Counseling theories, Comprehensive exam

Which approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis? a. person-centered therapy b. family system therapy c. Adlerian therapy d. reality therapy e. cognitive therapy

a. person-centered therapy

Which of the following REBT techniques helps a client gradually learn to deal with anxiety and challenge basic irrational thinking? a. biofeedback b. cognitive homework c. dream analysis d. skill training e. assertiveness training

b. cognitive homework

Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as: a. individual psychology. b. logotherapy. c. reality therapy. d. redecision therapy. e. humanistic psychology.

b. logotherapy.

A person who manages their anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using: a. introjection. b. sublimation. c. denial. d. compensation. e. undoing.

c. denial.

. In Erikson's view, the major developmental task in adolescence is: a. intimacy vs. isolation. b. integrity vs. despair. c. identity vs. role confusion. d. initiative vs. guilt. e. identity vs. shame and doubt.

c. identity vs. role confusion.

Existentialists contend that the experience of relatedness to other human beings: a. is a neurotically dependent attachment. b. should be based on our needs and theirs. c. is healthy if balanced with aloneness. d. is not necessary, since we are basically alone.

c. is healthy if balanced with aloneness

The main function of the ego is: a. to inhibit id impulses. b. to seek pleasure in life. c. to mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment. d. to strive for perfection.

c. to mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment.

Person-centered therapy is best described as: a. a completed "school" of counseling. b. a fixed set of therapeutic principles. c. a systematic set of behavioral techniques. d. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

d. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

Because of his need to be liked Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting? a. introjection. b. projection. c. retroflection. d. confluence.

d. confluence.

Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as: a. sublimation. b. repression. c. introjection. d. displacement. e. compensation.

d. displacement.

A limitation of psychoanalytic therapy is that: a. it requires lengthy training for therapists. b. it is expensive for clients. c. the model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones. d. many clients lack the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

A self-actualized person: a. welcomes uncertainty in his or her life. b. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships. c. does not have artificial dichotomies within himself or herself. d. is spontaneous and creative. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

What would be the most accurate way of describing mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) to a friend or colleague? a. MBSR consists of the notion that much of our distress and suffering results from continually wanting things to be different from how they actually are. b. MBSR aims to assist people in learning how to live more fully in the present rather than BE ruminating about the past or being overly concerned about the future. c. MBSR does not actively teach cognitive modification techniques, nor does it label certain cognitions as "dysfunctional," because this is not consistent with the nonjudgmental attitude one strives to cultivate in mindfulness practice. d. The approach adopted in the MBSR program is to develop the capacity for sustained directed attention through formal meditation practice. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Without proper training, Gestalt therapists may: a. evoke catharsis without having the ability to work it through with their client. b. design faulty experiments. c. may use ready-made techniques inappropriately. d. may damage the therapeutic relationship with the client e. all of these.

e. all of these.

A comprehensive approach to counseling: A. Goes beyond focusing on our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influences us. b. Focuses almost exclusively on the client's internal dynamics. c. focuses primarily on the therapist's internal reactions to the client's behavior. d. focuses only on systemic factors.

A. Goes beyond focusing on our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influences us.

Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor? A. knowing how to analyze transference reactions b. understanding the impact of oppression and racist concepts c. being aware of culture-specific methods of helping d. being aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from making full use of counseling services in the community

A. knowing how to analyze transference reactions

The Adlerian approach is well suited to multicultural counseling because: A. the approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context. b. the approach has few rigid techniques. c. the focus on early recollections allows clients to explore their past. d. the focus on a lifestyle assessment is appealing to most cultures.

A. the approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context.

Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations? A. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving. B. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective would probably make your job very difficult. C. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients. d. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity. e. Pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse backgrounds.

B. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective would probably make your job very difficult.

All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except for: a. building friendships b. establishing intimacy c. contributing to society D. achieving self-actualization

D. achieving self-actualization

Who was the first person of the modern era to do family therapy?. a. Adler b. Minuchin c. Bowen d. Satir e. Haley

a. Adler

Which approach asserts that emotional fusion to one's family must be addressed if one hopes to achieve a mature and unique personality? a. Bowenian family therapy b. Adlerian family therapy c. social constructionism d. strategic family therapy e. solution-oriented therapy

a. Bowenian family therapy

Which approach assumes that a family can best be understood when it is analyzed from at least a three-generational perspective? a. Bowenian family therapy b. human validation process model c. social constructionism d. strategic family therapy e. experiential/symbolic family therapy

a. Bowenian family therapy

Which approach to family therapy contends that one's current family problems(vill not significantly change until relationship patterns in one's family of origin are understood and directly challenged? a. Bowenian family therapy b. human validation process model c. structural family therapy d. strategic family therapy

a. Bowenian family therapy

Which of the following statements best describes the author's view of the medical model? a. Corey appreciates the focus on psychopathology and believes it gives clinicians the tools to assess what's wrong with clients. B. A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths. c. The medical model emphasizes strengths and competencies rather than psychopathology. d. The medical model is especially relevant for culturally diverse client populations.

a. Corey appreciates the focus on psychopathology and believes it gives clinicians the tools to assess what's wrong with clients.

Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except: a. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions. B. Counselors feel comfortable with the client's values and believe c. Counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients. d. Counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate.

a. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions.

Francesca, a cognitive behavioral therapist, likes to give homework assignments to her clients. What might her rationale be for doing this? a. Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy. -b. By assigning homework to her clients, she establishes her clear authority over them (as if she is their teacher). c. She is probably a novice therapist who is insecure about her skills; thus, by assigning homework, she may feel like she is being more productive. d. In order to be reimbursed by insurance companies, Francesca is required to give her clients homework assignments.

a. Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy.

___________ is the view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice. a. Mandatory ethics b. Minimal ethics c. Positive ethics d. Aspirational ethics

a. Mandatory ethics

Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not be considered complete until: a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront hi fear. b. Phil agrees to take up sky diving as a hobby. c. Phil has absolutely no fear of heights, which may be measured by his willingness to move to or of the top floors of a skyscraper. d. Phil acknowledges his fear.

a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront hi fear.

Which of the following feminist principles implies that what has been typically viewed as individual clients' personal problems are really socially and politically caused? a. The person is political. b. The counseling relationship is egalitarian. c. Women's ways of knowing are, valued and their experiences are honored. d. A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress. e. All types of oppression are recognized.

a. The person is political.

In working with Japanese clients, a reality therapist might do which of the following when asking clients to make plans and commit to them? a. The therapist might be likely to accept "I'll try" as a firm commitment. b. The therapist would push clients for an explicit pledge to follow through. c. The therapist would view a noncommittal response as a sign of weakness. d. The therapist would refer their clients if they refused to commit to a plan.

a. The therapist might be likely to accept "I'll try" as a firm commitment

Expanding awareness is: a. a basic goal of existential therapy. b. possible only with a few clients. c. not given emphasis in existential therapy. d. limited by our unconscious resistance.

a. a basic goal of existential therapy.

From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by: a. a sense of equality. b. the transference relationship. c. the therapist functioning as the expert. d. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions.

a. a sense of equality.

