Coronavirus
What are the 6 Key Features of a Coronavirus? __________ particles, _______-stranded _________ RNA, _________ genome, ______ nucleocapsid, is _________, has prominent ________ ___________ that form a halo/ corona (hence corona virus)
(Spherical) particles, (single) -stranded (positive) RNA, (large) genome, (helical) nucleocapsid, is (enveloped), has prominent (surface projection) that form a halo/ corona (hence corona virus)
(Has a picture) -Shown above is figure 2 from the article. What do the solid arrows indicate? -What do the broken arrows indicate? -What do the black arrows indicate? -What do the yellow arrows indicate? -What do the red arrows indicate?
-Solid arrows indicate confirmed data. -Broken arrows indicate potential interspecies transmission. -Black arrows indicate infection in the intermediate animals, -yellow arrows indicate a mild infection in humans, and -red arrows indicate a severe infection in humans or animals.
What are the three features that characterize a pandemic disease?
1) A novel virus 2) Super spreader events 3) Air traffic (international travel)
Which of the following statements DOES NOT accurately describe ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) A) Very difficult to manage clinically B) Immune-mediated C) Hyaline membranes intra-alveolar edema D) 5-7% mortality rates due to years of research
5-7% mortality rates due to years of research
Which of the following causes respiratory illness in humans? a. Alphacoronaviruses b. Betacoronaviruses c. Gammacoronaviruses d. A and B
A (Alphacoronaviruses) and B (Betacoronaviruses)
Discoveries suggest that ____ are the natural hosts for coronaviruses and that ____ are intermediate hosts. a. bats, civets b. civets, bats c. Aedes aegypti, humans d. humans, Aedes aegypti
A) Discoveries suggest that (bats) are the natural hosts for coronaviruses and that (civets) are intermediate hosts.
Which of the following produce human coronaviruses? Multiple answer a) alpha coronaviruses b) beta coronaviruses c) gamma coronaviruses d) sigma coronaviruses
A) alpha coronaviruses B) beta coronaviruses
In SARS-CoV, what receptor does the S Glycoprotein bind to in the ciliary tissue of the airway? A) DPP4 B) ACE2 C) CD13 D) APN
ACE2
Which of the following is the name of the cell surface receptor that SARS-CoV targets for entry into a host cell? A) DPP4 B) CD13 C) O-acetylated sialic acid D) ACE2
ACE2
Which of the following is a complication associated with coronaviruses that results in high mortality rates? A) Meningitis B) ARDS C) Myocarditis D) Acute bronchitis
ARDS
What does ARDS stand for?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
In severe cases of coronavirus, the infection is linked to the development of ______ in patients. a.) pneumonia b.) asthma c.) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) d.) a cold Reply to post from Grayson AndersonReply
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Which of the following belongs to the Nidovirales family? A. Arterivirdae B. Coronaviridae C. Mesoniviridae D. Roniviridae E. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following structural proteins are considered core components of the SARS genome? A. S B. E C. M D. N E. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true regarding coronaviruses? a. Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of 28-32 kb in length. b. Spherical particles range from approximately 80-120 nanometers in diameter. c. The structural elements of the coronavirus include N, M, S, E proteins. d. All of the above.
All of the above.
Name a vaccine complication that arises when developing a coronavirus vaccine. A. Problems in aged populations B. Vaccine induced Th2 immune pathology C. Zoonotic reservoir strains resist current experimental vaccines D. All of these are true
All of these are true
(Has a picture) Fill in the diagram. Coronaviridae family tree.
Alpha, Beta and Gamma SARS-CoV MERS-CoV
What are the four genera of coronavirus? (2 points). Of the list you made, circle the ones that only infect mammals and make a box around the ones that affect birds predominantly
Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus. The alpha and beta infect mammals so the student should have circled these ones. The gamma and delta only affect birds so they must be boxed (they also sometimes affect mammals, according to the article, but the question asks 'predominantly').
Name the 3 of the 4 genuses of the Nidovirales family?
