Corrections - Exam 2

Day Reporting & District Resource Centers (DRC)

Reporting & District Resource Centers (DRC) • Nonresidential programs for parolees • Offer services for first 6 months for parolees recently released • While parolee looks for job during day, classes offered at night --Substance abuse counseling, anger management, cognitive-behavioral approaches

Therapeutic Community (Challenges)

Therapeutic Community (Challenges) • Low program completion rate --25%-85% new residents drop out in first 30 days --Residents must be thoroughly educated in first 30 days • Shaming & humiliation methods criticized for ineffectiveness in changing behavior --Extra chores/duties, wearing dunce cap, shaving one's head

Therapeutic Community (Effectiveness)

Therapeutic Community (Effectiveness) • Evidence shows: participation in TC lowers drug use, criminal behavior, unemployment, depression • Residential drug treatment more effective than outpatient treatment

Drug Court (Typical Experience)

• 1 year in length, 4 phases • Phase 1 --Full time inpatient treatment, or 12 hours outpatient treatment per week --Detoxification through acupuncture, UA, group/individual counseling • Progression into next phases as reward --Levels gradually taper down to less intensive outpatient treatment --Phase 4 must be completed before graduation • May repeat phase if relapse (or program terminated)

Offenders Addicted to Drugs/Alcohol

• 1/2 offender under influence of drugs/alcohol during commission of crime or substance abuse contributed in some way • More helpful/effective than punishment alone

Work Ethic Camp

• 120-day alternative to prison that teaches job skills & decision making using a cognitive-behavioral approach, followed by intensive supervision probation • Cost per day is expensive, but duration of stay is half that of cost to incarcerate • Similar to halfway house in that it combines: work & treatment --Job-readiness skills, decision-making skills, life skills (money management)

Sex Offenders (Containment Supervision Approach)

• 2-4 face-to-face contacts between officer & probationer per month • 2 probationer home-and-computer searches per month • Thorough mental health evaluation • Weekly cognitive-behavioral group therapy & individual counseling • Regular staffing with treatment provider & polygraph examiner • Sharing info on regular basis between POs & treatment providers

Day Reporting Centers (DRCs)

• 3-phase outpatient programs in which offenders report daily to central location for treatment programs, itinerary, and random drug testing • Used for: defendants on pretrial release, convicted offenders on P&P, P&P violators as increased sanction • All resources in one place, low staff to offender ratio • Most exist in states that don't have intensive probation • Accept high-risk offenders, capacity ranges from 40-2,000 per day • Nonresidential version of halfway house (same services, but offender lives at home) • Sentences to DRCs range from 40 days to 12 months (average 6 months) • More costly than traditional or intensive P&P, but cost less than residential treatment or incarceration --1/4 offenders pay for their own DRC treatment

Sex Offenders (Supervision)

• 60% of all sex offenders under supervision in community • Generally low recidivism rates, but longer periods of supervision than other offender • Laws that regulate sex offenders: mandatory treatment, polygraphs, increased supervision, public notification, civil commitment, chemical castration • Supervision takes lots of training, time, resources to find suitable housing, conduct home/employment visits, & monitoring • Attempt to assure PO into thinking they are compliant and everything is fine

Parole Board

• Administrative body empowered to: --Decide when individual prisoners should be released --Determine any special conditions of parole supervision --Successfully discharge a parolee when conditions have been met --Determine whether parole should be revoked if conditions are violated • Members are appointed by: governor or director of DOC --Must be confirmed by legislature • Term ranges from 3-7 years

Regressed Pedophile

• Age appropriate victims • Impulsive - statutory rape • Less continuous/not preoccupied • Less alcohol/drug related • Many are married or with age appropriate people

Mentally Ill Offenders (Outpatient Community Clinics)

• Allow mentally impaired offenders who are not danger to themselves/others to avoid harmful incarcerative environment • Most successful when services begin immediately following arrest or residential treatment • After arrest & ROR, offender voluntarily expresses interest in program & officer drives them to clinic for psychological evaluation • Reduces the likelihood of future arrests

Veterans Courts

• Allows military service members a diversionary alternative to criminal conviction if they comply with counseling/medication & agree to permanently stop drug/alcohol abuse • 6.3% of arrestees are military veterans • Must have been honorably discharged, must be misdemeanor • Undergo: weekly drug testing & treatment, mentorship, incentives for compliance --If conditions are met, offense is expunged from criminal record

House Arrest (Opportunities)

• Allows offenders to keep working and support their families without incarceration

House Arrest (Purposes)

• Alternative to incarceration for pretrial detainees • Means of easing jail overcrowding while ensuring court appearance • More restrictive form of probation

Zebulon Brockway

• American prison reformer who introduced modern correctional methods, including parole, to Elmira Reformatory in New York in 1876 • Grading inmates on conduct/achievement, compulsory education, careful selection for parole • Volunteer citizens supervised parolees

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Ankle device worn by offender that transmits signals to GPS satellites • Exact locations (tracking points) are stored in microprocessor unit within ankle device or separate receiver carried by offender • Tracking point data downloaded through active or passive GPS • Centralized database records: exact location continuously through day or night • PO can access centralized database via laptop • Intended mostly for sex-offenders --High-risk sex offenders may be required to wear GPS for life

Supervision of Substance Abuse Offenders (Obstacles Faced by PO)

• Assigning quality drug treatment programs to trained staff • Ability to refer client to community-based program (due to lack of space availability) • Limited ability to keep clients in mandatory treatment • Relapse after intensive treatment ends (events, thought patterns, or stressful situations can trigger substance abuse)

