Counseling Systems Midterm

Relative to polarities, one goal of therapy is to: (p

. integrate the known aspect with the unknown aspect into one "whole" dimension

"You should simply tell your wife that she was wrong!" How would the previous counselor statement likely be rated according to the Carkhuff Scale?

1

A key concept of Jung's theory is the idea of psychological types, which includes:

2 attitudes and 4 mental functions

What empathic response on the Carkhuff scale would indicate that the counselor minimally but accurately reflected the client's affect and meaning?

3

Although the principles of person-centered counseling can be applied if you meet with the client once or for five years, today person-centered counseling general lasts from:

A few sessions to a year or more

Which is not true of Alfred Adler?

After his initial split from Freud, he was able to have a friendship with "the master"

Carl Rogers participated in a series of debates that pitted Rogers's with that of

BF Skinner

individuation

Becoming conscious of separate parts of ourselves.

In the late 1960s, Rogers left his research position at WBSI and created the:

Center for the Studies of the Person

Which of the following works of Carl Rogers' first presented some of his thoughts about a nondirective approach to counseling?

Counseling and Psychotherapy

Empathy is most closely associated with which of the following?

DEEP understanding

Research conducted by Carl Rogers and his staff often measured success in client outcome by evaluating which of the following?

Decreased disparity between the real and ideal selves

Archetypes (Jung)

Emotional symbols that are common to all people and have been formed since the beginning of time Jung hypothesized that ______________ were inherited by all people and provide the psyche with its tendency to perceive the world in certain ways that we identify as "human."

Which is not one of the four phases of Adlerian therapy? (

Encouragement, support, and insight

Which of the following techniques is not used in Gestalt therapy?

FLOODING

Some of the "human issues" with which Rogers struggled included all but which of the following?

Feeling inept about his work with clients

A counselor has ongoing angry feelings toward a client and does not share them. According to Rogers, the most effective response to the client is:

Find the right balance between the expression of feelings and the monitoring of those feelings.

Although fascinated by the work by Otto Rank, Carl Rogers asserted that he relied primarily on which of the following for the development of his theory?

His experiences

All but which of the following are true regarding the influence of Jung's childhood on the development of his theory?

His parents were devoted to one another providing a positive role model for intimacy

Which describes the therapeutic process of analytical therapy?

It is generally long term, and tends to move from conscious material, to personal unconscious material, to collective unconscious material

Relative to cross cultural issues, all but which of the following is true?

Jung's ideas that primitive cultures were actually more evolved because they were closer to nature is being questioned these days

collective unconscious

Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements

Freud directly influenced all but which of the following theorists?

Lennon

All but which of the following are well known existential therapists?

MAHONEY

From a women's perspective, which is true?

Many women Gestalt therapists like the idea that women are challenged to reclaim parts of themselves

Which of the following is incorrect? (p 179 / 182)

Mitwelt: relating to the underlying death experience

4. All but which of the following are the kinds of changes one generally sees from involvement in Person-Centered Counseling?

Movement from "self-regard" to "other-regard"

What type of anxiety is developed to avoid facing essential existential issues?

NEUROTIC

ego

Personal Conscience reality principle secondary process the I

Which tends not to be an existential "technique"? (p 176)

SETTING bheavioral goals

What did Adler believe was our one true drive?

STRIVING for perfection

Which of the following describes a reflection of a psychic event happening at the same time that a physical event occurs?

SYNCHRONICITY

Which of the following techniques is most associated with Existential therapy? (p 176)

Stressing the therapist-client relationship, not techniques

Which specialized technique is being employed when the Gestalt therapist asks a client to emphasize or repeat a sentence to help him or her get in touch with feelings?

THE exaggeration technique

"Level 5" responses on the Carkhuff scale are generally only made in long-term therapeutic relationships.

TRUE

The effective use of empathy may be contingent on all but which of the following?

The ability of the client to recognize empathy

Existential therapists suggest that with life comes death. How is this concept used in therapy?