Arteriviridae, Coronaviridae, Mesoniviridae, and Roniviridae
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the coronavirus structure? A) Spherical particles about 80-120 nm in diameter B) Single-stranded negative polarity RNA genome C) Largest RNA virus genome D) Has prominent surface projections that form a halo/corona around the particle
B - ss, positive polarity RNA genome
Which of the following is not a part of the coronavirus virion structure? a) S glycoprotein b) ORF3a c) B glycoprotein and F protein d) M glycoprotein and E protein
B glycoprotein and F protein
Which of the following coronavirus strains enter cells using the ACE2 cell surface receptor? Select all that apply. A. MERS-CoV B. SARS-CoV C. HCoV- 229E D. HCoV- NL63
B. SARS-CoV & D. HCoV- NL63
What is the animal reservoir for many coronaviruses? A. Bird B. Bat C. Primates D. Cattle
Bat
Which of the following animals is NOT an intermediate host of a Coronavirus strain? A. Camel B. Cow C. Pig D. Bat
Bat, bats are natural hosts of most coronavirus strains
What organism did MERS-COV 2012 originate from? A. Bats B. Camels C. Mosquitos D. Birds
Bats
Explain why bats are able to act as animal host reservoirs for various pathogenic viruses without experiencing severe physiological consequences.
Bats have developed a robust immune system that expresses a high level of interferons to maintain severe viral pathogenesis. Interferons constitutively expressed allow them to have a strong antiviral defense system and co-exist with various viruses that humans would otherwise experience mild to detrimental physiological responses.
Where are the structural proteins E, M, and S assembled in the cell? A. Between the rER and the Golgi B. In the Nucleus. C. Between the Lipid Bilayer D. In the Transport Vesicle.
Between the rER and the Golgi
Which of the following is not a Beta Coronavirus? (Select all that apply) A. SARS-CoV B. MERS-CoV C. IBV D. PEDV
C (IBV) and D (PEDV) IBV is a gamma coronavirus and PEDV is a alpha coronavirus
Which of the following is true regarding coronavirus? A.) COVID-19 has spread across the globe due to the large animal reservoir the virus is able to infect B.) COVID-19's low mortality and high infectivity makes this disease the "perfect storm" for a pandemic C.) Coronaviruses received their name due to the crown shaped vesicles they make as they enter the cell D.) Coronaviruses contain the smallest RNA genome found in nature, allowing them to replicate and spread at higher rates than other viruses
COVID-19's low mortality and high infectivity makes this disease the "perfect storm" for a pandemic
Most early MERS index cases had contact with what animal? a. Bats b. Camels c. Palm Civets d. Primates
Camels
What is the intermediate host for MERS? a) bats b) camels c) civets d) rats
Camels
Which of the following is an intermediate host animal for MERS CoV-2? A. Lungfish B. Mosquitoes C. Camels D. Penguins
Camels
Choose the appropriate intermediate host for the SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. A. Civet cats, camels, bats B. Bats, bats, unknown C. Civet cats, bats, civet cats D. Civet cats, camels, unknown
Civet cats, camels, unknown
Describe one reason why CoV is so adaptable?
CoV gains a large amount of adaptability from its ability to rapidly mutate, with rates approaching 10-4; meaning that the virus is consistently changing its genome and adapting to its environment. This is amplified by its animal reservoir, bats. Bats have highly active immune systems allowing them to be infected with more than one strain of CoV. This allows for high rates of RNA recombination between strains, altering the genome further. Ultimately, this makes the development of vaccines and treatments difficult and the virus highly adaptable to its host environment.
Coronaviruses belong to the subfamily ________ from the family ________.
Coronaviruses belong to the subfamily (Coronavirinae) from the family (Coronaviridae).
Bat SARSr-CoVs share high sequence identity with SARS-CoV in the ___ region but are highly variable in the ___ region A)ORF8, ORF B) S1, S2 C) ORF6, ORF7 D) S2, S1 E) homologous, heterogeneous
D) S2, S1 Bat SARSr-CoVs share high sequence identity with SARS-CoV in the (S2) region but are highly variable in the (S1) region
Which of the following statements DOES NOT accurately describe the SARS-CoV virus? A) Viral particles are spherical and roughly 80-120nm in diameter B) Double stranded negative polarity RNA genome C) Largest RNA virus genome in nature D) Enveloped
Double stranded negative polarity RNA genome
What is the Nidovirus transcription process?