Sex Offender Registration Laws

• Assist police in investigating sex crimes and allow public to know identity & location of convicted sex offenders in their area • Any sex offense that occurred after 1998 must be registered --Supreme court ruled it does not: violate due process, right to privacy, ex post facto • States vary on how long sex offenders remain on the registry • 3 tiers, higher tiers must update information more often • 780,000 sex offenders in U.S., 100,000 missing from registry

Relapse Prevention

• Attempts to maintain the changes brought about during the treatment process through applying coping skills to stressful situations • Experts recommend graduated sanctions tailored to treatment plan, instead of revocation to prison

Sex Offenders (Supervision Restrictions)

• Blood & saliva samples to create DNA bank • Prohibition of pornography • Restricting internet access to certain chat rooms & websites • Prohibition of patronizing sex-oriented business • Exclusion from child safety zones

Prerelease Plan

• Case-management summary which is submitted to a parole officer in cases of automatic release • Contents: --Institutional conduct/disciplinary action --Program participation while in prison --Plans for housing ----IPO interview prisoner to document where & who they will be living with ----Different field parole officer then interviews household members & checks if it is acceptable place to live ----Forced to live with existing friend/relative b/c they don't have money for rent/deposit --Job leads or specific employment --Amount of money in savings

Surety Bond

• Certificate signed by a principal & a third party promising to pay in the event the assured suffers damages or losses because an employee fails to perform as agreed • Decision to write or deny a bond rests with insurance company, which often will refuse to bond people with felony record • Way around this problem = apply for fidelity bonding coverage --Federal Bonding Program used as incentive for employers to hire employees at risk

Collateral Consequences

• Civil and/or political rights that are lost temporarily in some cases, or permanently in others following a felony conviction • States vary in the number of legal barriers imposed upon ex-felons

Itinerary (Important for 2 Reasons)

• Clients learn how to plan their days in advance • DRCs can monitor where clients are when random phone calls are placed via computer

Reentry Courts

• Collaborative, team-based program that aims to improve the link between parole supervision & treatment providers to help recent parolees become stabilized • Identify and begin to work with offenders prior to release, but ultimately begin after release from prison • Offender has structured court appointments with reentry team --Coordinates: job training, housing, substance abuse treatment, transportation --Use judges, court hearings, graduated sanctions

Denial of Higher Education Financial Aid

• College students convicted of drug offense in past year ineligible to receive federal financial aid • IRS refuses tax credit claim for tuition during conviction year --Can have aid reinstated after completion of drug rehabilitation treatment program

Retention Rates

• Combined total of successful program completers and active program enrollees compared to the total number admitted to drug court

Drug Courts (Evaluation of Drug Courts)

• Completion rates = 29% - 43% • Saves money over traditional court processing • More effective with drug users, than alcohol/DWI offenders

Just Deserts

• Concept that the goal of corrections should be to punish offender b/c they deserve to be punished & that punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of an offense

Medical Model

• Concept that, given proper care & treatment, criminals can be cured to become productive, law-abiding citizens • Suggests that people commit crimes b/c influences beyond their control, such as: poverty, injustice, racism • Mechanism for accomplishing: indeterminate sentence & parole

Child Safety Zones

• Condition of probation or parole whereby the offender is not allowed within a certain range of places where children typically congregate such as schools, day care centers, and playgrounds

Mandatory Release

• Conditional release under determinate sentence in which inmate enters community automatically at expiration of maximum term minus good time • Use has increased over time • When released, many inmates are not prepared

Discretionary Release

• Conditional release under indeterminate sentence in which parole board decides prisoner has earned the privilege while still remaining under supervision • Use has decreased over time (now only 24-39%)

Security-Oriented Staff

• Conduct population counts • Search people & belongings for contraband • Sign clients in/out of facility • Dispense medications & Antabuse • Conduct breathalyzers & UA

Residential Community Correctional Facility (RCCF)

• Convicted offender lives at a corrections facility and must be employed, but can leave facility for limited purpose & duration if preapproved • Ex: halfway house, prerelease center, restitution center, drug-treatment facilities, work-release center

Justice Model

• Correctional practice based on the concept of just deserts & even-handed punishment • Calls for fairness in criminal sentencing so that all people convicted of a similar offense receive a like sentence • Relies on determinate sentencing and/or abolition of parole

Marks System

• Created by: Alexander Maconochie • System of human motivation organized that granted credits for good behavior & hard work and took away marks for negative behavior • Convicts used the credits or marks to purchase either goods or time (a reduction in sentence) • Duration of sentence determined by: good conduct, not time

Gang Offenders (Strategies for Supervision)

• Creating profiles for officer use --Profiles of gang members for PO before release from prison --Gang history, tattoos • Information exchange with law enforcement • Mentoring at-risk youth • Checking chat rooms

Irish System

• Developed in Ireland by Sir Walter Crofton (borrowed from Maconochie's experience on Norfolk Island) • System that involved graduated levels of institutional control leading up to release under conditions similar to modern parole --Closer supervision & control than ticket-of-leave in England • 3 levels: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentence, ticket-of-leave • Prisoner classification determined by marks earned from good conduct & achievement in education/industry

Penile Plethysmograph

• Device that measures erectile responses to male sex offenders to determine level of sexual arousal to various types of stimuli • Used for assessment & treatment purposes --Identify the genders & ages to whom a sex offender is attracted • Also used to track how treatment is progressing

Mental Health Courts

• Diversion program for mentally ill defendants in which a judge, prosecutor, defense attorney, mental health provider, & PO play proactive roles and monitor the progress of offender • Participants identified during jail booking through mental health screening --Jail diversion coordinator receives message when client meets criteria • Participants receive fewer: new charges & arrests • Courts must have successful community partnership with service providers • Takes twice as long to start treatment compared to offender convicted through traditional criminal courts --But mental health court participants receive treatment at higher rate

