CPCE

List the stages of family development

1. Leaving home: adult now leaves from parent 2. joining families through marriage 3. welcoming children into the family 4. raising adolesents 5. launching 6. later famil life

Hoffman's model of gender self confidence has 4 statuses. What are they?

1. Unexamined Female Identity: acceptance of traditional gender roles 2. Crisis: women become aware of societal discrimination 3. Moratorium/equilibrium: actively committed to a feminist identity search 4. Achieved female identity: synthesis of new feminist identity

Yalom's four leader goals

1. provide a caring attitude 2. provide meaning attribution (rational for member's change) 3. model appropriate self-disclosure/confrontation 4. provide limits, rules, and structure

Jean Esquirol

1772-1840. He used language development to identify varying levels of intelligence. His work is a forerunner of verbal IQ

American Mental Health Counselors was established in what year?

1978

the optimal number for counseling, psychotherapy, or interaction-focused psychoeducational groups is ....

8

Erikson's 2nd stage

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1 or 2 to 3) Positive interactions with care taker helps toddler develop a sense of autonomy; forcing a child to comply results in shame and doubt

CSJ

Counselors for Social Justice, est 2002

What does CACREP stand for?

Counsil for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs

How often do CACREP colleges have to undergo the re-accreditation process?

Every 8 years

Extinction

In classical conditioning the repeated display of hte CS without presenation of the UR/CR

IAAOC

International Association of Addiction and Offender Counselors, est 1974

g

Spearman; generalized intelligence

s

Spearman; specialized abilities

Kurt Lewin

Studied group dynamics and has been credited with the invention of training groups (T-Groups) which gave rise to the encounter and sensitivity groups of 1960s and 70s

In a malpractice case, the counselor would be compared with who, and why would they be compared?

They would be compared with other counselors because malpractice is trying to prove that the expected standard of care, that most professionals would provide, was not given

T or F: any counselor certified by NBCC must also follow their ethical code

True

subpoena

a legal document that orders a person to appear in court to serve as a witness or to provide the court with certain documents

unbalancing (Structural family counseling)

a technique used to better establish a proper family hierarchy

Alignments (Structural family counseling)

alliances between family members

gerontological counseling

an area of counseling geared toward individuals 65 years or older

Define crisis

any event that disrupts a person's previously effective coping mechanisms.

group tests

are administered to 2 or more people. They usually use objective scoring methods and have established norms

counterparadox (Milan)

asks family members not to change too quickly and helps the family avoid resistance

list the five ethical principles

autonomy, nonmaleficense, beneficence, justice, fidelity

cerebellum

balance (Sarah is the bell of the ball and she balances on her tip toes)

Biracial individuals

children of parents from two different racial background

pons

connects the left and right cerebellum

The Self (Jung)

contains unconscious and conscious aspects of a person and is the primary archetype

massed learning

cram sessions; not as effective as spaced learning

interest-based negotiations

finding a commonality between the individuals involved

normative identity

identity consistent with the values/expectations of society/culture

fixation

in Freudian stages undergratification or overgratification may cause fixation

career adjustment

is concerned with the relationships of workers and their environments. IT refers to the ability to adapt or adjust to one's work environment

career

lifetime persuit of an individuals, where as jobs and occupations center more on organizational needs and the industry

prejudice

making assumptions about an individual

spirituality

meaningful experiences that can include a relationship with a divine entity, the universe, or nature

id

present at birth, operates on the pleasure principle; strives to reduce tention by seeking immediate gratifictation of needs

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

prohibits discrimination against those with disabilities

Catell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities

recognized as the most empirically validated theory model of intelligence. Proposes that intelligence is hierarchical and consists in three stages: general intelligence "g", broad cognitive abilities, and narrow cognitive abilities

response cost (CBT)

reducing undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement, often used in Token Economy

reticular activating system

regulates arousal and attention

high context communication

relaying messages by relaying heavily on surroundings: many things can be left unsaid

temporal lobe

responsible for hearing and storage of permanent rmemory

homoprejudice

similar to homophobia, but used because it appears to be more of a prejudice than phobia

nominal scale

simplest measure; concerned with classifying data without respect for order or equal interval units; ex: gender

racism

the belief that a group of people are inferior to one's own group due to recognized or perceived differences

ecofeminism

the believe that women understand the balance between humans and nature better than men do

anabolism

the body building to peak potential. varies by age

catabolism

the body's usually slow deterioration from peak to an individual's death

If there is a discrepancy between what the patient believes should be in the medical record and what the organization believes should be in the record what must be done?

the discrepancy must be noted in the file.

multicultural counseling

the integration of cultural identities within the counseling process

liability

the legal responsibility of the counselor to act with due care in professional practice. If you practice without due care, you may be vulnerable to legal action against you

rights negotiations

the legality of what is right and uses norms, policies, and rules

peripheral nervous system

the network of nerves that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body

efficiency

the ratio of total correct decisions divided by the total number of decisions. This is associated with decision accuracy.

Therapeutic alliance

the relationship between client and counselor

inclusion

the sense of connectedness a member has to the group

thanatology

the study of grief

nonlabor force

those individuals not looking for a job

automatic thoughts (CT)

thoughts that are immediate, unhealthy, internal cognitions

Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of 1982 and Carl D. Perkins Vocational and TEchnical Education act of 1984

to address needs of disadvantage students,

classism

a form of discrimination founded on a person's social status

confidentiality

refers to counselors' ethical duty to keep client's disclosures private

ethnicity

refers to people who have a similar social or cultural backgruond

tay-sachs disease

1 in 3500 births to Jews of European decent. Involves the inability to metabolize fatty substances in neural tissue, leading to central nervous system degenration

What are the 5 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck components that create a unique cultural worldview

1. human nature: humans are good, bad, or a combination of the two 2. relationship to nature: how individuals view the power of nature; harmony with, power over, or power of nature 3. sense of time: where do you focus, past, present, future 4. activity: how self-expression occurs for individuals 5. social relationships:

Name the key aspects of informed consent when working with minors.

1. what they can expect from counseling 2. limitations to confidentiality 3. right to withdraw from treatment at any time

If you have a co-leader, you can increase your group up to ___-___%

50-75%

Person's with high self efficacy tend to perform ____ those with low self- efficacy a. the same as b. better than c. worse than d. not enough info to tell

A

This is not a Southeast Asian country a. China b. Vietnam c. Laos d. Hmong e. Cambodia

A

Review page 76- 77 for Havighurst's developmental tasks

...

See book page 78 for more on Daniel Levinson's phases

...

In a normally distributed population, what percentage of the population falls between 2 and 3 standard deviations? 1 and 2? the mean and 1?

0-1: 34.1% 1-2: 13.6% 2-3: 2.15%

phenylketonuria

1 in 8000 births, involves the inability to neutralize the amino acid phenylalaine which is found in many proteins

List the steps for psychological first aid.

1. Address essential survival needs (food, shelter, safety) 2. address psychological needs using counseling skills 3. connect with family/friends to mitigate feelings of isolation

List the parenting style in most effective to least effective

1. Authoritative, 2. Permissive TIED authoritarian 3. uninvolved

McCarn and Fassinger gay identity development has 4 stages taht are discrete yet parallel, and were used to describe not only gay men but lesbian women as well. What are the stages

1. Awareness: individual feels different 2. Exploration: begin to have strong same-sex attraction 3. deepening commitment: confirms gay identity 4. Identity integration: internalize gay idenity

There are 3 phases in career counseling. What are the stages and what happens in them?

1. Beginning establish a therapeutic alliance, gather info about client's worldview, family, and significant work/life experiences 2. Middle referred to as the "working" stage, here deeper exploration of the client's concerns, goal setting, and development of a specific plan 3. End Counselor assesses client progress by comparing past and present goals. If the client's goals have been met, the counselor prepares the client for termination

Cass's gay identity development six stages are

1. Conscious awareness: feel different, note not hetero 2. identity comparison: accept/reject aspects of gay identity 3. Identity tolerance: connect with other sexual minorities; distance from heterosexuals 4. identity acceptance: more active commitment to gay community 5. Identity pride: gay activism 6. Identity synthesis: gay ID integrated with other cultural identities

Judith Herman has 3 stages to recovering from trauma. She believes that not all of them are ever fully achieved, but rather integrated into life. What are the stages

1. Establishment of safety: client has an opportunity to show control over life by making decisions 2. Remembrance and mourning: tell the story of the trauma 3. Reconnection with ordinary life: begin to reintegrate into a more regular existance

Super's 5 life stages (each has 3 sub-stages)

1. Growth (birth-14): not actively developing career, but rather reaching milestone that will affect their career decisions a. curiosity: gain info b. fantasy: role-lay to learn about work c. interest: develop likes/dislikes 2. Exploration (15-24): career development becomes more internal; gather info about occupation; begin to gain experience a. crystallizing: clarification of different types of careers b. specifying: move from tentative to concrete career plan c. implementing: pursuing career goals (training, experience) 3. Establishment (24-45): start their chosen career a. stabilizing: settling down in a job; find out if job is right for them b. consolidation: becoming competent/productive c. advancing: getting promoted 4. maintenance (45-65) maintain work status; adjust to changes in given field a. Holding: maintaining success status b. updating: learning new knowledge to sty competitive c. innovating: contributing to progress of field 5 Disengagement (65 +) get ready for retirement a. decelerating: decreased interest in work b. retirement planning: making plans c. retirement living: implementation of retirement

list the steps to the Herlihy and Corey ethical decision making model

1. ID problem 2. Study codes and do ethical research 3. Reflect on 5 ethical principles, (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, fidelity) 4. consult 5. be aware of own emotions so as not to be clouded by them 6.include client in decision making process 7. brainstorm courses of action and decide how you would like to see situation resolved 8. examine consequences for courses of action 9. Assess your choosen course of action. 10. Take action

Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor have 4 stages of bisexual identity development which are...

1. Initial confusion: experience anxiety about sexual ID 2. Finding and applying the label of bisexuality: become more comfortable being attracted to both sexes 3. Settling into the identity: individuals increased acceptance of bisexual identity 4. continued uncertainty: individuals feel intermittent uncertainty about bisexual identity

In Gottfredson's theory the stages of circumscription are ...

1. Orientation to size and power (3-5 years) view world simplistically; big/small, strong/weak 2. orientation to sex roles (6-8 years) gain awareness of gender roles and choose jobs in accordance with 3. orientation to social valuation (9-13) become aware of social class distinctions; choose job that aligns with family expectations 4. Orientation to the internal unique self (14+) choose career based on personality and accessibility

Helm's racial interaction theory states that there are 3 type of racial interactions, what are they?

1. Parallel interactions: people are at similar stage in their racial identity 2. regressive interactions: one individual is at a lower stage of racial identity than the other 3. Progressive interactions: the white person (or higher social power person) is higher in their racial identity. In counseling, this creates interactions that help with development

Kohlberg's first level of moral development

1. Preconvential level: individuals have little awareness of socially acceptable moral behavior and follow rules primarily to avoid punishment or reap rewards stage 1. obedience and punishment: weak must avoid displeasing or work to please the strong; individuals focus on themselves stage 2. Morality focuses on pleasure as a motivator, seeing oneself as paramount; you take into consideration the perspectives of others, so long as you still get what you want; more focused on satisfying personal needs

Hanna, Talley, Guindon's levels of oppression

1. Primary: obvious acts by either force or deprivation 2. secondary: individuals do not get directly involved by from which the may benefit 3. Tertiary: when the minority group member adopts a majority opinion so they fit in.