Existential therapy is best considered as; a. an approach to understanding humans. b. a school of therapy. c. a system of techniques designed to create authentic humans. d. a strategy for uncovering dysfunctional behavior.

a. an approach to understanding humans

The existential approach is particularly well-suited to clients who: a. are dealing with grief and loss. b. are victims of oppression. c. have limited intellectual capacities. d. suffer from severe mental illness.

a. are dealing with grief and loss.

Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Gretą gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might: a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it. b. have Greta undergo hypnosis. c. ask Greta to free associate to the words "slouched posture." d. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis.

a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.

One of the goals of rational emotive behavior therapy is to: a. assist clients in acquiring a more tolerant and rational view of life. b. make the unconscious conscious. c. provide opportunities for reliving early traumas. d. assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing. e. help clients become aware of their family constellation.

a. assist clients in acquiring a more tolerant and rational view of life.

The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is: a. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice. b. to understand why we feel as we do. c. to uncover repressed material. d. to help clients develop better social skills.

a. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice.

According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves: a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt. b. initiative vs. guilt. c. identity vs. role confusion. d. trust vs. mistrust. e. intimacy vs. isolation.

a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

Evidenced-based practices are not: a. based on psychodynamic principles. b. tailored to address specific problems and symptoms. c. founded on empirical research. d. generally time limited.

a. based on psychodynamic principles.

Which of the following therapies is most recommended for the treatment of phobic disorders? a. behavior therapy b. narrative therapy c. existential therapy d. rational emotive behavior therapy e. solution-focused brief therapy

a. behavior therapy

Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. modeling. d. motivational interviewing. e. cognitive therapy.

a. classical conditioning.

The premise of Adlerian group work is that: a. clients' problems are usually of a social nature. b. early childhood disturbances are at the root of the client's current problems. c. individuals are encouraged to become fully independent. d. insight, not action is needed for change.

a. clients' problems are usually of a social nature.

All of the following strategies are unique to feminist therapy except for: a. cognitive restructuring. b. encouraging clients to take social action. c. being an advocate in challenging conventional attitudes about roles for women. d. power analysis and intervention. e. gender-role analysis and intervention.

a. cognitive restructuring.

From a social constructionist perspective, change begins with: a. deconstructing the power of cultural narratives. b. understanding the roots of a problem. c. the therapist's skill in using confrontational techniques. d. understanding and accepting objective reality. e. disputing irrational beliefs.

a. deconstructing the power of cultural narratives.

Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to: a. depend entirely on their own internalized value assumptions about what is good for people; b. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice. c. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy. d. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life.

a. depend entirely on their own internalized value assumptions about what is good for people;

In person-centered group therapy, the leader: a. displays a sense of trust in the members. B. uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group. c. focuses on making interpretations. d. sets goals for the group members. e. facilitates the direction of group discussions.

a. displays a sense of trust in the members.

The opposite of a differentiated self is experienced as: a. emotional reactivity. b. the integration of one's various parts. c. movement toward self-actualization. d. attunement with others.

a. emotional reactivity.

One strength of cognitive behavioral therapy group counseling is that: a. emphasis is placed on symptom prevention. b. clients can remain relatively emotionally disengaged. c. leaders take a non-directive stance. d. leaders believe that insight is necessary for behavior change.

a. emphasis is placed on symptom prevention.

Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies? a. existential therapy b . cognitive therapy c. reality therapy d. behavior therapy e. rational emotive behavior therapy

a. existential therapy

The person-centered therapist is best described as a: a. facilitator. b. teacher. c. human engineer. d. friend.

a. facilitator.

Which of the following is not a function of the reality therapist? a. focusing on areas in the client's life that need improvement so that he or she can achieve a "success identity" b. setting limits in the therapeutic setting c. getting clients to be specific about how they will make desired changes d. confronting clients by not accepting their excuses e. helping clients reformulate their plans, if necessary

a. focusing on areas in the client's life that need improvement so that he or she can achieve a "success identity"

The central issue in existential therapy is: a. freedom and responsibility. b. resistance. c. transference. d. examining irrational beliefs.

a. freedom and responsibility.

Behavior therapists look to the current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events, through a process called: a. functional assessment. b. motivational interviewing. c. mindfulness-based stress reduction. d. reorientation. e. biofeedback.

a. functional assessment.

Adlerian view the use of techniques in counseling as: a. geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client. b. more important than paying attention to the subjective experiences of the client. c. against their basic philosophy. d. unethical.

a. geared to the phase of therapy and the needs of the client.

The statement "Only when I receive everyone's approval will I be whole" is an example of: a. guiding self-ideal. b. something a personality disordered individual would say. c. a realistic goal. d. retroflection. e. reaction formation.

a. guiding self-ideal.

To prevent his parents from leaving the house, Miguel throws temper tantrums. His parents have given in to his demands and never go out to dinner or to movies anymore. A structural/strategic therapist working with Miguel and his parents will most likely: a. have them participate in an enactment during the therapy session. b. explain with a genogram the origins of Miguel's temper tantrums. c. help Miguel's parents to develop differentiated selves. d. do a lifestyle assessment

a. have them participate in an enactment during the therapy session.

Roger and his wife are experiencing tension in their relationship because he believes she is far too lenient with their children when they misbehave. This forces him to play the role of "bad cop" as a parent, which makes him angry. A family therapist working with Roger and his family might: a. help to modify the family's transactional rules and develop more appropriate boundaries b. refer Roger to individual therapy since he clearly needs to work through his unresolved issues that are causing him to feel so angry. c. take Roger's side and educate his wife about appropriate disciplinary practices. d. focus on getting the children to stop misbehaving so that Roger and his wife wont experience this tension.

a. help to modify the family's transactional rules and develop more appropriate boundaries

The author makes a case for: a. initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations, and then delving more deeply into each approach. b. delving deeply into one approach initially and then taking a superficial look at other theoretical models. c. learning the theories of counseling only after starting to work with clients in order to make the theories more relevant. d. the reader to choose the approach to which s/he subscribes.

a. initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations, and then delving more deeply into each approach.

The constructs of feminist theory, in contrast to traditional theories, include all of the following except for which characteristic? a. intrapsychic orientation b. gender-fair stance c. flexible-multicultural d. life-span orientation e. interactionist perspective

a. intrapsychic orientation

The creation of the self, which dominated the modernist search for human essence and truth: a. is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives. b. is also a key concept of the postmodern approaches. c. is more relevant in the narrative approach than it is in solution-oriented therapy. d. has proven to be completely irrelevant to all counselors and therapists practicing today.''

a. is being replaced by postmodernists with the concept of socially storied lives.

Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely self-absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders? a. narcissistic b. dependent c. borderline d. obsessive-compulsive

a. narcissistic

A limitation of this approach as it applies to multicultural counseling is: a. oppressed clients may have little choice over their circumstances. b. this therapy provides specific tools to help clients make the changes they desire. c. the concept of the quality world is abstract and lacks cross-cultural appeal. d. reality therapists must be careful when adapting their approach to non-western cultures.

a. oppressed clients may have little choice over their circumstances.

One contribution of Adlerian therapy is that: a. practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients. b. it offers a well-defined theory of personality. c. many of its concepts have been supported by research. d. it is a common-sense psychology.

a. practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients.

Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as: a. rationalization. b. projection. c. displacement. d. introjection. e. reaction formation.

a. rationalization.

