COSC 254 Chapter 4, Nichols exam questions
- Mill construction is more fire-resistant than ordinary construction because the heavy timbers are slower burning and retain their structural capacity longer during a fire.
Mill/Heavy Timber Construction
Common types of thermal insulation: Primarily made from fibers manufactured from either slag or glass in the US, but rock as well in other parts of the world Made in both semi-rigid and rigid board
Mineral Fiber Insulation (fiberglass)
What encasement material might be used when a structure to be fireproofed is concealed from view
Mineral Fiberboard
Types of loose fill insulation: Manufactured of slag and glass wool products Used between ceiling joists in attics where the wool can be poured from bags or blown by machine
Pouring and Blowing Wool
When adding insulation to an already existing building, attics with no insulation should be insulated to the _______ levels of new construction
Same
Asphalt flux products: Asphalt flux processed into the form of roofing grades of asphalt
Saturants
What should be installed over gutters in an effort to keep them from being clogged with leaves?
Screens
Fasteners: ______ are often used in roof specialties, ______ are often used in flashing
Screws, nails
Roof specialty assembly that creates an outlet through a parapet wall or gravel stop that permit water to flow from a roof without traveling through a pipe inside the building
Scuppers
Joints in a building that require _______ are planned joints that divide a building into buildable segments and prevent damage due to building movement after erection
Sealant
What percentage of energy required for kiln firing does steam curing require?
15%
Lifts
4-8 inch intervals of soil you compact
excavate (also call 811)
4th step in site clearing
Three tab shingle installation methods: First course begins as a full shingle Second course is installed with 5" removed Succeeding courses are installed with additional 5" removed, through the 7th course Repeat
5" method
How many nails should be installed with a 3 tab shingle in locations having high wind exposure?
6
If lumber boards are used for roof sheathing, they should not be over ______ in nominal thickness in order to avoid swell or shrink in width enough to distort shingles
6"
Three tab shingle installation methods: The first course is started with a full shingle The second course is installed with the first 6" removed Each succeeding course through the sixth is started with a shingle having an additional 6" removed 7th course starts again with a full shingle Repeat
6" method
What is the actual size of a brick with a modular size of 8" x 4"
7 5/8" x 3 5/8"
On normal roofs, how far apart should cleats be placed?
8"
Cellulose products can contain as much as _______ recycled materials
85%
Material that is used as a base for making reinforcing felts for built-up roofing and waterproofing, underlayment, smooth and mineral-surfaced roll roofing, and asphalt singles Made from a combination of cellulose fibers derived from rags, paper, and wood Is impregnated with asphalt in order to
Dry organic felt
The composition of materials employed in order to defend the building from moisture and maintains a livable, comfortable interior living space
Building Envelope
Type V
Building is made of wood and other combustible materials
What should be installed between the felt paper underlayment and metal roofing panels in order to keep the felt from sticking to the sheet metal?
Building paper slip
Consists of multiple ply reinforcing felts adhered together with bitumen or adhesive to create a watertight roof system Referred to as "the grandfather of roofing systems"
Built up roofing
Group B
Business
C-plugged face provides an especially smooth surface beneath carpet or resilient flooring materials
C-D plugged flooring underlayment
c and d faces; for exterior sheathing
CDX
Types of single-ply membrane roll roofing: The early alternative to EPDM roll roofing, found in a white color and is pollutant and ozone resistant Thermosetting
CSPE
Felt sheets: Saturated and coated asphalt felt sheets that are surfaced with fine decorative mineral granules to help protect the asphalt from the sun
Cap sheets (prepared roll roofing)
A wall's heat storage capacity Heavier walls better retain and dissipate heat during specified times of the day
Capacity insulation
- Minimum recommended depth is 2 inches, to allow space for masons to keep the cavity clear of mortar droppings during construction.
Cavity
Another way to protect structural members from fire is to hang a fire-resistant _______ below the structure
Ceiling
What type of thermal insulation is most recycled and requires a fraction of the energy required to produce?
Cellulose
Types of loose fill insulation: Manufactured of recycled newsprint, wood chips, and other organic fibers Installed by either blowing or pouring into cavities, and can be combined with adhesives for sprayed applications Chemically treated in order to resist fire and vermin
Cellulosic Fiber
Sustainable forestry management - Protect forest ecosystem - Maintain long term forest economic viability - Some programs also address social responsibilities, for example, the land rights of indigenous peoples.
Certified Wood
What can be used to help alignment during the installation of shingles?
Chalkline
In what area should base flashings be secured to the roof deck with counterflashing to be bent down over the base flashing to the masonry, given that differential settlement occurs in this area? (separate foundations)
Chimney
Group
Classifies building use/function
Type
Classifies combustibility of building materials used
Because replacement costs can exceed the initial installed costs, it is prudent to select a ______ flashing material for original installation
Durable
Which lap method used in conjunction with either strip, individual hexagonal, or giant individual shingles is used to reroof existing construction, which only provide single coverage?
Dutch
Joint movement: Joints that are designed to move with changes in temperature or other building movements This includes all construction joints
Dynamic
Joint movement: Joints that are referred to as "working joints"
Dynamic
Often referred to as synthetic stucco, this material can provide a low-cost, light-weight, finish with high energy efficiency and low CO2 emission levels
EIFS
Waterproofing types: Utilizes bentonite in order to plug leaks in areas that are difficult or not available to introduce membrane waterproofing(in existing construction), expands greatly when wet
Clay
What insulation material is inherently a good vapor retarder?
Closed Cell plastic
Joint types: Include expansion joints and control joints Usually require sealants and are planned by the structural engineer to divide a building into buildable segments
Construction Joints
unsurfaced; Plank is stronger (no material has been removed) and more slip-resistant.
Construction planking
On steep slopes in metal roofing, cleats should be _________
Continuous
Although achievable by blowing or foaming, the reinsulation of a brick veneer wall or masonry cavity walls is __________ to perform
Difficult
Changing moisture content within a building material (absorption) can lead to significant _____________
Dimensional Instability
The term used to describe moisture affecting hygroscopic materials, such as wood, swelling and contracting over time
Dimensional Instability
Installing expansion joint covers flush with the roofing is ________ by most roofing experts
Discouraged
Under what MasterFormat Division are moisture and thermal control listed under?
Division 7
No, but they have to follow other buildings alike
Do state and federal buildings have to follow city codes?
Shingles on lower than normal slope roofs are generally accompanied by what?
Double underlayment
Roof specialty assembly created from the same material as the neighboring gutters, designed to drain and redirect water captured by gutters into a pan, splash block, or boots connected to storm sewers
Downspouts
A continuous corrosion-resistant, nonstaining material designed and installed to protect roof deck edges and prevent leaks by allowing water to drip free of underlying eave construction
Drip Edge
Shingle, Mat, and felt manufacture: What is the machine that acts as a felt material reservoir that can be drawn on by the machine as needed?
Dry looper
Material used to emulate many existing failed exterior waterproofing and finish materials and systems can be used to provide superior sustainability for repairing existing systems
EIFs
Only certifying organization currently recognized for LEED certification
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
What kind of ventilation would be used in conjunction with a crawl space or basement assembly in order to keep water from gathering underneath the house?
Foundation vent
Roofing configurations: Configuration in which the insulation of a roof is separated from the roofing by the roof deck or sheathing
Framed System
Application methods of single-ply membranes using adhesive: The membrane is completely attached to the substrates using hot or cold applied bitumen, cold-applied adhesives, solvents, or pressing self-adhering membrane in place
Fully Adhered
How the selection of methods and systems are governed
Functional Requirements; Cost; Appearance; materials, products, and systems available
Division 12
Furnishings
Types of ventilation in Insulated Frame Systems: Assembly that is more effective when wind is perpendicular to the specific vent, or parallel to the ridge of the roof
Gable End Louvers
- Less expensive - Less durable - Not recommended for internal flashings - OK for external, replaceable flashings
Galvanized (zinc-coated) steel
Different sheet metals used for flashing: Steel that has been coated with zinc Will corrode in fresh mortar, and even cured mortar Not suitable for masonry or stone construction, but coated with bitumen in the event it needs to be Widely used for flashing (cheap)
Galvanized Steel
What sheet metal is used extensively in small commercial and residential roofing due to its low cost?
Galvanized steel
What sheet metal, if left unfinished, will eventually rust due to exposure?
Galvanized steel
Different sheet metals used for flashing: What metal is widely used for flashing, especially in small commercial and residential buildings, why?
Galvanized steel, cheap
Division 1
General Requirements
What areas are normally the most likely surfaces in heated buildings on which condensation might appear
Glass Areas
Felt sheets: More heavily used today in BUR because they are stronger, less affected by moisture, and more resistant to slippage than dry organic felt sheets
Glass fiber
What types of insulation can be used in roof and ceiling assembly to prevent the spread of fire?
Glass fiber, Rock wool
- Beams made from glued, solid lumber pieces - Available in larger sizes, stronger and stiffer, than solid wood
Glue-Laminated Wood
C and D faces, with exterior glue; for exterior sheathing
Grade CDX
+/- 0.10 feet
Grade Tolerance for Lawns
+/- 1/2 inch
Grade Tolerance for Slabs
Factors affecting the transmission of water vapor: Differential in vapor pressure from one side of a material to the other
Gradient
Walls support floors and roof
Gravity loads
The term used to describe a roof oriented with imposition of vegetation such as herbs, grasses, mosses, and more over a roofing membrane system, leading to decreased heat island effect in cities
Green Roof
Roof specialty assembly that collects water from a roof and distributes it to a downspout
Gutters
What encasement material replaced plaster, and is more used today
Gypsum Board
What is the traditional sheathing used on both Type PB and Type PM systems?
Gypsum Board
When using insulation that is not inherently fire resistant, _______ should be covering it, attached to the furring of the CMU wall
Gypsum Board
Division 23
HVAC
In lead roofing, what metal nails are cleats fastened with and made of?
Hard copper
What metal should fasteners be made of when fastening cooper roofing?
Hard copper, brass
Type Headlap
Headlap
What type of masonry walls have a better capacity insulation factor?
Heavy
international residential code
IRC
What should be installed in conjunction with underlayment beneath metal roofing if the mean temperature in January is either 30 degrees or colder?
Ice shield
Common Code Enforcement
International Code Council Uniform Plumbing Code Uniform Mechanical Code National Electrical Code
What fireproofing material is used primarily on structural members exposed to view, and expands when heated in order to form a thermal insulation sleeve around the protected member? Comes in paints and mastics
Intumescent Coatings
Most seams today made in installation of formed-in-place metal roofing are made by using ________
Machine
Types of penetrations: walls, chimneys
Major
Different rates of shrinkage between interior wood framing and exterior masonry, steel, or concrete walls can lead to differential settling of upper floors and roofs. - Wood connection details should minimize the cumulative effects of cross-grain shrinkage.