What steps should a counselor take to help a suicidal client?

1. assess risk 2. remove any method of harm (gun, pills, etc...) 3. involuntary hospitalization or voluntary if needed 4. for less risky cases --connect client with social network, someone to check on them

What are the four models of acculturation identified by Paniagua

1. assimilation model (highly acculturated; primarily identify with the new culture) 2. separation model (refuse to adapt to new cultural values) 3. integration model, or biculturalism (identify with both cultures) 4. marginalization model (reject both cultures)

Vygotsky's stages of language development are

1. birth-3 is aimed at controlling others in the environment 2. 3-7 speech is very egocentric; children talk and think out loud to guide their own actions 3. 7+ children develop private speech (inner speech) that help guide their personal behavior for the rest of their life

Name the ACA mental health counselors division.

American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)

What are the steps an educational institution needs to go through to become CACREP?

1. complete an application an submit a self-study report (tells why do they qualify) 2. CACREP reviews self-study report 3. get a visit from CACREP administrators 4. Accreditation decisions made by board

Helm's people of color racial identity development model (POCRID) stages

1. conformity 2. Dissonance: awareness that racism exists 3. Immersion/Emersion: reject white culture, increase racial pride 4. internalization: increasingly identify with other oppressed people 5. Integrative awareness: develop more complex view of all racial groups

Anima/ Animus (Jung)

Anima is the female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men. The animus is the male traits that exist in the collective unconscious of women.

AARC stands for

Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling, created in 1965

Helm's White racial identity development (WRID) stages

1. contact: unaware racism exists 2. disintegration: uncomfortable with idea of racism 3. Reintegration: demonstrate intolerance and anger toward other racial groups due to discomfort 4. Pseudo-Independence: make a superficial commitment to racial issues 5. Immersion/Emersion: renew efforts to address racism 6. Autonomy: strive to relinquish white privilege

What are the 8 sections of the ACA code of ethics?

1. counseling relationship 2. confidentiality, privileged communication, and privacy 3. professional relationship 4. relationship with other professionals 5. evaluation, assessment, and interpretation 6. supervision, training, and teaching 7. research and publication 8. resolving ethical issues

List Yalom's existential dilemmas

1. death 2. freedom and responsibility 3. isolation 4. meaninglessness

What are the 4 criteria that must be proven to claim negligence in a court of law.

1. defendant owed the plaintiff some kind of legal duty (counselor-client relationship) 2. The defendant breached that legal duty 3. The plaintiff has an authentic injury (physical, financial, psychological) 4. the defendant's breach of duty caused the plaintiff's injury

steps for defining a career development program

1. define target population 2. conduct a needs assessment (a systematic process for identifying gaps between "what is" and "what should be") 3. Establish program goals and objectives program goal: are broad statements that indicate how the career intervention program will respond to the population's needs program objectives: include specific, measurable, action-oriented steps that must be attained to accomplish a particular program goal 4. design a program

language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called a. surface structures b. global structures c. deep structures d. intrinsic structures

C

List the 5 stages of Whiston's professional counseling process for evaluating counseling outcomes.

1. defining the evaluation study focus: what do you want to evaluate 2. determination of the evaluation design: how are you going to evaluate 3. Selection of participants 4. Selection of assessment 5. analysis of data

list the 5 forms of crisis

1. developmental (childbirth, aging) 2. environmental (Katrina) 3. existential (what's it all mean?) 4. situational (loss of job) 5. psychiatric (substance abuse, mental illness)

Daniel Levinson's Novice phase

1. early adult transition (17-22): develop job skills 2. Entering the adult world (22-28): test initial structures, while comparing life to societal values 3. Age 30 transition: reassessment of early adulthood to make changes before fully joining adult world

What are 3 of the tasks a leader has to accomplish in a group

1. executive functions: planning, creating the group, convening sessions, maintaining organizational integrity, establishing effective boundaries 2. building a group culture: operate on norms for social interactions. Leader must help group establish norms that facilitate curative factors 3. bringing members into the here and now: gives members the opportunity to deal with real-life, present-day issues

Social Learning Theory's 4 determinates that influence people's career decisions are

1. genetic endowment 2. environmental conditions and events 3. instrumental and associative learning: behavior leads to consequences such as rewards and punishments 4. Tasks approach skills: how an individual approaches and deals with tasks, problems, challenges

List the three parts of the brain

1. hindbrain (brain stem; is highly developed at birth) 2. midbrain (highly developed at birth) 3. forebrain (cerebral cortex; mostly undeveloped at birth)

Marcia's 4 times of identity

1. identity achievement: committing to goals/taking a course of action to reach goals 2. identity moratorium: continuing to take in and analyze information without agreeing on goals or a course of action 3. identity foreclosure: occurs when others have determined the goals 4. Identity diffusion: occurs when teens procrastinate or become so confused that the are unable/unwilling to even take in and analyze identity-related information so that they might form goals

Lifespan (in Super's theory)

Development is a life long process. It does not develop in isolation, but is influenced by many factors.

Motivational Interviewing focuses on FRAMES, which stands for what?

Feedback: give immediate input of what is happening Responsibility: client's take charge Advice: give direction Menu: offer options in treatment Empathy: based on Rogers Self-efficacy: the client perceives his or her own ability to overcome challenges

List some of the leader's techniques

1. initiating (giving direction for members by giving group topics) 2. active listening 3. clarifying 4. questioning 5. provide feedback (model how) 6. empathizing 7. linking 8. blocking (cutting-off) 9. confronting 10. instruction 11. self-disclosure 12. modeling 13. role playing 14. tracking (verbally clarifying to keep up with and clarify for members the content and process of group interaction 15. interpreting 16. summarizing 17. evaluating 18. setting tone 19. drawing out 20. pairing 21. making the rounds (each member shares something) 22. pacing

List Robert Havighurst's tasks of infancy and early childhood

1. learning to walk 2. learning to take solid foods 3. learning to talk. 4. learning to control the elimination of bodily waste 5. learning sex differences and sexual modesty 6. forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality 7. getting ready to read

steps for career development program implementation

1. marketing and promotion: describe program's features and benefits, cost, and location 2. delivering the program: once done, you should assess whether the program met goals (adherence), if it's meeting numbers (exposure), assess counselor's skills (program quality), and how engaged client's are in program (participant responsiveness)

Freud's 5 stages of development

1. oral: birth-1 year; source of pleasure is through the mouth 2. anal: 1-3 years; source of pleasure is through releasing or holding feces/urine 3. phallic: 3-5; gratification is through genitals; Oedipus/Electra complex (can be resolved by identifying with same sex parent) 4. Latency: 6-11: sexual desire becomes dominant as individual focuses on mastery of social skills, this is where relief of anxiety can come in through defense mechanisms 5. Genital: 11 +; reemergence of sexual impulses; individuals show interest in sex and emergence of the capability of real love

Stages of Cross's nigrescene model

1. preencounter: race or anti-black attitudes are not seen as important 2. Encounter: an encounter that prompts notice of racial identity 3. immersion-emersion: response from previous stage, prompts retreat and embracing symbols of Black identity 4. Internalization: black individual is more accepting of their racial identity 5. internalization-commitment: becoming and advocate for black issues.

List 6 disadvantages of group work

1. pressure to conform: may pursue unrealistic goals, take action that is detrimental to their own well-being, or conform to behaviors that are against their beliefs 2. avoidance: if not comfortable in groups, they might not reap benefits of group work 3. confidentiality: can't guarantee 4. unhealthy attachment: group is transitional, not a permanent social support 5. reality distortion: group provides an image of reality that is not achievable outside group 6. institutional barriers: the organization group happens in may have barriers that make group work ineffective

What are Roger's 6 conditions that must be in place for client's change

1. psychological contact: a relationship must exist 2. client incongruence: client feels vulnerable/anxious 3. counselor congruence: models congruence 4. Unconditional positive regard: on the counselor's part 5. Counselor empathy 6. Client's perception of the relationship: the client perceives the counselor's empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard.

Three stages of counseling

1. relationship building 2. action/intervention 3. termination

the 8 defense mechanisms

1. repression 2. regression 3. displacement: can't yell at boss, so I yell at my husband 4. projection 5. rationaliztaion; justify one's behavior with logical-sounding reasons 6. compensation: substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure 7. Denial 8. Reaction formation: expressing the opposite motive that was originally intended in order to help prevent unwanted attitudes or feelings from becoming expressed (methinks the lady protests too much)

Mary Ainsworth's 4 patterns of attachment

1. securely attached: normal; child explore environment and protests separation 2. avoidantly attached: withdrawn; child explores without regard for caretaker 3. Ambivalently attached: clinging behaviors in which child refused to explore environment 4. Disorganized attachment: show little emotion at separation and mostly confused at reunion

Troiden gay identity development model has 4 stages which are?

1. sensitization: awareness of same sex attraction 2. identity confusion: uncertainty about sexual orientation 3. Identity assumption: exploration within gay community 4. Commitment: active in gay community

Rich 4 stages of divorce

1. shock and disbelief 2. initial adjustment: practical adjustments 3. active reorganization. after legal proceedings; connecting with new individuals 4. life reformation: integrating one's old life and new life

What are the four developmental theories for gender

1. social learning theory: we learn by observing 2. Cognitive-developmental: as we develop we become aware of gender 3. biological: stresses the role of hormones 4. psychoanalytic: stresses Oedipus and Electra complexes that children work through to then identify with same sex parent

List 10 advantages to group therapy

1. time effective for leader 2. less costly per individual 3. greater resources: access to other people's thoughts as well as leaders 4. experiencing a sense of belonging 5. Reflection of everyday world: microcosm of society 6. Safe for client to practice a new skill and receive feedback 7. commitment: group members are held to a goal by more people and may be more committed to follow through 8. Power of the peer group 9. Interpersonal power: people can give and receive help 10. Feeling of safety: if group establishes feeling of safety, they can open up and share true emotions

Hays and Gray's common stages of racial identity development

1. unawarness/denial 2. conflict or anxiety when encountering those who are different 3. retreat into one's own cultural group, start cautious interactions with others 4. integration of one's own cultural identity 5. advocation for those who belong to cultural group membership

group goals are one of the most important things to understand when forming a group. This helps direct the groups behavioral. List some universal group goals

1. universality of group members' problems 2. lean to trust and give appropriate self-disclosure 3. display sensitivity to the needs of others and support member goals 4. experience the acceptance and support of other members 5. put newly learned skills/knowledge into practice

Edouard Sequin

1812-1880; developed form board, which improved the motor skills of individuals with mental retardation; form board is considered a predecessor to performance IQ

Sir Francis Galton

1822-1911; credited with launching the testing movement and developed the first test of intelligence; pioneered use of rating scale and questionnaires; developed correlation coefficient

Hermann Ebbinghaus

1850-1909; studied human memory; did work on the forgetting curve; administered mental test to school-age children to show sentence completion was related to scholastic achievement

Charles Spearman and L.L. Thursoton

1863-1945 & 1887-1955 respectively; developed a statistical test know as factor analysis, which lead to the development of multiple testing

Alfred Adler

1870-1937 believed that healthy individuals have social interest and compassion for other people. Adler saw human nature as highly optimistic and holistic. He believed that all individuals strive to become successful and that each person strives for growth. Key concepts: inferiority complex, superiority complex, birth order, fictions, lifestyle analysis, encouragement, acting "as if", asking the question, spitting in the client's soup, catching oneself, pushbutton technique

Edward Thorndike

1874-1949; developed the first achievement test battery, the SAT; which provided objective measure of academic performance and could be administered to a large group of students

Carl Jung and Herman Rorscharch and Henry Murray

1875-1961 & 1884-1922 & 1893-1988; developed projective tests; Jung-word association; Rorscharch- inkblot test; Murray TAT; all are used to assess personality

Robert Yerkes

1876-1956; used Otis group intelligence scale to develop army alpha and army beta scale. Alpha was for those who could read, beta was for those who couldn't or were foreign

James Bryant Conant

1983-1978: in conjunction with the Educational Testing Services (ETS) developed SAT; believed his test would decrease disparity among social classes and create equal opportunity in education

When was the ACA established?