One of the most important Freudian concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings in to the unconscious, is: a. repression. b. regression. c. displacement. d. rationalization. e. projection.

a. repression.

Many ethical codes state that dual or multiple relationships: a. should be avoided whenever possible. b. are clearly grounds for revocation of one's professional license. c. are helpful in case of counseling one's friends or relatives. d. are impossible to avoid. e. always result in serious harm to the client.

a. should be avoided whenever possible.

The relational-cultural theory emphasizes the vital role: a. that relationships and connectedness with others play in the lives of women. b. of a spiritual or religious perspective in providing women with strength. c. in understanding how early childhood is a crucial factor in a woman's personality development. d. that siblings play in the shaping of personality.

a. that relationships and connectedness with others play in the lives of women.

Clients place more value on than on---:-------- a. the personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used. b. the specific techniques used; the personality of the therapist. c. the therapist's theoretical orientation; the quality of the services being provided. d. the aesthetics of the therapeutic setting; the personality of the therapist.

a. the personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used.

A limitation of person-centered therapy is: a. the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive. b. the emphasis on complex ideas and concepts. c. the lack of research to support the theory. d. neglect of the value of the therapeutic relationship. e. the overemphasis on unconscious factors.

a. the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive.

A limit of the feminist approach from a diversity perspective is: a. the tendency to impose upon a client personal values that may not be considered with the client's cultural framework. b. the lack of sensitivity to individual differences in clients. c. the broad focus on respect and equality. d. the emphasis on the use of standardized therapeutic techniques.

a. the tendency to impose upon a client personal values that may not be considered with the client's cultural framework.

Although feminist therapy shares many of the premises of person-centered therapy, feminist therapy does not agree with the notion that: a. the therapeutic relationship is, in and of itself, sufficient to produce change. b. therapy is based on unconditional positive regard and acceptance. c. the therapeutic relationship should be a non-hierarchical one. d. therapy aims to empower clients to live according to their own values and to rely on an internal locus of control. e. therapists should be genuine rather than hiding behind an expert role.

a. the therapeutic relationship is, in and of itself, sufficient to produce change.

A factor that distinguishes the person-centered approach to group counseling from other approaches IS: a. the therapist's role as facilitator. b. the length of treatment. c. the focus on creating a collaborative spirit. d. the focus on building genuine relationships among members.

a. the therapist's role as facilitator.

According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams: a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives. b. that suggests they have no internal conflicts. c. they are sound sleepers. d. they lack creativity. e. they should be referred to a therapist with a different theoretical orientation.

a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives.

All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reactions except: a. they should be avoided. b. they have the potential to interfere with effective treatment. c. they can provide rich understanding of the client's experience. d. they should be carefully monitored by the therapist.

a. they should be avoided.

The purpose of examining a client 's family constellation is: a. to get a picture of the individual's early social world. b. to bring unconscious factors to the surface. c. to discover hereditary aspects of the client's behavior. d. to determine who else in the family needs help.

a. to get a picture of the individual's early social world.

All of the following are techniques used in solution-focused therapy except for: a. using the reflecting team b. scaling questions c. the miracle question d. formula first session task e. exception questions

a. using the reflecting team

Which of the following principles of feminist psychologist is mots aimed at advancing a transformation in society: a. The person is political. b. Commitment to social change c. Women's ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored. d. A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress e. All types of oppression are recognized.

b. Commitment to social change

Which of these statements about interventions is true? a. It is helpful to use one type of intervention with most clients. b. During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times. c. lt is best to require clients to adapt to your approach to counseling and the interventions that\ you are skilled at using. d. You should only use counseling interventions when you are certified or licensed.

b. During the course of an individual's therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times.

A solution-oriented therapist might ask her client, a compulsive shopper, which of the following questions? a. Who has the best shoe sale this week, Macy's or Nordstrom's? b. If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different? c. Who in your family is most affected when you go on a spending spree? d. At what point in your life did you develop this fixation on shopping?

b. If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?

The founder(s) of solution-focused brief therapy is (are): a. Michael White and David Epston. b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer. c. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. d. Donald Meichenbaun. e. Albert Bandura.

b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer.

Which of the following is true about the relationship between a client and a rational emotive behavior therapist? a. Therapists make value judgments in helping their clients gain insight. b. It is characterized by full acceptance and tolerance. c. personal warmth is considered to be very important. d. The therapist assumes a nondirective stance. e. Transference is encouraged to develop.

b. It is characterized by full acceptance and tolerance.

Who is most noted for her contributions to the development of feminist therapy? a. Miriam Polster b. Laura Brown c. Natalie Rogers d. Laura Perls e. Michele Weiner-Davis

b. Laura Brown

The concept of triangulation is most associated with: a. Virginia Satir. b. Murray Bowen. c. Salvador Minuchin. d. Carl Whitaker. e. Rudolf Dreikurs.

b. Murray Bowen.

What do reality therapists believe about the use of questions? a. They should rarely be used. b. Relevant questions help clients gain insights and arrive at plans and solutions. c. There is no such thing as excessive questioning; the more the better! d. Closed questions are more helpful than open-ended questions.

b. Relevant questions help clients gain insights and arrive at plans and solutions.

Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/ psychotherapy is true? a. Extensive research has shown that certain popular models of psychotherapy are ''wrong." b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society. c. Accepting the validity of one model implies rejecting the validity of other models. d. Theoretical pluralism has been frowned on by several major professional organizations.

b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society.

When is the counseling process at its best from an existential viewpoint? a. When the client feels comfortable enough to engage in shame-attacking exercises outside of counseling sessions. b. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client. c. When the therapist uses his or her influence to convince the client to let go of his or her anxiety. d. When sessions begin with progressive muscle relaxation exercises.

b. When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client.

In existential therapy, the conception of the therapist is a. an observer-technician. b. a fully alive human companion for the client. c. a teacher and coach. d. an advocate for social change.

b. a fully alive human companion for the client.

In Gestalt theory, the experiment is considered: a. a specific technique of therapy. b. an activity that flows from therapeutic interaction and is crafted to fit the client's needs. c. a ready-made exercise used to achieve a behavioral goal. d. a scientific procedure to assess the effectiveness of therapy.

b. an activity that flows from therapeutic interaction and is crafted to fit the client's needs.

Of the following, which is not an assumption shared by the cognitive behavioral and feminist therapy approaches? a. viewing the therapeutic relationship as collaborative b. assuming that the therapeutic relationship alone is necessary and sufficient to bring about change c. helping clients to take charge of their own lives d. commitment to demystifying therapy e. providing information to clients about how the therapy process works

b. assuming that the therapeutic relationship alone is necessary and sufficient to bring about change

According to the text, positive ethics is a practice in which counselors: a. do what is mandated by professional standards. b. base their ethical decisions on what is best for their clients rather than minimum standards of care. c. strive for the highest level of ethical practice. d. strictly adhere to lengthy ethics codes, even if this is not in the client's best interest.

b. base their ethical decisions on what is best for their clients rather than minimum standards of care.

Erv Polster believes that storytelling: a. is always a form of resistance. b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings. c. is acceptable only if one's client is a writer. d. is an indication that one's client is a pathological liar. e. is a sign of high verbal abilities, and thus, high intelligence.

b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings.