Drug Courts

• Diversion program in which judge, prosecutor, defense attorney, & PO play proactive roles & monitor the progress of clients through weekly visits (every 2-4 weeks) to a courtroom, using graduated sanctions --Work together with treatment provider to allow informal & direct interaction • Currently 2,000 adult, 500 juvenile drug courts • 1/2 are pre-adjudication (successful completion = charges dismissed) --If they withdraw/fail = charged & tried for original offense --Post-adjudication = sentence remains, but defendants stays out of jail

Alternative/Problem Solving Courts

• Drug Courts • DWI Courts • Mental Health Courts • Veteran Courts • Family Courts • Domestic Violence Courts • Gun Courts

Substance Abuse Treatment (Modalities)

• Drug education • Aftercare, relapse prevention, AA • Outpatient group and individual sessions • Short-term inpatient • Long-term therapeutic community

Parole Hearings (Legal Issues)

• Due process not an issue in parole b/c it is privilege not a right (Menechino v. Oswald) • Minimum due process requirements (Greenholtz v. Inmates) --Prisoner must be informed of why parole was denied --Prisoner must receive notice one month prior to parole hearing date • Do not have right to counsel (lawyer may attend, but cannot speak/represent) • May not deny parole for false, insufficient, or capricious reasons • Not subject to judicial review if in accordance with statutory guidelines

Equal Opportunity Commission Policy

• Employers cannot use blanket exclusion policy of all felony applicants --Applicant cannot be excluded solely because of felony conviction, unless exclusions could be shown to be necessary to that business & particular job • Some states passed laws that prohibit asking about convictions on initial application unless required by particular job

Parole (Contemporary Functions)

• Enforcing restrictions & controls on parolees in the community • Providing services that help parolees integrate into a noncriminal lifestyle • Increasing the public's level of confidence in the effectiveness & responsiveness of parole services • Other functions: --Prison population control --Saving medical costs

Supervision-Oriented DRC

• Ensure that clients are abiding by rules, enforce accountability through itineraries, keep clients busy so they don't have opportunity to commit crime • Utilize drug testing and EM

Work Release (Evaluations)

• Evidence is scant • Some studies find that it reduces recidivism • Cheaper than prison

Inclusion Zones

• Exact locations (such as employment, school, appointment) where offender is required to be at certain time • Determined by crime & work schedule

Exclusion Zones

• Exact locations an offender is prohibited from being in/near • Determined by crime & work schedule • Offenders average 3-4 alerts per month • Ex: casino, residence/workplace of victim

Denial of Welfare

• Federal law denies food stamps & welfare benefits to anyone convicted of possession/sale of controlled substance --States allowed to modify ban as they see fit

Loss of Right to Own or Possess a Firearm

• Federal law prohibits convicted felons from possessing, shipping, transporting, or receiving any firearms or ammunition • Also prohibits: anybody convicted in any court of domestic violence (misdemeanor) • Some states allow restrictions to be restored • Federal law prevails over state law in firearms regulation

Collateral Consequences (Examples)

• Finding Employment • Loss of Right to Vote • Loss of right to Own or Possess a Firearm • Loss of Government Benefits for Drug Offenders • Loss of Parental Rights (for felony offenders) • Losses in Court

Transportation

• Forced exile of convicted criminals • England transported convicted criminals to the American colonies until the Revolutionary War and afterwards to Australia

Expiration

• Form of release from prison after 100% of the sentence has been served behind bars and there is no post-prison supervision

Boot Camp

• Form of shock incarceration that involves military-style regimen designed to instill discipline in young offenders • Instructors attempt to break down old habits/attitudes & build them back up into respectful young men • Use group rewards & punishments to encourage participants to work together • Services: drug/alcohol education, individual/group counseling, vocational/educational training, anger management, • Exist inside state prisons or as stand-alone community facilities • Wake up early, typically last 90-180 days

Parole D'honneur

• French for "word of honor" which the English world "parole" is derived

Parole Board (Additional Functions)

• Granting furloughs • Reviewing pardons & executive clemency decisions made by governor • Restoring civil rights to ex-offenders • Granting reprieves in death sentence cases

Remote Location Monitoring

• Handheld portable devices intercept an offender's transmitter signals to enable officer to randomly drive by residence/workplace and verify location of offender without stopping to see him in person

Parole Hearings (Admissible Evidence)

• Hearsay evidence • DNA evidence informally sent by LE that matches them with earlier crime not prosecuted for (does not convict or add time to sentence)

Halfway House (Female Offenders)

• Ideal candidate for RCCF b/c they are nonviolent property/drug offenders • RCCF that address gender-specific issues --Children can live in facility with them • Job seeking skills, educational or job placement, parenting classes, substance abuse treatment, monthly budgeting

Victim Impact Statement (Contents)

• Identifies relationship between victim/offender • Physical injury • Psychological/emotional injury • Lost time from work (financial losses) • Harassment from offender (victim-witness tampering = automatic prison term) • Recommendation for sentencing or special conditions • Does victim want to testify

Loss of Government Benefits for Drug Offenders

• If offender is incarcerated, government stops payments for social security, unemployment, & welfare are temporarily stopped --Medicaid & Medicare are stopped temporarily until release --Offender must reapply upon release • Offenders convicted of drug offense lose SSI and SSDI if their disability is alcohol/drug dependence • Denial of higher education financial aid • Denial of welfare • Denial of public housing

Unsupervised Work Release

• Incarcerated in jail from 6 pm - 6 am • Every morning offender is release out door to ride bus to work • After leaving work at 5 pm, they have 60 min. to return to jail • Must submit paycheck stub or documented hours worked

