Contemporary Architecture Exam 3

combined with housing projects --> response to urban renewal projects -famous for responding to horrible housing projects such as Robert Taylor, by combining these spaces and producing quality architecture

21st century libraries

Robert Venturi, Robert Stern, and Charles Moore

3 most important po-mo architects

Centre Pompideu Metz France / 2010 middle ground: int'l style building underneath but some curves and computerized elements

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Chicago, Art Institute, Modern Wing, Piano, 2009 pendulum almost reversing, Japanese style, but imbued with extreme contemporary aspects -America aware of need to be culturally sensitive

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Dadaab Refugee Camp , Kenya -paying serious attention to resource scarcity Shigeru Ban in effort to prepare for other natural disasters

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Denver Central Library Michael Graves 1995 -emblem of pomo building -play/reference to history -*ornament, history, color* -materials --> away from concrete, more natural -tailored to surroundings -curves -color as integral and is decorative elements -vertically banned windows -columnar taken to now be form

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Disney adopting po-mo for theme parks Hotel Cheyenne Disney Paris 1992 Robert Stern NewPort Bay Club Hotel Disney Paris 1992 (looks like quintessential newps building with blue roofs) -architecture as a stage set --> architecture hits rock bottom with Graves' and Stern's two hotels -box that's painted , away from the thoughtful intent of modern architecture -he lost authenticity in later years-- associated with Celebration Florida for Disney

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Disney expanding their portfolio in the early 90s "Celebration, Florida" designed by Robert Stern planned developments identified with quality, family oriented -if Disney is doing it, it MUST be quality -packaged with the traditional logos for a family -tropes of a traditional into one single entity -controlled what types of flowers, curtains, obscure proved Disney was trying to deal with people as they did with animations -still has some pull on houses today "Starter House WSJ"

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Doha National Library i don't think its reflective of a culture seems to disregard pass in attempt to deeply integrate selves into modern era same with Tianjin national library

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Doha, Qatar Rem Koolhas and OMA looking for similar affect as the Bilbao effect -irregular shape, geometric abnormality believing that oil reserves will run out looking for other ways to boost economy (bilbao effect --> reliance on non-renewable resources or no consistent booming) -inner architecture: clean, bright, beautiful, emphasis on interaction with books -to be seen in this space, not the cozy aspect of a library but as a sight!! -processional -not necessarily focused on reading -to say you went - to say you sat in there , not of culture, could be anywhere

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Helsinki Central Library Oodi Finaland -classic scandanavia; deep care for how its own culture integrates with the space -super contemporary but still uses natural materials -computerized elements ; communal focus teaching opportunities Snohetta also prevalent in Norway, train stopping within, deeply focused on an integration --> serves all (people watching, office spaces, reading rooms)

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Humana Building Michael Graves Louisville KY 1985 very contextually constructed building, pays reference to smallshot building to right and also left -the blending of levels also does this particularly well *very post-modern like* (the ones that do it well) -especially in new era of corporate buildings standing out on skyline, his size and referential buildings (steel truss) link building to historic landscape

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LGBTQ friendly housing in Philadelphia Johnson C Anderson apts --> zeitgeist of the individual, not forced into it but rather choosing

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La Casa Washington DC --> permanent housing for homeless in DC

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example of public housing option for poor , less well off Boston , Roxbury E+ project

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examples of housing for housing for disabled and homeless THE SIX LA CA

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first traditional work space one huge room

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seattle public library, rem koohaas OMA Rotterdam -abstraction come together into a more unified form: combination of geometric abnormalities of decon (and computerization) but also -homelessness as big problem -hoping would do same as pompideau--> spur city growth and grow attention to the arts -hired social worker to deal with it

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-seen as a view into closer look at one's life -strong pull on American psyche: dream to own a plot of land associated with the American dream -traditionally, homes built for the American family

American home

-JFK , MLK assassinations -height of civil rights movement, vietnam war -architecture providing options in turbulent times -elements of surprise/read : new attitude and LOVED it

American social context in 60s and 70s // last remnants of VSBA

famous for illustrations ; architectural pleasure, always thinking about how inhabitants would interact -similar to Venturi and Stern in that way -wherever he went he would design a new house for himself

Charles Moore essence

Aids, war of the 1970s, political upheaval, dealing with themes -no correct way to analyze a text, freedom, beyond knowledge many interpretations, all are valuable