The client is encouraged to see how he or she has avoided thinking or dealing with his or her demise so that he or she can move forward in new ways

Which important philosophical concepts of Friedlander's did Perls incorporate into Gestalt therapy

The concept that we all seek a "zero point" (the point that brings us to closure)

Although there is not a large amount of research on analytical therapy, the research on effective therapy in general would seem to support its efficacy. Keeping this in mind, all but which of the following aspects of analytical therapy would support its efficacy?

The fact that clinicians are almost always well-trained

When comparing the therapeutic process of analytical therapy with psychoanalysis, which of the following is true?

The feedback a client receives in analytical therapy is softer and less interpretive

As a child, Perls has been described as rebellious and reckless which is probably a function of all but which of the following?

The government "house checks" which he had to periodically participate in

Perls's early psychoanalytic work helped him coalesce his ideas on all but which of the following?

The idea that closure is determined through boundary making

A groundbreaking article that Rogers wrote was at least partially responsible for his becoming known as the most influential psychologist of the twentieth century. This article was titled:

The necessary and sufficient conditions

Which is not one of Rogers' "necessary and sufficient conditions"?

The therapist is caring and kind toward the client

Relative to cross-cultural issues, which of the following is not encapsulated by Adler's understanding of the world?

There is little one can do to prevent the kinds of class struggles and oppression seen in the world

Which is not shared by both existential therapy and other humanistic approaches?

They all tend to teach existential therapy philosophy in an attempt to help the person change

Relative to techniques used, which is not true about existential therapists?

They tend to offer interpretive comments to avoid the use of techniques

After becoming disillusioned with higher education, Rogers did which of the following

Took a research position at the Western Behavioral Studies Institute

Which of the following best defines primary feelings of inferiority?

UNIVERSAL feelings we all struggle with

All but which of the following are ways in which one can make an empathic response:

USE OF questions

Research conducted by Carl Rogers and his staff was considered to be groundbreaking because of the utilization of which of the following?

Use of client self-reports and session transcripts

Jung's view of human nature included which of the following tenets? (

We are determined by our biology and our past b. Symptomatology represents a desire to regain lost parts of oneself Our childhood affects our psychological makeup and symptomatology represents a desire to regain lost parts of oneself

Secondary feelings of inferiority

What feelings can result from psychological struggles from poor parenting, child abuse and neglect, and cultural injustice?

Relative to choice in person-centered counseling, Rogers posited which of the following?

When individuals become congruent, they know what choices are best for them, almost as if there is no choice

Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages in the need satisfaction cycle?

Withdrawal, sensation, awareness, contact, satisfaction

3. Freud's relationship/friendship with Wilhelm Fliess led to: (p 35)

a cocaine addiction which he eventually overcame

psyche includes all but which of the following?

a. Archetypes b. Consciousness c. Personal unconscious d. Collective Unconscious e. The psyche includes all of these

Which of the following was not a notable award/event in Rogers's life?(p 240-245)

a. Winning the Distinguished Contributions to Applied Psychology award b. Being nominated for the Nobel Peace prize c. Winning the first Distinguished Scientific Contribution award of APA d. Winning the Humanist of the Year award e. Have a documentary made about him win the academy award f. All of the above are true

Commonly used techniques in Gestalt therapy include all of the following except: (p 216)

a. experimentation b. empathy c. being directive d. focusing on noverbals e. avoiding intellectualizations (f. free association)! g. being confrontational

All are goals of Gestalt therapy except:

a. to deal with unfinished business b. to pair relaxed feelings with the formerly anxiety producing images or situations c. to once again experience the now d. to move from a state of little awareness of self to a healthy state of self- awareness e. to reach the hidden parts of self and to integrate those parts into one's personality

Adlerians will often suggest that a client behave in a manner congruent to the development of a healthier lifestyle. Role-playing these "new" behaviors is called: (p 132)

acting as if

All but one of the following are techniques used in analytical therapy?

acting as if

According to Person-Centered theory, anxiety stems from:

acting in a nongenuine or incongruent manner

According to Dinkmeyer and Dreikurs, which is not a type of dysfunctional behavior children use in order to gain a position of significance in a group? (p 116)

acting out

________________is the process of allowing one's mind to drift while the conscious mind acts as a nonjudgmental observer.