In reality therapy, the counseling environment is: a. the time to explore past trauma. b. characterized by a therapeutic climate that establishes the foundation for implementing procedures. c. highly structured with the aim of changing cognitions. d. conducive to restructuring one's personality.

b. characterized by a therapeutic climate that establishes the foundation for implementing procedures.

The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as: a. sublimation. b. compensation c. introjection. d. reaction formation. e. regression.

b. compensation

The _______________________________ factors the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors-are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome. a. logistical b. contextual c. psychodynamic d. technical

b. contextual

A major contribution of Bowen's theory is the notion of: a. birth order as a determinant of personality. b. differentiation of the self. c. family rules and communication patterns. d. spontaneity, creativity, and play as therapeutic factors in family therapy.

b. differentiation of the self.

A limitation of reality therapy is that it: a. consists of simple concepts that are easily grasped. b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams. c. does not appeal to resistant clients. d. has limited applicability. e. goes along with the medical model of therapy.

b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.

The client's core experience in Adlerian therapy consists of: a. working through the transference relationship. b. discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them. c. understanding how their relationship with their parents has shaped their personality. d. understanding how their birth order has determined the person who they are today.

b. discovering their basic mistakes and then learning how to correct them.

In REBT, what method is taught to clients to help them challenge irrational beliefs? a. autogenic method b. disputational method c. self-management method d. phenomenological method e. multimodal method

b. disputational method

During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is: a. being overly analytical. b. engaging in meaningful self-reflection and self-assessment as a professional. c. self-absorbed and insecure. d. behaving unethically since she is preoccupied during her clients ' sessions.

b. engaging in meaningful self-reflection and self-assessment as a professional.

Narrative therapists pay attention to "sparkling events." These are: a. moments when the client feels exhilarated. b. events that contradict problem-saturated narratives. c. times when significant others give the client unconditional love. d. events characterized by a striving to overcome barriers. e. stories the client shares that are too good to be true, and in lact, prove to be gross exaggerations of the truth.

b. events that contradict problem-saturated narratives.

All of the following are procedures that are commonly used in reality therapy except: a. exploring wants, needs, and perceptions. b. exploring early recollections. c. focusing on current behavior. d. planning and commitment. e. skillful questioning.

b. exploring early recollections.

Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy? a. Gestalt therapy b. family systems therapy c. existential approach d. person-centered approach

b. family systems therapy

All are true of solution-focused brief therapists except that they: a. have little interest in a client exploring past problems. b. focus on the client's early childhood experiences. c. believe that the cause of a problem is not necessarily related to its solution. d. expect that two clients may have different solutions to the same problem.

b. focus on the client's early childhood experiences.

The preferred alternative to traditional diagnosis and assessment of feminist therapists is: a. power analysis. b. gender role analysis. c. lifestyle analysis. d. analysis of transference and resistance.

b. gender role analysis.

Which of the following roles and functions would be least interesting to a structural family therapist? a. joining the family in a position of leadership b. giving voice to the therapist's own impulses and fantasies c. mapping the underlying structure of a family d. intervening in ways designed to transform an ineffective structure of a family e. being a stage director

b. giving voice to the therapist's own impulses and fantasies

Person-centered therapy is a(n): a. action-oriented approach to therapy. b. humanistic approach to therapy. c. existential approach to therapy. d. deterministic approach to therapy.

b. humanistic approach to therapy.

In vivo flooding consists of: a. brief and graduated series of exposures to feared events. b. intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli. c. imagined exposure to fearful experiences paired with muscle relaxation. d. guided use of mindfulness techniques.

b. intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.

According to Rogerian therapy, an "internal source of evaluation" is defined as: a. internalizing the validation one receives from others. b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence. c. going on one's instincts when judging the behavior of others. d. neurotic tendency to be self-critical. e. success identity.

b. looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) integrates techniques from: a. multimodal therapy and mindfulness b. mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy. c. motivational interviewing and mindfulness. d. Yoga, systematic desensitization, and mindfulness.

b. mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavior therapy.

Skinner's view of shaping behavior is based on the principle of: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. reciprocal inhibition. d. acceptance.

b. operant conditioning.

The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them is: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. modeling. d. flooding.

b. operant conditioning.

The Gestalt therapist: a. freely makes interpretations for the client. b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language. c. is mainly nondirective. d. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways. e. assigns homework to bring about specific cognitive and behavior changes.

b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple truths? a. behavior therapy b. postmodern approaches c. rational emotive behavior therapy d. Gestalt therapy e. reality therapy

b. postmodern approaches

A reality therapist will primarily focus on: a. past behavior. b. present behavior. c. feelings. d. thoughts. e. the client's personal history.

b. present behavior.

Postmodern thought has contributed to family therapy by: a. minimizing the role of assessment. b. promoting the therapist's view of clients as the experts on their own lives. c. developing an individual therapy application of the family systems approach. d. introducing the concept of triangulation. e. promoting the therapist's role as being directive.

b. promoting the therapist's view of clients as the experts on their own lives.

In terms of ethical accountability, behavior therapy: a. does not address this issue. b. provides a basis for responsible practice. c. offers a greater chance of abusing interventions than do other approaches. d. makes use of techniques that have questionable validity. e. is the only ethical form of therapy today.

b. provides a basis for responsible practice.

Which of the following approaches to therapy is based on the A-B-C theory of personality? a. reality therapy b. rational emotive behavior therapy c. psychoanalytic therapy d. solution-focused brief therapy e. Adlerian therapy

b. rational emotive behavior therapy

A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense? a. displacement b. reaction formation c. introjection d. projection e. regression

b. reaction formation

Which of the following interventions involves a shift from "blaming the victim" to consideration of social factors in the environment that contribute to a client's problem? a. paradoxical intention b. reframing c. relabeling d. gender-role analysis

b. reframing

Multimodal therapy is a therapeutic approach that is grounded on: a. cognitive behavior therapy. b. social learning theory. b. applied behavior analysis. d. operant conditioning. e. dialectical behavior therapy

b. social learning theory.

According to the text, the challenge of providing informed consent consists of: a. telling clients about the nature of confidentiality. b. striking a balance between giving clients too much and too little information about the therapeutic process. c. convincing clients that counselors know what they are doing. d. teaching clients about state laws that pertain to counseling. e. getting clients to read the ethical codes of the profession.

b. striking a balance between giving clients too much and too little information about the therapeutic process.

A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempt to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is: a. making the rounds. b. the reversal exercise. c. the rehearsal exercise. d. the empty chair technique.

b. the reversal exercise.

Arguably, the most central limitation of the person-centered approach is: a. their view of assessment and diagnosis. b. the therapist's limitations as a person. c. Shortcomings of the studies of the approach. d. the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles.

b. the therapist's limitations as a person.

The central theme running through the works of Vikctor Frankl is: a. that freedom is a myth. b. the will to meaning. c. self-disclosure as the key to mental health. d. the notion of self-actualization. e. being thrown into the universe without purpose.

b. the will to meaning.

From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject this approach because: a. it is founded on abstract, westernized notions that are not widely applicable. b. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices. c. death anxiety is not a central issue in all cultures. d. the use of techniques may be overwhelming for them.

b. their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices.

Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways? a. To refer to the death instincts b. to refer to the energy of all the life instincts c. To refer to sexual abuse d. To account for the aggressive drive

b. to refer to the energy of all the life instincts

Reality therapy rests on the central idea that: a. thinking largely determines how we feel and behave. b. we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel. c. environmental factors largely control what we are doing. d. the way to change dysfunctional behavior is to reexperience a situation in which we originally became psychologically stuck.

b. we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel.

Chun Hei is a Korean immigrant who has been separated from her family and friends for over a year since she came to the U.S. with her husband. She spends her days taking care of their two young children while he goes to work, and feels increasingly depressed without her support system. It is likely that a family therapist who meets Chun Hei: a. would prescribe her antidepressant medication. b. would be very interested in how her depression affects others in the family and how it influences family process. c. would abandon using a systems approach, and treat her with cognitive behavioral methods. d. would be directive and tell her to convince her husband to go back to Korea so she will once again have family support.

b. would be very interested in how her depression affects others in the family and how it influences family process.

A reality therapist would most likely respond to a client's complaint of melancholy, sad mood by saying: a. "Sounds like you're depressed." b. "Sounds like you have depression." c. "Sounds like you're depressing." d. "Sounds like you're depressive."

c. "Sounds like you're depressing."

The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is: a. William Glasser. b. Frederick Perls. c. Albert Ellis. d. Joseph Wolpe. e. Aaron Beck.

c. Albert Ellis.

Which statement most/closely reflects the philosophy of feminist therapy? a. Feminist therapy depicts an accurate assessment of the psychosexual stages of development. b. Androcentricism, gendercentricism, and ethnocentricism are important bias-free concepts of feminist therapy. c. Constructs of feminist therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span fore oriented. d. Feminist therapy encourages the use of the DSM to assess psychopathology.

c. Constructs of feminist therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span fore oriented.

Who was the Danish philosopher that addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life? a. Medard Boss b. Jean-Paul Sartre c. Soren Kierkegaard d. Martin Buber e. Friedrich Nietzsche

c. Soren Kierkegaard

You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as: a. resistance. B. manifestation of uncooperative behavior. c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context d. a clear sign that counseling will not work.

c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context

The person-centered view of human nature: a. views people as basically competitive. b. states that humans are driven by irrational forces . c. affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life. d. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.

c. affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life.

"Fictional final ism" is an Adlerian term meaning: a. the unrealistic ideas that we have about the way life should be. b. our strict adherence to certain beliefs that are not based on reality. c. an imagined central goal that guides our behavior. d. our stubborn resistance to change.

c. an imagined central goal that guides our behavior.

Donna feels certain that no one will ever want to hire her because she has a timid personality. Her solution-oriented therapist would be most inclined to: a. explore her early childhood experiences with being rejected. b. consider her irrational belief to be indicative of psychopathology. c. ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of times when she was accepted by others. d. prescribe medication for her anxiety issues.

c. ask Donna to examine another side of the story she is presenting about herself and think of times when she was accepted by others.

Haley has difficulty turning down dates and consistently allows men to take advantage of her. A behavioral intervention that may help Haley establish appropriate boundaries with others and speak up for herself is: a. stress inoculation training. b. anger management. c. assertion training. d. EMDR. e. In vivo flooding.

c. assertion training.

In which of the following approaches to therapy does the therapist become active and directive. functioning as a trainer for the client? a. existential therapy b. person-centered therapy c. behavior therapy d. Gestalt therapy e. psychoanalytic therapy

c. behavior therapy

A person with a personality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety. a. narcissistic b. dependent c. borderline d. obsessive-compulsive

c. borderline

The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to: a. become an "existential partner" with the client. b. create a climate of safety and freedom from threat. c. challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life. d. encourage the client to experience fully the here-and-now. e. help the client relive past emotional traumas.

c. challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life.

Field theory suggests that: a. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. b. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate. c. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux. d. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change. e. the "how" of behavior is more important than the "why" of behavior.

c. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux.

Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe times in their lives when they were able to solve their problem or when their problem was less severe? a. pre-therapy change b. the miracle question c. exception questions d. scaling e. formula first session task

c. exception questions

Which of the following approaches contends that the nature of the human condition includes self- awareness, freedom of choice, responsibility, and anxiety as basic elements? a. Gestalt therapy b. person-centered therapy c. existential therapy d. Adlerian therapy e. reality therapy

c. existential therapy

Reality therapy is based on which of the following orientations to understanding human behavior? a. radical behaviorism b. psychoanalytic c. existential-phenomenological d. deterministic e. person-centered theory

c. existential-phenomenological

Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to view the world: a. from an objective frame of reference. b. from his or her own subjective frame of reference. c. from the client's frame of reference. d. from the frame of reference of a particular theory. e. none of these

c. from the client's frame of reference.

A tool for collecting and organizing key relationships in a three-generational extended family is a: a. lifestyle assessment. b family sketch. c. genogram. d. projective test. c. power analysis.

c. genogram.

Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers a. unconditional positive regard b. acceptance c. genuineness d. accurate empathic understanding e. accurate active listening

c. genuineness

According to the existential viewpoint, death: a. makes life absurd. b. makes life meaningless and hopeless. c. gives significance to living. d. should not be explored in therapy.

c. gives significance to living.

The systems perspective implies: a. individuals are autonomous and independent of their families. b. the external environment is the most powerful influence on an individual's development. c. individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family. d. systematic intervention is required to deconstruct an unhealthy family interaction pattern.

c. individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family.

Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe a. is what the counseling profession endorses at present. b. is likely to be a reality by the year 2020 when the CACREP standards are revisited. c. is dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients. d. is illegal in the Northeastern region of the U.S., but not in other parts of the country.

c. is dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients.

In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to: a. learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations. b. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas. c. learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma. d. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice. e. discover the correct solution for every ethical dilemma that might arise.

c. learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma.

In working with a triangulated relationship, Bowen would be inclined to place primary emphasis on: a. joining the family. b. engaging in personal self-disclosure to build trust. c. maintaining a stance of neutrality. d. siding with one member involved in the triangle. e. identifying behavioral goals to guide the therapy.

c. maintaining a stance of neutrality.

Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members? a. the rehearsal exercise b. the reversal technique c. making the rounds d. the exaggeration technique

c. making the rounds

The technique of reflection involves the therapist: a. restating the client's words verbatim. b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client. c. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation. d. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror.

c. mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.

Which of the following would an Adlerian therapist particularly value? a. interpretation of dreams b. confronting the ways the client is having dependently since early childhood c. modeling of communication and acting in socially minded ways d. helping the client to work through the transference neurosis

c. modeling of communication and acting in socially minded ways

The premise of the exposure-based therapies is that anxiety is reduced through: a. extinction of a maladaptive response to a feared stimulus. b. habituation. c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response. d. progressive muscle relaxation. e. negative reinforcement.

c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response.

Of the following, which is one of the major contributions that feminists have made to the field of counseling? a. a focus on dealing with family dynamics. b. a focus on exploring the unconscious factors contributing to current problems c. paving the way for gender-sensitive practice d. placing the therapeutic relationship at the core of the therapy process e. assisting clients to increase awareness of here and now experiencing

c. paving the way for gender-sensitive practice

Which humanistic approach emphasizes the basic attitudes of the therapist as the core of the therapeutic process? a. psychoanalytic therapy b. Adlerian therapy c. person-centered therapy d. cognitive-behavioral therapy e. family therapy

c. person-centered therapy

The ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to less mature stages is ? a. fixation b. rationalization c. regression d. introjection e. reaction formation

c. regression

According to traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist: a. must establish an authentic encounter with the client. b. should display genuineness and warmth. c. remains anonymous. d. is a teacher. e. refuses to give up on the client.

c. remains anonymous.