DeCon context

"Decon" one of the last recognizable movements of our time -surfaced in the 70s boomed in the 80s --> came into being in a very similar way: moma exhibit 1988 -exhibit focused on 7 int'l architects whose work marked an emergence of a new sensibility in architecture -diagonals, arcs, warped planes, intentionally violate the right angles of modernism -values: disharmony, fracturing, and mystery

Deconstructivism + style and + exhibit

Chicago Art Institute 1893 -late 19th early 20th century: --columnar, traditional, of high status: screaming importance --important formal spaces with traditional, classical styles *emblems of power and nationhood* --display, chronological , Greco-Roman materials thought of as places of civilization - osmonic effect: by bearing art, more civilized too -processional theatricality -typically an elitist activity

Evolution of the Museum

Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels Michael Graves 1990 Orlando (dolphin is the pyramid one in the front, swan one with the sculptural ones on top) both by Graves in beginning, real movement -eventually fell--> FACADISM then everyone began to adopt that in 80s and 90s -int'l style building underneath -Philip Johnson --cheapened, torted up ordinary -Graves did make buildings with simple building materials, to make facade visually interesting and readable

Fall out of po-mo

-Walt disney Concert Hall (kinda looks like Sydney Opera House) LA 2003 -also seen in his design for Facebook HQ -also design for affordable homes for hurricane victims : shot gun houses

Gehry's miscellaneous work

interlocking divisions -movement, dynamism, abstraction sleek on some forms willingness to curve -clearly computerized

Gehry's style

kind of make fun of the white's reference to Corbusier--> "stompin at the savoye" Stern: argues for the need to use every historical style: buildings need to address the messiness of life, popular not elites --**named the direction post-modernism**-- -made for the eye and the mind -need to connect with the user *very different than the whites* --> FINALLY energetic debate around this, during time of economic and social upheaval IN AMERICA

Grays respond to the whites

Dartmouth hires TWBT thinking they would be respectful of Moore's work -no processional entry -many other universities pretty much got the exact same design -they are also currently designing the obama presidential center (may be an up and coming architect)

Hood addtion

We we will probably judged not by the monuments we build but by those we destroy -preservation ethos initiated -around the time of the 1976 bicentennial, renewed sense of American history

Huxtabel on post-modern era

Libeskind's other won design for new WTC but was marginalized by developer and design never taken up --> now we have an ordinary/boring WTC -continual commitment to sleek, polished and fidelity to strong geometries (extension to Denver Art Museum)

Libeskind buidings...

didn't propose a boyd of work -reorient direction of America's architecture -Venturi, Stern, Moore: discussion about architecture like never seen before -HAD ZERO EFFECT OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES -fizzled, ultimately relied on modern architecture

POMO takeaways

-for a while had no work -picked up on intellectual theory of the time phenomenology-- distinct from the nature of being (borrowing jargon of literary people) -self absorbed, always had to be smartest person in the room -created series of houses in Roman numerals that are famous for their uninhabitability

Peter Eisenmann

"less is not more, less is a bore" -product of MoMA, tool for legitimacy and authority -establishes them as much more of theorists -Complexity and Contradiction: Venturi challenging Corbu kindly -expressed a tiredness in puritanical moral language of orthodox modern architecture -mocking Mies : architecture shouldn't be based on exclusion and restriction instead should be full of COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTIONS: -should be messy and alive--> revised role of architecture in society --> visually rich environment instead of authoritative societal improvement **ALSO** called for the cessation of boring black boxes, wanted color, fun : VEGAS AS MODEL

Venturi's gentle manifesto

1972: "main street is almost ALL RIGHT": many directions way better VSB begged us to assess why popular culture was so appealing to most Americans -70s: America is comfortable in a messy, wild landscape -urban city centers

WITS?

AT&T building (550 Madison) Philip Johnson 1984 NYC -shot building style transformation of the telecommunications era -likened to a highboy chest, chippendale (referential to history/PLAY) -tall oval entrance - vertically lined windows -genial open space to the street -had enormous influence but was eventually sold and bought by a new designer - Snohetta-- wants to give it a facelift -architectural debate against this: landmark status especially with its interesting statue in the front -they are now going to conserve much of the design but change som e things --ability to garner attention but didn't create po-mo

What is this?

Boston City Hall firm Kalmann McKinnel and Knowles Government Center 1968 emblematic the failings of modern design, pushing people out

What is this?