Prerelease Plan (Advantages)

• Increases offender's chances of parole b/c it solidifies living arrangements & work opportunities • Saves time during parole board hearing • Ties to a community will likely increase an offender's success on parole & make it less likely offender will return to crime

Therapeutic Community vs. Drug Courts

• Initial point of intervention --TC: post-adjudication only --DC: pre-adjudication or post-adjudication • Type of addiction --TC: long-term polydrug addiction --DC: moderate addiction • Type of program --TC: residential/impatient --DC: nonresidential/outpatient

Drug Courts (Eligibility)

• Initial substance abuse assessment determines eligibility for program participation • Nonviolent drug offender with moderate substance abuse problem • Misdemeanant or felon, voluntarily agree to participate

Mentally Ill Offenders (Community-Based Residential Facilities)

• Inpatient alternative to jail for offenders who need more structure but are not ready for outpatient services, probation, or parole • Mentally ill offenders with alcohol problem more likely to recidivate than mentally ill offenders without alcohol problem

Real-Time Access

• Instant and immediate access via a supervising officer's Internet connection to pinpoint an exact location of an offender using GPS monitoring with a 30-second delay (as opposed to other GPS devices that have a significantly longer delay before a location can be determined)

Home-Based Electronic Monitoring

• Intermittent or continuous radio frequency signal transmitted through a landline telephone or wireless unit into a receiver that determines whether an offender is at home • Ankle device worn by offender that transmits signals to RECEIVER located at HOME • Home-based RECEIVER stores & downloads information to centralized database • Centralized database records: when offender arrived home, how long at home, what time they left

Sir Walter Crofton

• Irish prison reformer who established an early system of parole based on Maconochie's experiments with a mark system

Mentally Ill Offenders (Supervision)

• Jails & prisons have become largest mental health institution --Only exacerbate mental conditions • Cost of confining inmate to special housing is 2.5 times greater than regular inmate • 16% of probationers, 5%-10% of parolees have serious mental illness that requires medication/therapy • Pose special challenge b/c supervising officers do not have training in mental health disorders • Most are not violent, need medication --When off medication they may self-medicate or turn to criminal activity

Case Managers

• Job duties similar to PO (administer rehabilitation & punishment) • Assess clients risks/needs, devise plan to meet needs, assist client with adjustment problems, teach drug/alcohol classes • Document progress, prepare pre-release plans, make recommendations to parole board for revocation, attend parole board hearings • Role conflict: treatment/rehabilitation & punishment/reprimand --High burnout rate among staff

Halfway House (Evaluations)

• Key: stable employment & substance abuse counseling • Most effective programs use cognitive-behavioral treatments • More effective when facility located in affluent counties • More effective with high-risk offenders

Child Advocacy Center

• Kids come, get interviewed • Forensic investigator - get facts, not trying to prove anything

Alexander Maconochie

• Known as: father of parole • Served as governor of the penal colony on Norfolk Island, off the coast of Australia • Instituted the system of early release that was the forerunner of modern parole

Ticket-of-Leave

• License or permit given to a convict as a reward for good conduct that allowed him to go at large and work before expiration of sentence, subject to certain restrictions & revocable upon subsequent misconduct • A forerunner of parole

EM/GPS (Concerns of Offenders)

• Limitations on spontaneity • Loss of control/freedom • Suffering of shame • Family problems from constantly being at home • Offenders have raised legal/constitutional issues, but courts have consistently rejected

Halfway House (Offender Rules)

• Live in one's facility --When not at work: do chores, community services, classes/counseling --Regular drug testing & breathalyzers • Be employed (or working part time & going to school) • Keep current on rent (offender is charged per daily stay to subsidize cost to taxpayers) • Be approved to leave one's facility for reasons other than work --Depends on good behavior, limited to certain duration, purpose, & curfew

Maximum Eligibility Date

• Longest amount of time that can be served before an inmate must be released by law • Offender has "maxed out" his/her sentence

GPS (Limitations)

• Loss of GPS signal --Radio frequency EM better option in rural and some urban areas • Short battery life • Cost

Electronic Monitoring and GPS for Each Risk Level

• Low risk --Home-based EM, Radio Frequency EM --Contact frequency: programmed or random --Verification: phone call & voice verification • Medium risk --Passive GPS --Contact frequency: intermittent --Verification: GPS signals emitted once every 15-20 min. • High risk --Active GPS --Contact frequency: continuous --Verification: GPS signals once every 2-3 minutes; exclusion/inclusions zones; video camera at home

DRC (Completion Rates)

• Lower completion rates compared to other community-based programs (50% terminated in with 4-6 months) --DRCs accept higher risk offenders • Termination higher for supervision-oriented DRCs --Result of: level of supervision & type of offender admitted to program • Focus on employment & transitional housing increased program completion

Collateral Consequences (Reasons for Removing Civil Rights)

• Maintain public confidence in courts system, public officers, government • Narrow taxpayer dollars to law abiding citizens --Cut law-breakers off from: welfare, pensions, student financial aid • Increasing public safety

Community Notification Laws

• Make info about sex offenders available upon request to individuals & require P&P departments, LE agencies, or prosecutor offices to disseminate info about released offenders to community at large • Secondary way of informing public of who is sex offender • Studies show they create feelings of fear, rather than safety

Post-Prison Supervision (Types)

• Mandatory Release • Discretionary Release

Occupational License Limitations

• Many jobs require license to practice or work • Obtaining a license requires that licensee possess "good moral character" --Totality of virtues that form the basis of one's reputation in a community • Licensing agency regard conviction has not having good moral character