A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in: a. introjection. b. projection. c. retroflection. d. confluence.

c. retroflection.

Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist: a. may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is likely Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog. b. should interpret the dream for her client. c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream. d. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless.

c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream.

The techniques of joining, accommodating, unbalancing, tracking, and boundary making are most likely to be part of which approach to family therapy? a. Bowenian family therapy b. Adlerian family therapy c. structural family therapy d. strategic family therapy e. experiential/symbolic family therapy

c. structural family therapy

Which approach would be most interested in the appropriateness of hierarchical structure in the family? a. Bowenian family therapy b. human validation process model c. structural family therapy d. social constructionism

c. structural family therapy

The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a: a. co-therapist. b. passive observer. c. student or learner. d. partner.

c. student or learner.

All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except: a. individuation b. the shadow. c. symbiosis. d. collective unconscious. e. archetypes.

c. symbiosis.

Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client's fearful experiences? a. assertive training b. operant conditioning c. systematic desensitization d. social reinforcement e. stress inoculation

c. systematic desensitization

When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate? a. making the rounds b. the reversal technique c. the internal dialogue exercise d. the rehearsal exercise e. the exaggeration exercise

c. the internal dialogue exercise

An REBT therapist would contend that anxiety stems from: a. unresolved issues of the past. b. inadequate ego-defense mechanisms. c. the internal repetition of irrational sentences. d. a normal human condition that should be accepted. e. oppressive social conditions

c. the internal repetition of irrational sentences.

Which child tends to feel squeezed out and may develop a conviction that life is unfair and a feeling of being cheated? a. the oldest child b. the second child c. the middle child d. the youngest child e. the only child

c. the middle child

The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated primarily with: a. solution-oriented therapy. b. the linguistic approach. c. the narrative approach. d. the reflecting team. e. crisis intervention.

c. the narrative approach.

One of the main ways that Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT is that in Beck's approach, more so than in Ellis's approach: a. reality testing is highly organized. b. thinking is considered to influence feeling and action. c. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process. d. clients are asked to look for evidence to support their conclusions.

c. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process.

What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy? a. defining concrete and measurable goals b. the therapist's technical skills c. the relationship between the client and therapist d. the therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems e. the client's motivation for change

c. the relationship between the client and therapist

In reality therapy, the purpose of developing an action plan is: a. to encourage clients to stretch beyond their limits. b. to teach clients to "think big." c. to arrange for successful experience. d. to arrive at the ultimate solution to a client's problem.

c. to arrange for successful experience.

WDEP stands for: a. wants, decision, self-evaluation, perception. b. wishes, direction, engagement, purpose. c. wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning. d. wants, direction, efficacy, planning.

c. wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning.

For Sartre, existential guilt is what we experience when: a. we do not live by the Ten Commandments. b. we fail to think about the welfare of others. c. we allow others to define us or to make our choices for us. d. we reflect on all that we might have done and failed to do.

c. we allow others to define us or to make our choices for us.

The main goal of behavior therapy is a. fostering self-actualization b. expanding self-understanding and insight. c. assisting clients in making value judgments concerning their behavior. d. Eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning

d. Eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning

During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional causes for you to follow? a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option. b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby. c. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation. d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.

d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values.

A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Rogers's writings is: a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering. b. b. the need for a religion to find meaning in life. c. the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues. d. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established. e. the need for clients to relive past traumatic situations in the here-and-now.

d. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established.

The correct components of the A-B-C theory of personality are: a. antecedent, behavior, consequences. b. activating events, behaviors, cognitions. c. antecedent, belief, cognitions. d. activating event, belief, consequence.

d. activating event, belief, consequence.

From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may: a. discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values. b. be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach. c. underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the .following aspects are assessed when exploring a client's family constellation? a. birth order b. interactions between siblings and parents c. the child's psychological position in the family d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to: a. keep themselves from facing unfinished business. b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions. c. keep from having to change. d. all of these

d. all of these

According to REBT, it is important to change the way one uses language because: a. imprecise language is one of the causes of distorted thinking processes. b. language shapes thinking and behavior. c. language shapes feelings d. all of these

d. all of these

According to the text, research shows that counselor values influence: a. therapy goals. b. assessment strategies. c. treatment outcome. d. all of these e. none of these

d. all of these

An Adlerian therapist asks for the client 's earliest recollections in order to: a. discover goals and motivations. b. reveal their beliefs and basic mistakes. c. give clues as to the development of that individual's lifestyle. d.all of these

d. all of these

As a result of the client/therapist relationship in psychoanalytic therapy: a. clients acquire insights into their own unconscious psychodynamics. b. clients are better able to understand the association between their past experiences and their current behavior. c. awareness is increased on the client's part: d. all of these

d. all of these

Gestalt therapists say that clients resist contact by means of: a. retroflection. b. projection. c. introjection. d. all of these

d. all of these

Historically counselors have been: a. resistant to developing an integrated model of psychotherapy. b. at war regarding the issues of the "best" methods of treatment. c. quick to discount contributions of a competing theoretical model. d. all of these

d. all of these

The feminist perspectives on the development of personality: a. encompass the diversity and complexity of women's lives. a. attend to the ways in which diversity influences self-structures b. recognize the inextricable connection between internal and external words c. acknowledge the political and social oppression of women d. all of these

d. all of these

Under what circumstances should a therapist consult with colleagues or specialists? a. when a client complains of physical symptoms b. when facing an ethical problem c. when working with a client for an extended period of time and losing objectivity d. all of these

d. all of these

Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes: a. dreams. b. post-hypnotic suggestions. c. free-association. d. all of these. e. direct observation based on experimental research.

d. all of these.

If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may include: a. rejecting others' love. b. fear of intimate relationships. c. mistrust of others. d. all of these. e. none of these.

d. all of these.

In applying the person-centered approach to crisis intervention, therapists: a. communicate a deep sense of understanding. b. provide genuine support and warmth. c. use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction. d. all of these.

d. all of these.

Narrative therapy can be applied to: a. eating disorders. b. depression. c. relationship concerns. d. all of these.

d. all of these.

The term "social interest" refers to: a. an individual's attitude in dealing with the social world. b. a sense of identification and empathy with others. c. striving for a better future for all humans. d. all of these.

d. all of these.

What is the function of the behavior therapist? a. to provide modeling for the client b. to provide a collaborative therapeutic environment c. to assess specific behavior problems d. to provide reinforcement for clients d. all of these.

d. all of these.

Wubbolding believes all of the following encourage the client's involvement in therapy except for: a. appropriate use of humor. b. warmth. c. facilitative self-disclosure. d. allowing the client to focus on symptoms.

d. allowing the client to focus on symptoms.

Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as: a. a way that clients avoid confrontation. b. a sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work. c a therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome. d. an element of therapy that needs to be respected.

d. an element of therapy that needs to be respected.