1993 though it went through many iterations. American Personnel and Guidance Association 1952, when 4 different associations joined American Association of Counseling and Development 1983

What is the percentage range of elder abuse?

2%-10% depending on type, definition, and degree of reporting

Kohlberg's second level of moral development

2. conventional level: people conform to rules to avoid social disapproval/criticism stage 3: good boy, good girl: try to please everyone; the correct action is likely to get the most approval stage 4: law and order: rules are rules. follow them. No examination necessiary

What year were agencies supposed to be HIPPA compliant?

2003

Kohlberg's third level of moral development

3. Postconventioanl level: people examine and select moral codes to live by, though not shared by everyone; behavior respects dignity of everyone stage 5: social/moral contract and systems of lawas: general individual rights and standards that have been agreed on by society stage 6: universal ethics: moral behavior is determiend by individuals decision of consciousness based on universal ethical principles; individuals are not seen as a means to an end

When giving client an assessment, which one of these is NOT in the ACA Code of Ethics a. Only use test with an interrate reliability score above 0.7 b. explaining results in a way clients can understand c. only using assessment tools that we are trained and qualified to use d. take into account who the population was normed on and report in an appropriate way

A

Motivational Interviewing focuses on OARES, which stands for what?

Open ended questions Affirm: encourage client Reflective listening Elicit self motivational statements: make client feel comfortable so that he/she can move toward goals in supportive environment Summarize: show counselor understands

What year and what state first had a licensing for professional counselors?

Virginia; 1976

reality therapy and choice theory

William Glasser developed this approach which is based on choice theory. The basic premise of choice theory is that people make choices to meet their five basic needs (survival, power, freedom, fun, belonging). The most important/difficult is belonging. As a result people seek to connect with those around them and experience distress when they are unable to relate to others in a meaningful way. Individuals are driven to alleviate their pain, but are unaware that they have unmet needs. Clients are to identify their unmet needs and make choice so that they are satisfied. Reality therapy is the therapeutic delivery tool that assist individual in regaining control over the choices in their lives. It focuses on the impact of the unsatisfying relationships on clients emotional well being. The goal is to help clients connect or reconnect with those they enjoy being with.

active imagination (Jung)

a Jungian technique that requires clients to actively talk to the characters in their dreams; through this it is thought that clients can connect with their unconscious

locus of control

a Sue and Sue concept of how individuals guide their behavior. the degree of control individuals have over their environment. Internal locus of control means that people believe that consequences are dependent on an individual. External locus of control refers to the notion that consequence result by chance, outside of an individual's control.

Locus of responsibility

a Sue and Sue concept of how individuals guide their behaviors. This refers to what system is accountable for things that happened to the individuals. It can be internal responsibility, this means that success/failure are an individuals own doing. External locus of responsibility refers to the idea that social environment or external systems are responsible for what happens to an individual

Strategic family therapy

a behavioral approach to family therapy. Aim's to resolve the problem as quickly as possible. Counselors are active during session. Steps in this therapy are: 1. ID problem 2. what steps have been taken to solve problem 3. establish goals of counseling 4. develop strategy to help family reach goals. contributors: Milton Erickson, Jay Haley Key concepts: quid pro quo, redundancy principle, punctuation, symmetrical relationships/ complementary relationships, relabeling/reframing, paradoxical intention, ordeal, pretend technique

assessment

a broad term that invovles the systematic process of gathering and documenting client information

observation

a broad term that refers to the systematic observation and recording of an individual's overt behaviors. Behavior is believed to serve a function in a particular environment, the antecedents and consequences are also recorded to ascertain the "why" behind the behavior. direct observation: assess individual behavior in real time usually in a naturalistic setting indirect observation: assesses individual through self-report or use of informants such as family, friends, teachers

Neo personality inventory

a common measurement used to measure the five factors

derived score

a converted raw score that gives meaning to test score by comparing an individual's score with those of a norm group

racial worldview

a defining cultural characteristic in which individuals and group perceive and understand each other

enactment (Structural family counseling)

a deliberate process by which the counselor encourages the family to play out its problems in the session

Tiedeman and O'Hara's theoyr of career decision making

a descriptive approach that proposes two stages of career decision making 1. anticipating a choice: describes the process of making career decision a. exploration: try out new behaviors b. crystallization: evaluate advantages and disadvantages c. choice: make a choice, may feel confident or not d. specification: reassess earlier decision and clarify options 2. adjusting to choice: the process of implementing decision a. induction: implementation b. reformation: adjust to new situation c. integration: become comfortable/familiar with new environment

readiness test

a group of criterion-referenced achievement assessments that indicate the minimum level of skill needed to move from one grade level to the next.

method of loci

a guided visual imagery procedure in which an individual images objects or concepts to be remembered in a familiar environment and in a given sequence

Trauma

a long-term crisis for which there is no resolution or balance of stressors and available resources.

disability

a mental or physical challenge that greatly limits a person's ability to function in activities of daily living

Discrimination model of supervision

a model that requires the supervisor to be aware of the supervisee's intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills and addresses supervisees needs by adopting the role of either teacher, counselor, or consultant as needed.

ordeal (Strategic family therapy)

a paradoxical intention which asks the client to complete an undesirable but health-promoting task before engaging in a worrisome behavior (have to run 30 minutes before I can cry)

contact boundary (Gestalt)

a person is not a victim of the environment, nor is the environment a victim of the person. People either make healthy or unhealthy contact with their environment

resilience

a person's ability to maintain equilibrium, adjust to distressful or disturbing circumstances, or to bounce back

George A. Merrill

a pioneer and forerunner in career guidance. He developed a curriculum that combined academic instruction with technical and vocational training

social communication disorder

a pragmatic language impairment in which an individual displays difficulties understanding and using verbal and nonverbal social cues

additction

a preoccupation and dependency on a drug or process, resulting in increased tolerance, withdrawal, and repeated patterns of relapse

item analysis

a procedure that involves statistically examining test-takers responses to individual test items with the intent to assess teh quality of test items and the test as a whole. Item analysis is frequently used to eliminate confusing, easy, and difficult items from a test that will be used again.

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from an individual's experience. Learning theories can be divided into stimulus -response theories (classical conditioning by Pavlov, Watson, Wolpe OR opperant conditioning via Skinner and Thorndike) and social learning theories (Bandura and Rotter)

Sociometry

a scientific and visual way to analyze and display relationships among people, groups, or how people relate to one another

flooding

a stimulus that provokes anxiety is continuously presented until the client unlearns the response or becomes too fatigued to respond

Counterconditioning

a strong pleasant stimulus is paired with a weak aversive stimulus

test

a subset of assessment and is used to yield data regarding an examinee's responses to test items

face validity

a superficial measure that is concerned with whether an instrument looks valid or credible

Paradoxical intention

a technique in existential therapy when the counselor prescribes the symptoms (stay anxious for 45 minutes after a panic attack) to show that the client has some control over the symptoms

spitting in the client's soup

a technique that points out certain client behaviors so that the behavior is no longer seen as desirable to the client. ex: you disparage your sister to feel better about yourself

cognitive restructuring (Cognitive-Behavioral Modification)

a technique used to help clients adjust their self-talk. The process involves targeting the client's self-statements that result in problematic behaviors or feelings and replacing the self-statements with new statements that are more rational, logical, and positive.

encouragement (Adler)

a technique whereby the counselor conveys to clients his/her belief and convictions that the client can make important lifestyle changes

Schema

a term developed by Piaget; a mental structure that processes or integrates experiences, infromation, or perceptions. Schemas sometimes change as new information is taken in and new insight are derived

existential vacuum

a term in logotherapy when a client doesn't have meaning in their lives. Logotherapist seek to help client find meaning in his/her life

typical performance test

a test assessing one's characteristic or normal performance; ex: personality measurements

maximal performance test

a test assessing the client's best attainable score/performance; es: aptitude test

grade equivalent scores

a type of developmental score; are a type of developmental core that compares an individual's score with that average score of those at the same grade level. ex: 5.6 is the average score of a student who has completed 5 years 6 months at school These scores do not indicate that a student is ready to be moved to a higher grade; this simply identifies where an individual score falls on the distribution of scores for individuals at the same grade level; they are not an analysis of skill

age equivalent scores

a type of developmental score; it compares an individual's score with the average score of those the same age. EX: someone who is 7 years 5 months gets a score of 8.2 which means they are the average of a child 8 years 2 months

Stanines

a type of standard score that is commonly used on achievement tests. This divides the normal curve into 9 equal parts; they have a mean of 5, with the mean falling at approximately the center of the 5th interval, a standard deviation of 2, and a range from 1-9. Stanines are only expressed as whole numbers; therefore scores must be rounded to the nearest whole number Stanine = 2(z) + 5

acceptance (ACT)

a willingness to experience uncomfortable thoughts and emotions

Mark all that are correct Collectively Title II, Elder Abuse Prevention and Services, and Title VII, Vulnerable Elder Rights Protection, include: a. long-term care b. legal assistance c. greater coordination with law enforcement and court system d. access to specific food banks e. financial assistance to those being abused f. allotment of funds for detection, assessment, and intervention

a, b, c, f

What are the false assumptions Roger Gould believes young adults are trying to overcome?

a. Leaving our parent's world (16-22) "Adults will always live with their parents." b. I'm nobody's baby now (22-28) "my parents will always be there to help when things go wrong or not exactly as I want." c. Opening up to what's inside (29 - low 30s) "My parents can always offer a simplified version and solution to complicated inner realities."

What are the three part to the executive processing domain in CIP

a. internal, self-talk messages (can be good or bad) b. self awareness of decision-making process (I know I need to weigh all my options) c. temporal monitoring and control functions ("If I am going to pick a major, I need to see my career counselor.)

Affectional orientation

acknowledges that all relationships involve attraction, emotional stability, communication style, and other interpersonal factors and feelings in addition to sexual attraction

IS PATH WARM

acronym for suicide lethality Ideation Substance abuse Purposelessness Anxiety Trapped Hopelessness Withdrawal Anger Recklessness Mood change

personal fable

adolescent belief of absolute uniqueness. Thus an adolescent believes he can engage in reckless, dangerous acts because bad things only happen to others

List an advantage and disadvantage for a counselor to being on an HMO board.

advantage: they get a steady influx of clients disadvantage: they must provide a diagnosis and detailed history of each client. They are limited in the amount of time they can treat. Have specific guidelines for treatment modalities.