E, M, and S assemble in internal membranes, virus nucleocapsids with genomic RNA bud into internal membranes, virus-containing vesicles migrate to the cell surface and fuse to release viral particles.
What tissue is ACE2 receptors especially abundant in? A. Epithelia of the Lung B. Central Nervous Tissue of the Brain C. Lymph Tissue D. Epithelia of the Skin
Epithelia of the Lung
T/F and explain your answer: All coronaviruses use the E protein to bind host cell ACE1 receptors.
F! All coronaviruses use the S (spike) protein to bind different host cell receptors (ACE2, DPP4, CD13, etc).
True or False: Coronaviruses rarely experience mutation and remain relatively constant through time.
FALSE
True/False: Bats are a reservoir for only one strain of SARS-CoV, and therefore do not contribute to horizontal gene transfer.
False, bats can have more than one strain at a time and facilitate horizontal gene transfer.
True or False: Coronavirus has the largest DNA virus genome in nature.
False; It has the largest RNA virus genome in nature
What family and genus does the virus that causes coronavirus belong to?
Family: Nidovirales Genus: Coronaviridae
Which antiviral drug has been shown to cause RNA chain termination, thus protecting against SARS-CoV replication in mice and primates? A. G2-5374 B. GS-5374 C. G6-5367 D. G1-5374
GS-5374
Which of these is NOT related to the structure/function of the S glycoprotein present in the coronavirus virion structure? A. ACE2 receptor B. Tissue tropism C. Helical nucleocapsid D. Protective immunity
Helical nucleocapsid
What is an example of a gamma type coronavirus? a. SARS-CoV b. BCV c. Mers-CoV d. IBV
IBV
Where do the Coronavirus structural proteins assemble in the host cell? A. Mitochondria B. Ribosomes C. In internal membranes between the rough ER and Golgi D. Nucleus
In internal membranes between the rough ER and Golgi
Where are the E, M, and S structural proteins assembled in Nidovirus? A. Internal Membranes B. Mitochondria C. Cytoplasm D. Golgi Apparatus
Internal Membranes
Which of the following is not true about Remdesivir(GS-5734)? A. It causes RNA chain termination B. It is a brand spectrum antiviral drug C. It s a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog D. It has not been safely used in humans.
It has not been safely used in humans.
Describe at least 2 features of the SARS-CoV virus particle.
It has spherical particles that is about 80-120 nm in diameter, it has a single stranded positive polarity RNA genome, it is about 28-32 kb in length, it has the largest RNA virus genome in nature, it has a helical nucleocapsid, it is enveloped, and it has prominent surface projections that form a halo or corona around the particle.
What is not true about acute respiratory distress syndrome? A) Is is very difficult to manage clinically B) It manifests severe end stage lung disease C) It is associated with Meningoencephalitis D) It has a 30-40% mortality rate
It is associated with Meningoencephalitis
Which one of these structural proteins is NOT a part of the core component of the Coronavirus virion? A. N Protein B. M Glycoprotein C. E Protein D. K Glycoprotein E. S Glycoprotein
K Glycoprotein
(Has a picture) What does M and E represent in this coronavirus virion structure and its function?
M glycoprotein and E protein - maturation and release. Reply to post from Kathleen DuongReply
Which of the following has the highest mortality rate? A. SARS-CoV B. MERS-CoV C. HCV 229E/OC43/HKU1 D. Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV
MERS-CoV
According to the Coronavirus phylogeny, what is the 6th Coronavirus and which group of betacoronavirsues does it belong to? A. SARS-CoV; Group 2c B. MERS-CoV; Group 2a C. HCoV-229E; Group 2a D. MERS-CoV; Group 2c
MERS-CoV; Group 2c
What is the most effective way to prevent viral zoonosis?
Maintain the barriers between natural reservoirs and human society.