Managing Wood Shrinkage
Division 4
Masonry
Division 41
Material Procession and Handling Equipment
Division 15 (Pre-04)
Mechanical (Pre-04)
Application methods of single-ply membranes: Desirable application method when seeking to reduce the dead load on a roof, or when the roof is too steep to accommodate ballast In this system, the roofing is secured using mechanical fasteners
Mechanically Fastened
Types of waterproofing: Consisting of a several component system, including a protection course, drainage medium, and a layer of filter fabric to house a membrane Either liquid applied, roll applied, or fluid applied
Membrane
- Polymer-modified bitumens laminated to plastic backings - Self-sticking to substrate - Less expensive and easier to install than metal flashings
Membrane Flashings (self adhering)
- cannot be permanently exposed to sunlight. - Often combined with metal where they must project from the wall
Membrane flashings restriction
Group M
Merchandise
________ base flashings are inappropriate in roll roofing, and joints between metal cap flashings and between elastomeric base flashings should be avoided when possible
Metal
- Most expensive and most durable
Metal Flashings
Division 5
Metals
Fire-resistive, consists of heavy timber framing within brick masonry exterior walls.
Mill Construction
acceptable criteria for testing materials and systems
test method standards
greater holding power, more expensive and time consuming
threaded fasteners properties
organization of individuals engaged in the production, supply, or installation of materials
trade association
In a BUR system, how are the plies and components laid, chronologically?
two layers of insulation, base sheet, plies, cap sheet
Most roof insulation should be applied in at least ________ layers, with the joints _______ to reduce leaks
two, staggered
classes combustibility of building material
type
exterior is noncombustible interior has combustible elements
type III, A & B
exterior is noncombustible intrior is heavy timber
type IV
combustible
type V, A & B
noncombustible
types I & II, A&B
The materials that are placed in joints in buildings and pavings where a weathertight seal is needed and in other locations to close building and paving joints for aesthetic reasons or as a base for painting
Sealants
Using a caulk to bond two or more pieces of flashing - less expensive and less permanent than soldering.
Sealing
- After lumber is sawn, it is seasoned (dried), either in air or in kilns. - Seasoned lumber is lighter, stronger, and stiffer than green (unseasoned) lumber. - Decay causing fungi cannot survive in wood with a moisture content (MC) below ~20%.
Seasoning
What fireproofing application method follows the contour of the structure element being protected?
Spray Applied
Shingle and tile roofing terminology: The quantity that roofing materials are purchased and estimated in, equating to 100 SF
Squares
In a compact conventional system with a roof spanning over 40 feet, what venting system should be used?
Stack Venting
Ventilation in compact conventional systems: Consists of a simple sheet metal stack system reaching through the roofing membrane into the insulation
Stack Venting
Flashing used when pipes projecting through a pitch roofed use prefitted sleeves that slip over stacks, and are secured with asphalt roofing cement
Stack flashing
Different sheet metals used for flashing: Corrodes only under severe conditions Workable, Durable, and acts as an excellent moisture barrier Will not stain adjacent materials, and applies with most flashing applications
Stainless Steel
- Long-lasting - Non-staining - Relatively stiff and hard to form
Stainless steel
What metal should fasteners be made of when fastening stainless steel roofing?
Stainless steel
Workmanship Standards
Standards for installing materials, products, and systems
Strip of mineral surfaced roll roofing or the top lap of strip shingles with the tabs cut off used to back up the first regular course of shingles and fill in the spaces between tabs
Starter Course
When using a concealed nailing system while fastening roll roofing, what needs to be installed along the perimeter of the roof?
Starter strip
Joint movement: Joints that are referred to as nonworking joints
Static
Joint movement: Joints that have little or no movement
Static
- Open-web steel joists are spaced relatively closely and impose light point loads on the wall. - With heavier, more widely-spaced structural steel framing, added reinforcing or enlarged piers may be needed.
Steel and Concrete Floors and Roof
Defect-free wood is comparable to the strength of steel on a per-weight basis. But average grades are weaker
Steel wood comparison
What metals are structural sheet metal roofing panels generally made of?
Steel, aluminum
Flashing used when a vertical sidewall meets a roofing surface. Individual rectangular pieces of metal flashing are overlapped
Step flashing
Group S
Storage
What type of shingles are the only shingles in general use today?
Strip shingles
Types of sheet metal roofing: Designed to span between structural roof supports No roof deck required Consists of metal panels joined by raised seams that provide stiffness Structural roof that also forms a weather barrier
Structural
- Made from wood veneers or fiber strands and glue - Used as beams, headers (short beams over openings), studs, nonstructural rim boards, etc.
Structural Composite Lumber
Framing lumber pieces are graded and stamped for structural strength and stiffness.
Structural Grading
Best results are obtained in vapor control when joints are made over a ________________
Structural Member
Used as sheathing on framed walls and roofs, and subflooring over floor framing
Structural Wood Panels
Characteristics of seamed roofing panels: _________ tend to be thicker and have higher ribs than _________
Structural panels, architectural panels
You can add insulation to existing studs walls in what two ways?
Stud cavity, exterior
In older structures that have no vapor retarder installed, what can be used as vapor control
Stud space vents, painted siding
Any condensation on a visible surface
Surface Condensation
Occurs when a surface loses heat fast enough to reach the dew point
Surface Condensation
Which ASTM elastomeric use corresponds with traffic areas?
T
Types of single-ply membrane roll roofing: What is the most common type of thermoplastic single-ply roll roofing? Highly resistant to ozone, UV rays, chemicals, algae, environmentally friendly
TPO
Types of Building Sealants: Used mainly for glazing and concealed lap joints Adhesive sealant on one side protected by a release paper
Tape
What is a misconception about solid brick?
That they are fully solid. They are frequently not 100% solid to reduce weight and costs of firing. They are never less than 75% solid.
Internal Friction
The resistance of the soil grains to their tendency to slide over one another
What kilns are used for brick firing?
There is the tunnel kiln where the bricks are passed continuously. The other is the periodic kiln where batches of bricks are loaded, fired, cooled, and removed.
Division 7
Thermal and Moisture Protection
Are coal tar and asphalt thermoplastic or thermosetting?
Thermoplastic
Sheet membranes: Soft when heated and hard when cool, installed by heat welding the seams
Thermoplastic
Types of single-ply membrane roll roofing: Softens when heated Can be molded and shaped when heated
Thermoplastic
Types of single-ply membrane roll roofing: Cures or hardens through the application of heat Gives the material a high durability, but it is permanent
Thermoset
Sheet membranes: Harden permanently when heated, requiring them to be installed using solvent-based adhesives on the seams
Thermosetting
How are mortar types defined?
They are defined by either proportioning of ingredients or minimum strength and other properties Always use one method or the other, but not both
What are the characteristics of hollow brick?
They have up to 60% void which makes them lighter. This means they require less energy to fire. They readily accommodate steel reinforcing.
Are threaded or smooth shanks in fasteners preferred for installation of shingles into a plywood roof sheathing?
Threaded
Nails and fasteners used to apply shingles over plywood substrates should have _______ shanks
Threaded
located above all interruptions in the cavity, to intercept water within the wall and direct it back to the exterior.
Through-wall flashings
- installed at all interruptions in the cavity. - A flashing above a wall opening intercepts water in the cavity and prevents it from spilling into the opening.
Through-wall flashings (location)
When insulating ceilings, the insulation should extend entirely across the ____________ to prevent heat loss at the joint, or the voids should be stuffed with loose insulation
Top Plate
Type Toplap
Toplap
EIFS classifications: In which classification of EIFS does a base coat consist of glass fiber mesh reinforcement embedded during installation?
Type PB
EIFS classifications: Referred to as "soft coat EIFS"
Type PB
Insulation in EIFS classifications: Which EIFS classification uses primarily molded rigid cellular boards Usually either adhesively attached or mechanically fastened
Type PB
EIFS classifications: In which classification of EIFS does a base coat utilize a layer of wire lath or glass fiber mesh in its reinforcement
Type PM
EIFS classifications: Referred to as "hard coat EIFS"
Type PM
Insulation in EIFS classifications: Which EIFS classification uses primarily rigid extruded foam, meaning it is more expensive and more dense, and less vapor permeable Always mechanically fastened
Type PM
Which type of EIFS presents the need to be divided into panels, given its finish coat is much more brittle and subject to cracking?
Type PM
Types of elastomeric sealants: Single component sealants More expensive, packaged in individual, field-applied cartridges
Type S
Which type of mortars are most commonly specified?
Type S and Type N
When HT is used in Type V construction, it is subject to this Type's reduced height and area limits. - (Type V construction permits combustible members of any size and combustible exterior walls.)
Type V Construction
- Vertical reinforcing bars in fully-grouted cells - Horizontal joint reinforcing
Types of reinforcing (masonry walls)
- In loadbearing cavity walls, the inner wythe is usually loadbearing and the outer wythe or veneer is nonstructural.
Typical load bearing wall
Thermal insulation of an entire building can be summed to calculate an assembly's overall _____________
U-factor
Hourly heat loss or gain through an exterior wall is measured by what?
U-value
What UL code should shingles conform to, stating that each shingle should be a minimum of Class C rating (Although most today are Class A rating)
UL 790
Standards of quality: Asphalt roofing should conform to _______ codes
UL, NRCA
Where the roof surface is ________, shingles should be started at the rake that is most visible
Unbroken
In slab on grade construction, vapor retarders are always needed to be placed _______ the slab to avoid structural problems to habitable rooms
Under
Provides protection to the sheathing from moisture absorption until the roofing is applied, and weather protection by preventing the entrance of wind-driven rain below the roofing onto the sheathing or into the structure
Underlayment
Similar to roofing in new construction, _______ is placed over roofing to remain when reroofing a structure
Underlayment
Application of roll roofing: Roll roofing requires the application of a continuous _________, usually of number ______ felt sheet
Underlayment, 15
Precast concrete hollow core slabs (right) or cast-in-place concrete slabs
Uniform loads
- Steel straps and metal angles securely stitch wall/floor connection. - Floor platform is strengthened with added subflooring.
Unreinforced Masonry
What is building brick?
Used in concealed locations where appearance is not a concern.
They provide the performance criteria of a component and are based on the function of the component
What are performance codes?
Older & traditional types of building codes that give clear prescriptions for construction systems, types of materials, and the devices to be used without permitting any alternatives. They are definitive in interpretation
What are prescriptive codes?
Code issues that come up if a code is current, uniform, difference in opinion, or multiplicity of codes
What are some code administration problems?
Residential, commercial, industrial, and special-purpose
What are some common district groups?
Reduce building energy usage, reuse existing buildings imaginatively, land usage, sustainably harvest resources, and protect the soil and water
What are some design strategies for green building?
"Specialty Codes" that a city can adopt on top of the codes already in place
What are subcodes?