John Hancock building Henry Cobb 1976 Boston skyscraper seemed appropriate but significantly damaged surrounding landscape -arrogant -emblematic of the failings of modern design

What is this?

Piazza D'Italia Charles Moore New Orleans 1978 drawing on classical with a nod to history visually stimulating

What is this?

Portland City Hall Michael Graves Portland 1982 -exaggerated ornament, play with color, columns, color as integral to piece -initially had excessive garlands but wasn't put in actual design

What is this?

Robert Stern St. Paul's School Concord NH drawing on regional architecture, playing with generation of libraries in New England, mark presence, be contextual, conversation with surrounding buildings -this is similar to Wilson Hall at same time, New Mexican architects using adobe etc

What is this?

Vanna Venturi House; Robert Venturi; Chestnut Hill, PA; 1964 -placed within a large traditional home area -play with references -geometries are slightly off -odd moldings between windows--> ornamental -reintroduce features and elements into the commons -broken pediment symmetrical entrance focus (seen in Winston Churchill's home FOCUS ON ENTRY) *drawing back on history but subtly reinterpreting = POMO* -stringcourse played on, typically meant to denote a change in levels but hers was one story *imbued with a sense that architecture needs to be more accessible by humanity, done by those with a knowledge of history*

What is this?

contextualism: focus of po-mo -used to see as an opportunity to be a statement, apart from all else -this was intentionally referential to surroundings -complete opposite of Boston City Hall which couldn't have been less contextual

What is this?

Glass House Philip Johnson New Canaan, CT 1949 -builds off Case Study Houses -he never really had a style of his own, rather mimicked off of others -studied under Gropius, -helped commission the 1947 MoMA exhibit on Mies -he became a student of him and designed like him in the 1950s and 60s : then departed abruptly and became decidedly late modernist: testing zeitgeist of 1970's -architectural whoore , using the ideas of others -not a po-mo leader but picks up on what others are doing

What is this? Emblematic of?

white's slowly became associated with elitism (images over ides) -gwathmey creating homes -Meier: closest work with Corbusier -Graves: grew uneasy with elitism jumped over to the Grays

White dissolution

Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, Richard Meier, Peter Eisenman, and John Hejduk

Who are the NY 5?

Gwathmey House and Studio Long Island, Ny 1966 Charles Gwathmey -interested in interplay of volume -flatwalls and cylinders and straight lines, play with volume -cubist paintings, abstract, can't see all (nod to Corbu) -wood associated with ordinary buildings

Who built this? wits?

came as libraries were seen as a model of city building -Carnegie's: envisioned as miniature palaces -built in small towns across America (rural, working class) opportunities for all -learning, knowledge enrichment -very central to working class -foundation for the less off -attempts to nurture sense of addressing community needs ex: large photo of packed old looking library with people young and old reading

carnegie public libraries

NEED TO CONDENSE IDEAS AROUND THIS international globalization building boom everywhere on earth global economy recovering from recession Concerns we cite: - *9/11* fear/cultural impact--> felt repercussions, increased security and general surveillance -unease across America-> midst of cultural shift : *political identity politics* and increased tension around party responses to such *immigration and racism* -*technological advances*: iphone social media heightened awareness of environment --> sustainability and urban farming -destability in the Middle East, terrorism, microunites, population and mass housing shared spaces, how we work gentrified communities -cities as tech hubs, gentrification and rural and impoverished overlook -growing *inequality in income*: economic 1%, buffered by our privilege hre

contemporary era (most general)

verbalizes its function through pop art, communicates in a way the modern individual understands -applied ornament ex: Golden arches, Mcdonalds, best buy -buildings likened to billboards

decorated shed

1960s: young American architects turning back on what they've learned Whites: never practiced with each other but engaging same ideas architectures transcends history and culture and is a force in itself, a language which speaks about itself and doesn't communicate ideas other than its own use Corbusier as their point of departure: use box like white villas (savoye) to create complex, abstract spaces, often constructed small projects because of the high price they were willing to pay for small things Grays: claiming the modern era is over, wanted more energy than just a bunch of boxes. architecture should be complex, interested in historical and cultural concerns and based on a richness and ambiguity of modern experience

difference between white and gray philosophies + their history

a building who's form symbolizes its function -merely catch your eye: building is sign

duck

duck- the building is the sign --went so far as to say that Miesian forms were ducks (*its form has come to symbolize its function*) decorated shed- modest with big sign, shelter with sign over it --mixed media; symbolism of the ordinary (they favor the decorated shed)