Both feminist therapists and post-modem therapists tend to view diagnosis as it is traditionally done: a. as an appropriate part of counseling sessions. b. as generally helpful to women clients. c. as an essential part of the medical model they follow. d. as often oppressive and ignoring of societal contexts.

d. as often oppressive and ignoring of societal contexts.

Which of the following procedures would a reality therapist be least likely to employ? a. self-help procedures b. the use of humor c. homework assignments d. asking a client to emotionally reexperience a childhood experience e. asking questions to get a better sense of the client's inner world

d. asking a client to emotionally reexperience a childhood experience

With regard to the role of counselors' personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to: a. teach and persuade clients to act the right way. b. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports. c. avoid challenging the values of clients. d. avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients.

d. avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients.

Person-centered therapy puts faith in the client's: a. ability to uncover repressed experiences. b. ability to integrate their polarities. c. capacity for recognizing how birth order affects their choices. d. capacity for self-direction. e. ability to change their belief system.

d. capacity for self-direction.

Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that: a. confrontation is to be avoided at all costs. b. confrontation causes clients to stop growing. c. confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control. d. caring confrontations can be beneficial.

d. caring confrontations can be beneficial.

One of the major goals of reality therapy involves: a. reconstructing the basic personality. b. identifying factors that block freedom. c. encouraging clients to be willing to be a process. d. challenging clients to evaluate what they are doing. e. learning to express feelings.

d. challenging clients to evaluate what they are doing.

In order for a therapist to communicate "accurate empathic understanding" the counselor must: a. have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament. b. clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences. c. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client. d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective experience.

d. connect emotionally to the client's subjective experience.

In feminist therapy, the following technique(s) is/are used to help clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization: a. free association b. unbalancing c. scaling questions d. consciousness-raising e. the miracle question

d. consciousness-raising

Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of: a. stress symptoms. b. anxiety reactions. c. phobias. d. depression. e. cardiovascular disorders.

d. depression.

Finding the "courage to be" involves: a. confronting a specific phobia. b. learning to be alone. c. discarding old values. d. developing a will to move forward despite fears. e. all of these.

d. developing a will to move forward despite fears.

REBT contends that people: a. have a need to be loved and accepted by everyone. b. need to be accepted by most people. c. will become emotionally sick if they are rejected. d. do not need to be accepted and loved.

d. do not need to be accepted and loved.

Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life tasks. Which of the following is not one of these tasks? a. building friendships b. establishing intimacy c. contributing to society d. enhancing wellness

d. enhancing wellness

Gestalt therapy is a form of: a. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy. b. Neo-Freudian analytic therapy. c. behavior therapy. d. existential therapy.

d. existential therapy.

According to existentialists, our search for meaning involves all of these except: a. discarding old values. b. meaninglessness. c. creating our own value system. d. exploring unfinished business. e. the struggle for significance in life.

d. exploring unfinished business.

Of the following, what is an interest that social constructionists tend to share? a. helping clients better understand objective reality b. using paradoxical techniques c. using a genogram to teach families about conflicts d. generating new meaning in the lives of individuals e. helping clients tap into the collective unconscious

d. generating new meaning in the lives of individuals

In Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance? a. using emotive techniques b. collaborative empiricism c. automatic thoughts d. inner speech e. a multimodal approach to changing one's thinking and behaving

d. inner speech

In helping clients to examine their mistaken goals and faulty assumptions, an Adlerian therapist does not use: a. encouragement. b. challenge and confrontation. c. open-ended interpretations. d. interpretation of the transference relationship.

d. interpretation of the transference relationship.

The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as: a. transference. b. rationalization. c. countertransference. d. interpretation. e. free association.

d. interpretation.

The young adult who adopts his parent's outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of: a. displacement. b. reaction formation. c. sublimation. d. introjection. e. projection.

d. introjection.

REBT views emotional disturbances as the result of: a. inadequate mothering during infancy. b. failure to fulfill our existential needs. c. excessive feelings. d. irrational thinking and behaving.

d. irrational thinking and behaving.

Narrative therapy has been found to be particularly effective with diverse client populations for all of the following reasons except a. it was founded in a sociocultural context. b. it allows clients to tell their unique stories from their perspective. c. it defines mental health within a social, political, and relational context. d. it teaches diverse clients to replace their own narratives with ones that conform more closely to the ideals and values of mainstream culture.

d. it teaches diverse clients to replace their own narratives with ones that conform more closely to the ideals and values of mainstream culture.

A feature of REBT that distinguishes it from other cognitive-behavioral therapies is: a. its use of the A-B-C theory in analyzing the client. b. its use of behavioral techniques. c. its applicability to group work d. its systematic exposition of irrational beliefs that result in emotional and behavioral disturbance.

d. its systematic exposition of irrational beliefs that result in emotional and behavioral disturbance.

In a reality therapy group, the leader: a. is responsible for evaluating the clients' behaviors. b. performs an assessment to determine if the client is truly getting what he or she wants in life. c. withholds feedback when members are designing their plans. d. may encounter resistance from members when providing suggestions for how clients can best get what they want.

d. may encounter resistance from members when providing suggestions for how clients can best get what they want.

The main therapeutic goal of REBT is: a. to teach clients how to recognize which ego state they are in. b. to make the unconscious conscious. c. to assist the client in becoming aware of his or her "being-in-the-world." d. to challenge the client in making both a value judgment and moral decision about the quality of his or her behavior. d. none of these

d. none of these

When reality therapists explore a client's past they tend to focus on: a. relationships within the family b. early traumatic events. c. problems in school performance. d. past successes e. developmental problems.

d. past successes

The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development? a. anal stage b. genital stage c. oral stage d. phallic stage e. latency stage

d. phallic stage

Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as: a. displacement. b. introjection. c. reaction formation. d. projection. e. none of these.

d. projection.

What is the technique in family therapy that casts a new light on a problem and provides a different interpretation for a problematic situation? a. reorganization b. family mapping c. restructuring d. reframing e. joining

d. reframing

Being alone is a process by which we do all of the following except: a. learn to tolerate feelings of isolation. b. develop strength and self-reliance. c. develop a deep understanding of ourselves. d. reject the social overtures of others.

d. reject the social overtures of others.

The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is: a. labeling and mislabeling. b overgeneralization. c. arbitrary inferences. d. selective abstraction. e. personalization.

d. selective abstraction.

Of the following, which intervention would a feminist therapist probably consider most essential? a. challenging irrational beliefs b. making use of the empty-chair technique c. conducting a lifestyle analysis d. social action. e. interpretation of resistance

d. social action.

Which of the following orientations avoids exploring problems, and instead, focuses on creating solutions in the present and the future? a. Freud's psychoanalytic b. approach family therapy c. person-centered therapy d. solution-focused therapy e. Gestalt therapy

d. solution-focused therapy

One of the techniques used by behavior therapists in dealing with a client's anxiety is: a. the miracle question. b. encouragement. c. externalizing the problem. d. systematic desensitization. e. shame-attacking exercises.

d. systematic desensitization.

The core of reality therapy consists of: a. teaching clients how to acquire rational beliefs instead of irrational beliefs. b. helping clients to understand their unconscious dynamics. c. giving clients opportunities to express unresolved feelings. d. teaching clients to take effective control of their own lives.

d. teaching clients to take effective control of their own lives.

