Peoples 2 of 6

Its people, most of whom spoke Shoshonean or Uto-Aztecan dialects (the Bannock, Paiute and Ute, for example), foraged for roots, seeds and nuts and hunted snakes, lizards and small mammals. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Great Basin Woman (Datsolalee, famous Washo basket-weaver) http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/north-america/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 12/

Lummi Nation members, c. 1914, demonstrate on land how a traditional Lummi reef net, called a Sxwa'la, is used to catch fish. Canoes would have been at each end of the net. Photo courtesy of Whatcom Museum of history and art https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

The Southwest's First Peoples 3 of 8

Many lived in permanent settlements, known as pueblos, built of stone and adobe. These pueblos featured great multistory dwellings that resembled apartment houses. At their centers, many of these villages also had large ceremonial pit houses, or kivas. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: Pueblo in present-day New Mexico

First Peoples Native Americans

Members of any of the indigenous peoples of the Americas

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 7/

Members of the Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations gather in Burrard Inlet at the Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal in opposition to $5 billion TransMountain Pipeline expansion, in North Vancouver, B.C., on September 1, 2012. Darryl Dyck/AP photo/the Canadian Press https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

The Plateau's First Peoples 2a of 8

Most of its people lived in small, peaceful villages along stream and riverbanks and survived by fishing for salmon and trout, hunting and gathering wild berries, roots and nuts. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 1 of xxx

NW Coast First People live along Pacific coast from No CA to British Columbia https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.britannica.com/topic/Northwest-Coast-Indian

The Subarctic's First Peoples: clothing materials 11/12

Native Alaskan Alaskan Athabaskan parka takes up to six months to make fur from fox, wolf, and bear part of culture for centuries

First Peoples term pre-Columbian often used in Mesoamerica and the Andean region

Native American cultures evolved in Mesoamerica (part of Mexico and Central America) and the Andean region (western South America) prior to Spanish arriving in the 16th century. https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations https://mexicanroutes.com/tzintzuntzan-ruins/ (place of the hummingbirds)

The Southeastern First Peoples: Natives forced into "Indian Territory" 10/11

Native Americans went into "Indian Territory," later Oklahoma, west of the Mississippi. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://chitimachatribeoflouisiana.wordpress.com/native-american-oppression-within-the-united-states/trail-of-tears/ 11/11

The Southeastern First Peoples: Native Americans enslaved Xx/xxx

Native Americans were the first to endure forced labor in the New World. The Africans would come next. In 1591, the artists Jacques Le Moyne and Theodore de Bry pictured Timucuan Indians searching for gold in Florida. http://www.pbchistoryonline.org/middle-school-lessons/002-Timucua/002-Timucua1.htm

First Peoples not resistant to many European diseases

Natives had little or no immunities built up to many European illnesses. Ho-Chunk girls afflicted with smallpox (unverified) https://www.pinterest.com/pin/466263367651191327/

The Subarctic's First Peoples: following caribou 4/12

Nomadically followed herds of caribou small, easy-to-move tents and lean-tos, underground dugouts https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://wwf.ca/2016/10/07/13-caribou-facts-herds-risk-disappearing/

The Plateau's First Peoples 4 of 8

North of the Columbia River, most (the Skitswish (Coeur d'Alene), Salish (Flathead), Spokane and Columbia) spoke Salishan dialects. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 1/

Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago Descendants: Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, Makah tribes. Settled along shores, rivers, creeks of SE Alaska to No California. Maritime culture: expert canoe builders; salmon fishers; some hunted whales & other sea mammals. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/nwca/nwcam12e.html

The Southeastern First Peoples: the French establish Fort Caroline, the French, and the Spanish