Prerelease Facility

• Minimum-security residential program that houses inmates who have earned such a privilege through good institutional conduct & who are nearing their release date (within 2 years) • Provide: job readiness, education, housing assistance • Helps with financial pressure (living expenses & court costs, restitution, child support) • Ex: halfway house, work release • Some states utilize these more than others (Washington = 30-40% of inmates)

DRC (Predictors of Success/Failure)

• More time spent in DRC reduces likelihood of rearrest or reincarceration --Ideal time spent is 70-120 days • Employment, criminal history, age

Gang Offenders

• Most are young (12-17) • More extensive criminal histories & associate with people who are involved in criminal activity --Thus, significantly more likely to be rearrested for drug/violent crimes

Jail/Prison-Based Work Release

• Much more restrictive than halfway house (specified purpose & specified duration) • Broad definition can include: traditional work release, weekender programs, pretrial programs • Weekend jail program --Report to jail by 7pm Friday, stay until 7pm Sunday, but live & work regularly during the week • Earnings of inmates are collected by jail/prison agency • Use iris recognition to ensure correct offenders exit jai leach day • May be: supervised or unsupervised • Warrant issued if inmate leaves work site or does not return on time • Useful sentence for first-time offenders

Parolee (Characteristics)

• NE region of U.S. = lowest rate of incarceration, highest parole rates --S region of U.S. = highest rate of incarceration, lowest parole rates • 89% male, 11% female • 41% white, 39% black, 18% Hispanic • 44% parolees successfully complete -- 3/10 fail due to technical violations --1/10 fail due to law violations

Designated Sex Offender

• Not currently under supervision for sex offense, but still receive supervision of sex offender • 4 circumstances/reasons: --Offense was pled down to non-sex offense -- Offense was sexually motivated --Prior sex offense --Admit sexual misconduct

Halfway House (History)

• Not much support, so private organizations opened the mas place for inmates to live after release from prison --Offered only food & shelter, not treatment services • 1950s: more halfway houses opened, began providing treatment & correctional supervision • 1960s: federal halfway houses opened

Norfolk Island

• Notorious British "supermax" penal colony a thousand miles off the coast of Australia that housed the most incorrigible prisoners • Superintendent: Alexander Maconochie --Discontinued flogging & chain gangs --Introduced: adequate food, health care, disciplinary hearings, reading material

Finding Employment

• Occupational license limitations • Loss of capacity to be bonded (surety bond) • Equal Opportunity Commission policy

Shock Probation

• Offender sentenced to imprisonment for short time & then released on probation • Unforgettable/distasteful imprisonment experience without enabling full immersion in institutional subculture

Boot Camp (Stand-Alone Community Facilities)

• Offenders at time of sentencing are chosen by judge to participate in a facility administered by a county • Following completion, offenders graduate to probation

House Arrest (Contract)

• Offenders sign a three-page, 17-point contract --Client must develop daily schedule of approved activities --Weekly face-to-face meetings with house arrest officer --Meet collateral contacts and make unannounced visits to places of employment/residence

EM/GPS (Studies-Effectiveness)

• Offenders under closer scrutiny/supervision in first 6 months • Recidivism rates similar compared to offenders under regular community supervision --EM may make difference in how offenders act while under supervision • Offenders on EM more likely to complete terms of supervision & less likely to commit technical violations • EM is effective in monitoring serious offenders • Men on EM who live with significant other more effective than women

Work Release

• Offenders who reside in a facility (community facility, jail, or prison) are released into a community solely to work or attend education classes, or both • Control institutional crowding & provide inmates opportunity to find/retain employment • Primarily used with minimum-security inmates within 6-9 months of being released • Inmate selection at discretion of jail/prison (37 states) or judge (11 states) --Statutes typically limit violent offenders & sex offender from participating

Reentry Risk Assessment

• Official data (current conviction, current age, amount of time served for current conviction, number of prior prison incarcerations, number & type of prior convictions) • Education level, employment history, substance abuse history • Information scored in systematic way & given to parole board • 80% of releasing authorities use some type of decision making instrument or risk assessment

Drug Courts (Established Based on 2 Assumptions)

• Outpatient treatment with first-time/low-level drug users more effective than community sanctions without treatment • The sooner a treatment intervention began after arrest, the less time an offender might spend in jail in negative environment where drug use might continue

Specialized Caseloads

• PO becomes expert in working with a particular subpopulation of offenders based on a particular criminogenic need or type of offense • 10%-15% of probationers/parolees eligible for inclusion in specialized caseload • Consists of offenders who: addicted to drugs/alcohol, mental illness, sex offense, gang members

Juvenile Drug Courts

• Parental participation required in all court hearings & family treatment sessions • Parents expected to consistently enforce all court orders & help with sobriety at home

Release Deferral

• Parole board delays its final decision (to grant/deny parole) until a later time • Most common reason why: offender has not yet completed an in-prison treatment program • 2nd most common reason: administrative delay --Paperwork is not in order or has not been completed by DOC --Victim has not yet provided input --Offender is at another facility & not available for interview at scheduled time

Parole Hearing

• Parole board has access to entire offender case file & summary completed by institutional case manager • Require 2-3 signatures from parole board • Are tape-recorded & conducted in 1 of 3 ways: --In person (most common, take place at prison) --Video teleconference (allow parole board to not have to travel) -- Board viewing a hard-copy of paper file without meeting the offender • Attended by 1-3 parole board members (or hearing examiners) who represent entire board

Discretionary Release (Arguments in Favor)

• Parole boards can impose prisoner participation in treatment program as incentives for release --Automatic release: no incentives for prisoners to better themselves while behind bars • Parole boards have improved their techniques for more objective & open decision making through parole guidelines • Victims can attend parole hearings to convince board not to release --Automatic release: victims have no say • Can keep prisoners in prison if they feel they remain a danger to society --Automatic release: release decisions are made by computer under automatic release • Abolishing discretionary release does not mean that prisoners will serve their full sentence --It does not prevent prisoners from release & does not necessarily increase public safety