These will punish you if you fail to comply with codes, they will demolish & give you the bill for the demolition and you will have to pay a fine then have a revisit
What are teeth provisions?
A manual that establishes basic guidelines and certain minimum criteria for the design of streets and thoroughfares in the City
What are the BCS Unified Design Guidelines?
Site selection & development, efficiency in water use, reductions in energy use & atmospheric ozone-depleting gases, minimizing construction waste and depletion of nonrenewable resources, improving the quality of the indoor enviornment, and encouraging innovation in sustainable design and construction practices
What are the LEED's sustainability goal categories?
A1-A5: assembly such as public theaters, B: businesses, E: educational, F-1 & F-2: factory industrial, H-1 through H-5: high hazards, I-1 through I-4: institutional, M: mercantile, R-1 through R-4: residential, S-1 & S-2: storage, and U: utility
What are the different occupancy groups and who falls under each group?
Also known as green building, it is meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
What is sustainability?
The Code of Federal Regulation, these are the standards set by OSHA
What is the CFR?
A certificate that states the work has been completed in accordance with code, including drawings and specs or any changes that have been approved and incorporated
What is the Certificate of Occupancy?
When 3 or more workers are hospitalized or killed
When does OSHA have to report injuries?
30-40% of the world's energy use and associated greenhouse emissions, 2/3 of its electricity, 30% of its raw materials, 1.4% of its harvested wood, and 12% of its fresh water
Why is environmental sustainability important in construction?
Insulation material choice selection is much _______ with single ply loose-laid membrane roofing, given that adhesives are not used to attach anything (compatibility is not a major consideration)
Wider
By UL standards, what type of shingle is recommended when living in areas that can potentially have 75 mph winds or more?
Wind resistant
Division 6
Wood, Plastics, Composites
Like closed valley, but the strip shingles are not trimmed at the end
Woven Valley
Are considerations for expansion and expansion joints needed in gutters?
Yes
Is dampproofing usually concealed?
Yes
uniform plumbing code uniform mechanical code national electrical code
common codes
brought in to level terrain/build up elevation
compacted fill
very soft soft medium stiff very stiff
consistencies
A _______ retarder is more effective in metal framing
continuous sheet
What is sometimes required in order to anchor light gravel stops and fascias to a roof?
hook strips
Where do moisture problems typically occur?
in cold climates in heated buildings, in warm/humid climates in cooled buildings
tendency for soil grains to slide over one another
internal friction
supporting existing foundations during excavation with new footings, pilings, or caissons
underpinning
Backfill
replacing excavated soil around new construction
What is usually laid over steel decking in roofing systems as a makeshift substrate in order to eliminate the need for the membrane to span the flutes of the metal deck?
rigid insulation
living cells that store and transport nutrient
sapwood layer of a tree
When making roofing products, the body of the highly absorbent felt sheet is first to __________ it in order to resist water as efficiently as possible
saturate
Strip shingle application: On _______ roofs, shingles can be started from either rake of a roof
small
cone trees, simple cell structure, cheaper, structural wood and finishes
softwoods
composition grain size moisture content density capillarity drainage characteristics stratification consistency compressibility climatic variation
soil characteristics that influence building foundation...
H-shaped steel beams
soldier piles
What two types of sheet metal roofs are there?
structural, architectural
layered veneers sandwiched
LVL(laminated veneer lumber)
- Multiwythe - Exterior face of stone, face brick, or other durable masonry material - Inner wythes of less expensive CMU or clay units which do not require the same level of durability or finish appearance
Composite Masonry Walls
Columns should not bear on beams or girders, so that they are unaffected by shrinkage in the floor frame (column is continuous).
Contemporary Connections
Used for both residential and nonresidential structures.
Contemporary timber frame construction
- Heavy decking comes in depths of 2" to 8", capable of spanning roughly from 5' to more than 20'. - To achieve the required fire-resistance, floor decking must be covered with tongue-and-groove boards or plywood.
Floor and Roof Decks
Concealed combustible spaces, where fire could develop undetected must be avoided.
Floor and Roof Decks Precaution
- From broadleafed (deciduous) trees - More complex cell structure - Often more interesting figure (Top: walnut, with readily apparent pores; bottom: red oak, with pores and rays)
Hardwoods
- HT roof framing is permitted in any construction type requiring no more than a 1-hour fire-resistance rating. - For example, heavy timber framing can substitute for 1-hour protected steel or concrete roof framing in Type I and II noncombustible buildings.
Heavy Timber Roof Framing
span further then solid lumber, cheaper,
I-joist
shredded wood strips
Laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL)
full-depth veneers (example here is lying on its side)
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
- Carry gravity loads from floors and roofs - May be composite, cavity, or single-wythe
Loadbearing Masonry Walls
Actual sizes are less than nominal size due to surfacing.
Lumber Dimensions
Solid scrap and fibers can be used in the manufacture of various wood products.
Manufactured Wood Products
- Multiwythe - A continuous air space between wythes acts as an internal drainage plane. - Water that penetrates the outer wythe runs down the cavity and then is drained back to the exterior.
Masonry Cavity Walls
thin strips of veneer
Parallel strand lumber (PSL)
growth rings roughly parallel to wider face of board (right)
Plainsawn
- Broader grain pattern on wide face - Greater distortion during drying - More uneven surface erosion or wear
Plainsawn Lumber
Greater than 50% plastic - Both finish and structural applications - Durable, maintenance free, decay-resistant
Plastic Lumber
Laminated softwood veneers
Plywood
Lower grades (like D) have more defects than higher grades
Plywood veneer grades
- Wood has both useful tensile and compressive strength. - Strength varies significantly with direction of grain, species, and presence of knots or other defects. - Strength also varies with duration of load, moisture content, chemical treatments, temperature, size and shape of piece.
Structural Properties of Wood
Lumber is surfaced to make it smooth and more dimensionally precise. - Framing lumber: usually surfaced four sides (S4S) - Finish lumber: may be S4S, or surfaced two sides (S2S), the other sides to be sawn and surfaced by the woodworker
Surfacing
removes some drying distortions
Surfacing after seasoning (S-DRY)
sometimes more economical; best for wood species that don't distort excessively as they dry
Surfacing before seasoning (S-GRN)
As wood dries below approximately 30 percent MC, it shrinks, mostly in cross section, and only slightly in length.
Wood shrinkage
plywood
laminated softwood veneers
between quarter and plain sawn
riftsawn
international code council
ICC
Division 44
Pollution and Waste Control Equipment
Most perimeter insulation surrounding below grade foundation walls and slab on grade are what? Why?
Polystyrene, resistance to moisture
Buildings built around 60 or more years ago were sealed _______, causing most builders to improve techniques in sealing building envelopes more securely
Poorly
Base and Penetration flashing in membrane roofing are generally the ______ material as the sheet membrane
Same
storm water pollution prevention plan
SWPPP
Flashing receivers are made of the _______ metal that the cap flashing is made of
Same
A flashing at the base of the wall intercepts water that reaches the bottom of the cavity.
Bottom cavity
Header
Brick laid flat, with end visible
Stretcher
Brick laid flat, with face visible
Soldier
Brick laid on its end, with its face visible
Rowlock
Brick laid on its face, with end visible
What is facing brick?
Brick with appearance characteristics graded for exposed applications.
When a roof surface is _______, shingles should be started from a rake and laid toward a dormer or into a valley
Broken
Types of sealants: Sealants designed for use on horizontal and vertical surfaces in or on buildings
Building
plank is stronger and more slip resistent
+ of construction planking: unsurfaced
removes some drying distortions
+ of surface after reasoning (S-DRY)
more economial, best for species that dont distort easily while drying
+ of surfacing before seasoning (S-GRN)
Vapor retarders are frequently required to have a permeance of ________ perm or less
.5
Steep slope roofs are classified as those exceeding a slope of ___________
1.5:12
demo of above-ground structures
1st step in site clearing
Lower slope than normal is anywhere as low as ________
2 in 12
How much expansion and contraction (percentage) can a class 25 sealant withstand?
25%
remove trees/shrubs
2nd step in site clearing
What asphalt shingles are the most common today?
3 tab
Roofs should be designed to sustain long-time performance, which is defined as a _________ year minimum standard
30
strip topsoil
3rd step in site clearing
How many nails should be installed with a 3 tab shingle in locations having normal weather conditions?
4
Asphalt shingles may safely be applied using normal application methods on roofs with slopes of ___________ or greater
4 in 12
Normal slope is classified as _______ or greater
4 in 12
Three tab shingle installation methods: First course begins as a full shingle Second is installed with a shingle 4" removed Succeeding courses are installed with additional 4" removed, through the 9th course 10th course is full sized shingle, repeat
4" method
Performance Code
A code that doesn't limit the selection of methods and systems to a single type, but instead sets a standard for the performance of building elements
Descriptive Code
A code that establishes construction requirements by reference to a particular material or method
Plasticity Index
A value expressing the numerical difference between liquid limit and plastic limit
What thermal and moisture protective product formerly used Ozone depletive gasses, but does not today?
A) Foamed in place insulation* B) Fiber batt insulation C) Blanket insulation D) No insulation
In Thermal and Moisture protective materials, sustainability considerations generally go hand in hand with the material's respective ____________________
A) MasterFormat Division* B) IBS C) Format of Masters Division D) OSHA
The sum of all of the energy it takes to create, use, and dispose of after the lifecycle is complete of a specific material
A) Stored Enegry B) Embodied Energy* C) Released Energy D) Passive Energy
One problem with green roofs is that when it rains, the soil on top of the membrane housing the vegetation gets very _______
A) Tall B) Skinny C) Heavy* D) Light
Has Professor Nichols cursed in front of a nun?
A) Yes, but not on purpose* B) Yes, on purpose C) NO! Professor Nichols would never swear D) Professor Nichols is a mute
Silicone joints are generally restricted to Use ___
A)Non traffic* B) Light traffic C) High traffic D) Stop light traffic
ways to control erosion
A)silt fence B)rip rap C)filter fabric D)all of the above*
The ________ should be designed to minimize heat flow through floors, walls, and ceilings that surround habitable areas
Building Envelope
Types of MB to be used in BUR applications: Membranes that are constructed with asphalt that has been modified with plastic compounds that creates a durable UV resistant sheet Typically torch installed
APP (Atactic Polypropylene)
Who creates quality standards for thermal insulation?
ASTM
Where should head flashing be installed?
Above
The ability for hygroscopic materials, such as wood and other fibrous materials, to retain and take in water through their large surface areas
Absorption
Types of Building Sealants: Used in concealed locations to seal off sound transmission paths around partitions, electrical outlets, and other openings
Acoustical
What type of caulk offers the most color options and is used with vinyl siding?