On June 22, 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established La Caroline in French (Fort Caroline), the first French colony in the present-day United States. The 200 colonists —soldiers and artisans —names it for Feance's King Charles. At first, Chance intended the settlement as a commercial venture, but religious conflict in France broadened the goals. The growing persecution of French Protestants (Huguenots) led their most powerful member, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, to make a proposal to the crown: the colony could also be a refuge for Huguenots. An exploratory expedition, commanded by Jean Ribault, left France in February 1562. It lay upon an area in what would become Jacksonville, Florida. France intended this to be a refuge for the Huguenots, who were facing persecution in France. Fort Caroline lasted one year. Its population scattered, was shipwrecked, and put to the sword en masse. The Spanish attacked it in order to protect the gold and silver that they mined. https://www.nps.gov/timu/learn/historyculture/foca_history.htm

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 16 of xxx

http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc2.html

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucua encounter European disease Xx/xxx

Once numerous, an unidentified pathogen decimated the Timuacan people. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/191.html https://coastalgadnr.org/georgia-barrier-islands https://downtownjacksonville.org/downtown-history/

The Great Basin's First Peoples 3b of 6

One of the more famous Native Americans from the Great Basin is none other than the Shoshone Sacagawea herself. Between 1804 to 1806, she served as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark Expedition where she traveled thousands of miles to the Pacific Ocean along with her husband Toussaint Charbonneau and their infant son Jean Baptiste. She is said to have died from an illness in 1812. https://historymaniacmegan.com/2016/07/23/the-indigenous-peoples-of-north-america-part-5-the-great-basin/

***The Northeast's First Peoples Xxx/xxx

One of two main groups: Iroquois: Cayuga Oneida Erie Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora near rivers & lakes, with fortified, politically stable villages https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 3/

Opposition to oil pipeline U.S. Tribes join Canadian First Nations in 2016 (7-12 of 12) An armada of paddlers from Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations journey between their territories in opposition to the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion, on September 2, 2012. https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians' descendants Xxx/yyy

Opposition to oil pipeline by U.S. Tribes and Canadian First Nations in 2016 (1-6 of 12) https://earthjustice.org/news/press/2016/northwest-tribes-vow-to-continue-opposition-to-canadian-pipeline

The Southwest's First Peoples 4 of 8

Other Southwestern peoples, such as the Navajo and the Apache, were more nomadic. They survived by hunting, gathering, and raiding their more established neighbors for their crops. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: Navajo grandmother teaching her granddaughter the language. (New York Times, Sept. 26, 2014)

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery wood-carving traditions

Photo gallery: Northwest Coast Native Americans' wood-carving traditions. https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

First Peoples remains of the Arlington Springs Man

Possibly supports theory that the earliest people may have migrated along the Pacific coast from Siberia and Alaska navigating the Pacific Ocean https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/arlington.htm https://www.teachchannelislands.org/tales/arlington-springs-man

First Peoples pre-Columbian, term defined

Pre-"Columbian" uses Christopher Columbus's name and arrival in what he knew as the "New World" as a historical marker. https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations https://mexicanroutes.com/cenotes-and-grottoes/ (used by the Mayans for human sacrifices)

The Southeastern First People's: Jackson's call for "American Indian Removal" 6/11

President Andrew Jackson called for an American Indian Removal Act in his 1829 State of the Union address. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act 7/11

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 23 of xxx

Prominent groups in the region included the Athapaskan Haida and Tlingit; the Penutian Chinook, Tsimshian and Coos; the Wakashan Kwakiutl and Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka); and the Salishan Coast Salish. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Subarctic's First Peoples: resistance to pipelines 10/12

Red Pheasant Chief Sheldon Wuttunee and protesters Native leaders set up camp on the Enbridge Pipelines Inc. pipeline they want a share in the construction and revenues (Photograph by: Richard Marjan/The StarPhoenix) https://www.commondreams.org/news/2008/09/30/protesters-move-path-pipeline

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 13:

Relationship with the sea; map of descendents' lands

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline c. A.D. 300-1300 Hohokam people (Pima Indian word "The Vanished Ones") 2/3

Settled in present-day AZ. Desert farmers. Cultivated corn. 1st to grow cotton in SW. Wove cotton fabrics. Built pit houses, later multi-storied buildings (pueblos). Constructed vast network of irrigation systems. Major canals over 30 miles long. Built ball courts. Truncated pyramids similar to Mesoamerica's. 1st in world known etching (shells with fermented Saguaro juice). Traded with Mesoamerican Toltecs. Important sites: Pueblo Grande, Snaketown, Casa Grande, AZ. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

Africa

Resistance movements started on this continent.

