corrections- ch.1&2
Non-incarceration sentences include economic sanctions, probation, and intermediate sanctions.
True
The amount of money directed to criminal justice agencies has decreased greatly in recent years.
False
The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and on parole has decreased significantly.
False
The police, the courts, and judges make up the three major components of the criminal justice system.
False
The presentence investigation is not intended to assist courts in the sentencing decision.
False
Mental health courts are merely drug courts handling the mentally ill.
False
Recidivism is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime.
False
The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes
False
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required?
8th
For which of the following is a presentence investigation used? A.) evaluating a plea bargain deal agreed to by defense and prosecution B.) providing details solely in misdemeanor cases C.) initiating a plea bargain deal D.) determining the amount of bail
A
In presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge? A.) reasons for leniency B.) that capital punishment is appropriate C.) reasons to increase punishment D.) that the felon is a third-time offender
A
Which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system?
Auburn system
The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following? A.) silence B.)Working with other inmates C.)Reformation of Inmates D.) Seperation
B
Which of the following is NOT a sentencing option? A.) probation B.)Parole C.) capital punishment D.) community services
B
Which of the following is included in a presentence investigation? A.) a list of sentences from similar cases B.) the range of allowable sanctions C.) information about the prosecution D.) the offenders final sentence
B
Which of the following sentencing options authorized in state penal codes requires an offender to pay a fine or do community service in exchange for a waiver on jail time? A.) short-time confinement B.) economic sanctions C.) capital punishment D.) imprisonment
B
Which of the following statements is true of the walnut street jail? A.)Prisoners were allowed to congregate during the day to work in factories to improve the products of goods. B.)Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison. C.)It was an architectural nightmare D.) It introduced the idea of releasing offenders on a condition basis
B
What percentage completion of sentence does the truth in sentencing reform require? A.)65 B.)95 C.)85 D.) 50
C
Which of the following accurately describes plea bargaining? A.) Plea bargaining is an agreement in which the plaintiff refuses to plead guilty in exchange for a compensation B.)Plea bargaining is a contract in which the plaintiff pleads guilty in exchange for reduced compensation C.) Plea bargaining is an agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence D.) Plea bargaining is a contract in which the defendant refuses to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.
C
Which of the following is a pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing? A.) plea bargaining B.) release on recognizance C.) bail D.) surety
C
Which 18th century theorist is recognized as the founder of the classical school of criminology?
Cesare Beccaria
Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages evolution?
Cesare Lombroso
Which of the following is a reason why states have adopted sentencing guidelines? A.)guidelines discourage the use of planners for predicting the number of inmates in prisons. B.) guidelines increase prison jobs by promoting harsh sentences for minor offenses C.) guidelines relieve judges of the burden of providing written explanations for their decisions D.)guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.
D
Which of the following is NOT a goal of mental health courts? A.) improving the quality of life for participants B.) increasing public safety by reducing criminal activity by mentally ill individuals C.) increasing the treatment of mentally ill individuals D.) stopping the use of communities to treat mentally ill individuals
D
A crime that is punishable by less than one year of incarceration is a felony.
False
Fewer than 30 percent of felony cases result in a guilty plea by the defendant, and instead go to trial.
False
Good time is used only in determinate sentences because it allows inmates to reduce the jail term until their eligibility for release.
False
In the United States, the rate of imprisonment decreased by almost 20 percent between 1980 and 2009.
False
There is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction.
False
Under mandatory minimum sentences, the sentencing judge may impose a sentence of probation, assess a fine, or suspend the prison sentence as long as a reason is given.
False
Which type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration?
Felony
Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act?
Jeremy Bentham
Whose efforts in jail reform led to the passing of the Penitentiary Act in 1779?
John Howard
Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
Reformatory Era
Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
The Classical School of Criminology
What is specific deterrence?
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes.
Most states require presentence investigations for felony cases that allow the possibility of probation.
True
Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control?
The positive school
What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era?
The professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management
Most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers.
True
By the beginning of the 20th century, preparation for release was considered an important part of the prison experience, and correctional systems provided programs to prepare inmates for the community transition.
True
Historically, the presentence investigation was shorter, factual with opinion, and designed to avoid legal challenges by the defense.
True
In 1994, California restricted the definition of three-strikes laws to exclude some second-felony offenders.
True
The Walnut Street Jail had the reformation of the offender as its primary objective.
True
The criminal justice system has made many adjustments to involve victims in the process of sentencing criminals.
True
Under the medical model, offenders were believed to be "sick," inflicted with problems that caused their criminality.
True
general deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts, and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments.
True
What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the united states called?
Walnut street jail
How do correctional agencies fulfill their mission? 1.) By imprisoning offenders who receive a sentence of incarceration from the courts 2.) By assisting courts in the division to grant bail 3.) By supervising offenders in the community under court jurisdiction
all of the above
Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system? 1.) It had low productivity 2.)It was expensive 3.) It made inmates mentally ill
all of the above