Which of these is not a replicase protein in the SARS genome? A) ORF1a B) ORF1b C) ORF3a D) All of the above are replicase proteins in the SARS genome
ORF3a
Which of the following proteins are unique to SARS? A. N protein B. M glycoprotein C. E protein D. Orf7a/b E. ORF3a
Orf7a/b
Which of the following is not a human coronavirus? 1. HCoV-NL63 2. HCoV-229E 3. HCoV-OC43 4. PEDV
PEDV
What are the 2 gene regions that show major variation between the SARS-CoVs from market civets and human SARS-CoVs? A. Arg479 and Asp38 B. S gene and the SZ3 strain C. Carboxy-terminal domain and ACE2 D. S gene and the orf8 accessory gene
S gene and the orf8 accessory gene
____________ is the surface protein on coronavirus that binds to the ACE2 receptor.
S-glycoprotein
Why was SARS-CoV so successful at spreading?
SARS-CoV is very successful at spreading rapidly throughout the population. The catalyst for this explosion in cases is the superspreader event. This is a point in time in which an infected individual (usually unaware) moves to a highly-populated area, which allows for the rapid spread of the airborne disease. Additionally, due to very high levels of globalization, a superspreader event has global implications with the virus now able to spread across the world. This is historically validated through the SARS outbreak in 2002 and similar events that have occurred with COVID-19.
SARS-CoV uses ______ as a receptor, infecting ____ and ____ while MERS-CoV uses ______ as a receptor and infects _____ and _____
SARS-CoV uses (ACE2) as a receptor, infecting (ciliated bronchial epithelial cells) and (type II pneumocytes), while MERS-CoV uses (DPP4) as a receptor and infects (unciliated bronchial epithelial cells) and (type II pneumocytes).
SARS-CoV evolved from a virus circulating in zoonotic pools. What mutation type allowed for this, allowing the virus to be prevalent amongst the human species? A. Deletion B. Single Point Mutation C. Insertion D. Other, including a combination of above answer choices
Single Point Mutation
Many of human coronaviruses are closely related to Bt-CoV strains. How might studying these other strains help us understand more about human coronaviruses?
Studying Bt-Cov strains can help us infer pre-pandemic strains that might affect humans.
True or False: Viruses of the coronaviridae family contain the largest RNA viruses, up to 32 kB.
TRUE
According to the last paragraph of the article "Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses", the constant spillover of viruses from natural host animals to humans is largely due to what? What is the most effective way to prevent these "viral spillovers"?
The constant spillover of viruses from natural host animals to humans is due to human activities, including agriculture practices and urbanization. The most effective way to prevent these viral spillovers is to maintain barriers between natural reservoirs and human societies.
The coronavirus has a ______ sense, _______ stranded, ___ genome. A. positive, single, RNA B. positive, double, RNA C. negative, single, RNA D. negative, double, DNA
The coronavirus has a (positive) sense, (single) stranded, (RNA) genome.
Where is one major location of genetic variation in SARS-CoV that contributes to the difference in viral pathogenesis? a. The difference in orf8 accessory genes in bat strains b The gene that is responsible for expressing envelope proteins c. The difference in the gene that expresses the ACE2 receptor d. None of the above
The difference in orf8 accessory genes in bat strains
What is the current status of approved vaccines for CoV? A. There are no current approved vaccines B. There is now a FDA-approved RNA vaccine C. There is a vaccine meant for bats but none that work for humans D. There are over 5 approved vaccines that are fully effective for all versions of CoV and the disease may soon be wiped out
There is now a FDA-approved RNA vaccine
A key characteristic of coronavirus positioning it for widespread outbreaks is: A.) a high mutation rate leading to constant evolution in the virus's genome B.) the large stretch of hyper conserved regions that have identified the most effective proteins for entering human cells C.) the vertical transmission of coronavirus among Aedes albopictus, resulting in far more infectious mosquitoes in the wild D.) the double stranded, negative sense RNA which targets immune cells thus avoiding both detection and destruction by the host's immune response
a high mutation rate leading to constant evolution in the virus's genome
Which of the following genera of Coronavirinae can ONLY infect mammals. (Select all that apply) a. Alphacoronavirus b. Betacoronavirus c. Gammacoronavirus d. Deltacoronavirus