The Southeastern First Peoples: the chronology of Fort Caroline 1A

Ribault's First Expedition 18 Feb. 1562 - Ribault leaves le Havre 30 April - Ribault reaches the FL coast 1 May - He finds entrance of River of May May 1563 - Ribault's book on FL is published in England https://www.nps.gov/timu/learn/historyculture/foca_chronology.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: the chronology of Fort Caroline 1B

Ribault's First Expedition France dispatched Captain Jean Ribault with a small fleet to explore the South Atlantic Coast, claim it for France, and identify locations for colonies. Unlike Spanish and English colonial expeditions then, the French expedition was extremely well planned, at least on paper. The French Crown financed it, whereas Spanish and English were privately capitalized. https://accessgenealogy.com/america/first-voyage-commanded-by-jean-ribault-1562.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: the chronology of Fort Caroline 1C

Ribault's First Expedition The members of the expedition included carpenters and ship builders. Admiral de Cologny intended French Florida to become a major center of ship-building, because of the inexhaustible supply of wood on the Southeast. The colony would thrive from the profits and not be dependent on support from the French Crown. That was the plan, at least. https://accessgenealogy.com/america/first-voyage-commanded-by-jean-ribault-1562.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: the chronology of Fort Caroline 3

Ribault's Second Expedition 22 Mar. 1565 - Menendez assigned to conquer Florida 26 May - Ribault leaves France 14 Aug. - Ribault reaches Florida coast 15 Aug. - Menendez leaves Puerto Rico with 5 vessels 25 Aug. - Menendez in sight of FL 28 Aug. - Ribault lands with reinforcements 4 Sept. - Menendez discovers Ribault's ships 8 Sept. - Menendez moves south and establishes St. Augustine 10-23 Sept. - Ribault's fleet sets out and destroyed by storms 17 Sept. - Menendez begins march on Fort Caroline 20 Sept. - Spanish capture Fort Caroline 25 Sept. - Two ships leave for France 29 Sept. - First massacre 10 Oct. - Menendez hears of Ribault's shipwreck 12 Oct. - Second massacre, Ribault slain 15 Nov. - Laudonniere arrives in England https://www.nps.gov/timu/learn/historyculture/foca_chronology.htm

First Peoples resistance

Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz's work: https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/indigenous-peoples-history-of-the-us/ reveals how Native Americans actively resisted lands' seizure, killing http://www.indigenousaction.org/art-of-resistance/

The Southwest's First Peoples 2 of 8

Sedentary farmers such as the Hopi, the Zuni, the Yaqui and the Yuma grew crops like corn, beans, and squash. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: (possibly) Hopi farmer http://indiangiver.firstnations.org/nl121112-03/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline c. A.D. 300-1300 Hohokam people (Pima Indian word "The Vanished Ones") 3/3

Settled in present-day AZ. Desert farmers. Cultivated corn. 1st to grow cotton in SW. Wove cotton fabrics. Built pit houses, later multi-storied buildings (pueblos). Constructed vast network of irrigation systems. Major canals over 30 miles long. Built ball courts. Truncated pyramids similar to Mesoamerica's. 1st in world known etching (shells with fermented Saguaro juice). Traded with Mesoamerican Toltecs. Important sites: Pueblo Grande, Snaketown, Casa Grande, AZ. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

The Arctic's First Peoples: nomads and settlers 2/5

Some nomads followed seals, polar bears, and other game. Southern Aleut more settled, living in small fishing villages https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucuan survivors enslaved

Spain abducts the few hundred remaining Timicuans and enslaves them in Mexico and Cuba. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/191.html https://coastalgadnr.org/georgia-barrier-islands

The Southwest's First Peoples 7 of 8

Spanish colonists and missionaries had enslaved many of the Pueblo Indians, for example, working them to death on vast Spanish ranches known as encomiendas. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://lahistoriamexicana.mx/virreinato/mercedes-reales-tributos-encomiendas