ducks vs decorated sheds

death of the mcmansion increasing urbanization ; city centers with hottest real estate -now: co living spaces, sharing largeer spaces continuing through college idea -skinny houses where land is expensive and limited (philadelphia) -for the well off , design winning suburban homes,

housing of our time

purely as a post-modernist response -fragmented and imbalanced, -computers as part of the design -opened up whole new capacity for graphic design -*DECON became shorthand for an emphasis on dramatic forms, manipulated on the computer, torked and turned" -none would have initially identified themselves as "decon"

how decon was viewed in retrospect

-center for knowledge (civic center for the city) --instilling dignity began: as repisitory, collections initially began as solely for a king, record keeping drastically different

in general ... a library

VSBA:cultural influences + architects - but their work ultimately fell short as no real one good building -rest of their buildings continued to play on color and use of decorated sheds, historical play with oval entries and curved forms (falls short of distinguishment) -Kahn timeless -VSBA: instantly dated, without virtue or regard for surroundings, too deeply entrenched in their theory

late VSBA ...

emphasis on free, open, public -initially subscription based and for elites --public: social space for elites --private: post industrial revolution (ex: Jp Morgan's reading room) -eventually swung back to great public libraries when large number of immigrants coming to the US "gilded age of philanthropy" ---how to Americanize new immigrants intended as palaces for the people -reading room: ennobling all that came through

libraries early 19th-20th centuries

jean nouvel national museum of qatar doha 2019 --> bilbao effect? extremely abstract , maybe developing countries are still trying to mimic developed world's past? decon? -draw attention, but puts humanity second?

museum to talk about in final

features in and of themselves -Bilbao effect still in play communal space for activities, film conferences and lectures now involved -museum directors now encouraged to think beyond art displays -social media: instagram playgrounds ---NOW documenting experience within

museums of the 21st century

-buildings are art in and of themselves -greater accessibility more humanistic: late modern intent- care for what a space was in and of itself, but also specifically for how people interacted with this space -art collection meant to rotate -reflecting a greater influx of visitors -Kimbell, Centre Pompideu, Guggenheim

notable museums of 20th century

Breed created: starchitects -beyond celebrities -fallout from Guggenheim -wanted to expand

post-Decon trends...

-most enthusiastically embraced as a movement/theory -architects have REJECTED the universal building type -individual solution for an individual project -no shared philosophy other than desire to reject universal building tupe -late modernist builders as well as Mies and Corbu never really were appealing to public -60s and 70s architects still experimenting, no coherent philosophy -60s and 70s America: urban renewal, failings -creation of preservation ethos -Jane Jacobs, architectural writing -she launchedPreservation Act of 1966--historical preservation

postmodernism / AND America

-spirited response to modernism -didn't discard of every aspect -play/reference to history -*ornament, history, color* -materials --> away from concrete, more natural -tailored to surroundings -curves -color as integral and is decorative elements -wanted to retain what worked from past structure, why Americans hated modernism

stylistic elements of po-mo

-very different types -first impulse: enormous room -late 19th century, we realize one big room no longer works --> creation of an office building -repeating floors of identical spaces but dedicated to individuals all working on the same thing : seen legit around the world ex: Seagram Building

the work space

tailored to needs of a community, books still at heart but now function in much broader ways such as web centers, social workers, communal gathering place expanded capabilities

today's era library

Moore Hall Dartmouth College 1999 Robert Stern mimicked anywhere, comodified ; given as a second best prize for the berry library competition not a great building, entries obscured -color -pediment top some traditional elements such as the oval window and columns -comfort, accessible, handsome -nothing exciting or unexpected -nice, traditional, solid

what

Guild House; Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown Philadelphia, PA; 1963 -shot heard around the world -ordinariness of the building, intellectual playfulness, the ordinariness -senior housing project -dark shade of red brick, meant to fit in (blended in with buildings on street) -GUILD graphics: pop art reminiscent, gives a false front; projects outward, *more decorated* -polished marble pillar: played off cheapness behind (dignity) -didn't obscure entrance! glazed brick denotes -to make it contextual/ inviting for inhabitants -oval window on top meant to play on Roman baths, thermal window TV room **endow ordinary with dignity** -they never really got past the symbolic to make something remarkable -interpretations aren't immediately recognizable -all work kind of inexplicable and symbolic

what is ?