Boot Camp (Inside Prison Walls)

• Participants chose from prison population by correctional administrators • Participants remain separate from general pop. for program duration • Offenders paroled upon successful completion of program • Time served significantly less than regular prison sentence

Boot Camp (Evaluations)

• Participants' attitudes changed in short-term, but attitude changes did not reduce long-term recidivism • Most successful programs: voluntary participation: selection from prison-bound offenders, long program duration, aftercare

Therapeutic Community vs. Drug Courts

• People involved in defendant's progress --TC: TC counselor, TC former addicts, TC peer in program --DC: judge, prosecutor, defense attorney, PO/case manager, treatment provider • Who imposes rewards & sanctions --TC: TC participants/peers (confrontational) --DC: judge (nonadversarial collaborative) • Weekly cost --TC: $560-$700 ($15,000-32,000 total) --DC: $34-$150 ($2,500-$4,900 total)

Fixated Pedophile

• Persistent attraction • Adolescent onset • Primarily target males • Premeditation/grooming • History of alcohol/drug abuse

DRC (Typical Experience)

• Phase 1 (3 weeks) --Daily reporting (9am - 5pm); curfew --No employment; relapse prevention & drug testing • Phase 2 (60 days) --Approved to look for job during day; curfew --Classes & community service • Phase 3 (60-90 days) --Full-time employment --Weekly treatment classes • Phase 4 (Transfer) --Transfer out of DRC to regular probation/parole supervision

Parole Eligibility Date

• Point in a prisoner's sentence in which he becomes eligible for parole --Manner in which it is established varies from state to state (some can require certain % of sentence to be served) --Generally when they complete minimum portion of sentence • If an offender is denied parole, a new parole eligibility date is scheduled in the future • Time served in jail before sentencing can count towards parole date • As parole eligibility date approaches, institutional case manager (institutional parole officer) prepare prerelease plan for parole board

EM/GPS (Feelings of Offenders)

• Prefer EM to jail in every case --Less controlling than jail --Second chance sanction --Remain productive in community

Halfway Out

• Prerelease --Minimum-custody prisoners who anticipate receiving parole within the next year • Parolees --Prisoners who earned parole, but require more assistance & supervision with reentry

Successful Reentry

• Prerelease planning • Community referrals • Quick access to benefit programs • Continuity of care between the institution & new community situation

Antabuse

• Prescription medication that causes someone to experience severe nausea/sickness if mixed/ingested with alcohol • Staff administers medication to offenders every 2-3 days in community clinics or DRCs • Other medications given to offenders for drug addiction

Halfway House (Program Components)

• Private halfway houses choose which clients they wish to accept --Government pays facility specified amount per day per offender (offenders assists in payment; 25% of cost) • Do not have surrounding property fences or locks • Behavior modification = Levels System --Increased freedom earned through: good behavior, time spent in program, financial situation

Halfway In

• Probation Violators -- High-risk/high-need probationers • Parole Violators --Graduated sanction or last stop before prison

Reentry

• Process of preparing & integrating parolees into a community as law abiding citizens using a collaborative approach with parole officers & treatment providers • 80% of inmates released via discretionary or mandatory release, 20% serve entire sentence • Need ID, clothes, bus pass, medication they can't afford • Prison scheduling medical appointment, offenders lack initiative • Parole officers refer parolees to community agencies based on needs

DRC (Evaluation of DRCs)

• Program success influenced by local policy & practitioner decisions • Rearrest rates influences by actual offender behavior

Residency Restrictions

• Prohibit sex offenders from living within 500-2,000 feet of areas in which children are likely to be present • Can cause inconvenient access to: work, treatment services, family support • Sex offenders required to register for life are unable to live in public housing

Parole Hearing (Attendees)

• Prosecutors, law enforcement, and victims directly involved in case are invited to make statement (written victim impact statement) • Relatives or potential employer may write letters or submit videotaped statement for use at hearing • Most states do not permit legal representation at hearing

Group Monitoring

• Receiver located at community facilities (halfway house, group homes) to detect presence of absence of clients • Prevents temporary unauthorized absences and allows facilities to detect a "walk-away" or escape

Treatment Retention Model

• Recommends that drug treatment begin for offenders while they are incarcerated and that, when they are released from prison, a cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention program retain offenders in treatment throughout the reentry & parole period

Drug Courts (Conclusions)

• Reduce recidivism compared to drug offenders who went to prison without treatment --Reduce recidivism, on average, by 9% • More effective when targeting the "right" offenders --Nonviolent, genuinely motivated to change • Structure of program matters most when it: has enough leverage to hold clients accountable, possess capable staff, & long enough in duration --More leverage with pre-adjudication clients

Polygraph Tests

• Reduce secrecy/deceit that sex offenders use with victims & PO • Sex offenders submit baseline examination that explores previous sexual behaviors & current deviant thoughts • Findings: many more victims, less history of being abused themselves, more offending as juvenile • Shared with treatment providers to measure treatment progress, & helps with supervision during probation/parole

Parole (Justifications of Parole)

• Reduction in the length of incarceration as a reward for good conduct • Supervision of the parolee • Imposition of the indeterminate sentence • Reduction in the rising cost of incarceration --Prisoners originally worked in the prison or for private companies and did not get paid

Intensive Supervision Probation/Parole (ISP)

• Referred to today as: specialized caseloads • Subjects offenders to closer surveillance, more conditions to follow, & more treatment exposure • Form of probation that stresses intensive monitoring, close supervision, & offender control