The Plateau's First Peoples 6 of 8

The region's inhabitants quickly integrated the animals into their economy, expanding the radius of their hunts and acting as traders and emissaries between the Northwest and the Plains. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

California's First Peoples: Spain arrives 7/13

Spanish soldiers came to California in the middle of the 16th century. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Unverified: Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto on the Spanish California Expedition

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 10/

Swinomish Tribal Senator Sophie Bailey, Swinomish members Nina Cladoosby and Aurelia Washington, and Swinomish Tribal Chairman and National Congress of American Indians President Brian Cladoosby on the banks of the Fraser River. Chris Jordan-Bloch/earthjustice https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

First Peoples OR Native Americans not "Indians"

The Americas & India existed separately, so calling Native Americans "Indians" constituted a mistake. https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/indigenous-peoples-history-of-the-us/

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Trail of Tears 11/11

The Cherokee called this frequently deadly trek to Indian Territory the Trail of Tears. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://chitimachatribeoflouisiana.wordpress.com/native-american-oppression-within-the-united-states/trail-of-tears/

The Southeastern First Peoples: The Five Civilized Tribes 4/11

The Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokee the Chickasaw the Choctaw the Creek the Seminole some spoke a variant of Muskogean https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Great Basin's First Peoples 1 of 6

The Great Basin culture area, an expansive bowl formed by the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Sierra Nevadas to the west, the Columbia Plateau to the north, and the Colorado Plateau to the south, was a barren wasteland of deserts, salt flats and brackish lakes. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: elder and mountains

The Plains' First Peoples 1 of 6

The Plains culture area comprises the vast prairie region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, from present-day Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Plateau's First Peoples 1 of 8

The Plateau culture area sat in the Columbia and Fraser river basins at the intersection of the Subarctic, the Plains, the Great Basin, the California and the Northwest Coast (present-day Idaho, Montana and eastern Oregon and Washington). http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_plateau1.html https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 8/

The Salish Sea near the U.S.-Canada border. Chris Jordan-Bloch/earthjustice https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Spanish encounter the Timucua 2/xx The Spanish may have met the Timucuans before other natives https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Timucua/338482 https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/staugustine/timeline/first-contacts/ The Southeastern First Peoples: the Spanish encounter the Timucua 2/xx The Spanish may have met the Timucuans before other natives https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Timucua/338482 https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/staugustine/timeline/first-contacts/

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Spanish encounter the Timucua 2/xx The Spanish may have met the Timucuans before other natives https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Timucua/338482 https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/staugustine/timeline/first-contacts/ The Southeastern First Peoples: the Spanish encounter the Timucua 2/xx The Spanish may have met the Timucuans before other natives https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Timucua/338482 https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/staugustine/timeline/first-contacts/

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucua Xx/yy A tribe of Southeast Indians, the Timucua who once lived in what are now northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia, encountered the Spanish. The natives spoke a language that the Europeans would ultimately call "Timucua." https://kids.Britannia.com/students/article/Timucua/338482

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucua Xx/yy A tribe of Southeast Indians, the Timucua who once lived in what are now northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia, encountered the Spanish. The natives spoke a language that the Europeans would ultimately call "Timucua." https://kids.Britannia.com/students/article/Timucua/338482

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 6/

The Syncrude Canada Ltd. base plant in the Athabasca Oil Sands near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. Ben Nelms/Bloomberg via Getty images https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timuacan in FL, GA

The Timuacan lived between the barrier islands of what is now Georgia and the area now known as Jacksonville, Florida. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/191.html https://coastalgadnr.org/georgia-barrier-islands https://downtownjacksonville.org/downtown-history/ https://www.nps.gov/timu/learn/timuwaysoflife.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucua 1/xx

The Timucua (tee-MOO-qua) lived in central and northeastern Florida as well as parts of Georgia, including islands. https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: the French and the Timucuans' Thanksgiving