House II Peter Eisenman 1970 Hardwick, Vermont abandoned by commissioners someone saved and put back on market famous for uninhabitability

what is ?

brooklyn museum 1895 -traditional columns and statues -dome very traditional

what is this

Michael Graves aesthetic change: introduce history and color Portland City Hall 1982 -contemporary AT&T building: demonstrated his approach as suitable 1- wanted a shot in the am in terms of architecture 2- city hall as face of a city --well designed with a sense of formality --cost cutting, trimmed decorative, flat, cheap aluminum cladding on top, clear glass for more light -lobby at base, serves as a city center for tourists to come in and get information, shopping etc -came out cheaper than initial design

what is this representative of ?

Pennzoil Building Philip Johnson 1976 Houston TX -representative of his gradual adoption of pomo -hatred for late-modernism/modernist homogeneity but also need to mark presence (silent boom) -miesian black boxes faced closed to one another -makes more dynamic by chopping off roof -entirely familiar -during rise of corporations, authority, money and legitimacy -black box standing out in stark difference -willingness to play with geometries -color playing on Mies: lakeshore drive and also by making it starkly black and putting them in such close contact--> play

what is this?

Reiss Hall Dartmouth College Stern 2011 paints with colors to accentuate features make more welcoming

what is this?

Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition @ moma -curated by of course Philip Johnson -movement kind of rose out of the exhibit where they drew artists together doing a similar thing TWO FACTORS: 1- russian constructivism (spoke a language of abstract geometries - creating an art out of components, spoke to 7 architects on display) 2- literary analysis Jacques Derrida ideas (imperceptible, departing from the rules of a game) -Decon: take a part a text in any number of ways, by doing so, you discover the inconsistencies that you might miss -what we thought was ordered was not -architects gravitating to sophisticated theories while being asked to justify their work and claiming the absolutely don't need THE GRAYS RESPOND: architects who theorize have too much time on their hands -idea behind the moma exhibit

what is this? who?

Charles Moore Hood Museum of Art Hanover, NH 1985 wanted museum to be at center of student life -contextual! wanted to acknowledge both existing buildings -sent his ego to the back -gateway as a manner of denoting a separation into something other than other two (extends to literally link all of the buildings) -bridging of materials -references factories in new england through his materials and additions -biggest problem was that the entry way wasn't obvious and ultimately had to be denoted

what is?

Kresge College Charles Moore UC Santa Crus 1974 false front POP Art sent college design into a new direction CONTEXT: 70s: long hair, hippees, general experimentation , unique student driven education -countered unappeal of places like UMass Amherst "prison" where you never had to leave with mega dormitories, through the use of slight materials

what is?

Sea Ranch Condominium I Charles Moore & others (Donlyn Lyndon, William Turnbull and Rterm-45ichard White) Sonoma CA 1965 (MLTW architects) -inspire sea houses and ski resorts -hated buildings that lacked a degree of sensibility *building should be based on its site firmly places him in the greys* modern sensibility -build community with a sense of connection to the landscape -nestled into seaside landscape -general shape inspired by surrounds: -materials: of post-modern time, *partnership with rough coastal landscape* -an ecologic and humanity based sensibility that you tend to not run into

what is?

John Hejduk; conceptual, theorist architect, built very little Cooper Union temporary buildings for exhibits

who built this? wits?

4/5 New York 5 "The Whites" -named for their white cardboard models *reset the course of architecture* -devolved from Corbusier : clarity, clean lines from Corbusier's boxed villas "elegant abstraction" -but more complex because drew from history

who is ? wits?

l to r: graves, gwathmey, meier, eisenman (missing hedjuk)

who's who?

Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown -philosophy behind po-mo -some Dartmouth architecture such as Berry library

who?

michael graves commercially important designed everyday objects for Target *transform the ordinary* embodies the notion of starchitecture --celebrity status -begins rather insignficantly -famous for stripping corbusier's frame (walls, roofs) *exploration of spaces* : creation of abstract undergoes transition from a white to a gray between 1975-77

wit?