active imagination

An example of a presenting problem which may not be best suited for the Person-Centered approach is:

agoraphobia

Existential therapy seems to show effectiveness with which type of presenting condition(s)?

all

Which of the following aspects of Adlerian therapy have not shown positive effects in efficacy research?

all

One should probably be wary of using a person-centered approach in all but which of the following circumstances?

all cases!

common sense is not

always synced with private logic

All of the following are considered to be therapeutic techniques used in psychoanalysis, except:

amplification

As opposed to allowing one's unconscious mind to drift while the conscious mind acts as an observer, a Jungian therapist has a client expand on all aspects of a dream to understand the meaning of the various symbols in the dream. This process is called:

amplification

According to person-centered theory, as an individual becomes more self-determined and autonomous, he or she would be said to be gaining in a(n

an internal locus of control

Fixation at which of the following of Freud's psychosexual stages of development can explain adults who may become stubborn, perfectionistic, precise, and obstinate?

anal

The denial of needs in order to dismiss urges or desires

asceticism

Freud's concept of moral anxiety can be explained by all but which of the following?

b. Moral anxiety is a fear that the id will take control and cause us to harm others

All but which of the following schools of therapy have "claimed" Adler:

behavioral

Perls believed the person is:

born with the capacity to embody an infinite number of personality dimensions

Defense mechanisms

can be viewed as a healthy way of assisting an individual to function adaptively in society

Perls's childhood was

chaotic—his parents fought and treated him poorly and he did not particularly like with one of his sisters who was disabled

The way in which one's mental functions and attitudes divert experiences into consciousness or the personal unconscious is called:

character or personality

5. Freud traveled to Paris to study with _______________, who found that when persons with hysteria were placed under hypnosis, their symptoms would often be

charcot

When working as a physician, Adler's interest in the psychological effects of organ inferiority was piqued when he realized how ___________ compensated for some weaknesses in body and mind.

circus performers

Archetypes, according to Jung, are located in one's:

collective unconscious

Jung's interest in carving manikins as a young child later became the foundation for one of the cornerstone's of his theory representing what he referred to as:

collective unconscious

Primary and secondary feelings of inferiority and ________________ are related to the development of our lifestyle.

compensatory behaviors

Jung described the unusual and delayed responses to word association that individuals had to groups of words pointing to a problematic area in a person's life as:

complexes

Jung suggested that archetypes are constantly impinging on us in mysterious and unconscious ways and provide energy for which of the following?

complexes

Which of the following words would Perls have used to describe a sense of "I am you and you are me, and we shall be like this forever?"

confluence

According to Jung, by expanding our __________________the individual is able to integrate parts of self that have been pushed into the _______________thus, becoming a more fully functioning person

conscious and un conscous

Jung believed that men have a tendency to develop a "male" consciousness and women a "female" consciousness, and that both can learn from their ______________ or other internal gender.

contrasexual

introjection

d. "swallowing whole" the values of significant others

Which of the following did Perls believe to be an unnecessary expenditure of pent up energy?

d. Denying a hidden part of a polarity within one's self

According to psychoanalysis, we manage our instincts and unconscious drives through the use of:

defense mechanisms

Overuse of _______________can become pathological and may result in behaviors that impair everyday life.

defense mechanisms

Death instincts are drives that seek:

demise and destruction

A child who is overindulged or frustrated during one of Freud's psychosexual stages may:

develop unfinished psychological issues as an adult resulting in childlike behaviors reflective of the unresolved stage and possess a libido that becomes fixated at that stage

The word "Gestalt" means "the properties of the whole are ____________ the sum of its parts."

different and more than

Based on Adlerian principles, this person developed a training program called DUSO.

dinkmeyer

World War I fueled Adler's interest in:

educational issues

Jung suggested that as children we develop a(n) __________which manages our mental functions and attitudes.

ego

Contact is directly related to what Perls called our ___________________, or the constantly changing point where "I" meet other people and objects and discriminate "me" from other.