What are some of the benefits and downfalls of group alliances

also called subgroups can be beneficial or destructive. They can lead to sources of support, group cohesion, or can be exclusionary and can prevent members forming productive relationships

overcorrection (CBT)

an aversive behavioral technique that requires the client to return the environment to its original condition prior to the undesirable behavior and then make the environment better. Often done multiple times to correct future behavior. EX: child who has trouble hanging up his coat, is asked to hang up his coat 10 times

achieved identity

an identity that has been earned through effort and ability

norm-referenced assessment

an individuals's score is compared to the average score (the mean) of the test-taking group

false negative error

an instrument inaccurately identifies the absence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy.

false positive error

an instrument inaccurately identifies the presence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy.

restructuring (Structural family counseling)

an intervention that involves actively working to change the structure of the family

overt racism

an obvious and focused prejudice

Developmental supervision appraoches

approaches that emphasize counselor-trainee's progress through a series of stages as they become more experienced, competent, and independent.

WWII pushed career counseling forward, how?

as a result of needed military personennl, formal inventories and tests were developed to evaluate individual characteristcs

career counseling

as the process by which the professional counselor facilitate an individual's development of a life career; specifically, counselors focus on assisting clients with defining their role as a worker and understanding how that role interacts with their other life roles

multiple aptitude

assess several distinct aspects of ability at one time. They are used to predict success in several occupations. armed services vocational aptitude battery (ASVAB) is the most widely used multiple aptitude test in the world Differential Aptitude Test is a multiple aptitude measure for students in grade 7 -12

aptitude test

assess what a person is capable of learning; attempt to predict how well that individual will preform in the future. Ex: GRE

decision accuracy

assesses the accuracy of instruments in supporting counselor decisions

What areas are clinical mental health counselors trained in?

assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, psychotherapy, substance abuse treatment, prevention and intervention, crisis counseling, and brief therapy.

Values inventory

assist individual in identifying what they value in a career or specific job; can help serve as a blueprint for career decision making

List the basic counseling skillls

attending, questioning, reflecting, paraphrasing, summarizing, empathetic understanding, confronting, interpreting (suggesting possible reasons for client's behavior, thoughts, or feelings, or helping clients recognize hidden meaning), self-disclosure, feedback, and giving information

what are the three components of the tripartite model of multicultural counseling?

awareness (self-awareness, of values and biases) knowledge (understanding the client's wordview), and skill (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner).

_______ comprises the smallest percentage of the U.S. population a. Native Americans b. Arab Americans c. Asian Americans d. European Americans

b

Feminist theory

began as a political movement and is concerned with equality of women. This theory is not heavily technique laden, but promotes values from multicultural counseling, politics, and social advocacy. It finds fault with "gendercentric" psychological development models that operate on the assumption that males and females advance differently. This theory does not focus on pathology, but rather sees mental health issues stemming from the skills a person uses to cope with their world

amyddala

behavioral and activities, such as sexual interest, feeding, and anger --part of limbic system

fidelity menas

being faithful and loyal. This means keeping one's word, facilitating trust, and fulfilling obligations to clients

Arnold Gesell

believed that human development reflects a genetic unfolding of, and maturation readiness for, physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional characteristics or milestones with only slight environmental influences

Edmund Williamson

best known for his contribution to the Minnesota point of View, a career guidance theory that was derived from the work of Parsons

Aspirational ethics

best practices professionals can inspire members to work on continually improving their own knowledge base and skill to advance their practice and the reputation of the profession itself.

List some of the benefits of a heterogeneous group

better reality testing, deeper learning, better transference, but may have difficulty relating to one another

intelligence test

broadly asses an individual's cognitive ability. Because it is a type of aptitude testing, intelligence testing measure what one is capable of doing. Typically they yield 1 score, commonly called IQ. They are often used to detect giftedness and learning disabilities and to identify and classify intellectual developmental disabilities. EX: Stanford-Binet 5, Weschler scales (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence scale of Children, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

NRCA

National Rehabilitation Counseling Association, est 1958. Works to uphold standards set by CRCC

crisis

a time-limited period of disequilibrium caused by a precipitating event that temporarily affects an individual normal coping abilities, rendering him/her inadequate in dealing with circumstances.

psychotherapy groups

are designed to treat those who may be experiencing severe or chronic problems in their lives. Range of members can be 4-10

Personality test

assess a person's affective realm; specifically personality test describe the facets of a person's character that remain stable through adulthood.

projective personality test

assess personality factors by interpreting a client's response to ambiguous stimuli. These personality test are rooted in psychoanalytic psychology and propose that the ambiguity of the presented stimuli will tap into the unconscious attitudes and motivations of the client Projective personality tests: Rorschach, TAT, House-Tree-Person, Sentence completion

negotiation

compromise by involved individuals

transgenderist

person who lives the life of the opposite sex without biological intervention

Transaction (TA)

can be complementary (adult with adult ego state) or ulterior/covert (an eog state that is undesirable or unsuitable for others' wants or needs (adult with child)

in-session behavioral assessments

can be conducted via video recordings, transcripts, and inventories and help leaders recognize patterns of interactions across group session or within a single session

career

can be either defined as: 1. encompassing all the roles people play over their lifetime 2. NCDA's definition: a person's work and leisure roles

clinical assessment

can be thougth of as "whole person assessment". Refers to process of assessing clients through multiple methods such as personality testing, observational, interviewing, and performance.

Reverse role-playing (REBT)

can be used to show clients how to dispute their irrational beliefs (iBs). The counselor usually pretends to be the client and holds dearly to the clients iBs while the client play the counselor and attempts to persuade the "client" to think more rationally. the client can practice disputing irrational beliefs.

career coaching

career coaches have expertise in identifying vocational barriers and devising strategies to help individsuals overcome these barriers. Does not require any specific education, training, or special certification

hypothalamus

center for pleasure and pain, regulates hunger, thirst, sexual functions, body temperature through hormones. Is part of the limbic system

parent ego state (TA)

characterized by either criticism or nurturance of other s and is often based on people's experience with their parents when they were growing up.

adult ego state (TA)

characterized by rational thought and the absensce of emotions in decision making

child ego state (TA)

characterized by youthful behavior such as playfulness and spontaneity (natural child) and obedience and inhibition (adapted child)

learning theory of language

children aquire language skills by observing and imitating others who are using language; does not explain novel speech

ordinal scale

classifies and assigns rank-order data; ex: likert scale

behavioral rehearsal or role playing (CBT)

client practice or reherses new behaviors in safe environment until they feel confident enough to try the new behaviors outside of the counseling environment

Why would a facilitator choose a closed group as opposed to an open group?

closed groups are ordinarily preferred to promote group process, goals, and purpose, whereas open groups are utiilzed to advantage when discontinuity of individual member participation is anticipated

stress inoculation training (SIT) (Cognitive-Behavioral Modification)

combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to help clients learn how to come with stress. It has 3 phases: conceptualization, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow through. Clients first use them in the therapy session imagining a stressful situation, and then apply them to real life

committed action (ACT)

commitment to taking action and engaging in overt behaviors that lead to valued outcomes

Standardized score

compare individual scores to a norm group through the use of formulas that convert the raw score to a new score. The standardized score specifies the number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean

Robert Sternberg's triachic theory of intelligence

componential (the person's internal world) experiential (the person's external world and adaption to novelty) and contextual (the person's external world and environmental adaptations or creations)

Savickas (2005) characterized 4 global dimensions that characterized adaptable individuals form those that founder in their careers, what are they?

concern for the future work life control over future career curiosity for exploring career possibilities confidence to pursue career goals

congruence in Holland's theory

concerned with an individual's personality and the work environment. The more similar the personality traits to the job environment, the more congruent, the happier the employee. EX: RAS person is highly congruent with RAC type, and almost not at all with IEC

incremental validity

concerned with the extend to which an instrument enhances the accuracy of predicting a specific criterion. This is associated with decision accuracy.

concurrent validity

concerned with the relationship between an instrument's results and another currently obtainable criterion. EX: you look at a new test instrument measuring depression scores on clients, and those client's number of visits to hospitals for suicide attempts. You would expect to see depression scores and hospital visits increase together

Piaget's third stage

concrete operational stage (7-11) Children can now readily use symbols to engage in mental operations involving logic, and the yare able to classify, seriate, conserve (quantity remains the same regardless of the configuration), and understand reversability. This stage is marked by reduced egocentrism, relational terms (the plant is bigger today than it was last week). Still can not reason abstractly

Freud's 3 parts of consciousness

conscious mind: what we are aware of pre-conscious mind: combines conscious mind and unconscious mind. We have knowledge and information, with assistance or cues, they can be easily recalled unconscious mind: it contains memories, instincts, and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to a person's conscious awareness

Carol Travis

contended that women are judged on the basis of how well they fit into a male-dominated world and that American society pathologizes women

left hemisphere

controls right side of body. responsible for language and writing abilities, and logical and systematic thought

parietal lobe

controls spacial reasoning and sense of touch

Research has born out that (counseling technique/counseling relationship) is more important to successful client outcomes

counseling relationship

Hypothesizing (Milan)

counselor begins forming hypothesis from first contact and usually has one before the first session. The counselor is ready to have the hypothesis confirmed or denied

assimilative integration (integrated counseling approach)

counselors adhere to one primary theoretical approach but maintain the flexibility to selective use techniques from additional theoretical approaches when needed.

Phenomenological perspective

counselors focus on how clients perceive an event rather than the event itself. The ultimate goal for counselors is to help clients resolve any disparities between their beliefs about themselves and reality. They must reconcile their ideal self vs their real self. Used in Humanistic therapies

long brief therapy (Milan)

counselors only meet with families once a month, but can meet with them for up to 12 months. This allows for time for families to try techniques they worked on in session. This technique has multiple counselors, some behind a one-way mirror, who come out and share comments/suggestions.

theoretical integration (integrated counseling approach)

counselors strive to combine two or more theories into a unified framework for appraoching thearpy

cerebral cortez

covers the two hemispheres, is responsible for memory, concentration, problem solving abilities, and muscle coordination and is divided into four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal

group dynamics

crate movement between and among group members through the development and interaction of forces. These dynamics forces results in a continuum for socially acceptable behaviors to socially unacceptable behaviors

Cognitive-Behavioral modification

created by Donald Meichenbaum, it is a CBT approach that trains clients to alter their internal cognitions (self-talk), in order to change the way they react and respond to situations. The assumption being that faulty self-statements lead to deleterious behavior and negative emotions. key concepts: cognitive restructuring, self-instructional training, stress inoculation training

Gestalt Therapy

created by Fritz Perls, it is concerned with taking the person is as a whole, not splitting them into parts. Neglecting the whole we are unable to fully understand the person. Key concepts: homeostasis (people seek to keep it), holistic doctrine (mind and body not separate), contact boundary, here and now therapy, psychodramas, empty chair, unfinished buisiness

Ego psychology

created by Heinz Hartmann. He believed that the ego could act independely (free from id and superego) under favorable conditions. Ego psychologists help people who's egos have become conflicted by drives and desires adapt to their environment through resolving these conflicts, leading to a more autonomous ego.

Holland's theory of types

created by John Holland. It proposes that career development choice and satisfaction were a product of personality characteristics, and that individuals should match their personality type with that of the work environment. He has 6 personality types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Holland believed that individuals were dominated by 2 or 3 different types, this produced a three letter code called The Holland Code, used to characterize both individuals and environment key terms: congruence, differentiation, consistency

WDEP system (reality/choice)

created by Robert Wubbolding. Here clients identify and satisfy their basic needs through a four step process W: wants (what do they want and how have they gone about it) D: doing (examine actions/thoughts) E: evaluation (clients evaluate behavior to see if it's healthy) P: plan (come up with a plan to meet needs)

J.L. Moreno

created the Theater of Spontaneity, the earlier form of psychodrama (a technique developed to bring about mental and emotional catharsis for the purpose of tension relief).

The Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933

created the U.S. Employment service (1939). The services offers job search and placement assistance. Offers recruitment services to job employers. In 1998, the Employment Services was amended to include One-Stop Delivery System, which provides many services under one roof

Joseph Pratt

credited with establishing the first group experience. He used groups to save time in educating and supporting patients with TB

Filial peity regarding family applies most closely to which cultural group? a. Latin America b. African Americans. c. Native Americans d. Asian Americans

d

Individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the ______ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational

d

Which professional is characterized by social reform, social justice, and affecting public policy. a. psychologist b. marriage and family therapist c. psychiatric nurses d. social worker

d

__________ are considered the fastest growing racial and ethnic group a. African Americans b. Arab Americans c. Native Americans d. Asian Americans

d

transformation-based negotiations

deals with promoting empowerment and recognition of involved persons

slander

defamation through a spoken statement

Charles Spearman two-factor approach

defined intelligence as a single unit, which he termed "g" (general factor) and "s" (specific factor; the skills acquired in specific areas as a result of training)

job satisfaction

describes how content individuals are with their jobs. Job satisfaction is said to result from a match between individuals' self-concept and the characteristics of their work environments.

task group

designed around accomplishing a specific goal. Ordinarily function the best when there are at least 4 members

Cognitive therapy (CT)

developed by Aaron Beck, posits that people's emotions and behaviors are a direct result of their cognitions. If clients can change their cognitions, they can change negative or harmful feelings and actions. Cognitive therapist take on the role of expert, collaborator, and educator. They use the Socratic method to help clients reach their own conclusion about the impact and rationality of their automatic thoughts. The goal is to assist clients in identifying their automatic thoughts so that they can be challenged and changed key concepts: automatic thoughts, distorted thinking (dichotomous thinking, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification or minimization, mind reading, negative predictions / fortune telling), cognitive rehearsal, scriptotherapy, thought stopping

self efficacy

developed by Bandura, refers to an individual's confidence in his/her ability to preform a given behavior or accomplish a given task

Symbolic experiential Family Therapy

developed by Carl Whitaker it tries to help families learn how to interact with each other in a meaningful and natural way, while moving away from tendency to behave in the same monotonous patterns that lead to the dysfunction. Tries to involve several generations in counseling, where they are better able to study patterns of family iterations that have occurred in multiple generations. Try to bring attention to hidden symbols and impulses.

Theory of work adjustment (TWA)

developed by Dawis and Lofquist (1984). Originally designed for vocational rehabilitation. It has been applied to adults facing career decisions and work adjustment problems. It describes the relationship between individuals and their work environment. Individuals and work environments are considered to be complimentary Key concepts: correspondence, work adjustment, satisfaction (on the part of the employee) satisfactoriness (on the part of the employer), tenure (length of time in company)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

developed by Francine Shapiro that uses the concept of adaptive information processing theory and bilateral stimulation to enhance the brain's adaptive capabilities. AIP states that the brain is capable of adapting and learning from the events in our life. Pathology develops when this adaptive process has not occurring or has not been completed around a traumatic or stressful event. This is highly recommended for single-event trauma to help process unprocessed disturbing memories. The counselor helps the client access troubling memories (target), name the emotions and physiological sensations experienced with the memory, identify the cognitive distortions and a positive belief that will replace the negative belief.

Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT)

developed by Hayes, Strosahl, and Wilson as a form of CBT that emphasizes acceptance and mindfulness processes. A central tenet of ACT is that manipulative behaviors develop from clients' attempts to avoid or suppress negative thoughts and feelings. The goal of ACT is to help clients experience the richness of life, including both joy and pain, bu in creasing their psychological flexibility

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)

developed by Marsha Linehan, originally developed for the chronically suicidal. Effective treatment of substance abuse, mood disorders, and sexual abuse survivors. DBT integrates problem-solving with acceptance based strategies. This form integrates acceptance based strategies using a behavioral and cognitive processes with clients with multiple disorders. Posits 1) some individuals are predisposed to experience negative emotions and 2)these individuals then develop learned, self-destructive behaviors to help them come with intense, negative emotions. DBT teaches clients four skills: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness

psychodynamic model in family theories

developed by Nathan Ackerman and based on some of the key concepts of Freud. Therapist explore the role of anxiety, defense mechanisms, and unconscious conflict and desires in the functioning of individuals and families

Human Validation Process Model

developed by Satir, who believed in the innate goodness of human beings, their desire to learn, grow, and change. Counselors try to create a warm, safe, welcoming environment which the family feels comfortable in. Symptoms are seen as a way to preserve the family's homeostasis and as a way to obstruct growth. Identified types of dysfunctional communication: placaters, blamesrs, intellectualizers/super-reasonable, distracters. Works with families to create better congruent communications. The therapeutic alliance is seen as the most important thing. Also used family sculpting

career adaptability

developed by Super, rerfers to an individual's readiness and available resources for coping with changing work and employment conditions

Child Centered Play (CCPT)

developed by Virginia Axline. This modality adheres to Roger's Client-centered-therapy, where counselors strive to create a supportive, therapeutic environment, using the basic conditions Rogers set out. By creating a safe space where children can explore emotional and behavioral self-regulation. CCPT believes that children naturally move toward self-actualization when these basic conditions are present.

Joanne Harris Bowlsbey

developed computerized vocational systems such as CVIS, DISCOVER, and VISIONS

D. G. Patterson

developed special aptitude test and personality inventories to assist workers in gaining employment in response to the Great Depression

Donald Super

developed the lifespan, life-space career theory, a developmental approach to career counseling. Super's theory involved five stages and numerous developmental career tasks. Proposed career rainbow and developed several career inventories, which he called the Work Values Inventories, the Career Development inventory, and the Adult Career Concerns Inventory

William Stern

developed the ration intelligence quotient, which is calculated by dividing one's mental age by chronic age

John Krumboltz

developed the social learning theory of career counseling. HE held that individuals learned experiences lead them to develop specific career beliefs and that these beliefs then influenced career decisions

counseling groups

developed to help members work on interpersonal problems and promote behavioral change related to these problems. Counseling groups are typically problem-oriented, helping members explore their problems and seek resolution, but they can also be preventative, growth-oriented, and remedial

Roger Gould

discovered that adults strove to elimate false assumptions (protective devises) usually relating to parental dependency, that restricted young and middle adult development

double or triple jeopardy

discrimination faced because of an individuals possession of multiple minority statuses

Piaget believed that learning occurs when an individual experiences _________ because of some conflict or challenge to his or her way of thinking or understanding

disequilibrium; equilibration is ordinarily accomplished through a combination of assimilation and accomodation

spontaneous content groups

do not have a planned content themes and are designed to provide personal growth and support

unstructured interviews

do not use pre-established questions and tend to rely on the client's lead to determine a focus for the interview

person construct psychology

done by George Kelly. States individuals develop constructes (theories) to understand how the world works and to anticipate events. Constructs are made up of two bipolar points (ex: happy vs sad). Kelly's Vocational Construct System assists individual in finding purpose at work, evaluating career decisions,and tasks, and developing a sense of identity

Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

electronic source for occuational information published by US departmetn of Labor and updated semiannually; provides the most comprehensive occupational listing it includes coding, called the standard occupational classification

empowerment

elevates people's sense of what they can do and their personal value

role ambiguity

emerges when a member is not sure of the role expectations or behavior requirement he or she should fufill

emotional cutoff (Bowen)

emotionally fused children may cut themselves off from their FOO to improve well-being

limbic system

emotions and motivation, contain hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

Cognitive Information Processing Approach (CIP)

emphasizes career decision making and the thought process that influences decision making. Strives to understand how thinking influences the decision-making process. CIP is conceptualized through pyramid of information processing comprised of three domains: knowledge: must have self-knowledge and acquire info about career decision-making skills: the cognitive skills people need to effectively process information executive processing domain: higher-order metacognitions reflecting on the career decision-making process In this theory counselors may help clients become good decision makers by providing info, opportunities; facilitating awareness of negative self talk, decision making process; establishing a learning plan to help client's monitor decision making process

convergent validity

established when measures of construct that theoretically should be related are actually observed to be related to each other

Hispanic/Latino is a _____; not a ______

ethnicity; race

predictive validity

examines the relationship between an instrument's results collected now and a criterion collected in the future

Robert Peck

expanded on the final two stages of Erkson's stages, which comprised the last 40-50 years.

test theory

expects that test constructs, in order to be considered empirical, must have the ability to be measured for quality and quantity. Consequently, test theory strives to reduce test error and enhance construct reliability and validity.

List some of the positive group roles members may take on

facilitation: promote group process and cohesion. Some group members will summarize encouragement: of other's ideas helps promote cohesion and comfort compromise: removes ego from goals to enhance process gatekeeping: group members insist on adherence to group norms initiating: make suggestions or take actions to move the group toward goals Opinion seeking: trying to understand other's world view/ opinions information seeking: asks for clarification or help promote self-disclosure in self or others evaluation: includes sharing insights or judgments about group goals observations: member and leader feedback to group

Frank Parsons

father of career guidance. Established Boston Vocational Bureau, where he developed the first Trait and Factor approach 1854-1908; his work gave birth to vocational and interest inventories

superiority complex

feelings of inferiority may lead to overcompensation, resulting in superiority complex

Turner's syndrom (XO)

females in which all or part of the second X chromosome is missing. Individuals usually have underdeveloped or undeveloped ovaries and incomplete sexual development at puberty, are short in stature, having webbed neck and show impaired spatial intelligence

marianismo

feminine version of machismo found in Latin America. Traditional female traits such as nurturing, emotional, and sexually pure

If the client does not want the counselor to divulge information asked for in a subpoena, the counselor should ask the client's attorney to do what?

file a motion to quash the subpoena

Raymond Cattell's fluid and crystallized intelligence model

fluid intelligence refers to innate abiliteis that is not influenced by experience and education. Crystallized intelligence is gained through learning and is greatly affected by life experiences and culture. Crystallized will increase with age; fluid will decrease with age

cultural feminism

focused on workplace environment, polices, sexual identity, and sexual harassment of women. Began in the mid 1980s

sex roles

focuses on a person's physiological functioning, ex: a woman's sex role would include her ability to conceive and birth a child

Brown's value based theory

focuses on the influence of individual values in making life role decisions. States that beliefs/values/standards influence individual's thoughts, emotions, and behavior. High functioning individuals develop a crystallized and prioritized set of values. Congruent work values and occupational choices lead to satisfaction. This is a holistic approach that emphasizes contextual factors, such as culture, gender, collectivist/individualistic.

Narrative career counsleing

focuses on the stories of individuals rather than their personal construct system. Includes past, present and future career development. The narrator of the story (the agent) tells a story with a setting in which the story occurs, showing action (designed to reach a goal) and instruments (personal abilities, employer, family) that the agent uses to reach the goal. Problems in the story arise when two aspects (agent, instrument, setting, and action) do not match. The narrative begins with the problem, then moves to description of obstacles and instruments that can help remove these obstacles and reach goals, and ends with client and counselor working collaboratively to develop solutions

social feminism

focuses on the whole of society, which pertains to particulars such as women's roles

nuclear family emotional systems (bowen)

formed on the basis of the paternal subsystem's degree of differentiation. Bowen asserted that individuals are normally attracted to partners who have the same level of differentiation as they do.

