Corrections Final

According to the Supreme Court, law enforcement officials are not required to verify immigration status.

False

All states currently have the death penalty.

False

Americans are more than willing to recognize the existence of a class system in the United States.

False

Among offenders of corporate and white-collar crimes, the more likely offender is female.

False

Asian Americans in prison are most likely to report sexual or physical violence by either staff or an inmate.

False

Asian Americans tend to be overrepresented in federal facilities in relation to their representation in the general population.

False

Despite training efforts to provide female correctional officers with defensive and offensive tactics to deal with male inmates, they fail to provide women with an advantage in a physical altercation with a male inmate.

False

Dorothea Dix had a very unfavorable view of houses of refuge.

False

During WWII, over 100,000 German Americans were put in internment camps.

False

Electrocution is the most common form of execution.

False

Hiring and training practices have little impact on the prevention of sexual abuse in prison.

False

Historically, there has only been one method used for execution.

False

In the history of Mexican Americans, they were forcibly made part of the northern states in America.

False

Larger Native American reservations do not have their own jails.

False

Liberal feminists believe that women who violate social norms are whores.

False

Life without parole is more expensive than the cost of a capital case (from arrest to execution).

False

On average, there are about 100 executions a year in the United States.

False

Over 75% of offenders who are sentenced to death have been executed in a timely manner.

False

Quid pro quo sexual harassment occurs when the workplace is sexualized in ways that are offensive to one gender.

False

Race is essentially the same as ethnicity.

False

Research has conclusively demonstrated that the death penalty is not a deterrent to murder.

False

Researchers have found no historical evidence of women being physically mistreated in the correctional system.

False

Sentences for crack cocaine possession are now proportionate to sentences for powder cocaine possession

False

Social feminists believed that girls involved in the correctional system were there primarily because of the oppressive nature of the social structure and the related effects of poverty and a lack of schooling.

False

The death penalty is not the most controversial issue in corrections.

False

The fact that correctional officers in male institutions frequently have to use brute force to manage and control inmates is one of the instances in which women can be disqualified from working in male prisons.

False

The imposition of the death penalty on a mentally retarded defendant has always been a violation of the Eighth Amendment.

False

The internment of Japanese American families was not based on racist-tinged beliefs.

False

The term Hispanic includes non-white Asians.

False

The term Native Americans was coined by Christopher Columbus.

False

The war on drugs reduced the disproportionate representation of minorities in correctional institutions.

False

Women account for about 15% of executions.

False

Women and girls under correctional supervision are less likely to have substance abuse problems than their male counterparts.

False

Woodson v. North Carolina was the first case to successfully challenge the use of the death penalty.

False

"Driving while black or brown" refers to the police practice of focusing law enforcement on black- or brown-skinned drivers.

True

A major concern is whether the death penalty is applied in a racially discriminatory fashion.

True

A majority (over 50%) of the states have a death penalty statute.

True

A number of police labs have been accused and found guilty of falsifying and fabricating DNA evidence.

True

Between 1930 and 1980, 53% of persons executed were black.

True

China has the highest number of executions per year.

True

Chinese labor was crucial to the construction of the first continental railroad.

True

Discrimination and disparity are different things.

True

Ethel Spinelli was the first woman to be executed at the San Quentin prison gas chamber.

True

Female inmates are more likely than male inmates to have a history of substance abuse.

True

Females cost much more to incarcerate than males.

True

Genomic and brain sciences over the past 3 decades have revolutionized death penalty discourse in the United States.

True

Historically, in some parts of the United States, minority group members have been more likely to be incarcerated when they were innocent.

True

Historically, only a small percentage of women have been incarcerated for violent crimes.

True

Historically, with the exception of matrons, women were prohibited from working in men's and boys' correctional institutions on the basis of law, practice, and/or tradition.

True

Inmates have no real right to privacy in the United States.

True

Lawsuits have been remarkably successful in spurring many of the needed changes in correctional practice.

True

Life without the possibility of parole is provided as an alternative to a death sentence.

True

Many of the reform efforts that emerged as a result of feminist scholars and practitioners directed attention to the lack of employment opportunities for women in adult female and male correctional institutions.