The Timucua Indians warmly welcomed the French Huguenots and helped prepare a feast in their honor. "We sang a psalm of Thanksgiving unto God," Laudonnière wrote of the ensuing celebration, "beseeching Him that it would please His Grace to continue His accustomed goodness toward us." https://www.jaxhistory.org/timucua_first_thanksgiving/

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucua no longer exist Xx/xxx

The Timucua as a whole no longer exist. Wars and epidemics — chiefly smallpox — destroyed the tribe. https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Timucua/338482 https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm https://fineartamerica.com/featured/timucua-indian-hut-jacksonville-florida-andrew-rodgers.html

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 22 of xxx

The US government banned the potlatch, an elaborate gift-giving ceremony designed to affirm these class divisions. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/historical-ban-spirituality-felt-indigenous-women-today-1.4036528

The Beaver Wars (5 of 7)

The brutal 62-year war pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant Mohawk, against the French-backed and largely Algonquian-speaking tribes of the Great Lakes region. https://www.vizettes.com/kt/upstateny-history/ny-na/index.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucuans' original presence

The earliest evidence of their presence dates from around 3000 BC. European explorers in the 1500s encountered these descendants of the first Floridians from 12,000 years earlier. https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/timucua.htm https://www.polk-fl.net/staff/teachers/tah/documents/floridaflavor/lessons/a-11.pdf

The Southeastern First Peoples: Indian Removal Act takes lands from indigenous people 9/11

The federal Indian Removal Act provides white settlers with former native land. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties 9/10

California's First Peoples: Governor Hardenman Burnett 11/13

The mass murder continued well after Junipero Serra. Peter Hardenman Burnett, the first governor, saw indigenous Californians as lazy, savage, and dangerous. While acknowling that whites were taking territory and bringing disease, he felt that it was the inevitable outcome of the meeting of two races. https://www.history.com/news/californias-little-known-genocide

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timucuan tools Xx/xx

The men used tools for hunting and fishing: spears, clubs, bows and arrows, and blowguns to kill their game. https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucuan name (a possible explanation) Xx/xx

The name Timucua may derive from the Spanish pronunciation of the Timucuan word atimoqua which means "lord" or "chief." https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/timucua.htm

The Southwest's First Peoples 1 of 8

The peoples of the Southwest culture area, a huge desert region in present-day Arizona and New Mexico (along with parts of Colorado, Utah, Texas and Mexico) developed two distinct ways of life: farming and being nomadic. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures Depicted: Apaches, including Geronimo (far right)

The Southeastern First Peoples: the French had Thanksgiving with the Timucuans before the Pilgrims had theirs at Plymouth Xx/xxx

The probable menu: corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, fowl, oysters, shrimp, mullet, deer, smoked alligator. Also: cherries, blueberries, blackberries, mulberries, and muscadine grapes No pie https://www.jaxhistory.org/timucua_first_thanksgiving/

The Great Basin's First Peoples 4 of 6

Their settlements and social groups were impermanent, and communal leadership (what little there was) was informal. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.californiatrailcenter.org/murals-j-hattas/

First Peoples pan-Pacific boat journey theory

Theory Native Americans navigated by boat from Japan, Australia, SE Asia Kennewick skeleton resembles Japanese Ainu https://www.nps.gov/bela/learn/historyculture/other-migration-theories.htm

First Peoples pre-existing theory

Theory Native Americans were always here, per religions, science, linguistics http://www.native-languages.org/bering.htm

First Peoples land bridge, defined

Theory natives crossed a piece of land connecting two continents The Sinai peninsula between Asia and Africa https://www.britannica.com/place/Sinai-Peninsula

First Peoples Beringia theory

Theory natives crossed into No. America from Asia during Ice Age over a now-sunken land bridge (Beringia) http://home.nps.gov/bela/learn/historyculture/the-bering-land-bridge-theory.htm

The Southeastern First Peoples: Timucuan food preparation Xx/xx

They smoked the meat over open fires. The women would clean and prepare the animal hides and use them for clothing. The women would cook meals and gather roots, nuts and wild berries to eat. The women also made pottery to use for cooking. https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/timucua/timucua1.htm