Community Controlees

• Required to maintain employment and to participate in self-improvement programs, such as GED program, drug/alcohol counseling, community service, or other "life skills" programs • While they are not participating in work, self-help programs, or community service, they must be at home • Community control officers have 20 offender caseload, make minimum of 28 contacts per month with each offender

Therapeutic Community (TC)

• Residential community facilities designed to divert drug/alcohol users, who are amendable to treatment, from the criminal justice system • Only used post-adjudication • May be located in community or prison

Community-Based Work Release: Restitution Centers

• Residential community facility specifically targeted for property or first-time offenders who owe victim restitution or community service • Have 6 months or less until earliest release date • Emphasis on: gainful employment & payment of rent, child support, restitution, court-ordered fees --Center collects portion of money for these payments, leaves small amount of pocket money, remainder saved in individual account until release • Center also offers: GED, life skills, cognitive restructuring, individual/family counseling

Parole Hearing (Purposes)

• Resolving inconsistencies in available information directly from an offender, a victim, or other parties • Reviewing institutional program participation & institutional conduct to better understand indications of change & behavior while confined • Considering an offender's motivation for parole • Considering input from a victim & other interested parties

EM/GPS (Feelings of General Public)

• Results in net widening • Ethical concerns that private companies are profiting from correctional supervision technology • High probability of violations --Officers tend to use graduated sanctions

Losses in Court

• Right to serve on a jury --May be restored through: completion of sentence, passage of time, pardon/expungement • Loss of credibility as a witness --Applies to people convicted of: perjury or subordination of perjury (persuading another person to commit perjury) --Opposing counsel that b/c witness is convicted offender, testimony should not be believed ----Credibility is up to judge or jury to decide

Static 99

• Risk assessment that is specific to sex offenders • Identifies factors related to the likelihood of future sexual offending

Supervised Work Release

• Same us unsupervised, but leave jail with group in county-owned van to go to temporary or permanent work site • Group is accompanied by one deputy officer, & return together in evening

Halfway House (Staff)

• Security-Oriented Staff • Case Managers • Counselors

Good Time

• Sentence reduction of a specified number of days each month for good conduct • Automatically granted unless an inmate commit disciplinary infraction --Good time is lost for misbehavior, rather than awarded for good behavior • Vary greatly from state to state • Used to reduce overcrowding & avoid lawsuits • Prisoners receive update time sheet showing good time every 6 months

GPS (Alerts)

• Serious alerts: --Offender enters exclusion zone --Enters inclusion zone at time other than what schedule dictates --Attempts to tamper with or remove unit • Battery/technical failure --Too many false alarms may lead to officer complacency (boy who cried wolf) • Offender average 3-4 alerts per month

Minimum Eligibility Date

• Shortest amount of time defined by statute, minus good-time earned, that must be served before an offender can go before a parole board

Therapeutic Community (Structure)

• Small, residential, inmates live together, lasts 6-8 months • Peer operated and peer enforced --Mutual self-help = individuals assume partial responsibility for recovery of their peers • Highly structured & disciplined --Daily chores & peer group sessions (attitudes/behaviors of each residents are confronted) --Increased levels of personal/social responsibility --Very little free personal time

Sex Offenders

• Some offenders are aggressive/violent, others are passive/subtle • Majority of sex offenses are planned acts committed when opportunities arise • 9/10 perpetrators are related to or know their victim • More likely to have been molested/abused as children, have anger management issues, chemical dependency • Most sex offenders can be found at: family reunions, church

Voice Verification Monitoring

• Special pager or random calls made to particular locations at specific times to verify offender's presence • When pager beeps, offender must immediately call probation office • Voice and photo verification determines if positive match (through voice/photo templates) • Also records phone number from which call originates

Specialized Mental Health Probation Caseloads

• Specially trained caseload officer specializing in mental health issues • Caseload size less than half of regular PO • PO maintain relationship with treatment providers • 2 challenges --Coordinating treatment --Ensuring compliance with medication & counseling sessions • PO: empathetic understanding, ability to recognize mental deterioration, understand psychological resistance, learn how to gain trust/compliance

Intermediate Sanctions

• Spectrum of community supervision strategies that vary in terms of supervision level & treatment capacity, ranging from diversion to short-term duration in residential community facility • Provides more freedom than prison, but less than traditional probation • Residential and nonresidential options • Sanction least desired by probationers: inpatient treatment, NOT jail

Boot Camp (Criticisms)

• Stand-alone community facilities widen the net, which increases the cost --Offenders who should be on probation undergo more expensive program • Military style camp reduces self-esteem, increases potential for violence, & encourages abuse of power

Full Board Review

• Statutory requirement that all members of parole board review & vote on those who have committed violent or sex crimes • Some states require this type of review on every discretionary release

House Arrest (Criticisms)

• Staying at home is punishment or negative experience --But, offenders are still heavily scrutinized & required to make frequent visits --Most jurisdictions: home confinement cannot count towards time served (People v. Ramos) • Violates are pretrial detainee's constitutional right to privacy in the home --But, house arrest is voluntary for pretrial defendants --Offenders sign contract that they understand conditions and if they don't agree, they are resentenced to another sanctioning option • Offenders can still commit crimes from their residence --But, house arrest serves to restrict offender movement, not to deter crime/recidivism • Domestic violence incidents can erupt

Loss of Right to Vote

• Supreme court held it's constitutional to deprive ex-felons of right to vote (felony disenfranchisement) • 13% of African American men are disenfranchised • Most state prohibit felons from voting while on probation, parole, or white incarcerated --Must wait until sentence is complete

Family Drug Courts

• Target parents with substance abuse problems who are in danger of losing custody of their children due to drug use • Help parents become self-sufficient, emotionally stable, & teach them to be effective parents to regain custody of children