True

Mental illness and mental disability are two different conditions.

True

Methods of discipline for women in the 1800s moved from severe to soft, depending on the availability of supervision, the facilities, the number of women incarcerated, and the inclination of the keepers.

True

More than half of all female inmates have a history of sexual abuse victimization.

True

Much like the Chinese, Japanese immigrants provided cheap labor.

True

Patriarchy implies that women are suited for feminine occupations and thus less worthy professions.

True

Patriarchy is seen as one societal obstacle to achieving equal treatment in corrections.

True

Preventing African Americans from voting was a key part of Jim Crow laws.

True

Public support for the death penalty is a major factor in its retention in the United States.

True

Slavery was a lucrative business for ship owners in the colonial United States in both the North and South.

True

Some criminologists argue that capital punishment has a brutalizing effect rather than a deterrent effect

True

Some research suggests that female correctional officers have a calming effect on male prisoners.

True

The CT scan is the workhorse of neuroimaging used to assess the functioning of a person's brain while engaged in some task.

True

The Scottsboro case exemplified the racist attitudes of communities.

True

The electric chair was originally introduced as a more humane method of execution than hanging.

True

The female correctional population has never been larger than it is today.

True

The first women's prison in the United States was Mount Pleasant, built in 1839.

True

The implementation of the war on drugs has led to the erosion of civil liberties protections regarding search and evidence.

True

The legacy of racism runs long and deep in the United States.

True

The number of women and girls as inmates or supervisees in corrections has grown exponentially over the last several years.

True

The war on drugs was initiated by President Nixon.

True

Race and traditions of discrimination toward African Americans have stymied their ability to assimilate.

Truw

The death penalty resumed in 1976 after a brief hiatus.

Truw

Since the death penalty was reinstituted, ______ of the people sentenced to death have actually been executed. a. 15% b. 30% c. 45% d. 60%

a. 15%

The first prison exclusively for women in the United States was opened in ______. a. 1839 b. 1868 c. 1897 d. 1917

a. 1839

What percentage of female offenders have been executed in the United States? a. 2% b. 5% c. 7% d. 9%

a. 2%

What percentage of murder cases are tried as capital cases? a. 2-6% b. 5-10% c. 2-7% d. 10-15%

a. 2-6%

In 2016, there were ______ executions in the United States. a. 20 b. 38 c. 71 d. 98

a. 20

What percentage of violent crime was committed by women in the 19th century? a. 3-4% b. 8-10% c. 15-20% d. more than 20%

a. 3-4%

In 2009, there were ______ jails in India. a. 80 b. 96 c. 100 d. 111

a. 80

Slavery of ______ was practiced almost from the settling of the United States. a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Hispanics d. Asian Americans

a. African Americans

Which Supreme Court case held that the imposition of the death penalty on a mentally retarded defendant is a violation of the Eighth Amendment? a. Atkins v. Virginia b. Coker v. Georgia c. Furman v. Georgia d. Penry v. Lynaugh

a. Atkins v. Virginia

The first restrictive immigration law in the United States targeted immigrants from ______. a. China b. Canada c. Ireland d. Mexico

a. China

______ were used to remove impressionable youth from the contamination that association with hardened adult criminals might bring. a. Houses of refuge b. Work camps c. Residential villages d. Orphanages

a. Houses of refuge

The largest subgroup of Hispanics or Latinos in the United States are ______. a. Mexican Americans b. Cubans c. Puerto Ricans d. Colombians

a. Mexican Americans

What was the first women's prison in the United States? a. Mount Pleasant b. Sing Sing c. Elmira Reformatory d. Mount Vernon

a. Mount Pleasant

______ increases the likelihood that a crime will be eligible for the death penalty. a. Premeditation b. Spontaneity c. The age of the victim d. The attitude of the defendant

a. Premeditation

Who is most likely to support the death penalty? a. a conservative white man who votes Republican b. a conservative white woman who votes Republican c. a black liberal woman who votes Democratic d. a black liberal man who votes Democratic

a. a conservative white man who votes Republican

Feminists have been instrumental in pushing for ______. a. better programming for supervised women and girls b. lighter sentences for women and girls c. more court involvement for girls who commit status offenses d. all of these