National Vocation Guidance Association

founded in 1913, later became NCDA which is part of the ACA

Alcoholics Anonymous

founded in 1930, it is the first major self-help group in America

S.R. Slavson

founded the American Group Psychotherapy Association in 1942. He found that group activity sessions were equally as effective as individual counseling for stimulating change for children and adolescents, resulting in the introduction of group counseling in schools

Multiculturalism is considered the ____ force in counseling whereas social advocacy is considered the ___ force of counseling

fourth; fifth the other forces psychoanalytic, cognitive behaviorism, and humanistic

fixed ratio schedule

from operant conditioning; a reinforcer is administered each time a participant makes a certain number or responses (every 5th time). May lead to high quantity with low quality

secondary reinforcers

from operant conditioning; anything that becomes associated with a primary need (money, coins from token economy)

primary reinforcers

from operant conditioning; satisfies a primary need (food, sleep)

variable interval

from operant conditioning; the time interval of reinforcement administration is varied (Ex pop quizes)

Autosomal diseases

genetic disorders that involve chromosome other than the sex chromosomes. These include phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia, and tay-sachs disease

ascribed idenitity

given by others as teh result of another's efforts and achievements (the president's daughter)

morphology

governs the rule of world formation; morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit (boys has 2 boy and s)

list some of the benefits of a homogeneous group

group may lead to quicker identification, better attendance, decreased resistance, and better insights.

Piaget's organization

growth in mental development depended on one's ability to order and classify new informaiton

environmental planning (CBT)

having the client rearrange their environments to encourage or discourage certain behaviors. Ex: removing chocolate from the house before going on a diet

group climate measure

help assess which stage of group process the members have entered and provide leaders with member perceptions of group clietn

occipital lobe

helps the brain interpret sensory information through the eyes

gender expression

how an individual portray their gender

social aging

how one is chronological age is viewed within the societal or cultural context and is affected by vocation and socioeconomic status

personality inventories

identify a person' unique characteristics and style of relating to others, task and situations.

Interest inventory

identify an individual's work related interst

One goal of post-modern therapies is to

identify dysfunctional patterns of behavior and work with clients to help them reconstruct their lives to be more health enhancing

career development inventoires

identify personal factors that may impede an individuals career development process. These measure factors related to faulty career beliefs, anxiety, career maturity, and career barriers.

values (ACT)

identifying important personal values

joining (Structural family counseling)

imitating the manner, style, affective range, or content of it's communications in order to solidify the therapeutic alliance with them. Promotes family comfort in session

List Yalom's 11 curative factors (3 Is, 3 Cs, HAUSE)

imparting INFORMATION IMITATIVE behavior INTERPERSONAL learning CATHARSIS group COHESIVENESS CAPITULATION of family dynamic instillation of HOPE ALTRUISM UNIVERSALITY development of SOCIALIZATION EXISTENTIAL factors

spontaneous recovery

in classical conditioning occurs when the CS/CR connection is reestablished, turning the weakened response very quickly into the formerly strong learned response

foreseeability

in dealing with suicide, clinicians must use this. It involves discernment of likely client actions based on a comprehensive assessment of risk.

Reistance

in group members ordinarily stems from content or process the member finds anxiety producing, threatening, or sensitive. Members frequently feel that they must defend against (resist) the anxiety and use a variety of strategies to accomplish this resistance. AT it's core, resistance is a covert attempt to prevent or resist change

dominate narratives

in narrative therapy, a term that is culturally constructed that adversely affects the client's life (sexism, racism, ageism)

Alfred Adler groups

in the 1920s and 30s he used groups to emphasize the innate social nature of human beings to support a group treatment model and conduct groups.

triadic-dependent model of consultation

in this model, the consultee relies on the consultant for help in resolving the client's problem . However, it is the consultee who actually puts the consultant's recommendations into action. EX: supervision

distorted thinking (CT)

inaccurate thoughts or ideas that maintain dysfunctional thinking and negative emotions. Counselors seek to challenge clients's logic and replace clients; harmful cognitions with more realistic, health-promoting self-statements. Includes: dichotomous thinking (all or nothing) selective abstractions (people focus only on the negative aspects of a situation to support their distorted thinking rather than examining the bigger picture) overgeneralization (reach a conclusion based on minimal information/experience) magnification or minimization (catastrophize or fail to take ownership of success) Labeling (defining yourself according to perceived imperfections) mind reading (people believe they know what others are thinking) negative predictions / fortune telling (people anticipate without any evidence, that something bad will happen and alter their behavior accordingly)

interval scale

includes all ordinal scale qualities and has equivalent intervals, that is, interval scale measure have an equal distance between each point on the scale. EX: Fahrenheit (30 degrees is not half 60 degrees, 0 degrees does not mean that there is no temperature)

Socioeconomic class or status (SES)

includes income, financial status, educational background, resource availability, job held

deviant identity

inconsistent with the values and expectation of society or cultlure

no child left behind act of 2001

increases accountability standards of states, school districts, and schools. Reqiures states to develop and administer assessments in basic skills to all students

criterion validity

indicates the effectiveness of an instrument in predicting an individual's performance on a specific criterion. Criterion validity is empirically established by examining the relationship between data collected from the instrument and the criterion. There are two type: concurrent and predictive

low context communication

individuals communicating primarily verbally

worldview

individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world

decay of memory theory

information held in memory simply decay over time and that the memory eventually disappears forever

Retrieval theory (poor retrieval theory)

information is held in long-term memory forever but that we often have insufficient cues to retrieve info; tip of the tongue phenomenon is used as an example of this theory

When counseling minors in a non school setting, counselors must get _______ _______ from the parents and _________ from the minor

informed consent; assent/agreement

archetypes (Jung)

inherent templates for human thoughts and behavior. They can be thought of as patterns of human experience that have exited since the dawn of humanity. Found within the collective unconscious, some of the more prominent archetype are: The-Self, The persona, The Shadow, The Anima, and The Animus

Milan Systemic family counseling

instead of examining patterns of interactions among family members and developing strategies to change them, this approach focuses more on exploring family members' perceptions of each other and their international patterns, as well as asking questions to increase their awareness of unhealthy family behaviors Key concepts: long brief therapy, positive connotations, paradox/counterparadox, circular questioning, hypothesizing, neutrality, ritual prescriptions

What are the two type of distructive play, that are normal, for infants to display?

instrumental aggression: aimed at acquiring territory hostile aggression: aimed at another person

J. P. Guilford's multidimensional model

intelligence is composed of 180 factors and invovles 3 type of cognitive ability: operations, content, and products

Defamation (type of tort)

intentional maring of someone's reputation through spreading of falsehoods. There are two types Libel and Slander

split half reliability

internal consistency that correlates one half of the test against the other. Know that all things being equal, a shorter test yields less reliable scores than longer tests. To compensate mathematically for the shorter length, the Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula can be used to estimate reliability, see page 184 for formula

Yalom and Leszcz identify 3 primary factors of cohesion, which are?

interpersonal: attractiveness of members, homogeneity of members, interdependence, and atmosphere group factors: size, activity, history, leadership group environment: intergroup conflict and group status

Jesse Davis

introduced group work in a school setting in 1907. Groups were intended to provide students with effective tools for making educational, vocational, and moral decisions

Time-lag studies or cohort sequential studies

involve replication of previous studies on a modern-day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study

group process issues

involve the interplay of forces or dynamics between and among members and leaders or "how" the interaction is occurring in the here and now. Group process and group dynamics is often used interchangeably. Forces for group process are: cohesiveness, safety trust, expression of feelings, catharsis, leadership patterns, reality testing, identification, power, conflict, and resistance

Klinefeler's syndrom (XXY)

involves an extra X chromosome. Individuals are usually tall, have higher amounts of body fat, have incomplete sex characteristics at puberty

moral development

involves an individuals growing ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act in accordance with those distinctions. Kohlberg's theory has been most influential, although it has been criticized as being male-centered. Gilligan's moral development theory focuses on stages women progress through

Piaget's adaptation

involves assimilation and accommodation; the process that change in cognitive structure occurs

Implosion or Implosive therapy (CBT)

involves having clients imagine hypothetical scenarios that would cause them severe anxiety until they become desensitized to them

biological aging

involves how the body functions and changes over time, this includes anabolism and catabolism

relabeling/reframing (Strategic family therapy)

involves interpreting a family's situation in a new way to encourage family members to view their problem in a more favorable light

Kinesics

involves postures, body movement, and position

Sex Chromosomal diseases

involves some genetic anomaly occuring on the sex-determining pair of chromosomes, usually affecting male or female characteristic displays or sexual reproduction. Ex: turner's syndrome, Klinefeler's syndrom

noncompliance

is a behavioral term used when clients don't complete their homework and is viewed as a form of resistance. Behaviorist believe noncompliance happens when a) they lack skills or knowledge to follow through b) the client has negative expectations of the outcome or c) their are undesirable environmental conditions

Career development

is a preocess that refers to how individuals manage their careers throughout their lifetime

disengagement theory (detatchment theory)

is a theory on aging that propose that withdrawal from social systems is a natural process percipitated by the need for reflection, self-preoccupation, and lower need for emotional connectedness

T score

is a type of standard score that has an adusted mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. These scores are commonly used when reporting the results of personality, interest and aptitude measures. To convert a z-score to T score you use this equation: T = 10(z) + 50

resitance

is characterized by client's unwillingness to work on their problems and initiate change in their own lives. Counselors must learn how to work through resistance, as almost all clients will show it at one point or another.

modeling

is demonstarted how a behavior is performed so that it may be learned and passed on. It is more likely if the observer and models are similar in demographic characteristics or have positive interpersonal attributes Has 4 components 1. Attention: learning has to be paying attention 2. Retention: learner must store info in memory 3. Reproduction: must be able to accurately reproduce 4. Motivation: internal or external reinforcement increase likelihood of mastery

Collaborative-interdependent model of consultation

is ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society. No "expert" is part of the model. Everyone who participates in the consultations process wholes equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge, making it necessary for each member to contribute to the problem-solving process. EX: how do we reduce the number of homeless people in Austin

construct validity

is the extent to which an instrument measures a theoretical construct (idea or concept)

power in group

is viewed as having control over the resources the group values or desires (materials, role/position, information, ability, punishment/reward) Power may involve one's ability to exert control over group process or content. There are six sources of power: reward power (dispensing rewards) coercive power (dispensing punishment) legitimate power (belief that it's your duty to follow leader's direction) referent power: (respect and attraction for the leader/model member) expert power: member has expertise group relies on informational power: member has knowledge to accomplish goals

Freud's perception of resistance is

it is the client's attempt to repress unsavory, anxiety-causing memories that are part of their unconscious used to preserve their self-concept.