"Race" and placement on the Chain of Being

This meant that the scientifically-unprovable term "race" became widely used to denote the ranking and inequality of these peoples—in other words, their placement on the Chain of Being, from the lowest life to the highest before God. https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human/Building-the-myth-of-Black-inferiority Depicted: 1579 drawing of the Great Chain of Being from Didacus Valades

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 21 of xxx

Those villages operated according to a rigidly stratified social structure, more sophisticated than any outside of Mexico and Central America. A person's status was determined by his closeness to the village's chief and reinforced by the number of possessions—blankets, shells and skins, canoes and even slaves—he had at his disposal. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_nwc2.html

The Southeastern First Peoples: the Timucuan name (a second possible explanation) Xx/xx

Timucua — from Thimogona — came from an exonym the Saturiwa called the Utina, a related people. The Spanish came to use the term for other peoples in the area who spoke what is known as the Timucuan language. https://www.trailoffloridasindianheritage.org/mosh-jax https://www.fountainofyouthflorida.com/exhibits/timucuan-village/ http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/41/267.html https://www.peachstatearchaeologicalsociety.org/index.php/11-culture-historic/392-timucua-indians

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery Tlahleelis (portrait)

Tlahleelis, a Northwest Coast Indian woman, probably Kwakiutl, wearing a fringed cloak, c. 1914. https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery Tlingit totem pole and community house

Tlingit totem pole and community house in Totem Bight State Park, Ketchikan, Alaska. https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

From 1885 to 1951, the US government banned sweat lodge ceremonies.

a cleansing ritual meant to purify the body and to facilitate the attainment of wisdom and insight https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/historical-ban-spirituality-felt-indigenous-women-today-1.4036528

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 14/

Tobacco and other items smoked

Colonial America: one explanation

Traditionally, when we tell the story of "Colonial America," we are talking about the English colonies along the Eastern seaboard. That story is incomplete-by the time Englishmen had begun to establish colonies in earnest, there were plenty of French, Spanish, Dutch and even Russian colonial outposts on the American continent-but the story of those thirteen colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia) is an important one. It was those colonies that came together to form the United States.

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago Makah Tribe, descendants 3/3

Valued wealth and property. Lavish feasts (potlatches) to display wealth, social status. Important site: Ozette, Wash. (a Makah village). https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ http://wsm.wsu.edu/s/index.php?id=191

The Southeastern First Peoples: disease and displacement 5/11

When the U.S. had won its independence, the Southeast culture already lost many people to disease and displacement. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures http://patwardhan.com/?p=2852 6/10

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 11/

William We-ah-lup smoking salmon on the Tulalip Reservation in Washington state, in 1906. We-ah-lup was estimated to be close to 100 years old at the time this photo was taken. Photo courtesy of the Tulalip Tribes https://earthjustice.org/features/photos-pipeline

The Plains' First Peoples 6 of 6

With settlers encroaching on their lands and no way to make money, the Plains natives were forced onto government reservations. https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

Northwest Coast First Peoples: photo gallery Yurok man with a canoe

Yurok man with a canoe on the Trinity River in California, photograph by Edward S. Curtis, c. 1923. https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/Northwest-Coast-Indian/117305/media?assemblyId=95337

Caravel

a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries

California's First Peoples: Tribal Nations of California Map 13/13

by Timara Lotah Link https://www.kcet.org/shows/tending-the-wild/what-john-muir-missed-the-uniqueness-of-california-indians

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Plano or Plainview Culture, c. 10,500 years ago 1/2

c. 10,500 years ago Plano or Plainview Culture Plainview, TX. Associated primarily w/Great Plains. Bison hunters. Developed delicately flaked spear point, no fluting. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ https://www.projectilepoints.net/Points/St%20Marys.html

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Plano or Plainview Culture, c. 10,500 years ago 2/2

c. 10,500 years ago Plano or Plainview Culture Plainview, TX. Mass-hunting (jump-kill) drove herds off cliffs. Preserved meat: pemmican. 1st to use grinding stones for seeds & meat. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ https://www.projectilepoints.net/Points/St%20Marys.html