Acrylic
Grading
Adding elevations to adjust water runoff
Surfaces of most materials (particularly metal) have an affinity for water, and a film of water molecules is often held to said surface by molecular forces of attraction
Adsorption
Heat loss through floors over heated crawl spaces can be reduced by installing insulating material __________
Against Foundation Walls
Group A
Agricultural
Zoning Code A
Agricultural
Reduce the number of air changes in a building and help to create a more energy efficient interior environment, protect sheathing against deterioration and resist further penetration of moisture that finds its way through the siding or other finish material Come in membrane sheets and boards with sealed joints
Air Infiltration Barriers
Materials that are used anywhere in a building assembly to stop the movement of air into or out of the conditioned space
Air barrier
- Not recommended for through-wall flashings. - Metal reacts adversely with the highly alkaline mortar.
Aluminum
Built in gutters are seldom made from ________, because it cannot be soldered and making its joints water tight is quite difficult
Aluminum
Different sheet metals used for flashing: Resistant to oxidization Not resistant to corrosion due to adjacent alkali rich, wet mortar, but okay with seasoned mortar Not suitable for use in masonry or stone wall construction
Aluminum
Finish lumber is graded for the extent of visible, such as knots, and other appearance characteristics. - always performed visually
Appearance Grading
Types of sheet metal roofing: Roof deck is required to support the roofing Designed to shed water rather than act as a total barrier to it, so it is usually installed at slopes of 3:12 or more Acts solely as a weather barrier, has no structural component
Architectural
What material is no longer permitted in roofing products but is still to be found in older roofing? Also can inflict extreme health and environmental problems upon removal if proper precautions are not taken.
Asbestos
In BUR systems, what bitumen is the most commonly used due to its wide range of slope usage and range of climatic conditions
Asphalt
The longer the warranty for shingles, the more ______ they have impregnated in them, and the thicker they are
Asphalt
Asphalt flux products: A petroleum product obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil
Asphalt Flux
Common Trade Associations
Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC) NAHB The Associated General Contractors of America (AGC of America) American Subcontractors Association
What is the most economical area to reinsulate in an existing structure?
Attics
Components in BUMR: Primary function is to protect the roofing system against moisture in the substrate and condensation on the bottom of the membrane
Base sheet
Similar to rigid boards in appearance and composition, but different in length Used in areas where it isnt practical to install loose fill, or in areas where the attached foil facing is desired as a vapor retarder Used in walls and partitions, below floors, in crawlspaces, above ceilings, and in attics
Batts, blankets
Traditional fire cut beam ends: Prevent collapse of wall in event of beam failure in fire - A ventilating air space around the beam end prevents moisture in the masonry wall from seeping into the beam.
Beam/Wall Anchorage
Where should sill flashing be installed?
Behind, under
What is used in BUMR systems as an adhesive and waterproofing material?
Bitumen
What color is EPDM typically?
Black
Stud cavities are typically reinsulated with _______
Blown wool
12 sq. in. nominal cross-section, 1 foot long = 1 board foot Take dimensions and find volume (in. cu.) and divide by 144 = board feet.
Board feet
Polyethylene or other plastic tapes designed for installation in joints that have no backer rod or filler to prevent the sealant from bonding to the substrate at the back of the joint, essentially creating a new bonding surface for sealants in order to protect the substrate
Bond Breaker
Valley flashing techniques: Can only use strip shingles, this doubles the shingle coverage throughout the length of the valley, increasing weather resistance at this vulnerable point (basically overlap, excluding the need for fasteners) Flashing is placed above the underlayment in any case Trim the shingles after the overlap
Closed Valley
What bitumen was used in some BUR systems, but is now classified as a carcinogen and has been limited in use significantly?
Coal tar
What bituminous compound is generally not used on the interior of a building due to its distinct odor?
Coal tar
What is considered superior to asphalt for use in membrane roofing, and must be used on slopes of up to 1/2 in./ft?
Coal tar
What are the two primary bitumens used in fusing together roofing and waterproofing felts to form a built up roof or waterproofing membrane?
Coal tar, asphalt
Surfacing types and applications: Usually colored slate or rock granules used on shingles and roll products These have increased weather and fire resistance and provide a wide range of colors and color blends
Coarse grain Mineral
What are typically used in BUR systems as a base sheet?
Coated Sheets
Shingle, Mat, and felt manufacture: After leaving the wet looper, the ________ will apply coating bitumen to both the top and bottom surfaces
Coater
Asphalt flux products: Asphalt flux processed and combined with mineral stabilizers
Coating Asphalt
In order to increase waterproofing characteristics, after a roofing material is saturated with asphalt, the application of a ____________ can create a harder, more viscous coat.
Coating Asphalt
Which is higher, the softening point of coating asphalts, or of saturants?
Coating Asphalts
Density
Cohensionless Soils have a high ____
Consistency
Cohesive soils have a high_____
Types of Dampproofing: May be either coal-tar or asphalt based, may be used on the interior or exterior Especially useful on small projects Either cut-back asphalt or asphalt emulsion (breathable)
Cold Applied
Protect wet mortar from freezing. Preheat materials. Protect construction from weather and wind. Use cement types that cure rapidly and generate more heat while curing. Provide temporary space heating.
Cold and Hot Weather
Polymer-Modified Bitumen membrane installation process: Using a solvent-based adhesive or a two part adhesive system, the adhesive is applied to the roofing substrate and spread using a serrated edge squeegee or sprayed
Cold application
Different sheet metals used for flashing: What type of copper sheet metal is generally used for flashing?
Cold rolled
Roofing configurations: Configuration in which there is insulation both above and below the roof deck
Combination Framed and Compact System
Flashings that consist of materials in flexible sheet and sheet metal flashing in order to utilize the best properties of each
Combination Sheet Flashing
Zoning Code C
Commercial
Division 27
Communications
Roofing configurations: Configuration in which the insulation, membrane, and vapor retarder are all in contact
Compact Conventional System
Vapor retarder and ventilation design systems: Constructed with either metal or wood plank decks, used primarily in built-up roofing (flat roof) and uses edge and stack venting, depending on the thickness
Compact Conventional Systems
In general, fasteners should be _________ with the metal being fastened
Compatible
Panels used in preformed sheet metal roofing systems: Panels that employ a sheet metal facing applied over an insulating material, usually a rigid foam. Some also have uninsuated honeycomb cores
Composite Panels
face veneers bonded to solid core
Composite panels
Any condensation that occurs within a material or assembly
Concealed Condensation
Occurs when the vapor pressure inside is above the vapor pressure of the outside, providing the force that causes vapor diffusion into exterior walls and ceilings Can be solved with provisions for ventilation and proper vapor retarders Occurs in most parts of the US in winter
Concealed Condensation
Division 3
Concrete
Adsorption is another word used to describe what?
Condensation
Occurs when vapor laden air contacts a cool surface, is also dependent on the type of activities conducted within a structure
Condensation
How tolerant a building material is to condensation
Condensation Tolerance
Where do the biggest problems arise from in dealing with moisture control?
Condensation, Freeze/thaw
What occurs as a result of either a temperature drop or the migration of water vapor to areas of lower temperatures?
Condensation, Freezing
Types of ventilation in Insulated Frame Systems: Assembly that is unique in the sense that it can provide air flow due to temperature differences with roof slopes as low as 4/12 Provide the same air flow at zero wind velocity as at 10 mph, but air flow volume is several times larger when wind is parallel to the ridge
Continuous Ridge Vents
Types of ventilation in Insulated Frame Systems: Assembly that produces substantial air flow regardless of wind direction, and the flow is directly proportionate to wind velocity
Continuous Soffit Vents
Types of ventilation in Insulated Frame Systems: What two assemblies used in conjunction produce the greatest volume and most uniform air flow under most wind conditions? (Best efficiency)
Continuous Soffit Vents, Continuous Ridge Vents
Construction Joints: Relatively small joints used to divide thin materials such as pavements, floors, walls, and finish materials
Control Joints
Division 14
Conveying Systems
Shingle, Mat, and felt manufacture: After being surfaced with mineral granules, the roofing material goes here where it is cooled to be cut to length or into shingles and packed for shipment
Cooling Looper (Finish looper)
Roof specialty assembly manufactured from sheet metal or from extruded aluminum that tops a parapet wall, and generally slopes back towards the roof membrane surface to keep water from hitting it and running down the building surface Outside edges are snapped to continuous cleats, inside edges are screwed to wood framing
Copings
- Long-lasting - Runoff can cause staining by copper oxides - Relatively soft and easily formed
Copper
Different sheet metals used for flashing: More expansive than most other flashing materials Available in preformed shapes Excellent Moisture barrier Not materially affected by caustic alkalis Suitable for masonry and stone wall construction (without chlorides), but its oxide can wash off onto stone walls, which is undesirable for lighter colored stone
Copper
Describe nails and fasteners that are suitable for use on asphalt shingle roofs
Corrosion resistant metal, large flat head, sharp points
Every base flashing requires some kind of ________
Counter flashing
Most metal __________ should be set into mortar joints as the masonry is built or be later inserted into receivers
Counter flashing
Shingle and tile roofing terminology: The amount of weather protection provided by the overlapping of shingles This can be increased in order to furnish single, double, or triple protection
Coverage
- Solid lumber pieces laminated into structural panels - Lumber pieces alternate direction in each layer - Structurally competitive with concrete structures.
Cross-Laminated Timber
What is the primary disadvantage to using a cold applied asphalt adhesive?
Cure time
- Materials inserted into the cavity to catch mortar droppings and prevent obstruction of weep holes at bottom.
Dainage materials
A bituminous coating applied to a foundation or basement wall to prevent moisture absorption, not appropriate when the water is under hydrostatic pressure
Dampproofing
Usually a bituminous coating applied to prevent materials from absorbing adjacent moisture or to prevent absorbed moisture from penetrating further into an invaded system, not appropriate when adjacent moisture is under hydrostatic pressure Available in hot and cold applications
Dampproofing
What is used to prevent below grade parts of building from ground water penetration?
Dampproofing, Waterproofing
- Water-repellent and air-impermeable membrane applied to the face of the inner wythe provides resistance to water penetration and air leakage.
Dampproofing/Air Barrier
Color of roofing: What shades of roofing are more desirable in colder climates, like the Northern US?
Dark
Color of roofing: What shades of roofing are more inclined to absorb sunlight?
Dark
What color roofing increases the thermal movement and increase the amount of visible oil canning?
Dark
When moisture gets into a specific area of a building, does thermal resistance increase or decrease?
Decrease
Material Standards
Define properties of a material
Product Standards
Define requirements of a specific product
Design Standards
Define the requirements for sound design using a particular material, product, or system
What process is used in cooling systems for a structure?
Dehumidification
What are the main methods for controlling surface condensation?
Deliberate dehumidification, increasing the surface temperature
Site Clearing Order
Demolition Clear and Grub Topsoil Stripping
Types of single-ply membrane roll roofing: What is the most common type of thermoset single-ply roofing?