a. better programming for supervised women and girls

The assumption that, rather than deterring homicides, homicides actually increase following executions is called the ______. a. brutalizing effect b. death penalty c. deterrent effect d. none of these

a. brutalizing effect

According to the ______, paternalistic attitudes about women that prevail in our society account for the fact that women are less likely to be executed. a. chivalry hypothesis b. liberal feminist perspective c. Supreme Court d. National Organization for Women

a. chivalry hypothesis

The concept of ethnicity is based on ______. a. culture b. skin color c. biology d. all of these

a. culture

Treating a group of people differently because of who they are rather than because of their abilities or actions is called ______. a. discrimination b. racism c. prejudice d. disparity

a. discrimination

DWB stands for ______. a. driving while black or brown b. drunk while black or brown c. driving while banned d. none of these

a. driving while black or brown

Which of the following is an example of one of the social remedies proposed by moralists looking to reform women under correctional supervision? a. efforts to keep them chaste b. educational and vocational training c. drug and alcohol counseling d. therapy to increase their self-concept and self-worth

a. efforts to keep them chaste

Females who defy traditional gender roles by not enacting a feminine identity invite the wrath of the male-dominated criminal justice system, according to the ______ hypothesis. a. evil women b. chivalry c. female offender d. mad women

a. evil women

In a recent article in American Jails magazine, Ney (2014) argued that, compared to male offenders, female offenders are more likely to ______. a. have a substance abuse problem b. be a safety risk c. have committed their offenses alone d. receive lighter sentences

a. have a substance abuse problem

Which type of sexual harassment occurs when the workplace is sexualized with jokes, pictures, or other ways that are offensive to one gender? a. hostile environment b. quid pro quo c. unwarranted advances d. none of these

a. hostile environment

In recent years, the number of minorities working in corrections has ______. a. increased b. remained constant c. gone down a bit d. greatly decreased

a. increased

Which of the following execution methods injects the condemned person with drugs that ultimately end in death? a. lethal injection b. gas chamber c. hanging d. electrocution

a. lethal injection

Which feminist perspective believed that the source of the crime problem for female offenders lay more with the social structure around these women or girls? a. liberal b. moralist c. patriarchal d. social

a. liberal

A life sentence with the additional condition that the person never be allowed parole is called ______. a. life without parole b. the death penalty c. brutalizing effect d. none of these

a. life without parole

The so-called social feminists were often ______. a. moralists b. liberals c. radicals d. socialists

a. moralists

Compared to 1966, today ______ Americans are in favor of the death penalty. a. more b. fewer c. the same percentage of d. the same number of

a. more

Compared to a life without parole case, a death penalty case is ______. a. more expensive b. less expensive c. approximately the same cost d. impossible to analyze

a. more expensive

The skin color and features of a group of people are referred to as ______. a. race b. ethnicity c. biology d. physicality

a. race

Quid pro quo sexual harassment is ______. a. sexual harassment that involves an exchange of something for something else, as in the case of sexual favors b. the creation of a hostile work environment in which the workplace becomes sexualized to the detriment of one gender c. overt sexual abuse of female staff by male staff members d. none of these

a. sexual harassment that involves an exchange of something for something else, as in the case of sexual favors

The trajectory of employment for female correctional officers has been ______ the growth in women and girls under correctional supervision. a. slower than b. faster than c. equivalent to d. more steady than

a. slower than

Racial profiling research has indicated ______. a. that police officers tend to stop older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and minority group members b. that whites are more likely than Hispanics or African Americans to report having been stopped by police c. that police stops are never related to the driver's skin color d. nothing of value in this area

a. that police officers tend to stop older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and minority group members