First Peoples: Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline

c. 100 B.C.-A.D. 500 Hopewell Culture. May be ancestors of present-day Zunis. Named after site in southern OH. Lived in OH valley, central MS, IL. Hunter-gatherers & farmers. Villages along rivers, characterized by large conical or dome-shaped burial mounds & elaborate earthen walls enclosing large oval, rectangular areas. Highly skilled craftsmen in pottery, stone, sculpture, metalworking, especially copper. Widespread traders in No America, to Rocky Mts. Important sites: Newark Mound, OH; Great Serpent Mound, OH; Crooks Mound, LA. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline Paleo-Indians c. 15,000 yrs ago

c. 15,000 yrs ago, end of Ice Age: Paleo-Indians, NE Asian nomadic hunters, possibly crossed Bering Strait land bridge. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ https://fineartamerica.com/featured/medicine-bag-petroglyph-2-john-bennett.html (medicine bag)

First Peoples: Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline

c. 300 B.C.-A.D. 1100 Mogollon Culture. Highland farmers & hunters in now E AZ and SW NM. Named for mountain peaks along AZ-NM border. Pit houses, later pueblos. Accomplished stoneworkers. Famous for magnificent black on white painted pottery (Minbres Valley), finest No Amer native ceramics. Important settlements: Casa Malpais, AZ (first ancient catacombs in US, discovered 1990); Gila Cliff, NM; Galaz, NM Casa Grandes in MX largest settlement. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

First Peoples: Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline

c. 300 B.C.-A.D. 1300 Anasazi (Navajo for "The Ancient Ones"). Descendants Hopi, other Pueblo Indians. Inhabited Colorado Plateau "four corners," where AZ, NM, UT, CO meet. Agricultural society that cultivated cotton, wove cotton fabrics. Early Anasazi: Basketmaker People for extraordinary basketwork. Skilled stone workers. Carved stone Kachina dolls. Built pit houses, later apartment-like pueblos. Constructed road networks. Avid astronomers. Solar calendar. Traded w/Mesoamerican Toltecs. Important sites: Chaco Canyon, NM; Mesa Verde, CO; Canyon de Chelly, AZ; Bandelier, N.M.; Betatkin, NM. Acoma Pueblo, NM, built circa A.D. 1300, still occupied, may be oldest continuously inhabited village in the U.S. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

First Peoples c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200 Adena Culture

c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200 Adena Culture Named for Adena estate ne Chilicothe, OH, where earthwork mounds 1st found. Culture in So OH, PA, IN, KY, W VA. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

Pre-Columbian Cultures' No American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Xxx/yyy

c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200 Adena Culture Important sites: The Adena Mound, Ohio; Grave Creek Mound, W.V.; Monks Mound, Ill., is the largest mound. May have built the Great Serpent Mound in Ohio. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

Pre-Columbian Cultures' No American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Xxx/yyy

c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200 Adena Culture Primarily hunter-gatherers, they farmed corn, tobacco, squash, pumpkins, and sunflowers at an early date. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Xxx/yyy

c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Pioneer mound builders. Constructed spectacular burial & effigy mounds. Settled in villages of circular post-and-wattle houses. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adena-culture

Pre-Columbian Cultures' No American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Xxx/yyy

c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture Settled in villages of circular post-and-wattle houses. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 2/3

c. 8,500 years ago, Northwest Coast Indians. Some modern descendants are Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, & Makah tribes. High culture w/o agriculture, pottery, or influence of ancient Mexican civilizations. Tribes lived in large, complex communities, constructed multifamily cedar plank houses. Evolved caste system of chiefs, commoners, slaves. Highly skilled in crafts, woodworking that reached height after European contact & steel tools. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

First Peoples Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline: Northwest Coast Indians, c. 8,500 years ago 3/3

c. 8,500 years ago: Northwest Coast Indians. Some modern descendants are Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, & Makah tribes. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/ http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_furtrade/fp_contact_nootka.html

Pre-Columbian Cultures' No American Timeline: c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 200, Adena Culture c. A.D. 300-1300 Hohokam people (Pima Indian word "The Vanished Ones") Xxx/yyy

c. A.D. 300-1300 Hohokam people (Pima Indian word "The Vanished Ones"). Possible ancestors of modern Papago (Tohono O'odham), Pima (Akimel O'odham) groups.