One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that: a. its has not been subjected to rigorous research. b. it is not grounded in personality theory. c. therapists use vigorous confrontation methods. d. there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge.

d. there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge.

The person-centered therapist 's most important function is: a. to begin therapy with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment. b. to challenge clients to examine their past. c. to skillfully confront clients when they engage in self-destructive behaviors. d. to be his or her real self in the relationship with a client. e. to be an agent of social change.

d. to be his or her real self in the relationship with a client.

A couple directs the focus of their energy toward a problematic son as a way to avoid facing or dealing with their own conflicts. This is an example of: a. enmeshment. b. normal love. c. displacement. d. triangulation. e. diffusion.

d. triangulation.

The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests: a. we change by setting future-oriented goals. b. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be. c. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening. d. we change through becoming aware of who we currently are. e. change is facilitated when we accept our mortality.

d. we change through becoming aware of who we currently are.

Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the unique style of life we create/at an early age? a. family systems therapy b. reality therapy c. rational emotive behavior therapy d. psychoanalytic therapy e. Adlerian therapy

e. Adlerian therapy

Which is (are) true concerning one's style of life? a. All people have a lifestyle, but no two people develop exactly the same style. b. The lifestyle is largely set by the age of 6. c. One's style of life is a reaction to perceived inferiority. d. One's style of life is learned from early interactions in the family. e. All of these

e. All of these

Which of the following feminist principles recognizes the importance of working against oppression and discrimination on the basis of race, class, culture, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, age, and disability? a. The person is political. b. The counseling relationship is egalitarian. c. Women's ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored. d. A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress. e. All types of oppression are recognized.

e. All types of oppression are recognized.

Reality therapy is best categorized as: a. a brand of psychoanalytic therapy. b. a form of nondirective therapy. c. a derivative of Gestalt therapy. d. a derivative of Adlerian therapy. e. a form of cognitive behavior therapy.

e. a form of cognitive behavior therapy.

A feminist therapist is likely to become an advocate for change in the social structure by arguing for: a. the right to self-determination. b. the freedom to pursue a career outside the home. c. the right to an education. d. equality in power in relationships. e. all of these

e. all of these

Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when: a. clients pose a danger to others. b. a child under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, or child abuse. c. an older adult is being abused. d. the therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization. e. all of these

e. all of these

During the second wave of behavior therapy, therapists a. continued to emphasize empirically supported treatments. b. increased their focus on the role of emotion in behavior change. c. adopted a stronger biological perspective. d. applied behavior therapy principles to prevention of disease and illness. e. all of these

e. all of these

In a group based on existential principles, clients learn: a. that there are no ultimate answers for ultimate concerns. b. to view themselves through others' eyes. c. to come to terms with the paradoxes of existence. d. that pain is a reality of the human experience. e. all of these

e. all of these

In conducting a behavioral assessment, the client's functioning is taken into account in which area(s)? a. emotional dimensions b. cognitive dimensions c. behavioral dimensions d. interpersonal dimensions e. all of these

e. all of these

In working with culturally diverse clients, it helps to understand and assess: a. what these clients expect from counseling. b. the degree of acculturation that has taken place. c. the attitudes these clients have about seeking counseling for their personal problems. d. the messages they received from their culture about asking for professional help. e. all of these

e. all of these

It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to: a. be aware of their own cultural heritage. b. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility. c. consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate. d. examine their own assumptions about cultural values. e. all of these

e. all of these

Self-management strategies include: a. self-monitoring. b. self-award. c. self-contracting. d. stimulus control. e. all of these

e. all of these

The basic goal of existential psychotherapy is: a. to expand self-awareness. b. to increase choice potentials. c. to help clients accept the responsibility of choosing. d. to help the client experience authentic existence. e. all of these

e. all of these

The empty chair technique: a. assists clients in re-owning parts of their personality. b. balances internal polarities. c. allows clients to externalize an introject. d. helps to resolve unfinished business. e. all of these

e. all of these

What type of factors oftentimes limit our freedom of choice? a. social b. environmental c. cultural d. biological e. all of these

e. all of these

When counseling couples, Adlerian therapists strive to: a. create solutions for problems. b. increase the couple's choices. c. help the couple discover their collective resources. d. enhance the couple's communication. e. all of these

e. all of these

Which method(s) is (are) often used in reality therapy? a. behavior-oriented methods b. the use of questioning c. exploring a client's quality world d. designing an action plan e. all of these

e. all of these

Accurate empathic understanding helps clients to: a. notice and value their experiences. b. re-conceptualize earlier experiences c. modify their perceptions of themselves, others, and the world. d. increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Assessment is a useful method of: a. evaluating a client's current level of functioning. b. forming a case conceptualization. c. involving the client as an active participant in treatment. d. gaining insight into the client's subjective world. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Behavior therapy is suited for: a. individual therapy. b. group therapy c. institutions and clinics. d. classroom learning situations. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Existential therapy is unlike many other therapies in that: a. it does not have a well-defined set of techniques. b. it stresses the I/Thou encounter in the therapy process. c. it focuses on the use of the therapist's self as the core of therapy. d. it allows for incorporation of techniques from many other approaches. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

It is of paramount importance that therapists develop some level of objectivity and not react defensively and subjectively in the face of: a. anger. b. love. c. adulation. d. criticism. e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Privileged communication does not apply to a. group counseling b. couples counseling c. family therapy d. child and adolescent therapy e. all of these.

e. all of these.

Alfred Adler was the first to notice that the development of children within family constellations was heavily influenced by: a. the power structure within the family. b. cultural context in which a family resides. c. balance of leadership between parents. d. jealousy and rivalry among the children. e. birth order

e. birth order

In reality therapy, when a client fails to carry out their plans, the therapist will: a. use a behavioral form of punishment. b. "put the client down" to arouse their anger and motivate them to change. c. accept their excuses. d. make a value judgment about the client's behavior. e. challenge the client to accept the reasonable consequence of his or her behavior.

e. challenge the client to accept the reasonable consequence of his or her behavior.

Which of the following is the correct order of the three phases of Meichenbaum's stress-inoculation program? a. conceptual-application-rehearsal b. application-conceptual-rehearsal c. application-rehearsal-conceptual d. rehearsal-conceptual-application e. conceptual-rehearsal-application

e. conceptual-rehearsal-application

According to Adlerians, inferiority feelings: a. are pathological. b. lead to depression. c. keep us from achieving our life goals. d. are directly related to our family constellation. e. create motivation and achieve mastery

e. create motivation and achieve mastery

Which of the following approaches encourages therapists to accurately grasp the client's "being in the world"? a. psychoanalytic therapy b. Adlerian therapy c. behavior therapy d. rational emotive behavior therapy e. existential therapy

e. existential therapy

A limitation of behavior therapy is: a. the overemphasis on feeling and the neglect of cognition. b. the overemphasis upon insight. c. the lack of empirical research validating its techniques. d. the need for long-term treatment to effect change. e. none of these

e. none of these

Which technique is considered essential in existential therapy? a. free association b. analysis of resistance c. analysis of dysfunctional family patterns d. role playing e. none of these

e. none of these

The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as: a. labeling and mislabeling. b. overgeneralization. c. arbitrary inferences. d. selective abstraction. e. personalization.

e. personalization.