EPDM
What type of thermoset membrane must have its joints sealed by adhesive?
EPDM
A bitumens optimum temperature, what temperature it should be applied at
EVT
Division 31
Earthwork
_________ should be implemented in areas that are 30 degrees or colder, or where there is a possibility of ice forming along eaves and causing water backup
Eave flashing
Where should flashing be provided in an attempt to avoid leaks and moisture penetration caused by water backing up under shingles behind ice dams?
Eaves
In a compact conventional system with a roof spanning less than 40 feet, what venting system should be used?
Edge Venting
Ventilation in compact conventional systems: A method of connecting roof insulation with the exterior atmosphere through built-in vent openings at a roof's perimeter
Edge Venting
Group E
Educational
_____________ is dependent on proper installation and physical properties of the material being used
Effectiveness of a Vapor Retarder
- White crystalline deposits on the surface of masonry occur when moisture within carries salts from the mortar or masonry units to the surface and then evaporates, leaving the salts behind.
Efflorescence
- Most common with new masonry and usually decreases over time. - Avoid contaminants in the masonry ingredients. - Keep water out of the wall both during and after construction
Effloresence prevention
Types of building sealants: Made of a resin-based, rubber-like chemical compound Intended for use in expansion joints and other joints to move over time with expansion and contraction
Elastomeric
Division 26
Electrical
Division 16 (Pre-04)
Electrical (Pre-04)
Division 48
Electrical Power Generation
Division 28
Electronic Safety & Security
Before the advent of modern, lightweight fire proofing, steel structural members were encased in masonry or concrete to provide a substantial hourly fire rating
Encasement
ex:15-19% int: 6-11%
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) for exterior and interior
Division 11
Equipment
very fine-grained wood particle
Fiberboard
Dampproofing that is reinforced with mineral fibers
Fibrated
- Can span further than solid lumber, using less raw material - Top and bottom flanges of solid lumber, or composite material (LVL shown here) - Webs of OSB or plywood
I-Joists
Vertical expansion joints may occur on one or both sides of stacked window openings, where cracking would otherwise be likely.
Expansion Joint locations
Masonry expands and contracts with changes in temperature, moisture content, and structural loading.
Expansion and Contraction
Construction Joints: Relatively large joints intended to permit a structure to expand and contract without damage to the structure, also referred to as isolation joints usually employ an elastomeric sealant
Expansion joint
What acts as the cap flashing in a wood curb assembly?
Expansion joint cover
Roof specialty assembly manufactures from either performed or field formed metal, preformed elastomeric, or a combination of the two should be installed over pressure-preservative-treated wood curbs, and is used to protect expansion joints from moisture
Expansion joint covers
Due to the large differential in the expansion coefficient of most sheet metals and that of their supports generally present, what is needed in sheet metal?
Expansion joints
_________ usually pass completely through the structure and its finishes
Expansion joints
Shingle and tile roofing terminology: The shortest distance in inches between exposed edges of overlapping shingles or tiles (How much of one shingle is showing from above after the succeeding course is laid)
Exposure
When reinsulating an existing wall, which way is more economical and preferred?
Exterior
Division 32
Exterior Improvements
- Rigid plastic foam that can be applied to the exterior side of a masonry wall.
Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS),
Type III
Exterior is non-combustible
Type IV
Exterior is non-combustible and interior is heavy timber
The closed cell manufacture of polystyrene (rigid insulation) sheets
Extruded
A bitumen should never be heated above its _______
FP (Flash point)
forest stewardship council, recognized by LEED
FSC
Group F
Factories
Modular Construction - Constructed to local building code requirements, but factory-built and trucked to construction site
Factory-Built Housing
Zoning Code FI
Factory/Industrial
True or False Higher strength mortars are cheaper and have poorer workability characteristics compared to lower-strength mortars
False Though high strength mortars do have poorer workability compared to lower-strength mortars, they are more expensive.
Most gutters are hung from a _________
Fascia
Other types of insulation: General Purpose, low cost, seldom used in permanent building applications due to its softness
Fiberboard
Surfacing types and applications: Powders that are dusted on the surface of smooth roll roofings and the backs of mineral-surfaced roll roofings and shingles in order to prevent layers inside a package from sticking together Is not permanent, and gradually wears away over time
Fine grain mineral
Division 9
Finishes
Material that offers a fire resistance layer between combustible decks and the membrane
Fire Barrier
Division 21
Fire Suppression
What is needed in areas prone to forest and brush fires?
Fire resistant ground cover
Large wood members have greater resistance to fire than unprotected steel. - The charred outer layer of a partially-burned timber insulates and protects the inner portion, preserving partial structural capacity. - Large timbers are slow to absorb heat, slow to catch fire, and slow to burn.
Fire-Resistance
Chemical salts pressure-impregnated into wood to reduce its combustibility - Used where building code restricts the use of combustible materials
Fire-retardant treated wood
Traditional braced frame structure
First appears in the middle ages.
Exterior steel members may be partly protected from contact with a fire by steel ________
Flame Shields
Installed at vulnerable locations to help prevent water from entering a building and to collect water that has entered the exterior shell and divert it back to the exterior
Flashing
Metal, fabric, or plastics used in roofing systems to seal the gaps between the roofing and adjoining materials, such as walls, pipes, and other penetrations
Flashing
What must be installed in order to weatherseal the roof?
Flashing
Joints in metal flashing may be made watertight by soldering, welding, or joint sealant.
Flashing Details
- A through-wall (internal) flashing installed underneath the top-of-wall coping units intercepts water that passes between joints of those units.
Flashing Locations
- Include sheet metal, synthetic rubber, bituminous membranes, and plastics - Should be chosen with longevity in mind—internal flashings must last as long as the wall
Flashing Materials
Products used for installation and coating of bituminous roofing: Stiff, has long and more fibers, used for vertical application
Flashing cement
- Continuous waterproof membranes that intercept water in the cavity and redirect it to the exterior
Flashings
Which application type of membrane waterproofing is thicker, most fool proof when properly installed, and easier to identify leaks while conforming to irregular surfaces? Also, requires skilled installation to acquire uniform thickness
Fluid applied
Common types of thermal insulation: Created by a chemical reaction that expands a mixture of components by as much as 30 times, curing into a cellular plastic
Foamed in place insulation (Polyisocyanurate)
What is sometimes used as a vapor barrier, and has a permeance of 0 perms?
Foil
Retarder Selection: Foil backed gypsum lath and gypsum wall board, which have an aluminum foil retarder laminated to the back of the board itself, permits too much vapor leakage for zones 1 and 2 if installed horizontally, but permissible everywhere if overlapped vertically over the studs
Foil Backed Boards
Group H
High Hazard Facilities
What is the main disadvantage to encasement fireproofing?
High dead load
Vapor moves independently of air movement, from areas of __________ concentration and temperature, to areas of __________ concentration and temperature
High, low
Should the exterior vapor resistance of a building located in a humid climate be higher or lower than the interior vapor resistance?
Higher
What is the bed joint?
Horizontal joint between courses
Shingle, Mat, and felt manufacture: Mineral surfacing granules are applied and spread thickly onto a roofing material while the coating bitumen is still _________, then they are further embedded by rollers
Hot
Polymer-Modified Bitumen membrane installation process: Hot asphalt is used to alternate SBS and hot asphalt plies, usually applied with an asphalt spreader or mop
Hot Mopped
Types of Dampproofing: Usually used on the exterior of buildings, usually underground, and especially on large projects when the use of a hot system with solvents is permitted Seldom used indoors (not breathable)
Hot applied
When fire proofing, the goal seeking to be achieved is improving a building's ___________
Hourly fire rating
They are not checked by the local city and they have their own governing type of codes they must follow
How can government buildings be an issue for building codes?
The city requires a building permit application with copies of the plans, if the plans are in accordance, the building permit and plans are returned to the owner, periodic and progressive inspections are still held
How do building permits work?
You reach substantial completion, the owner can then request a final inspection, you can then apply for the Certificate of Occupancy
How do you get a certificate of occupancy?
Without notice and can happen in special circumstances
How does OSHA handle inspections?
They match the two, starting with which occupancy group may be housed in which type of construction, and under what limitations of building height in both feet and number of stories to figure out the fire resistance rating requirements and then designing can begin
How does the IBC use occupancy groups and the construction type?
Through the testing of various building and engineering products and the sale of its publications
How does the Underwriters Laboratories fund themselves?
A building code is a legal document, it is subject to interpretation, the decision is binding on the city, and appeals against the board can be taken only to a court of law
How does the board of appeals work?
What process is used in heating systems for a structure
Humidification
The thickness of the film described in the adsorption definition is relative to on the surrounding ___________
Humidity
Types of cementitious waterproofing: A compound of cement and rapid-setting, non-shrinking material
Hydraulic
Fibrous materials that allow absorption, such as wood, plywood, and fiberboard
Hygroscopic
When moisture gets into a specific area of a building, does thermal conductivity increase or decrease?
Increase
Division 45
Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment
Except in humid areas, insulation should be added on the ______ of the envelope in order to block heat flow, with the exception of insulated sheathing and EIFS
Inside
Group I
Institutional Facilities
Roofing substrates: Substrates of any material type, but are covered with one or more layers of insulation
Insulated
Roof and Ceiling Assembly Vapor Retarder and Ventilation Design systems: An air space separates the ceiling and insulation from the roof deck, where there may be an attic space above the ceiling framing This is the most likely method to experience condensation problems IMPORTANT TO VENTILATE TO ELIMINATE ALL POSSIBLE CONDENSATION POCKETS
Insulated Framed Systems
- Water-resistant insulation boards can be inserted into the cavity. But a minimum of 1 inch of clear airspace should be preserved.
Insulation
Effective vapor control generally depends on the proper selection and attachment of what?
Insulation
Flat slope roofing is designed in the ______ to shed water
Insulation
This product reduces heat loss in walls, ceiling, floor, and roof assemblies to keep surfaces in contact with moisture below the dew point, increasing surface temperature of a wall or surface, reducing the condensation hazard
Insulation
What material can also serve as the protection course in a membrane waterproofing application?
Insulation
__________ should be added, in most cases, in the roof, walls, and floors to make them more energy efficient
Insulation
Foam plastic or mineral fiber boards can be inserted into the masonry wall cavity. - CMU cores can be insulated with loose granular insulation or rigid foam inserts.
Insulation options
Division 25
Integrated Automation
Condensation on ____________ can be reduced by deliberate dehumidification, reducing the air intake from the outside when outdoor dew temperatures are high
Interior Surfaces
- should project beyond the face of the wall and form a drip, so that water falls free - exposed flashing should not be a membrane or composite bc they are not stiff / durable enough for permanent exposure to sunlight.
Internal flashings
Types of cementitious waterproofing: An iron-oxidizing agent in the mix causes the iron to rust quickly and expand to fill the pores in the plaster Used either on the exterior or interior of below grade walls, pits, sumps, and the like
Iron oxide
How is fly ash brick formed?