ego boundary

Which specialized technique would a Gestalt therapist find most suited to encouraging a dialogue with different parts of self when splits are discovered within a person?

empty chair technique

Freud posited that a child's libido is dispersed throughout the stages of development, and that as the child grows, his or her psychic energy becomes focused on different____________which correspond to the development of the child.

erogenous zones

Which is not a technique used when working with adults in Adlerian therapy? (p 127)

exaggeration technique

Which of the following is not a term that is used in Gestalt therapy?

external supports

jung referred to______ and_________ when he spoke of a person having orientation to either the outside objective world or to the internal subjective world.

extra-intra version

A cornerstone of the relationship with the psychoanalyst is the development of the countertransference relationship.

false

According to Freud, most of us are willed to live a life of contentment by pure virtue of being born.

false

Finding acceptable ways of satisfying our instincts is a purely conscious process. (p 39)

false

For adults, encouragement means pushing clients to achieve their final goal.

false

Gestalt therapists believe that we are made up of polarities and it is important to acknowledge the dominant one and repress the passive one if we are to be real and live fully.

false

Jung believed that we are born a blank slate and that we are capable of free choices.

false

Roger's preferred to use the term "reflection of feelings" to describe his process of therapy.

false

Primary feelings of inferiority occur as a result of psychological struggles from poor parenting, child abuse, and cultural injustice.

false - they are universal

This type of mental function makes decisions by evaluating or judging situations through the use of empathy, by understanding relationships, and by considering others' needs.

feeling

In person-centered counseling, ____________ is the process whereby the self directs the individual rather than allowing others to direct the individual. (p 250)

free will

In the early 1930's, Fritz and Laura Perls developed the first ____________training institute in South Africa.

gestalt

A condition warranting caution by the clinician in utilizing a person-centered approach is which of the following?

goals of the approach are in conflict with client's culture

Imagining new, more effective ways of acting is called: (p 132)

guided imagery

retroflection

holding back an impulse and substituting it with another one toward self

Wilhelm Reich greatly affected Perls' idea of the person, especially his ideas about:

how "body armor" holds in feelings

Anna O. was mostly treated with:

hypnosis and free association

The ___________layer of neuroses is a place where one feels frozen in time, and a place for waiting to decide what to do.

implosive

Adler fought all forms of oppression and tried to show how feelings of ____________ led to abuse of power.

inferiority

Adler believed that every child was born with:

innate and unique capabilities

Which of the following is not among the most commonly used techniques by Gestalt therapists?

intellectualizing

12. Which is not a specialized technique in Gestalt therapy?

interpretation

Which of the following is not associated with person-centered counseling?

interpretation

Which is not a technique used when working with adults in Adlerian therapy?

interpretation of transference relationship

All but which of the following is true regarding the conscious according to Jung

it houses our complexes

At this stage, a child focuses on peer relationships, and other age appropriate activities:

latency

A student is told that she has to stay after school to finish her work because she acted out during the day. This is an example of:

logical consequences

Life instinct operates to meet our basic need for:

love and intimacy, sex, and survival

psyche

mind

Perls proposed that the_____,____ and ______ operate in unison and cannot be separated,contradicting the reductionistic theories of Freud and the behaviorists.

mind, body, soul

Relative to social and cultural issues, the role of the existential therapist is to become aware of the client's:

mitwelts

The underlying assumption made by Gestalt therapists is that clients will:

move towards acceptance and openness, and realness

teleology

movement toward the future as we try to make ourselves whole and complete

Successfully dealing with feelings of inferiority and insecurity leads to a child's:

movement towards completion and wholeness

A parent tells his child he will have to sleep without his favorite stuffed animal because she left it outside and it got dirty. This is an example of:

natural consequences

According to psychoanalysis, _______________and _________________represent attempts at redirecting instincts.

neoroses and psychoses

Rogers believed that the ingredients for discovering one's self are within each person; this belief was the basis for Rogers' tenet of:

non directive counseling

During his early career, Adler established himself as a(n):

ophthalmologist

Fixation at which of the following of Freud's psychosexual stages of development can explain an overindulged child who becomes a needy, demanding adult?