Disparity is ______. a. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups b. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same c. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another d. all of these

a. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups

According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, a black male born in 2001 has a ______ chance of going to jail. a. 1 in 2 b. 1 in 3 c. 1 in 4 d. 1 in 10

b. 1 in 3

According to the U.S. Sentencing Commission, black inmates serve ______ longer than white inmates for the same crime. a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 35%

b. 10%

The ______ Amendment, adopted in 1865, ended slavery. a. 11th b. 13th c. 15th d. 17th

b. 13th

If a person is sentenced to death, what is the average time lapse between conviction and execution, according to 2010 data? a. 5½ years b. 14½ years c. 20½ years d. 25½ years

b. 14½ years

In 2014, women comprised ______ of the jail population. a. 5% b. 15% c. 25% d. 35%

b. 15%

The first prison with a separate wing for women was opened in ______. a. 1781 b. 1797 c. 1811 d. 1825

b. 1797

Federal sentences for possession of crack cocaine are harsher than those for possession of powder cocaine by a factor of ______. a. 10 to 1 b. 18 to 1 c. 50 to 1 d. 55 to 1

b. 18 to 1

In what year did the use of the death penalty begin again? a. 1965 b. 1976 c. 1983 d. 1994

b. 1976

Blacks are overrepresented on death row by a margin of ______. a. 2 to 1 b. 3 to 1 c. 4 to 1 d. 5 to 1

b. 3 to 1

African Americans constitute about ______ of state inmates. a. 25% b. 35% c. 45% d. 55%

b. 35%

In 1966, ______ people were against the death penalty and ______ were in favor of it. a. 40%; 60% b. 47%; 42% c. 50%; 50% d. 75%; 25%

b. 47%; 42%

As many as ______ of women in custody have experienced sexual abuse prior to incarceration. a. 25% b. 60% c. 75% d. 100%

b. 60%

Sub-average mental functioning is defined as an IQ below ______. a. 60 b. 70 c. 80 d. 90

b. 70

Which country has the highest rate of executions each year? a. United States b. China c. Saudi Arabia d. Russia

b. China

In which court case did the Supreme Court rule that the use of the death penalty for rape was unconstitutional? a. Furman v. Georgia b. Coker v. Georgia c. Woodson v. North Carolina d. Gregg v. Georgia

b. Coker v. Georgia

A major source of information on the death penalty in the United States is the ______. a. Innocence Project b. Death Penalty Information Center c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Bureau of Justice Statistics

b. Death Penalty Information Center

Which of the following is NOT an issue the courts have had to resolve with both mental deficiency and illness? a. Is the person competent to stand trial? b. Did the condition become prevalent before the age of 18? c. Did this person at the time of the crime have the requisite ability to form mens rea? d. Does the person's mental condition warrant a more lenient sentence than would normally attach to this crime?

b. Did the condition become prevalent before the age of 18?

______ is the differences between groups of people based on culture. a. Race b. Ethnicity c. Biology d. Physicality

b. Ethnicity

Which case was the first to successfully challenge the use of the death penalty? a. Woodson v. North Carolina b. Furman v. Georgia c. Coker v. Georgia d. Gregg v. Georgia

b. Furman v. Georgia

Which court case ruled that it is constitutionally impermissible to hold a defendant in custody indefinitely based on his or her incompetence to stand trial? a. Ford v. Wainwright b. Jackson v. Indiana c. Furman v. Georgia d. Panetti v. Quarterman

b. Jackson v. Indiana

______ is a lifelong condition of impaired or incomplete mental development. a. Mental illness b. Mental disability c. Insanity d. Madness

b. Mental disability

Christopher Columbus, mistakenly believing he was in India, named this group of people in error. a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Hispanics d. Asian Americans

b. Native Americans

The first prison to have a separate wing for women inmates was ______. a. Walnut Street Jail b. Newgate Prison c. Eastern Pennsylvania Prison d. Auburn Prison

b. Newgate Prison

The ______ administration facilitated the war on drugs. a. Nixon b. Reagan c. Bush (Sr.) d. Clinton

b. Reagan

The ______ administration initiated the war on crack cocaine. a. Nixon b. Reagan c. Bush (Sr.) d. Clinton

b. Reagan

What is the best explanation for a lack of female offenders in the criminal justice system today? a. Currently, they are less likely to be prosecuted for their crimes and more likely to receive shorter sentences. b. They engage in fewer street crimes that would lead to incarceration. c. They are less likely to engage in drug-related crimes. d. They are less likely to commit capital offenses.

b. They engage in fewer street crimes that would lead to incarceration.