It is formed by the a molded process.
What happens if the proportion of cement to lime in the mix is increased?
It makes a higher compressive strength mortar.
What should be done for underlayment on a lower than normal sloped roof?
It should be doubled
Two accessories that are used in conjunction with sealant within a joint in order to control the depth of the sealant in order to assure that the sealant does not bond with the underlying substrate itself
Joint Backing, joint fillers
- Water and freeze/thaw action deteriorate mortar joints over time.
Joint Deterioration
- Changes in geometry - Close to corners - At intervals no greater than 125' in straight walls - At changes in support conditions
Joint locations
sealed at the surface of the wall, for appearance considerations and to prevent the passage of air and water.
Joint seal locations
allow movement to occur without damage
Joints
Thermal conductivity is referred to as ________
K-value
What room of a building is among the most fire prone spaces in both dwellings and other building types?
Kitchens
Stiffens column/beam connection and adds lateral stiffness to the heavy timber frame.
Knee Bracing
shredded wood strips
LSL(laminated strand lumber)OSL
Products used for installation and coating of bituminous roofing: Intended to make a watertight bond between lapping elements of roll roofing
Lap Cement
Strip shingle application: On _______ roofs, shingles should start in the center of the roof and fan out to ensure proper alignment
Large
When fastening shingles, which shingles should be nailed first
Last laid
Different sheet metals used for flashing: Will corrode in fresh and cured mortar Should not be used in masonry or stone construction Seldom used today for flashing
Lead
Different sheet metals used for flashing: Used in place of regular copper flashing when the oxidization is objectionable
Lead-coated Copper
Color of roofing: What shades of roofing are more desirable in hot climates, like the Southern US?
Light
Color of roofing: What shades of roofing are more inclined to reflect sunlight?
Light
Sailor
Like a soldier, but with its broader side visible
What type of roofing membrane has the advantages of seamless waterproofing, easy installation, and the ability to accommodate small, large, or complex roofs in the same manner? Uses either water base or solvent base
Liquid applied membrane
Which is more economical, longer or shorter panels?
Longer
Common Types of Thermal Insulation: Uses fibers, granules, or chips Is poured or blown into wall cavities or attics (mineral/glass wool, cellulose fibers) If it is not free flowing, it shouldnt be used in walls or other closed cavities, considering it could potentially tear on a nail, leaving and uninsulated pocket
Loose Fill Insulation
Application methods of single-ply membranes: In this system, the roofing is independent of the roof deck, with allows the structure to move without affecting the roofing This also means that the roofing can bow off easily due to wind uplift, but this risk can be reduced by using river gravel, concrete pads, or other counterweight MISSLES
Loose Laid and Ballasted
What protects ventilation openings in exposed locations in order to keep out wind and rain?
Louver
Underlayment should have a ________ vapor resistance, and should be saturated with ________
Low, asphalt
Are steeper or lower slopes more durable and easier to apply?
Lower slopes
Intended mainly to serve as the top ply of a roof surface, surfaced at the factory with mineral granules to protect them from the elements and approve their appearance, made from asphalt that has been modified
MB (Polymer modified bitumen membrane)
Finely ground materials, such as silica, slate dust, etc. that when combined with coating bitumens, control hardness, elasticity, adhesion, and weathering. Coating bitumens containing this resist weather better, and significantly increase roofing product life.
Mineral Stabilizers
Types of penetrations: pipes, curbs, guy wires, roof drains, and other elements that penetrate a roof
Minor
Always reinforced, gives walls greater strength and much improved resistance to seismic forces.
Modern load bearing masonry
What is the stiff mud process?
Moist clay extruded through dies and then sliced into units. Tends to be the least expensive forming method. This process is responsible for 90% of US made bricks.
- Cavity wall construction - Water repellent, coatings. Should be breathable to allow moisture that does infiltrate the wall to escape. - Mortar and concrete for CMUs can be mixed with additives that increase their resistance to water intrusion.
Moisture Resistance
The open cell manufacture of polystyrene (rigid insulation) sheets
Molded
What are the types of brick forming?
Molded and extruded
Generally, the more gradual the slope, the ______ waterproofing materials, such as underlayment, protective flashing, etc. will be needed
More
Who is responsible and what numeral designation is applied to the Guide to Fire Safety
NFPA 550
Who classifies membrane roofing system dependent on makeup?
NRCA
Grades of sealants: Used on vertical and horizontally sloped applications, will not flow Non sag
NS
Which ASTM elastomeric use corresponds with nontraffic areas?
NT
What are the different brick grades?
NW which is used as building brick MW which is in regions of negligible SW which will be used significantly for face brick
Roofing substrates: Substrates such as wood planks, plywood, cement-fiber plans, OSB, etc.
Nailable
In copper roofing, what are cleats fastened with?
Nails
Roll roofing, when applied to nailable decks, are generally fastened using ______
Nails
What three main considerations should be observed when applying a vapor retarder?
Near warm side, minimum joints, designed properly
What is plastic rigid sheet insulation's prime advantage over other types of insulation?
Needs less space to achieve an R value
Do heavy extruded fascias and gravel stops require hook strips?
No
Does glass fiber mat undergo saturation?
No
Can roll roofing be manufactured of organic felts? Why?
No, they absorb water
- Long-lasting - Easy to install at thicknesses of 45 and 60 mil - And other plastics - Longevity, cost, and durability vary with material type and thickness.
Non-Adhered: EPDM (synthetic rubber)
Type I
Non-combustible
Type II
Non-combustible
Roofing substrates: Substrates such as poured in place concrete, precast/prestressed concrete Require adhesion attachment methods to a roof system
Non-nailable
What type of underlayment is suitable for use under asphalt shingles?
Number 15
What underlayment is suitable for underlying metal roofing?
Number 15
Types of Building Sealants: One of the first compounds for sealant around, and were adequate until the development of the curtain wall. Has an oil or oil resinous base, used to fix joints with very little movement.
Oil based caulk
Sheet metal roofing characteristically displays a waviness over time to do thermal movement
Oil canning
What is course brick nomenclature?
One horizontal row of bricks.
Wythe
One vertical stack of bricks
Valley flashing techniques: where shingles do not overlap in the valley, but are topped with underlayment and metal flashing
Open valley
- A flashing below a wall opening intercepts water that enters around the opening and keeps it out of the wall.
Opening flashings
Division 8
Openings
90%
Optimum moisture percentage for compaction
Light wood frame interior structure, with noncombustible masonry exterior walls
Ordinary Construction
shredded strands, like LSL
Oriented strand board (OSB)
In humid climates, where should the vapor barrier be installed given the vapor diffusion?
Outside the insulation
What part of a roof can help to shield the walls from sunlight, increasing the comfort of a building's occupants?
Overhangs
Shingle and tile units are applied in an __________ fashion in order to shed water and resist weather penetration
Overlapping
Grades of sealants: Self leveling sealants Remain level and smooth when applied Used on horizontal and flat surfaces
P
thin strips of veneer
PSL ( parallel strand lumber)
Flexible sheet flashing: What is used in some built up and single ply roofing applications in order to provide base and penetration flashings, but cannot be exposed to sunlight)
PVC
Types of single-ply membrane roll roofing: Made of a commonly known plastic, fire resistant, has good tensile, elongation and puncture resistance properties Thermoplastic
PVC
Retarder selection: When appearing shiny or glossy, the material is more vapor resistant, and less permeable Uncertainties of application in the field make this a questionable choice as a vapor retarder Should not be used as the primary line of protection in zones 1 and 2
Paint
Vertical extension of an exterior wall, and sometimes an interior fire wall, above the roofline of a building.
Parapet wall
Types of Sealants: Designed for use in joints in concrete-paved roads, curbing, and walkways, and between asphalt and concrete pavements
Paving
Where should insulation be installed pertaining to a slab on grade when heating systems are required in a structure? Why?
Perimeter, Heat loss to the ground below is minor
What insulation product is used mainly in the voids of CMU blocks?
Perlite
The permeance of a 1 in thickness of a homogenous substance
Permeability
Factors affecting the transmission of water vapor: A measure of water vapor flow through a specific material
Permeance
What unit is permeance measured in?
Perms
Insulation boards on top of a steel deck should be placed with the long dimension ___________ to the roof slope
Perpendicular
What encasement material paired with vermiculite as an aggregate was employed in an effort to reduce the dead load weight of masonry and concrete encasement fireproofing?
Plaster
Products used for installation and coating of bituminous roofing: Used for horizontal application in flashing assemblies and roof repair
Plastic roofing cement
PI=LL-PL
Plasticity formula
Division 22
Plumbing
Components in BUMR: Typically saturated with asphalt, but are typically lighter than base sheets Normally applied redundantly over three or four times to create the roof finish
Ply sheets
All shingle types are applied over a solid sheathing material, usually composed of _________
Plywood
Application of roll roofing: Most roll roofing is applied over ________ or wood board sheathing
Plywood
Can act structurally, or be attached to a structural frame
Prefabricated Panels
Sheet metal roofing systems: Consists of roofing assembly using either composite panels or sheet metal panels This roofing is ready to install with joint configurations made on the panels when they are shipped to the project site
Preformed
Types of Building Sealants: Polyurethane foam that is installed in joints in a compressed state and expand to fill the joint while remaining compressed to a specific degree
Preformed Foam
Protect wood from decay and insect attack - Exposed to the weather, in contact with the ground, or in areas of high termite risk
Preservative-treated wood
Products used for installation and coating of bituminous roofing: Prepares masonry on concrete surfaces to receive other bituminous products
Primers
Division 43
Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification, & Storage Equipment
Division 42
Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment
Division 40
Process Integration
Roofing configurations: Configuration in which ballast, pervious fabric, insulation, membrane, underlayment, and deck are used to protect the membrane system
Protected Membrane System
Vapor Retarder and Ventilation Design systems: The roofing lies on the warm side and acts itself as a vapor retarder Compact system in which the roofing membrane is below at least a portion of the insulation Can cause condensation problems in humid climates, but not so much in the rest of the country
Protected Membrane Systems
Insulation that has a kraft paper or foil paper finish should be __________________
Protected from flame
Either a layer of insulating material or other board materials used to protect the waterproofing material during subsequent construction activities, such as backfill
Protection Course
What structural members are structural sheet metal roofing panels usually clipped to?
Purlins
growth rings close to perpendicular to wider face of board (left)
Quartersawn
growth rings perpendicular, pulled from the middle, tight grain pattern
Quartersawn (edge sawn)
- More narrowly spaced grain pattern on wide face - Less distortion during drying - More even surface erosion or wear - More costly to saw from log
Quartersawn Lumber
Products used for installation and coating of bituminous roofing: Has a quick evaporating solvent, is used to cement down the free tabs of strip shingles and for laps of roll roofing
Quick setting asphalt adhesive cement
Insulation is classified by ________, which is a material's equivalence to heat resistance
R-value
Thermal Insulation products are classified according to their ability to resist heat flow, or their ______________
R-value
What is built in a chimney assembly to ensure that snow and ice accumulation behind the chimney will not occur?