First Peoples: Pre-Columbian Cultures' North American Timeline

c. A.D.700-European contact. Mississippi Culture. SE major tribes: descendants. Extended from MS Valley to AL, GA, FL. Large flat-topped earthen mounds on which were wooden temples, meeting houses chiefs' & priests' residences. (Aka Temple Mound Builders.) Built huge cedar pole circles ("woodhenges") for astronomy. Highly skilled hunters w/bow & arrow. Large-scale farming of corn, beans, squash. Skilled craftsmen. Falcon & Jaguar common symbols in art. Clear ties with Mexico. Largest MS center & largest of all mounds (Monks Mound): Cahokia, IL. Other great temple centers: Spiro, Okla.; Moundville, Ala.; and Etowah, Ga. https://native-americans.com/pre-columbian-cultures-timeline/

The Arctic's First Peoples: details 4/5

dialects from Eskimo-Aleut inhospitable landscape population small, scattered https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Southeastern First Peoples: farmers 2/11

expert farmers staple crops like maize, beans, squash, tobacco and sunflower https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

First Peoples oldest human remains in No America?

femur discovered (Santa Rosa Island) oldest remains (No America); radiocarbon dating suggests 13,000+ yrs old https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/arlington.htm www.teachchannelislands.org/tales/arlington-springs-man

First Peoples Luzia oldest human skeleton in the Americas oldest human remains in Brazil 12,000 years old

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/19/brazil-national-museum-fire-luzia-human-fossil-found?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/fire-engulfs-brazil-national-museum-rio?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other

Tribal Nations of Washington State Map

https://www.washingtontribes.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/WATribes_Brochure2019_FlattenedMap.pdf

The Subarctic's First Peoples: educational philosophy 7/12

https://youtu.be/2Z4Bn44giR8

California's First Peoples: languages 3 /13

languages derived from: the Penutian, the Maidu, Miwok and Yokuts; the Hokan (the Chumash, Pomo, Salinas and Shasta), the Uto-Aztecan (the Tubabulabal, Serrano and Kinatemuk many "Mission Indians" driven out of the Southwest by Spanish colonization spoke Uto-Aztecan dialects and Athapaskan (the Hupa, among others). https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23548 AND https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/geographical-complexity-linguistic-peculiarities-indigenous-languages-northern-california.html

The American Indian Movement (AIM)

led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre Depicted: Russell Means signing an agreement to end the 20th century occupation of Wounded Knee https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures#&gid=ci0230e631c0252549&pid=russell-means-and-kent-frizzell-shaking-hands

The Northwest Coast's First Peoples 1 of xxx

mild climate abundance of natural resources https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures https://www.britannica.com/topic/Northwest-Coast-Indian

British Empire: slavery

slavery

The Subarctic's First Peoples: geography 1/12

swampy, piney forests (taiga); waterlogged tundra inland Alaska and Canada MacKenzie River http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_subarctic2.html https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

First Peoples: ten cultural areas, per anthropologists and geographers

the Arctic, the Subarctic, the Northeast, the Southeast, the Plains, the Southwest, the Great Basin, California, the Northwest Coast, and the Plateau https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

The Arctic's First Peoples: population 5/5

the US purchased Alaska in 1867 oppression and European diseases had taken their tolls population dropped to 2,500 https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures

Compass

tool used by ships to find their direction at sea

Astrolabe

tool used by ships to find their latitude at sea

The Subarctic's First Peoples: transportation 2/12

travel difficult: toboggans, snowshoes, lightweight canoes https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures http://8bishumanities.weebly.com/inventions-and-discoveries.html

Gunpowder

used to power cannons and guns