Mental Health Courts (Structure)

• Team & offender meet twice a month in courtroom to discuss progress: --Whether to increase/decrease: medication, treatment exposure, sanctions --Graduate offender to next level --Reward offender with gift/certificate

Therapeutic Community (Goals)

• Tear down excuses/defense mechanisms • Resocialize clients to new thoughts, attitudes, behaviors • Focus on self-worth, discipline, respect for authority

Parole Board (Decision)

• Top 4 factors: current offense seriousness, parole/reentry risk score, time served on current sentence, & institutional disciplinary record • Third party input has high impact (victim, offender's family, police officer or attorney) • Parole boards maximize public safety over rehabilitation • Drug felonies paroled sooner than property offenders • 3 possible decisions: grant parole, deny parole, defer to later date • If denied (& sentence less than 7 years) must wait 18 months till next hearing --If sentence longer than 7 years, must wait 2 years till next hearing

Passive GPS

• Tracking point data temporarily stored throughout the day & downloaded at night through landline phone while offender is sleeping • Most location information can be delayed up to 12 hours • Agencies tend to use passive GPS --Cost half as much as active GPS

Sex Offenders (Treatment)

• Typically court-mandated to undergo intensive treatment specific to sex offense • Use: cognitive-behavioral therapy, polygraph tests, aversive conditioning • No "cure", but offenders can learn to control urges & replace them with appropriate behaviors • Not participating in treatment is denial of guilt (results in revocation) • During treatment, offenders must acknowledge all prior sexual offenses • During supervision/treatment, recidivism is less likely --More likely to reoffend over time (10 years down the road)

Denial of Public Housing

• U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development can prohibit the public housing occupancy of any individual who uses drugs or infringes on health, safety, or right to peaceful enjoyment • Bans on: sex offenders, meth manufacturers, individuals evicted for "drug-related criminal activity" --Aside from these restrictions, state public housing agencies can set own policies • Can be readmitted upon completion of: drug court or other rehab program

EM/GPS (Reasons for Offender Violations)

• Unauthorized leave of absence (but later return) • Flight/absconding (whereabouts unknown) • Arrest for a new crime • Tampering with EM equipment

Halfway House (Transitioning Out)

• Upon successful completion, assigned to probation or parole officer • Some have aftercare programs (visit halfway house for: drug testing, group treatment, visit case manager acting as PO)

Measuring BAC (Methods)

• Urinary analysis/screenings • SCRAM --Measures ethanol levels through perspiration • Sobrietor --Handheld device that detects alcohol in breath through a sample as offender verifies their voice • Ignition Interlock • Tissue spectroscopy

DWI Courts

• Use daily journals, alcohol counseling, allow participants to have input so that they feel more connected to program staff • Chronic DWI offenders responsible for 80% of all drunk driving incidents

Electronic Monitoring

• Used in intensive probation, parole, DRCs, or home confinement, to track offender whereabouts via transmitter & receiver • Typically between 1-6 months

Relapse

• When an offender with a substance abuse problem returns to abusing alcohol and/or drugs

Therapeutic Community vs. Drug Courts

• Where located --TC: community or prison --DC: community only • Voluntary --TC: Yes --DC: Yes • Estimated % of waking hours devoted to treatment --TC: 100% --DC: 20-25%

Treatment-Oriented DRC

• Wide range of services on outpatient basis --Job seeking skills/placement, drug abuse education/treatment, psychological counseling, life skills training, GED/literacy education classes • Once employed, offenders still required to attend treatment programs at night/weekends • Programs that focus on criminogenic needs outlined by risk assessment instruments help increase program completion

Drug Courts (Gender Responsive Strategies)

• Women --Women abuse drugs to: cope with traumatic situations or maintain relationship with significant other --Programs concentrate on: traumatic relationships, parenting issues, DV --More effective if engage children & significant others into recovery • Men --Men abuse drugs in social/public context --Programs emphasize problems caused by alcohol & drug abuse --Have better completion rates, b/c drug courts have been better modeled to address their needs/patterns

Victim Impact Statement

• Written or oral account by victim, about how a crime has affected them • Are considered by many states at the time of sentencing and at parole-board hearings • Arizona and Oklahoma allow victim to veto parole release

Halfway House

• aka: Community Corrections Center (CCC), Residential Community Correctional Facility • for probationers or parolees who require a more structured setting than would be available if living independently • Oldest & most common type of community residential facility • 600 facilities, 20,000 offenders --90% privately owned, 10% operated by DOC --4% of total inmate population, $45 per offender per day

Medical Parole

• aka: compassionate release • Conditional release from prison to community if inmate has terminal illness or needs long-term medical care & does not pose risk to public safety • Some state require: EM, regular visits to PO, halfway house or medical facility

House Arrest

• aka: home detention, home confinement • Designed to confine pretrial detainees or convicted offenders to their homes during hours when they are not at work, attending treatment program, or visiting PO • Defendants who can't afford bail & do not qualify for ROR may be considered too • Sentence can stand alone or paired with EM or home-based voice verification • More conditions than routine supervision, highly likely to be revoked for technical violation

Active GPS

• aka: real-time access • Transmit data through wireless networks used by cell phones • Offender's transmitter emits radio frequency signal once per minute or once every 10 sec. • Phone continuously calls reporting station that updates offender's location, which establishes tracking point visible on computer • More frequently computer reports tracking point = more time/money spent examining the data

Shock Incarceration

• aka: shock probation, shock parole, intermittent imprisonment, or split sentence • Brief period of incarceration followed by a term of supervised probation • Intended for young offenders with no previous incarceration in adult prisons