Saddle (Cricket)
Other types of insulation: Composed of one or more layers of metallic foil R value and effectiveness is dependent on the luster of its exterior layer
Reflective Insulation
What specific flashing assembly should be used at concrete walls?
Reglet
What is the soft mud process?
Relatively moist clay pressed into molds and is either water-struck which the mold is pre-wetted. It can also be done by being sand-struck which the molds are pre-dusted with sand.
- Deteriorated mortar is cut out and the joints are refinished with fresh mortar.
Repointing
Zoning Code R
Residential
Only plastic foam boards are suitable for installation on the outside of existing walls because of their ________
Resistance to moisture
Retarder Selection: Where the vapor retarder material on such insulation is integral with the batts or blankets and the flanges are nailed to stud sides Recommended to areas of moderate condensation hazard
Retarder Faced Insulation
Common types of thermal insulation: What type of thermal insulation is applicable in all parts of a building? Generally is found in preformed polystyrene plastic cellular boards form
Rigid Board Insulation
What insulation product can also be used in an effort to increase soundproofing?
Rock Wool
Manufactured by adding a more viscous and weather-resistant asphalt coating to a pre-saturated felt or glass fiber mat
Roll roofing
Shingle, Mat, and felt manufacture: Upon completion of roll roofing manufacture, the material is rolled into packages for shipment by a ____________
Roll roofing winder
Include ridge vents, curbs, gravity ventilators, skylights, heat and smoke vents, and roof hatches
Roof Accessories
Umbrella term including copings, expansion joint covers, gravel stops, fascias, scuppers, gutters, and downspouts
Roof Specialties
Products used for installation and coating of bituminous roofing: Used to resurface existing roll roofing and built up roofing Thin enough to be applied with a spray or brush
Roof coatings
Steep slope roofing is designed in the ________ to shed water
Roof deck
What can greatly influence the comfort of a building's occupants and reduce the amount of energy needed to heat and cool a building?
Roof design
Where are rigid mineral fiber insulation boards primarily used?
Roofing
Used for installing eaves flashing, flashing assemblies, for cementing asphalt shingles tabs and laps in sheet materials, and for roof repairing when fasteners are not suitable
Roofing Cement
Another way to protect against wind without having wind-resistant interlocking shingles is to use _____________ to fasten each individual tab of a shingle to the underlayment
Roofing cement
Types of MB to be used in BUR applications: Membranes that are constructed with modified asphalt and rubber compounds to make a softer, elastic sheet
SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene membrane)
Floors and roof brace walls; steel frame braces floors and roof.
Seismic loads
Application methods of single-ply membranes using adhesive: The membrane has adhesive factory-applied to the underside of itself with a release film covering it
Self adhered
Polymer-Modified Bitumen membrane installation process: Manufactured with adhesive to the underside of a roll with a release film covering it Simply peel and stick
Self adhered
Type of mineral fiber (fiberglass) insulation: Products produced from slag are often called this, due to their natural resistance to high temperatures Due to their inorganic nature, they are naturally resistant to fire, moisture, and vermin
Semirefractory fiber insulation (Rock wool)
What type of vapor retarder should be used in conjunction with metal framing in both floor and wall framing?
Separate Sheet
Retarder Selection: The most efficient vapor retarder insulation, applied separately from the insulation and interior finish Particularly suitable for Zone 1
Separate Sheets
Joint types: Joints between materials, such as between windows or door frames and adjacent materials, or between two portions of the same material A completely disconnected joint
Separation joints
In general, _______ is a prime factor in determining the degree of vapor protection required within a structure
Severity of winter season
___________ roofing can be used on every building type
Sheet metal
Shingle and tile roofing terminology: The lower, exposed edge of a shingle
Shingle Butt
_____ should be laid so that they overlap and cover each other to shed water
Shingles
Shingle and tile roofing terminology: The shortest distance in inches which adjacent shingles, sheets, or tiles horizontally overlap each other How much shingles laid within the same course overlap eachother
Sidelap
Which sealant is mainly restricted to non-traffic areas?
Silicone
Flashings under windows and doors
Sill pans
What should be used in basements and heated crawl spaces in order to prevent air infiltration between sill and foundation?
Sill sealer Insulation
What roofing system are gravel stops used in?
Single Ply Membrane Roofing
Division 2
Site Construction
Rock wool insulation is created by using _______
Slag
Roofing terminology: Indicates the roof incline as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run, generally expressed as x in 12, such as 4 in 12
Slope
What governs the material choices that can be used for a roof?
Slope
Types of ventilation in Insulated Frame Systems: What assembly is generally used in conjunction with roof louvers or ridge vents in order to increase air flow within a structure?
Soffit Vent
- From cone-bearing (coniferous) trees - Relatively simple cell structure - Generally, plain figure (pattern of grain and surface features)
Softwoods
Silts
Soils finer than sand, but coarser than clay
Granular Soils
Soils that consist of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye
Cohesive Soil
Soils that consist of relatively small particles invisible to the human eye
- no internal cavity - Wythes are bonded with header units (in traditional construction) and metal ties or reinforcing
Solid
Shingle, Mat, and felt manufacture: What decides the thickness of coating bitumen in the coater?
Spacing of rollers
Division 10
Specialties
Division 13
Specialty Construction
Test Method Standards
Spell out acceptable criteria for testing materials and systems
Cohesion
The binding force that holds soil grains together
Explain the dry-press process
The dry process is where low-plasticity clay are kept dry and stiff. It is machine pressed into steel molds at high pressure.
- limited by thermal bridging of the solid webs of the CMUs, and by the absence of insulation in cells where reinforcing and grouting is required.
The effectiveness of insulation in CMU
When it comes to brick firing how long will it take?
The formed brick are dried and kiln-fired which can take about 10 to 40 hours to complete.
Polymer-Modified Bitumen membrane installation process: An open flame torch is used to heat and soften the polymer modified compound in the membrane roll, and cools and hardens to the ply beneath is Cannot be used with combustible roof decks
Torch Weld (Heat weld)
Upper-story columns are isolated from cross-grain shrinkage in wood beams and girders at each floor level.
Traditional cast iron pintle
Division 34
Transportion
"There is no way to completely seal a building off from moisture" - T/F
True
In some climates, using structural or finish materials with high thermal capacities is sufficient to adequately control heat gain or loss through a building's envelope (T/F)
True
T/F Most building materials are somewhat permeable
True
True or False Molded bricks tend to be more expensive than extruded brick
True
- Light wood members (2x4, 2x6) joined with toothed plates - Long-span capability - Rapidly erected on site using light-duty cranes - More expensive than stick framing in BCS area
Trusses
Asphalt built up roofing types: dead level asphalt Limited to slopes of 1/2 in./ft and lower
Type 1
Asphalt built up roofing types: flat asphalt Limited to slopes of up to 1-1/2in./ft
Type 2
Asphalt built up roofing types: steep asphalt Limited to up to 3 in./ft slopes
Type 3
Asphalt built up roofing types: Special steep Limited to slopes of up to 6in./ft
Type 4
Requires heavy timber framing within noncombustible—masonry, steel, or concrete—exterior walls. - Timbers must meet minimum size requirements. Members with lesser dimensions are classified as wood light frame (Type V) construction
Type IV Heavy Timber
In IBC, allowable heights and areas for Heavy Timber buildings exceed those for unprotected steel (Type IV-B). - and roughly equal those for steel, concrete, or masonry with 1-hour of fire protection (Type IV-A).
Type IV Heavy Timber Codes
Types of elastomeric sealants: Multicomponent sealants Cheaper, packaged in bulk Easier to control color, must be mixed in the field Cure faster, made with better components
Type M
binding force that holds soil together
cohesion
Division 33
Utilities
Group U
Utility
Welding and adhesive bonding of single-ply roofing materials made of asphalt or bitumen can give off what?
VOCs
What area of a roof is highly susceptible to leaks, given that drainage concentrates there, causing runoff toward and along the joint?
Valley
When adding insulation anywhere to an already existing building, ___________ is critical
Vapor Control
In most areas of the United States, the ceiling in an insulated frame system should have a continuous ____________ membrane on the warm side of the insulation
Vapor Retarder
What is the most important moisture control device in exterior wall construction?
Vapor Retarder
Materials that are either impermeable or have a permeance of 1 perm or less
Vapor Retarders
What are used as the primary line of defense in wall vapor control, given that vents often compromise too much heat transfer?
Vapor Retarders
Thin sheets sliced from logs - Used in laminated panels - High quality veneers adhered over common woods maximize efficient use the more costly wood
Veneer
Roofing configurations: A system in which a ventilated air space is provided between the insulation and the deck or sheathing
Ventilated System
Types of loose fill insulation: Used in areas where they can be readily poured, such as within masonry cavities, will not compress within a cavity, making it ideal for CMU applications
Vermiculite, Perlite
What is the head joint?
Vertical joint between bricks in same course.
Collar joint
Vertical joint between wythes
In which form is moisture easy to cope with and understand?
Visible Liquid
less stiff and greater expansion and contraction, 50% plastic
WPCs(wood plastic composites)
In what application is the reliance of moisture control placed on the vapor barrier, due to the discouragement of heat transfer?
Walls
___________________ should be designed in order to minimize water vapor migration within a structure
Walls, floors, ceilings
In cold weather, shingles should be _______ before bending
Warmed
In which form is moisture not damaging to the construction, unless it is to freeze or condense?
Water Vapor
Division 46
Water and Wastewater Equipment
More than half of lawsuits that architects are involved in are related to ____________
Water leaks
Materials on the exterior of a building which are intended to resist liquid water that has leaked, penetrated or seeped past the exterior cladding from absorbing into the exterior sheathing or concrete wall and further into the wall assembly
Water resistive barrier
The types of roofing used on roofs with slopes less than 1.5:12 provide a ___________ below the roofing surface
Waterproof Membrane
Using either membrane, coating, or sealer used in concealed locations to prevent water from entering a building
Waterproofing
Division 35
Waterway & Marine Construction
What does a horizontal system using membrane waterproofing involve that vertical membrane waterproofing does not?
Wearing Surface
Materials applied separately in floor, wall, and roof assemblies to resist vapor penetration, and provide a continuous barrier to air infiltration or loss (Does not include vapor retarders)
Weather Barrier
What is used in masonry walls in order to combat water infiltration back into the wall?
Weep Holes, Base Flashing
- Allow water to drain out from wall
Weep holes
- Traditional weeps were formed from short lengths of rope inserted into head joints.