Female institutions, because of economies of scale, require ______. a. a mixed-gender staff b. almost the same number of administrative staff as larger male institutions c. a significantly smaller administrative staff than in larger male institutions d. an exponentially larger administrative staff than in larger male institutions

b. almost the same number of administrative staff as larger male institutions

Discrimination is ______. a. the differences between groups of people based on culture b. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to their behavior or qualifications c. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system d. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

b. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to their behavior or qualifications

The attitude of Dorothea Dix about houses of refuge was ______. a. completely favorable b. generally favorable c. generally unfavorable d. completely unfavorable

b. generally favorable

The concept of double deviants is used to suggest that female offenders ______. a. are often mentally ill and criminal offenders b. have broken both the gender expectations and the law c. are often both offenders and substance abusers d. have failed both as mothers and as citizens

b. have broken both the gender expectations and the law

The stated purpose of ______ was to remove impressionable youth, mainly boys but also girls, from the contamination that association with more hardened criminals would bring. a. houses of solace b. houses of refuge c. houses of authority d. youth authority

b. houses of refuge

According to Young (1994), historically, which group was most likely to have facilities constructed specifically for them? a. adult females b. juvenile males c. juvenile females d. the elderly

b. juvenile males

Crouch (1993) argued that blacks might be more able to accept prison and adjust to it because they are ______. a. more likely to know someone in alternative sentencing programs b. more likely to know someone who is housed in prison with them c. less likely than whites to be threatened in prison d. all of these

b. more likely to know someone who is housed in prison with them

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, reduced the population of minority groups in correctional populations using a ______ approach. a. social justice b. public health c. restorative justice d. community board

b. public health

A Maryland law passed in 1858 made black women who committed larceny the subject of ______. a. public flogging b. sale c. execution d. lifetime imprisonment

b. sale

Race is categorized based on ______. a. ethnicity b. skin color c. language d. religion

b. skin color

The most controversial subject in corrections is ______. a. racial disparities b. the death penalty c. gun control d. sex offenders

b. the death penalty

Over a century of correctional operations has focused almost exclusively on addressing ______. a. the physical and mental health of women b. the sexuality of females c. the social psychological needs of females d. the role of women as primary caregivers

b. the sexuality of females

Jim Crow laws ______. a. were devised by Northern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life b. were devised by Southern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life c. were devised by the federal government to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life d. were devised by Western states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life

b. were devised by Southern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life

According to Bill Quigley and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, since 1970, drug arrests have skyrocketed from 320,000 to close to ______. a. 500,000 b. 750,000 c. 1.6 million d. 2.2 million

c. 1.6 million

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2015, about ______ of correctional officer jobs in jails and prisons were held by women. a. 5% b. 15% c. 25% d. 35%

c. 25%

In 2013, women comprised ______ of the probation population. a. 5% b. 15% c. 25% d. 35%

c. 25%

There are ______ federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States. a. 322 b. 481 c. 566 d. 704

c. 566

About ______ of women have custody of children at the time of their incarceration? a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%

c. 70%

What percentage of African American defendants are more likely than white defendants to receive the death penalty? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

c. 75%

According to Quigley, ______ of the police stops made by the New York Police Department have been of blacks and Latinos. a. 60% b. 70% c. 80% d. 90%

c. 80%

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, there are currently ______ hate groups in the United States. a. 438 b. 741 c. 917 d. 1,218

c. 917

The genotyping of the whole human race indicates that our species likely originated in ______. a. Asia b. Europe c. Africa d. North America

c. Africa

______ are less likely than other races to participate in sentencing alternatives such as probation. a. Hispanics b. Whites c. African Americans d. Native Americans

c. African Americans

______ involves the attitudes, values, and beliefs that favor males over females. a. Oligarchy b. Pedogarchy c. Patriarchy d. Matriarchy

c. Patriarchy

In what country can a person be executed for adultery? a. China b. Nigeria c. Saudi Arabia d. Laos

c. Saudi Arabia

Which court case is widely regarded as an early example of a gross miscarriage of justice and as emblematic of the way African Americans have been treated in racist sectors of this country? a. Powell v. Alabama b. Cooper v. Pate c. Scottsboro v. Alabama d. Cooper v. Powell