a. Alphacoronavirus & b. Betacoronavirus
The Human Coronaviruses HCV 229E/ OC43/ HKU1, which typically cause mild upper respiratory tract infections, typically cause more severe infections in which of the following age groups? (select all) a. infants b. adolescents c. teen- young adults d. middle aged e. the elderly
a. infants & e. the elderly
Which of the following is true regarding coronavirus? a. mortality rate is <1% b. viral particles are roughly 80-120 nm in diameter c. mortality rate is ~10% d. possesses single-stranded (-) RNA genome e. Largest RNA virus genome in nature
a. mortality rate is <1% b. viral particles are roughly 80-120 nm in diameter e. Largest RNA virus genome in nature
A characteristic of Corona Virus Emergence includes: A. high mutation rate B. high rates of RNA recombination C. rapidly gains capacity to replicate efficiently D. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a genus of the Nidovirales family? A. Arterivirdae B. Coronaviridaue C. Mesoniviridae D. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the onset of a pandemic? A. a novel virus B. animal reservoirs C. superspreading events D. international air traffic
animal reservoirs
What is the mutation rate for CoV according to the lecture? A. around 10^-4 to 10-6 B. around 10^-2 to 10^-4 C. around 10^9 to 10^12 D. around 10^4 to 10^6
around 10^-4 to 10-6
Which of the following conclusions can be made from the SARSr-CoV strains based on information from the coronavirus article we read to supplement the class lecture? (Please select all that apply) a) The SARS-CoV strains that affect humans and civets are progenitors to the bat SARSr-CoV strains b) SARSr-CoV interacts with the ACE2 receptor just like other coronaviruses c) Even though they were identified in bats, the SARSr-CoV strains can evolve to cross the barrier between humans and bats d) The bat SARSr-CoV strains can bind to human ACE2 and produce MORE severe symptoms than the epidemic strains of SARS-CoV
b) SARSr-CoV interacts with the ACE2 receptor just like other coronaviruses & c) Even though they were identified in bats, the SARSr-CoV strains can evolve to cross the barrier between humans and bats
Identify the Coronavirus strain that experienced a truncation in its receptor binding motif after mutation. A. hTor02 B. cHb05 C. bHKU3 D. hHae08
bHKU3
What virus is not a category under the genus coronaviridae? a. alpha coronaviruses b. beta coronaviruses c. delta coronaviruses d. gamma coronaviruses
delta coronaviruses
Which of the following does not fall under the overarching genus of Coronaviridae? A. alpha coronaviruses B. beta coronaviruses C. delta coronaviruses D. gamma coronaviruses
delta coronaviruses
The N protein in the Corona Virus structure is a: A. specialized ligand B. packaged protein C. helical nucleocapsid D. glycoprotein spike
helical nucleocapsid
Which of the following are correct regarding coronaviruses: i- pigs are the major natural reservoir for coronaviruses ii- civets are an intermediate host iii- gamma- and delta corona can infect mammals, but primarily infect birds IV- Delta and beta corona viruses usually cause respiratory illness in humans and gastroenteritis in animals V- Coronaviruses are in the order Nidovirales
ii- civets are an intermediate host iii- gamma- and delta corona can infect mammals, but primarily infect birds V- Coronaviruses are in the order Nidovirales
Which of the following contribute to the rapidly evolving occurrence of Coronaviruses? A. causes mild diseases only, so infected individuals interact more readily with one another. B. novel replication strategy encode novel gene functions that antagonize host antiviral defense pathways. C. readily infects young and healthy populations, who are more likely to spread the virus. D. although therapeutics have been developed, the general public is largely against using them.
novel replication strategy encode novel gene functions that antagonize host antiviral defense pathways.
Which is FALSE about coronavirus particle and entry? a. +ssRNA genome b. smallest RNA virus genome in nature c. helical nucleocapsid d. enveloped e. 80-120 nm in diameter
smallest RNA virus genome in nature
What derivation of protein is on the exterior of coronavirus? A. smooth protein B. spike protein C. Jak protein D. ACE2 protein
spike protein
SARS- CoVs and bat SARSr- CoVs mainly vary in three regions. Which of the following is one of these three regions? A) S B) ORF8 C) ORF3 D) two of the above are correct regions E) three of the above are correct regions
three of the above are correct regions
According to figure 2, which of the two coronavirus have unknown intermediate hosts? 1. HCoV-NL63 2. HVoC-OC43 3. HVoC-229E 4.HCoV-HKU1
un-answered