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Spain Frank Gehry (architect) 1997 -"Bilbao effect" an extremely malleable architect, can perform at multiple levels eventually did some skyscrapers, corporate buildings , grew sleeker and sleeker. Why bilbao? -industrial, import city, seemingly last place for major cultural institution -center piece for a city's rejuvenation -Bilbao suddenly overrun with visitors, catalyzing economy with billions, remaking the city -other cities took notice, many museums have all invested for new ones, gave rise to BILBAO EFFECT -build a phenomenal building and it will bring about expansive growth -as seen with the louvre abu dhabi --> power of cities

wits / more gehry context

Pomo begin adopted by commercial developers -began as a thoughtful revival of history -but then just picked up as a facade

wits/

Aronoff Center for Design and Arts Peter Eisenman University of Cincinnati 1996 university wanting to head to into a new direction, hired major architects and wanted to suggest a fresh interior and exterior

wits?

Barnes Foundation TWBT Philadelphia 2012

wits?

Benacerraf House Addition Michael Graves Princeton NH 1969 splash of colors to transform the ordinary and give nods to natural surroundings -was relatively unlivalbe

wits?

Daniel Libeskind Jewish Museum Berlin, 2001 "voids that evoke absence, emptiness and a sense of invisible danger" how can you possibly capture what this expreses? -form: zigs/zabs, closed and open -maps location of important events: connected with lines -invoke the disappearance of Jews and Jewish culture -sense of disorientation, claustrophobia, panic: possibly what persecutors of the holocaust felt -sat empty initially -faces of victims, must walk on steel plates --> legitimized Liebesken (work shown at '88 MoMa exhibit) far more interested in ideas and abstract concept "slice and dice' aggressive thinking and forms often infused with history, philosophy, or references to literature not really accessible to anyone

wits?

Ehrman House Robert Stern Armonk, NY 1975 building country and suburban homes in fashionable communities -curves and color : slight nods to classical architecture but firmly post modern -terraces and vistas embraced tradition and history "Ralph Lauren of architecture" -elegant but works for all people images for appropriated memories and conversations -smart mixtures --> indicates status -quintessential new England: picked up on traditional architectural images -still a market for his work Life Magazine: "remarkable and afffordable" built anywhere you'd like --commodified -his buildings

wits?

Frank Gehry F. Gehry House Santa Monica, CA 1978 considered the first decon landmark -movement dynamism and abstraction -emerged from inside to out as though it's always been contained -experimental, cost nearly no money, corroggated metal, plywood, chain link

wits?

House II Peter Eisenman 1970 Hardwick, Vermont abandoned by commissioners someone saved and put back on market

wits?

House VI Peter Eisenman 1975 Cornwall, Connecticut emblem of post-functionalism : challenge way of living -free architecture from any sense of how we know architecture -modern sensibility: 90's Eisenman was commissioned and needed to tame theoretical urges -ex: stairwell that goes nowhere, table that's way too big for its space etc.

wits?

Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Peter Eisenman Berlin 2005 approaching a project of such intrinsic, corporeal pain --> could only approach it abstractly -steele/concrete pies -gentle roll beneath and piers uneven -create an active, dizzying experience, lost in the abstractness -sense of fear and unease that was part of the everyday experience for Jews -seemingly isolated and then can have someone come up on you so abruptly *speaks to the white's ideal that it doesn't reference anything except what it wants to of itself*

wits?

TWBT American Folk Art Museum; adjacent to MoMA created by TWBT: Tod Williams Billie Tsien now going to be 53 West 53 Above --> condos -Moma saying that they were going to demolish this building to develop it into condominiums

wits?

Yale Art and Architecture Building addition Charles Gwathmey

wits?

charles Moore house Austin TX 1986 charles moore like a child's house all for fun collections

wits?

michael eisner building burbank , CA Michael Graves 1991 caryatids playful of history nearly to a default

wits?

part of the Piazza D'Italia New Orleans 1978 Charles Moore hemmed into downtown New Orleans (urban renewal victim) -Sicily put into center, organized like a stage set -uses cut out of traditions *playful rendition of history* -fountain with his head spurting water out -damaged Moore's reputation seemed unsubstantial, not serious -Moore was sustained by architectural groups who thought he constantly engaged with humanity -him as a means of life improvement ; we are made more joyful as a result of his work *powerful statement contrasting po-mo critique*

wits?

vitra fire station weil am rhein, germany 1993 zaha hadid first woman architect to achieve a global status -global respect, died of a heart attack @ height of career -known for her computer generated drawings -had many forms in her head -begins modernly small and then exploded with Pritzker like award -then exploded to Beijing, with Galaxy SOHO 2012, favorite in Middle East and China -died of heart attack very early Zaha Hadid architects will continue building some of her signature designs--known for their sleek, calm, less anxious and mature control

wits? architect info