c. Scottsboro v. Alabama

______ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizational organizations. a. The creation of supermax prisons b. The creation of stricter sex offender laws c. The war on drugs d. The increased use of community corrections

c. The war on drugs

In ______, the Supreme Court rejected the statute that mandated that all persons convicted of first-degree murder should receive the death penalty as excessive and unduly rigid. a. Furman v. Georgia b. Coker v. Georgia c. Woodson v. North Carolina d. Gregg v. Georgia

c. Woodson v. North Carolina

Who is least likely to support the death penalty? a. a conservative white man who votes Republican b. a conservative white woman who votes Republican c. a black liberal woman who votes Democratic d. a black liberal man who votes Democratic

c. a black liberal woman who votes Democratic

Until the mid-20th century, ______ could receive the death penalty for the attempted rape of a white woman. a. a Hispanic man b. a Caucasian man c. an African American man d. a Pacific Islander man

c. an African American man

The Ninth Circuit Court restrictions placed on correctional staff limited ______. a. public searches of female inmates b. body searches of male inmates by female staff c. body searches of female inmates by male staff d. all body searches

c. body searches of female inmates by male staff

Incarcerated women are different from men in that they ______. a. cannot create niches b. miss their loved ones more c. create pseudofamilies d. cost less to house

c. create pseudofamilies

Because women and girls represent a smaller proportion of the correctional population, programming for them has traditionally been ______. a. individualized b. tailored to women and girls c. geared toward men and boys d. more robust

c. geared toward men and boys

Historically, which of the following has been the most common form of execution in the United States? a. lethal injection b. firing squad c. hanging d. gas chamber

c. hanging

What are the two types of death sentences in China? a. instant and delayed b. instant and automatic c. immediate and delayed d. automatic and delayed

c. immediate and delayed

In Saudi Arabia, qisas crimes are crimes against ______. a. the state b. God c. individuals d. society

c. individuals

In some parts of the country, minority group members were more likely to be incarcerated when they were ______. a. convicted of violent crimes b. convicted of property crimes c. innocent d. convicted of embezzlement

c. innocent

A problem with relying on DNA to demonstrate innocence is that ______. a. it is not universally admissible in court b. it is not always supported by science c. it can be falsified and fabricated d. all of these

c. it can be falsified and fabricated

Liberal feminists have argued that, to improve their situation, female offenders really need ______. a. welfare programs b. religious values c. job training d. a supportive male partner

c. job training

According to the moralist feminists, a woman who acted in conformance with societal expectations were ______, whereas those who did not were ______. a. good; deviants b. good; devils c. madonnas; whores d. madonnas; deviants

c. madonnas; whores

In her study of the Maryland Penitentiary between the years 1812 and 1869, Young (2001) discovered that ______ of the incarcerated females were black. a. about one-quarter b. approximately one-half c. nearly three-quarters d. almost all

c. nearly three-quarters

During the 19th century, for which crimes did white women tend to be incarcerated more than black women? a. property offenses b. violent offenses c. offenses against morality d. white-collar offenses

c. offenses against morality

It was not until the ______ that African American and white inmates were treated more similarly. a. Prisoner Rights Reform Act b. Prison Litigation Reform Act c. prisoner rights movement d. prison litigation reform movement

c. prisoner rights movement

Writer and inmate Victor Hassine (2009), serving a life sentence since 1980, commented that ______. a. race has not had any impact on his adjustment to prison life b. race has been only a small part of what he has had to deal with in prison c. race has been an integral part of his experience of prison life d. race plays an important role in the experience of prison life only for minority groups, not for white inmates

c. race has been an integral part of his experience of prison life

One of the reasons that women and girls were removed from facilities for men in the 1800s and 1900s was ______. a. the cost of housing b. public opposition to incarcerating women c. sexual abuse by male staff and inmates d. a large drop in the number of female inmates

c. sexual abuse by male staff and inmates

Women made significant inroads into the correctional population when ______. a. bridewell construction was being debated as a means of addressing the needs of women and girls under correctional supervision b. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed c. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended in 1972 d. the imprisonment binge took hold in the 1980s

c. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended in 1972

Following ______, correctional institutions in the South were devised to maintain the slavery system with newly freed and often unemployed blacks. a. the Revolutionary War b. the ratification of the Constitution c. the Civil War d. World War II

c. the Civil War

Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ______. a. fewer minorities are working for corrections industries than before b. there are more female staff than male staff c. the hiring of minorities and women has increased d. Hispanics have risen as the highest number of staff in jails

c. the hiring of minorities and women has increased

Which of the following is one of the primary rationales for removing women and girls from male correctional facilities? a. their different needs b. the lower cost associated with operating segregated facilities c. their status as targets of sexual abuse by staff d. patriarchal beliefs that women are a distraction to males in the facilities

c. their status as targets of sexual abuse by staff

In Arizona v. United States (2012), the Supreme Court ______. a. banned racial profiling b. required crack cocaine sentences to be the same as those for powdered cocaine c. upheld the requirement that law enforcement verify immigration status during stops d. overturned the "travel ban" passed by the Trump administration

c. upheld the requirement that law enforcement verify immigration status during stops

A study conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice found that U.S. Attorneys were more likely to recommend the death penalty in cases involving ______ defendants. a. black b. Hispanic c. white d. Native American

c. white

In regard to the mental and physical suitability of women to perform correctional work, the Supreme Court finds that ______. a. no job qualification has the capacity to restrict women's employment in male correctional facilities b. women are not physically or mentally capable of engaging in correctional work in male institutions c. women can be excluded from work in male correctional facilities if there is a bona fide job qualification that women cannot perform d. women should only be employed in female correctional institutions where the risk of their harassment is low and the infringement on the privacy rights of men is not at issue

c. women can be excluded from work in male correctional facilities if there is a bona fide job qualification that women cannot perform

Prior to the Civil War, in Tennessee ______. a. the law prohibited the imprisonment of women b. women convicted of crimes were held in single-sex work camps on farms c. women were housed with men d. churches were responsible for boarding female convicts

c. women were housed with men

How many women have been executed since 1976? a. 5 b. 28 c. 9 d. 13

d. 13

How many states have abolished the death penalty? a. 0 b. 5 c. 9 d. 18

d. 18

Support for the death penalty peaked in ______. a. 1965 b. 1976 c. 1983 d. 1994

d. 1994

Since the resumption of the death penalty, which year had the greatest number of executions? a. 1971 b. 1984 c. 1991 d. 1999

d. 1999

Between the Civil War and World War II, there were approximately ______ lynching in the southern United States. a. 1,000 b. 2,000 c. 3,000 d. 4,000

d. 4,000

According to a recent Bureau of Justice Statistics report, about ______ of all state-level parole agency staff are women. a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 50%

d. 50%

According to the Northwestern Law Center for International Human Rights, ______ of organ transplants that originate in China come from executed prisoners. a. 24% b. 36% c. 48% d. 65%

d. 65%

In a survey of criminologists, Radelet and Lacock found that ______ agreed that the death penalty was not a deterrent to murder. a. 39.4% b. 48.6% c. 64.1% d. 88.2%

d. 88.2%

In studies on victimization in prisons, ______. a. Asians were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates b. Native Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff c. Hispanics were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff d. African Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates

d. African Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates

With regard to incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their representation in the general population? a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Hispanics d. Asian Americans

d. Asian Americans

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between gender and correctional work in terms of the underlying ideology that guides correctional officer interaction with inmates? a. Male officers may be more likely than female officers to have a human service orientation in their work. b. Male officers are more likely than female officers to have a security orientation in their work. c. Female officers are more likely than male officers to have a security orientation in their work. d. Both male and female officers value the human service orientation over a security orientation in their work.

d. Both male and female officers value the human service orientation over a security orientation in their work.