oral

Private logic is based on _________ and can result in _________.

our inner voice or self-talk; maladaptive behaviors

the concept which Jung referred to as _________________ is the way in which we process information and make sense of the world

our psychological type

Prescribing the symptom can be associated with which therapeutic technique?

paradoxical intention

which of the following archetype refers to our mask which hovers in and out of Consciousness?

persona (mask0

The ________ archetype is closest toward consciousness while the ________ archetype is furthest in unconsciousness.

persona; self

Which of the following houses all repressed material from an individual's unique experiences?

personal unconscious

Fixation at the following psychosexual stage may result in a variety of conflicts, including issues related to sex role identity.

phallic stage

Layers of Neurosis

phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive

People tend to favor one mental function, called the ___________, while the complimentary mental function is called the

primary & inferior

collective unconscious

primordial images

To Rogers's chagrin, his concept of empathic listening has evolved into what some counselors now refer to as:

reflection of feelings

Freud saw which of the following as a mechanism for individuals to soothe themselves from the reality of living and dying?

religion

All but which of the following behaviors may be indicative of Interpretation of Resistance?

revealing you are sexually attracted to your therapist

During Alfred Adler's early years he had a natural interest in:

science

Which of the following archetypes seeks wholeness and completion, representing what one will become

self

Which of the following is not a technique typically highlighted in psychoanalysis?

self disclosure

Adler stressed the importance that _____________ factors played in child development.

social

Gemeinschaftsgefühl is the German word for:

social interest or community feeling

Adler could be said to be one of the first therapists to focus on:

social justice and peace

Which is not a specialized technique in Gestalt therapy? (p 216)

socratic method

33. The ability to hear feelings beyond what the client is saying is called: (p 255)

subceiving

Many people's lives are driven toward a (an) __________________ that results in a style of life being supported by their private logic.

subjective final goal

Private logic is largely responsible for the development of which of the following?

subjective final goals

These are projections of archetypes, are transformed by the person's unique psyche, and represent an important part of self that needs to be acknowledged. Similar ones can be found in different cultures.

symbols

this technique, used with children and adults, is the process whereby the client develops specific steps to work on.

task setting

For the Gestalt therapist, how the individual makes contact with the environment in an attempt to satisfy needs, is reflective of the individual's way of being in the world and determines

the "self"

The Self is:

the God within us and constantly changing as we individuate and expand our consciousness

The product of conditions or worth in conjunction with the individual's organismic valuing process is called_____________

the antithetical self

Gestalt therapists believe that experiencing fully is:

the basis for seeing one's reality clearly

Jung posited that one's psyche consisted of:

the conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious

M. In person-centered counseling, the therapeutic relationship is:

the most critical factor in the change process

Socratic questioning

the process of asking questions of a speaker focused on the responses to previous questions; its ultimate goal is to uncover the truth In individual psychology, having a "dialectic" is related to which of the following:

Perls suggested trying to extend the "zero-point" and to experience what he called:

the void

According to the text, and from a cross-cultural perspective, which is not true? (p 225-227)

those from a collectivist culture would embrace the concept of the "I-Thou" relationship

The therapeutic techniques used in Analytical Therapy serve the following general purposes

to engage the unconscious in order to become aware and integrate of split-off parts of ourselves

Which of the following describes the phenomenon which occurs when material from the unconscious is projected onto others?

transference

Jung came to believe that a person could have one or more of an indefinite number of complexes.

true

Jung saw the self as the center of consciousness and described it as having four functions: sensing, intuiting, thinking, and feeling.

true

Perls challenged traditional therapeutic structure and rules by insisting it was important for the therapist to be "real" and in the moment with client

true

The empty chair technique has shown limited success in outcome research.

true

The impersonal unconscious is another name for the collective unconscious.

true

Unconditional positive regard implies that the therapist is approving of everything the client does.

true

The use of unconditional positive regard generally results in all but which of the following?

two of these

Which stage in the need satisfaction cycle is most closely associated with "the zero point?"

withdrawal