Weeps
For thermoset and thermoplastic membranes, joints are sealed by _______
Welding
Shingle, Mat, and felt manufacture: Following the saturation process, excess saturant usually remains on the surface of the sheet; so the sheet is held for a time on a ____________ so that natural bitumen shrinkage upon cooling will draw the excess into the felt, resulting in a high degree of saturation
Wet Looper
What most building codes are based off of, they are developed and maintained by a standards organization independent of the jurisdiction responsible for enacting building codes
What are model building codes?
The entire life-cycle cost, which includes the first cost, the cost of maintenance, energy consumption, useful lifetime & replacement, interest rates on invested money, and competition between suppliers
What are the economic grounds of building?
Falls, being crushed, electrocuted, or a cave in
What are the fatal 4?
Certified, silver, gold, and platinum
What are the levels of LEED sustaibable design?
Code administration, building planning, occupant needs, building envelope, structural systems & materials, non structural materials, building services, and miscellaneous provisions
What are the nine parts building codes can be divided under?
Concentration of occupants, fuel content, mobility of occupants, and familiarity of the occupants with the building
What are the occupancy classifications?
Lack of proper training, poor/lack of safety equipment, unsafe methods of work sequencing, unsafe site conditions, and a poor attitude towards safety
What are the primary causes of work related accidents?
They set the standard for the quality of materials, products and components
What are the standard for specifications?
Life, fire, and structural safety, health & welfare, and property protection
What aspects of the building design and construction do building codes regulate?
The International Residential Code (IRC)
What code does the architect or builder involved in the design or building of one or two-family dwellings have to follow?
Both ground coverage and FAR
What controls the overall volume of buildings in a district?
Public safety, planning on the part of the citizens & the city, and protects property values
What do zoning ordinances provide for the public?
How fire resistant the materials are that were used to build a building, range from 1-5 with 1 being the most fire resistant and 5 being the least
What does construction type tell you about a building?
The means of aesthetic control, including population control, density, traffic, environmental pollution, and open spaces
What does the volume control of a building influence?
Aspects of design that relate to a building's appearance
What don't building codes regulate?
Architect's supplemental instruction, for architects to issue additional instructions to order minor changes to the work
What is ASI?
Extra Territorial Jurisdiction which is the legal ability of a government entity to exercise authority beyond its normal boundaries in which the city enforces building codes and zoning requirements
What is ETJ?
The record of work related death, injury and illness maintained by OSHA
What is a 300 log?
This allows a city or county to consider special uses which may be essential or desirable to a particular community, through a hearing process
What is a conditional use permit?
Areas of land on which the same type of activity is allowed
What is a district?
An amendment to or a change in the zoning ordinance, usually take two forms: a comprehensive revision to the original or the zoning designation of a particular parcel
What is a re-zoning amendment?
A large metal hopper and drop pipe used to place concrete underwater
What is a tremie?
A comprehensive master plan of the city that takes into account the present & future use of land under the city's jurisdiction
What is a zoning map?
Professional, office, local retail, local business, and general business districts
What is allowed in a commercial district group?
Low/medium/high-density single-family dwelling, duplex dwelling, and townhouse districts
What is allowed in a residential district group?
The local jurisdiction's authority to enforce and administer the code, with the prime mission of prevention, correction, or abatement of violations
What is an enforcement official?
It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for the individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks
What is construction planning?
The types of activities that may take place on a given piece of land, how much of the land may be covered by buildings, how far the buildings must be set back from adjacent property lines, how many parking spaces must be provided, how large a total floor area may be constructed, and how tall a building may be
What is determined by zoning?
If the code changes, you will not have to comply
What is grandfathering?
This refers to the percent of land area that may be covered by the building
What is ground coverage?
This refers to the specific procedure to safeguard employees from unexpected startup of machinery during service or maintenance
What is lockout or tagout?
The building life cycle, from the origin of the materials for the building, through the manufacture & installation of the materials & their useful lifetime in the building, to their disposal when the building's life is ended
What is meant by "Cradle-to-Grave"?
The gross floor area permitted on a site divided by the total net area of the site, it expresses the relationship between the amount of useable floor area permitted in a building or buildings and the area of the lot on which the building stands
What is referred to as the floor area ratio (FAR)?
The distance a building must be back from property lines, thereby specifying the minimum sizes of open areas around the building's property lines
What is referred to as the setback?
Adopted in 2005, this makes the IBC & the Residential Subcode the law for residential building including duplexes, cities may amend code as they see fit, and requires all builders and remodelers to register with the Texas Residential Construction Commission (TRCC)
What is the Texas Residential Code?
The National Building Code of Canada (NBC), it is published by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes
What is the model building code in Canada?
The International Building Code (IBC), it is published by the International Code Council and serves as a basis for most US building codes enacted at the state, country, and municipal levels
What is the model building code in the United States?
How the government regulates building activity to ensure that all new construction and renovated building provide a minimum level of safety, health, and welfare
What is the purpose of building codes?
This includes specific fabrication and installation
What is the standard for method of practice?
This determines the particular performance of a product or system through testing, including methods of sampling & quality control
What is the standard for testing methods?
Permission by the city to do something different from code or the zoning ordinance, this would put in conditions on permission on the granting process
What is variance?
Forms the bulk of the zoning ordinance, it also gives the development standards for the city's land
What is zoning text?
A document segregating the land of a city into different use groups and specifies the activity for which each piece of land can be used for and contains urban planning laws with the primary aim to regulate the use of land under the jurisdiction of the city according to a master plan
What is zoning?
This led to massive reform in building standards, a fire broke out that killed the 492 people trapped inside in 1942
What was the Cocoanut Grove Fire?
Prefoundation, post-foundation, after the erection of the structural frame, after the insulation and vapor retarder installation, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing rough in, MEP final, and the final building completion
When are inspections held?
The first cost
Which economic ground is the smallest?
What color is TPO typically found in?
White
A standard setting agency established in 1894 by insurance companies, which were paying excessive claims caused by fires generated by failures of new electrical and mechanical devices in buildings
Who are the Underwriters Laboratories?
Impartial authority, such as the state, county, or city
Who enforces building codes?
The Life Safety Code (LSC) with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Who handles the access requirement codes as well as emergency doors?
The city
Who has the final say on the enforcement of building codes?
The American National Standards Institute, they are a private organization that develops and certifies North American standards for a broad range of products such as exterior windows, mechanical components of buildings and even the accessibility requirements referenced within the IBC itself
Who is ANSI?
The American Society for Testing and Materials, they are a private organization that establishes specifications for materials and methods of construction accepted as standards throughout the US
Who is ASTM?
The Building Officials Code Administrators International, they are used in the east coast and midwest of the US to enforce building codes
Who is BOCA?
The International Conference of Building Officials, they are used in the west coast and midwest of the US to enforce building codes
Who is ICBO?
The US Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Who is LEED?
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, they establish protective standards and enforce them
Who is OSHA?
The Southern Building Code Congress International, they are used in the southeast of the US to enforce building codes
Who is SBCCI?
The International Code Council, they formed when the nation's three model groups decided to combine in 1994, this later developed into the International Building Code
Who is the ICC?
The Portland Cement Association, they represent the cement companies in the US and Canada by conducting market development, engineering research, education, and public affairs programs
Who is the PCA?
The National Electric Code (NEC) with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Who provides the comprehensive code of electrical systems?
The architect, their knowledge of codes and other laws are assumed, and are responsible for design reviews
Whose responsibility is it to provide a product that is compliant with codes and other laws?
They provide liability protection
Why are building codes so important?
To distinguish between various degrees of need for safety in buildings
Why does the IBC establish occupancy groups?
a
a
lighter, stronger, stiffer,
advantages of seasoned lumber
Before fastening strip shingles to a roof, they should all be in perfect ________ in order to avoid buckling later on
alignment
If a sealant adheres to the ____ of a joint, it will not be able to contract properly when it stretches with an expanding joint, and will tear apart internally or separate from the sides of the joint
back
replacing excavated soil around new construction
backfill
When used in a wall cavity, these should touch the sheathing or siding and fight tightly against the top and bottom plates
batts, blankets
Heat loss through floors over unheated spaces can be reduced by installing insulating material ________
between joists
source of new cells
cambium layer of a tree
installed on the back of the parapet to prevent water from passing behind and under the roof membrane termination.
counterflashing
function, cost, appearance, materials available
criteria for construction
solid lumber laminated into structural panels, competitive with concrete
cross laminated timber
Minor penetrations are sometimes flashed by building a _________ around them and providing base and cap flashings
curb
The need for more advanced sealants came about with the advent of the _____________
curtain wall
very loose loose medium dene very dense
density
establishes requirements by reference for a particular material or method ex: code requires 2X4 stud 16" oc
descriptive code
requirements for a sound design
design standards
prevention of water from entering an excavation area
dewatering
removing of materials to required level
excavation
ext. glue, medium quality veneers, long exposure to moisture during construction( MOST COMMON)
exposure 1 classification qualities
ext. glue, most durable veneers,permanently exposed siding
exterior Classification
fire safety
first zoning codes dealt with...
log or section of log
flitch
ground water & freezing temps result in...
frost heave
uses high grade in parts of the beam with high stress
glue-laminated wood structure
classifies building use
group
broad leaf trees, expensive, denser, color variety, fine furniture and ascent works
hardwoods
dead cells to add to strength
heartwood
Where in a structure should the foundation wall be insulated along the exterior perimeter rather than the floor above to limit heat loss/gain, or use a vapor retarder as a ground cover to avoid condensation problems (capillarity rise)
heated Crawl Spaces
define the properties of a material
material standards
relative density
most significant property of cohesionless soil
consistency
most significant property of cohesive soil
When hot-applied roofing finish is used for a built up roofing or other application, _________ insulation should separate hot applied finish and plastic insulation to avoid delamination
nonflammable
It is advisable to select a Use _____ sealant, given that it does not refer to a specific laboratory sample
o
1. establish level of quality 2. standardize and simplify
objectives of standards
establishes requirements for material/method performance ex: any preforming system is accepted
performance code
first years growth
pith
dimensional unstable , uneven surfaces, broad grain, cheap
plainsawn (flat sawn)
mainly clay materials at certain water content defined by fat and lean lean=slightly plastic
plasticity
plasticity index= liquid limit-plastic limit higher pi= more expansive
plasticity index
A-D ( lower grade have more defects)
plywood veneer grades
requirements of a specific product
product standards
30%
what MC does wood begin to shrink
log or section of log
what does flitch mean
a board foot- 12 sq. in. 12 in long 1 in deep ( nominal size)/ 12 in x length (feet)
what unit is lumber priced by
When nailing into insulated sheet metal roofing decks, what should be used to attach cleats and fasteners to to avoid voiding the warranty?
wood nailing strips
standards for installing materials, products, and systems
workmanship standards
establish requirements for land use
zoning codes
local jurisdiction
zoning codes are enforced, interpreted, and developed by...