John Holland

known for developing The Theory of Vocational Choice, which involves matching persons to work environments. Developed the Self-Directed Search, a self-administered and self-scored career inventory. His concepts have also been used in the Vocational Preference Inventory, and the Strong Interest Inventory

John Bowlby

known for his theory on infant bonding; his 3 stages are 1. protest; infant refuses to accept separation and cries 2. despair: infant seems to give up all hope in somoning caretaker 3. detachment: infant begins to accept attention form others and seems less unhappy

situation poverty

lack of resources due to an extenuating circumstances

life script (TA)

learn interactions with others at a young age. Positive strokes (feedback) From others usually develop healthy life scripts. Children who receive negative strokes and messages come to develop self-perpetuating, harmful life scripts that interfere with their abilities to connect and interact well with other adults.

interference theory

learned information is inhibited by other learning experiences

privileged communication

legal term that protects certain counselor-client communication in the court system

Experiential family counsleing

less concerned with techniques and more concerned with establishing a genuine relationship with clients and helping bring their problems into the here and now. The goal is to become more aware of their emotions, self-actualize, and increase ability to interact with one another. EX: Satir, Carl Whitaker

What are the three work values?

lifestyle values: guide an individual's behavior outside of work cultural values: culture/beliefs/norms that shape behavior work values: work environment must reinforce to ensure an individual's work satisfaction and success (can be intrinsic or extrinsic)

Realistic type (in Holland's theory)

likes using tools, machinery, or animals that the worker has to manipulate, physically demanding, workers need to have technical abilities, enjoys working with hands, machinery, mechanically inclined ex: construction worker

Social type (in Holland's theory)

likes working with others, work involves kindness, generosity, friendliness, desire to help others, cooperative, solving problems through discussion ex: counselor, teacher, social worker

What are the three categories in Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's social relationship component?

lineal-hierarchal (traditional cultures with hierarchal positions) collateral-mutual (collectivist focus) individualisitc (needs of the group are secondary to those of individuals)

emotional control cards (REBT)

lists appropriate and inappropriate feelings which can serve to remind the clients that are having a difficult time

Object relations

maintains that people's personalities are developed through early parent-child interactions. Objects are defined as people or things that meet a child's needs. O-R therapists are concerned with how children represent and relate to the objects in their environment. When babies are born, they are unable to differentiate themselves from external objects. As they get older they begin to recognize themselves as distinct and separate from these objects. Splitting (seeing objects as being "black or white" such as all good or all bad) must be moved past in order to integrate the complexity of human behavior. If they don't move past this, their relationships will be hurt

cognitive ability test

make predictions about an individual's ability to perform in future grade levels, college, and graduate school. Ex: LSAT, MCAT, The Cognitive Ability Test (CogAT), Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8), ACT assessment, SAT reasoning test, GRE revised general test

inter-item consistency

measures internal consistency that compares individual test item responses with another and the total test score. Reliability is estimated through the use of mathematical formulas that correlate all the possible split-half combinations present in a test. One such formula is the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20, which is used when test items are dichotomous (yes/no, true/false). Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha is used when test items result in multipoint responses (Likert scales)

guttman scale

measures the intensity of variable being measured. Items are presented in a progressive order so that a respondent who agrees with an extreme test items, will also agree with all previous, less extreme items

spiritual bypass

misusing spiritual beliefs, practices, or experiences rather than addressing the struggle at the level at which it occurs. A maladaptive practice. EX: a person who is insecure, driven to cover this up by becoming overly involved in outreach to others

Piaget's third stage of moral development

moral relativism stage (about 7) children know the rules and why they exist; understand that rules can be changed

psychoeducational groups

more structured than counseling or psychotherapy groups, emphasizing skill development through various nonthreatening skill-building exercises while also encouraging sharing, discussion, and feedback. The amount of interaction needed determines the group size, but can do groups of 50 or more. If more interaction is needed, groups of 6-12 are recommended.

Occupational Outlook Handbook (ooh)

national recognized source of career info. published by Bureau of Labor statistics; a division of the department of labor that is revised every two years

Information interview

not a job interview, but interviewing someone in a field your interested in to see if it's a good fit

Carol Gilligan

obserrved that communication patterns displayed by women differ from men and that women are socialized to be dependent and caregivers, rather than independent as man are

coalitions (Structural family counseling)

occur when some family members form an alignment against another family member

growth need

occur when the demand for workers exceeds the number of existing workers and requires more workers to be added to the workfroce

replacement needs

occur when works are needed to replace those who have left the workforce due to various facors

stranger anxiety

occurs at 6 months of age when infants become fearful oin the presence of strangers

define negligence

occurs when a professional counselors fails to use reasonable care and/or protect a client from foreseeable harm, resulting in injury o

define malpractice

occurs when professional counselors fail to follow acceptable professional standards and do not provide the expected standard of care, resulting in injury to the client.

cultural encapsulation

occurs when the dominate cultural view is regarded in counseling as more important than minority values. This may lead to counselors treating clients from the dominant perspective, disregarding client's individual and cultural values.

transcrisis

occurs when the traumatic event of an initial crisis is not fully dealt with and becomes submerged into a client's subconscious

outcome evaluations

often called result evaluations; assesses how members are different because of the group work

irrational thoughts (REBT)

one of the primary objectives of REBT is to dispute people's irrational believes and to help them change their musts, shoulds, wands, and wishes. Desires are much more advantageous than demands, encouraging people to change rather than become hopeless and helpless

psychological aging

one's perception of personal age

superego

operates on the morality principle, emerges at about 5 years of age and displays the moral values and standards internalized through social interactions from societal rules and mores

Gilligan's first stage of moral development

orientation to individual survival: focuses on the self and the goal is for individual survival; next stage occurs when selfishness is transformed into a sense of responsibility for others

racial identity

orientation to one or more racial groups

monochromic time

orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use schedules, advanced planning of activities)

Gottfredson's theory of Circumscription, compromise, and self-creation

outlines career development process of children and adolescents. It is concerned with how the development of self-concept influences career decisions. Emphasizes gender roles and prestige in making career decisions. Key terms: circumscription, compromise, self-creation

retroactive inhibition

part of interference theory; loss of memory that occurs with new information learned previously

observational (vicarious) learning

part of social leraning; learning through passive observation

X-linked diseased

passed on by the X Chromosome. X linked characteristic are numerous, ex: male pattern baldness or hemophilia.

social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura states

people learn through observations, imitation, and modeling

redundancy principle (Strategic family therapy)

people tend to treat each other the same way, and it is unusual for those patterns of behavior to change or expand

differentiated of self (Bowen)

people's ability to separate tehmselves from their families of origin (FOO) without cutting themselves off from their families

fictions

people's beliefs about themselves and others that are false. People who are defined by fictions lead unhealthy lifestyles. Fictions can lead to behaviors such as excessive need for success, the need to gratify and be like everyone else, low self-concept, and over-generalization.

Artist type (in Holland's theory)

personal expression, freedom, unconventional, enjoys self-expression, originality, independence ex: musician

The four components of sexual identity by Chaney and Marszalek

physical identity (biological) gender identity social sex role identity (the sex roles an individual adopts due to culture) sexual orientation identity (who are you attracted to)

List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 3-5 years

physical-cognitive growth slows; gross motor skills and coordination improve substantially; handwriting becomes smaller more legible; reaction time improves; thinking becomes more logical; attention is more focused and activity more deliberate; memory improves language/personal-social dominance hierarchies become stable; vocab and grammar improve; awareness of double meanings lead to advances in humor and flexibility in emotions self-regulation; friendship and peer-groups.

List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 7-12 months

physical/cognitive can sit up, crawl, and walk; pincer grasp; more advanced depth perception; goal-directed behavior; finds hidden objects; recall of people, places and things language/personal-social sounds of spoken language; gestures (pointing); stranger and separation anxiety; attachment to caregiver; more intense display of emotions

List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for adolescense

physical/cognitive pubertal growth spurt and sexual maturation; secondary sex characteristics develop; complex problem solving; formal operational reasoning language/personal-social use of abstract words; complex grammar and writing; increased time spent with peers; intimacy and loyalty in friendships; peer pressure to conform; cliques; identity and sexual behavior

List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for birth to 6 months

physical/cognitive sucking reflex; organized sleep cycle; can lift head; roll over, and reach objects; hearing and depth perception develop; repeats pleasurable behaviors; displays object permanence Language and personal differentiate crying; social smile and laughter; cooing and babbling; expresses most basic of emotions; imitates adult expressions

feminist therapy

pioneered by Carol Gilligan, helps clients become more aware of the effect of gender on their lives and to empower them and improve their lives and the lives others. Feminist therapy contents that women have been oppressed and put at a disadvantage by society; therefore, they encourage clients to become social agents of change. Strive to create an egalitarian relationships and educate women about how their problems are often common to other women

existential counseling

pioneered by Victor Frankle and Rollo May it is concerned with helping clients find meaning and value in their lives and to explore philosophical concepts such as life, death, freedom, and responsibility. Counselors believe client has free will and that everyone has the ability to change their lives. Existential counselors encourage clients to take responsibility for their lives and find meaning.

Eric Linderman

pioneered development of crisis models. He observed that mental health professionals can help those people affected by traumatic events to grieve and mourn properly, preventing further mental health complications

Developmental scores

place an individual's raw score along a developmental continuum to derive meaning from the score. Developmental scores describe an individual's location on a developmental continuum; they can be evaluate an individual's score against the scores of those of the same age or grade level

The 2 factors that the US department of labor recognizes that impact employment

population factors: ex: size Economic factors: as we are a global economy, we are becoming increasingly in need of highly educated workers

The chaos theory of careers

posits that people alive in a complex and ever changing world. As a result careers are seen as dynamic systems that are not accurately represented by the simplicity of trait and factor approaches. complexity; we live in increasing complex worlds nonlinearity: our career trajectories are non-linear unpredictablity: stresses the influence of chance events on career emergence: patterns can still emerge throughout your career

Philip Vernon's hierarchical model of intelligence

postulated that intelligence is made up of factors and skills arranged hierarchically into four levels

classical test theory

postulates that an individual;s observed score is the sum of the true score and the amount of error present during test administration; central aim is to increase reliability of test scores

Piaget's first stage of moral development

premoral stage: occurs in first several years; children display only a limited awareness of rules

Americans with Disability act of 1990

prohibits discrimination of people with disabilities in employment, public service, telecommunications, and accomodations

Smith Hughes National Vocational Education Act of 1917

promoted vocational education through the provision of federal funds

structural classism

promotes a current status quo or arrangement of classes

women of color feminism

promotes embracing all women regardless of the color of their skin

relational approaches

propose that relationships play an important role in the career development and decision making process of children and adolescents

Robert Havighurst

proposed a series of developmental tasks in human achievement as they grow and develop from infancy through late adulthood. As humans achieve these tasks their sense of self and mastery improves. Many tasks have biological determinants, later tasks are socially and culturally determined

fluid intelligence

proposed by Catell; includes non-verbal problem solving and pattern recognition.

Attribution theory

proposed by Fritz Heider, used to explain why things happen. Includes: stability: outcomes have a stable cause locus: internal or external control: outcomes are controllable or uncontrollable

crystallized intelligence

proposed by Raymond B. Catell; includes verbal and mathematical capabilities and experiences that are learned

Howard Garder's theory of multipel intelligences

proposed eight primary intelligences; linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic

modern classism

proposes that those of the lower statuses may exhibit classism as well

the construct-based validity model (a type of test theory)

proposes that validity is a holistic construct, not explainable as separate components, as the classical test theory model does with its 3-in-1 components of content, criterion, and construct validity.