______ is the treatment of one group differently and unfairly by governmental agencies. a. Discrimination b. Racism c. Prejudice d. Disparity

d. Disparity

In ______, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the use of a bifurcated hearing. a. Furman v. Georgia b. Coker v. Georgia c. Woodson v. North Carolina d. Gregg v. Georgia

d. Gregg v. Georgia

During the 19th century, electric shocks were used to punish prisoners in which state? a. Georgia b. New York c. Tennessee d. Ohio

d. Ohio

Which Supreme Court case held that the imposition of the death penalty on a mentally retarded defendant is not per se a violation of the Eighth Amendment? a. Atkins v. Virginia b. Coker v. Georgia c. Furman v. Georgia d. Penry v. Lynaugh

d. Penry v. Lynaugh

______ signed the Justice for All Act, which granted federal inmates the right to petition a federal court for DNA testing to support a claim of innocence. a. President Clinton b. President Reagan c. President Obama d. President G. W. Bush

d. President G. W. Bush

Which of the following did NOT occur in Auburn Prison in 1825 in regard to the treatment of women? a. Women were housed in a cramped, unventilated attic. b. The silent requirement was hard to enforce. c. Women were without a matron until 1832. d. Women were not allowed to work.

d. Women were not allowed to work.

The internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps occurred during ______. a. the Revolutionary War b. ratification of the Constitution c. the Civil War d. World War II

d. World War II

Mental retardation is characterized by ______. a. significantly sub-average intellectual functioning b. concurrent and related limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas c. manifestation before the age of 18 d. all of these

d. all of these

The health care needs of incarcerated women consist of the need to deal with ______. a. psychiatric needs specific to gender b. health problems related to both genders c. psychological needs specific to gender d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following is a form of execution? a. hanging b. electrocution c. gas chamber d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following is a way that discrimination is linked to law? a. age b. race c. gender d. all of these

d. all of these

The poor conditions of the early Bellevue Penitentiary resulted in a ______ epidemic, causing the deaths of 8 women and the escape of 11 others. a. smallpox b. tuberculosis c. salmonella d. cholera

d. cholera

The term Hispanic ______. a. describes variations of skin color and other features b. refers to any group of people who have distinct traditions and languages c. refers to any group of people who have a distinct religion and history d. designates an ethnic group that spans many races and nations of origin, to the point that it may not be descriptive

d. designates an ethnic group that spans many races and nations of origin, to the point that it may not be descriptive

Racism is ______. a. the differences between groups of people based on culture b. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system c. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same d. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

d. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

Women who violate social and legal prohibitions are known as ______. a. whores b. deviants c. double whores d. double deviants

d. double deviants

Ethnic groups ______. a. are based on biology b. result in a variation of skin and other features c. are based on the skin color and features of a group of people d. have distinct cultures

d. have distinct cultures

What punishment, used in Ohio's prisons in 1880, forced a naked offender to sit, blind-folded, in a tub while steam pipes were made to shriek and electric current was applied to the body? a. lash b. lip c. electric bee d. hummingbird

d. hummingbird

Racism practiced by many, if not most, institutional members in criminal justice and other organizations is known as ______. a. discrimination b. disparity c. prisoners' rights d. institutional racism

d. institutional racism

Since the resumption of the death penalty, the most common method of execution has been ______. a. hanging b. the gas chamber c. electrocution d. lethal injection

d. lethal injection

The single largest area of growth for women and girls in terms of correctional populations has been ______. a. residential juvenile facilities b. prison populations c. jail populations d. probation

d. probation

Which of the following is NOT an issue that has arisen as a result of the movement of female staff into male correctional facilities? a. whether women are physically and mentally suited to corrections work b. how to deal with sexual and gender harassment c. whether equal employment rights outweigh the privacy rights of male inmates d. the degree to which the interaction of male inmates with female correctional staff creates significant distress among male inmates

d. the degree to which the interaction of male inmates with female correctional staff creates significant distress among male inmates

A massive review of the research on the deterrent effect of the death penalty, sponsored by the National Academy of Science, concluded that ______. a. the death penalty is an effective deterrent to murder b. the death penalty is not an effective deterrent to murder c. the deterrent effect is impacted by a number of variables d. the research is not informative enough to draw a conclusion

d. the research is not informative enough to draw a conclusion

Michelle Alexander claimed that ______ is the new Jim Crow. a. racial profiling b. stop-and-frisk policy c. mandatory minimum sentencing d. the war on drugs

d. the war on drugs