Corrections Chapter 12

According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, a black male born in 2001 has a ______ chance of going to jail.

1 in 3

According to Bill Quigley and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, since 1970, drug arrests have skyrocketed from 320,000 to close to ______.

1.6 million

According to the U.S. Sentencing Commission, black inmates serve ______ longer than white inmates for the same crime.

10%

The ______ Amendment, adopted in 1865, ended slavery.

13th

Federal sentences for possession of crack cocaine are harsher than those for possession of powder cocaine by a factor of ______.

18 to 1

African Americans constitute about ______ of state inmates.

35%

Between the Civil War and World War II, there were approximately ______ lynching in the southern United States.

4,000

There are ______ federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States.

566

In 2009, there were ______ jails in India.

80

According to Quigley, ______ of the police stops made by the New York Police Department have been of blacks and Latinos.

80%

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, there are currently ______ hate groups in the United States.

917

The genotyping of the whole human race indicates that our species likely originated in ______.

Africa

Slavery of ______ was practiced almost from the settling of the United States.

African Americans

______ are less likely than other races to participate in sentencing alternatives such as probation.

African Americans

In studies on victimization in prisons, ______.

African Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates

With regard to incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their representation in the general population?

Asian Americans

The first restrictive immigration law in the United States targeted immigrants from ______.

China

______ is the treatment of one group differently and unfairly by governmental agencies.

Disparity

______ is the differences between groups of people based on culture.

Ethnicity

According to the Supreme Court, law enforcement officials are not required to verify immigration status

False

Americans are more than willing to recognize the existence of a class system in the United States

False

Asian Americans in prison are most likely to report sexual or physical violence by either staff or an inmate

False

Asian Americans tend to be overrepresented in federal facilities in relation to their representation in the general population

False

During WWII, over 100,000 German Americans were put in internment camps

False

In the history of Mexican Americans, they were forcibly made part of the northern states in America

False

Larger Native American reservations do not have their own jails

False

Race is essentially the same as ethnicity

False

Sentences for crack cocaine possession are now proportionate to sentences for powder cocaine possession.

False

The internment of Japanese American families was not based on racist-tinged beliefs

False

The term Hispanic includes non-white Asians

False

The term Native Americans was coined by Christopher Columbus

False

The war on drugs reduced the disproportionate representation of minorities in correctional institutions.

False

The largest subgroup of Hispanics or Latinos in the United States are ______.

Mexican Americans

Christopher Columbus, mistakenly believing he was in India, named this group of people in error.

Native Americans

The ______ administration facilitated the war on drugs.

Reagan

The ______ administration initiated the war on crack cocaine.

Reagan

Which court case is widely regarded as an early example of a gross miscarriage of justice and as emblematic of the way African Americans have been treated in racist sectors of this country?

Scottsboro v. Alabama

______ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizational organizations.

The war on drugs

"Driving while black or brown" refers to the police practice of focusing law enforcement on black- or brown-skinned drivers

True

Chinese labor was crucial to the construction of the first continental railroad

True

Discrimination and disparity are different things

True

Historically, in some parts of the United States, minority group members have been more likely to be incarcerated when they were innocent.

True

Much like the Chinese, Japanese immigrants provided cheap labor

True

Preventing African Americans from voting was a key part of Jim Crow laws

True

Race and traditions of discrimination toward African Americans have stymied their ability to assimilate

True

Slavery was a lucrative business for ship owners in the colonial United States in both the North and South.

True

The Scottsboro case exemplified the racist attitudes of communities

True

The implementation of the war on drugs has led to the erosion of civil liberties protections regarding search and evidence.

True

The legacy of racism runs long and deep in the United States

True

The war on drugs was initiated by President Nixon.

True

The internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps occurred during ______.

World War II

Which of the following is a way that discrimination is linked to law?

all of these

The concept of ethnicity is based on ______.

culture

The term Hispanic ______.

designates an ethnic group that spans many races and nations of origin, to the point that it may not be descriptive

Discrimination is ______.

differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to their behavior or qualifications

Treating a group of people differently because of who they are rather than because of their abilities or actions is called ______.

discrimination

Racism is ______.

discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

DWB stands for ______.

driving while black or brown

Ethnic groups ______.

have distinct cultures

In recent years, the number of minorities working in corrections has ______.

increased

In some parts of the country, minority group members were more likely to be incarcerated when they were ______.

innocent

Racism practiced by many, if not most, institutional members in criminal justice and other organizations is known as ______.

institutional racism

Crouch (1993) argued that blacks might be more able to accept prison and adjust to it because they are ______.

more likely to know someone who is housed in prison with them

It was not until the ______ that African American and white inmates were treated more similarly.

prisoner rights movement

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, reduced the population of minority groups in correctional populations using a ______ approach.

public health

The skin color and features of a group of people are referred to as ______.

race

Writer and inmate Victor Hassine (2009), serving a life sentence since 1980, commented that ______.

race has been an integral part of his experience of prison life

Race is categorized based on ______.

skin color

Racial profiling research has indicated ______.

that police officers tend to stop older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and minority group members

Following ______, correctional institutions in the South were devised to maintain the slavery system with newly freed and often unemployed blacks.

the Civil War

Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ______.

the hiring of minorities and women has increased

Disparity is ______.

the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups

Michelle Alexander claimed that ______ is the new Jim Crow.

the war on drugs

In Arizona v. United States (2012), the Supreme Court ______.

upheld the requirement that law enforcement verify immigration status during stops

Jim Crow laws ______.

were devised by Southern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life