HIPPA was designed to...?

protect privacy of individuals medical and mental health records

What are some of the limitations to confidentiality listed in the ACA code?

protecting clients from serious or forseeable harm, disclosure of communicable disease, court ordered, child/elder abuse

objective tests

provide consistency in administration and scoring to ensure freedom from the examiners own beliefs or biases

criterion-referenced assessment

provides information about an individual's score by comparing it to a predetermined standard set or criterion

Constructivism

psychological perspective that proposes individuals construct their own realities and truths

Test in Print (TIP)

published by Buros Institute of Mental Measuremtns every 3-13 years is meant to be a companion to the MMY; TIP does not provide critical review or psychometic info on the assessment instrument; instead it offers a complete list of all published and commercially available test in psychology and education

Tests

published by PRO-ED Inc; contains info on thousands of assessment instruction in psychology, education, and business; does not provide assessment critiques or information regarding test norms, validity or reliability; provides concise descriptions

Test Critiques

published by PRO-ED Inc; it is the companion to Tests; contains an overview of the assessment, practical applications, and information regarding the instruments reliability and validity. It is designed to be user-friendly and is not writing for professionals, but for person's unfamiliar with assessment jargon. It is updated annually

Strong Interest Inventory

purpose is to measure self reported interest for ages 16+ by asking the examinee to indicate a preference from 3 responses

black feminism

puts forth that African American women are teh targets of both sexism and racism

Joseph Wolpe is known for this technique which lead to this treatment style

reciprocal inhibition (we can't engage in to mutually exlusive events simultanously; ex we cannot feel relaxed and ansious at the same time) This lead to Systematic desensitization which involves developing a fear hierarchy (using SUDS).

back home visits (Bowen)

recommended for clients who have unresolved issues with their FOO. goal of these is to increase the client's differentiation

norms

refer to the typical score/performance against which all other test scores are evaluated

ability assessment

refers to a broad category of assessment instruments that measure the cognitive domain. The cognitive domain often includes knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of information. Assessment of ability includes test that measure achievement and ability.

Job

refers to a position that require a specific skill set s and are within an organization or company

Process evalutaion

refers to assessment of the group dynamics and interaction processes occurring within the group sessions, usually related to leader, members, and the interactions between the leader and members

validity

refers to how accurately an instrument measures a given construct. It is important to note that an instrument does not have high or low validity, instead, validity is a property of the scores obtained using a given instrument and will vary according to the purpose and intended test-taker population. The type of validity are: content validty, criterion validity (concurrent and predictive), construct validity, experimental design validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and face validity

Career assessment

refers to the broad process of systematically collecting career-related information and using multiple methods. Career assessment results can provide an individual with information concerning options, planning courses, personality type, aptitude, believes, interest work values, etc... Three common methods: interviewing, formal testing, and self-assessment

work adjustment (in TWA)

refers to the continuous process by which an individual achieves and maintains correspondence with work environment

punctuation (Strategic family therapy)

refers to the conviction by individuals that their verbal communication, especially during conflict, occurs in reaction to someone else. There is no cause-and-effect relationship

cultural identity

refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories. This can be the combination of various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interaction to affect the counseling relationship

differentiation (in Holland's theory)

refers to the distinctiveness between each of the 6 Holland types. Some individuals will have little differentiation between their scores on the 6 levels, while others will have a lot of differentiation. Because undifferentiated individuals have many interest in abilities, they have difficulty making a career choice. EX: a person may be IRC, but, their score could easily be SEA with a few extra points. This person is undifferentiated

experimental design valdity

refers to the implementation of experimental design to show that an instrument measures a specific construct

item difficulty

refers to the number of test-takers who answer an item correctly

career maturity (in Super's theory)

refers to the physical, psychological and social characteristics that can contribute to an individual's readiness to deal with developmental challenges that may occur at any give career stage. This may includes: career planning: knowledge about career, active info seeking career exploration: willingness to use/explore career-related resources decision making: using knowledge from exploration to make plans world-of-work info: know about the job duties, salary, education knowledge of preferred occupational group: judging one's own ability to be successful in occupation realism: choice must be possible to achieve

process dynamics

refers to the positive and detrimental movement in groups such as member cohesion and resistance. These process dynamics are often viewed as developmental, occurring naturally as group members process through recognized phases or stages of group work.

career salience

refers to the significance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. Involves three factors participation: spending time/energy in a work role commitment: emotional attachment to work role value expectation: satisfaction gained from vocational decisions

high stakes testing

refers to the use of standardized test outcome to make a major educational decision concerning promotion, retention, educational placement, and entrance into college. Typically these are criterion-referenced assessments. Key features of: single score is used for making a decision clear lien is drawn between those who pass and those who don't test results have direct consequences

power (Structural family counseling)

refers to who exerts authority in a family in different situations

fixed interval

reinforcements are preented after a fixed period of time (every 30 minutes, every 2 hours) Produce low rates of responding since administation of the reinforcer is dependent on the passage of time rather than frequency of responding

variable ratio

reinforcements are presented periodically so that, on average, they occur every nth time. These produce high response rates and more resistant to extinction

This form of therapy is trying to change a person who is gay into a heterosexual. It has been banned by ACA.

reparative therapy or conversion therapy

individual test

require the test to be administrated to one person at a time

hindbrain

responsible for life maintenance and survival functions. it includes medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons, reticular activating system

planned theme group

restricted to individuals with a demonstrated need in this themed area

paradoxical intention/ prescribing the symptom (Strategic family therapy)

same as in existential therapy

Skipped section on DSM, because abnormal is not a requirement for CPCE

see pages 82 - 87 for more info

ethnic identity

self perceived sense of membership in an ethnic group, including feelings and attitudes associated with that membership

What are the two essential tasks that group members must engage in?

self-disclosure: members must take risks, share info, and describe their internal thoughts and feelings with the group. This promotes cohesion. feedback: when members notice and comment on group interactions. This is an essential characteristic of effective groups. Good feedback is solicited, specific, descriptive, clear, and well-times

Piaget's first stage

sensorimotor stage (birth-2): infants and toddlers use their senses and developing motor abilities to learn about their environment. here children learn cause and effect, trial and error problem solving, and object permanence

boundaries (General systems theory)

separates the family system from outsiders and define roles and responsibility within a family unit. Families often develop rules of what is and is not acceptable in certain family subsystems (spousal, parental, sibling)

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

set minimum wage, standards for overtime, entitlements, and prohibited employment of minors

boundaries (Structural family counseling)

should be semi-permeable and clearly delineated, allowing for a balance between autonomy and involvement with the family unit.

personality types (in Career Constructionist Theory)

socially constructed clusters of attitudes and skills that have no truth or value apart from the social construction of time, place, and culture.

gender roles

societal expectations put on a person about how someone should behave, think, and be treated, and what beliefs he or she should hold

multiracial

someone who's family includes more than two racial lineages, may include children who are adopted into a family not of their race

bridging (Multimodal therapy)

starting off with the client's preferred modality to strengthen the therapeutic alliance

Daniel Levinson

studies adult male development and presented a combination task/stage theory. He observed that adult males created life structures (periods of growth and stability) alternated with transitional periods that helped the adult reach a more mature life structure level.

psycholinguistics

study of language development

career education services

such services integrate career-related information and activities into educational curricula

skeleton keys (SFBT)

techniques that have worked in the past and have universal application

social justice

teh belief in an equitable world for all individuals and corresponding goal of promoting fairness by addressing privilege and oppression

privilege

the ability of a group to receive benefits and prestige that are not readily available to other groups

the ethical principle of autonomy refers to....

the ability of clients to exercise free will and act independly

central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord

occupational stess

the chronic physiological and psychological strain that results from ongoing job-related stressors

acting "as if" (Adler)

the client is asked to "act as if..." they are the person they one day hope to become. Ex:asking a shy client to act as if he had the ability to look people in the eye when he talked to them

maintenance (CBT)

the client's ability to perform desired behaviors without continual reinforcement

reliability coefficient

the closer a reliability coefficient is to 1, the more reliable the score generated by the instrument; typically range from .8-.95

Collaborative-dependent model of consultation

the consultee relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve a problem. In this way, the consultee and consultant must collaborate to help the client because they both posses distinctive abilities and information that are critical to reaching a resolution: EX: a teacher and a school counselor working together to help a student

standardization

the conversion of raw scores to standard scores. Specifically, standardization refers to the process of finding the typical score attained by a group of test-takers. The typical score then acts as a standard reference point for future test results. Therefore, once a test is standardized, a score can be compared to the scores of the standard group

unintentional tort

the counselor did not plan or aim to cause harm to the client. Usually malpractice or negligence are considered an unintentional tort

Gender idenity

the degree to which individual endorse gender role expressions associated with their perceived gender

Gender self confidence

the degree to which individuals define him/herself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views.

correspondence (in TWA)

the degree to which the individual and work environment continue to meet each other's needs, must be maintained

circumscription

the elimination of career alternatives that are not believed to be compatible with self-concept. Rule out choices they deem socially unacceptable

content validity

the extent to which an instrument's content is appropriate to its intended purpose. To establish, test items must reflect all major content areas covered by the domain. The number of test items covering each content area must represent the importance of content in the domain (more items represent more important areas of the domain).

Frank Parsons

the father of career counseling. He used groups to facilitate career and vocational development

consultation

the formal process by which individuals meet to solve a problem. Consultation is distinguished from counseling in that it is a collaborative process that involves two people who have a collegial, nonhierarchical relationship

culture

the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events. It includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognition related to our identities living within the world

sociodramatic play

the imitation of adult play and facilitating more mature social interactions among children. Has 4 categories 1. nonsocial: toddlers play by themselves 2. Parallel play: children play near each other 3. associative play: engage in separate activities while talking with each other 4. cooperative play: play with each other to attain a common goal

Role Salience (in Super's theory)

the importance an individual assigns to a given role, due to personal and situational factors. It has 3 factors; participation: spending time in role commitment: desire to be involved in role; feeling proud of values expectations: may feel a sense of achievement, gain economic rewards, utilize their creativity

specificity

the instrument's ability to accurately identify the absence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy.

sensitivity

the instrument's ability to accurately identify the presence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy.

Responsibilities of Users of Standardize Tests (RUST)

the intent of RUST is to ensure that ACA members use standardized test with clients in an accurate, fair, and responsible manner. RUST test-useres responsibilities involve the following 1. Qualifications of test users: must be trained in all aspects (administering, scoring, interpreting) tests 2. Technical knowledge: knowledge of reliability and validity 3. Test selection: must provide a purpose for administrating test 4. interpreting test results: know technical aspects and its limitations 5. communicating test results: must know how to communicate tests in a way the client can understand

colorism

the judgment of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites. Typically valuing more European features

ratio scale

the most advanced scale of measurement as it preserves the quality of nominal, ordinal, and interval scale and has an absolute zero point.

neutrality (Milan)

the objective position that counselors adhere to when working with families

speech

the physical act of forming and sequencing sounds of oral language

define licensure

the process by which a government agency grants a counselor permission to practice and/or render specific counseling services. A license protects the public by ensuring that only qualified professionals can legally provide counseling services.

compromise (in Gottfredson's theory)

the process by which adolescents give up highly preferred career alternatives for those that are less compatible but more accessible

Acculturation

the process in which an individual makes sense of a host culture's value systems in relationship to his or her own

individualtion

the process of discovering one's true, inner self. Jung believed that as individuals move through life they lose touch with important parts of themselves; therefore, he suggested through listening to the messages of dreams and waking imagination, individuals can reestablish contact with these different parts. Individuation is seen as a life goal and is thought to have a holistic, healing effect on individuals

color consciousness

the process of how Whites, in response to their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominantly on racial differences

The Shadow (Jung)

the repressed or unknown aspects of each person. It is part of The Self that a person does not want to acknowledge or accept. Contains both positive and negative aspects of a person. Jung thought it is crucial for people to become aware of their shadow so they don't project them onto other people in their lives

structural violence

the result of individuals being marginalized by political, economic, and social institutions

complexes (Jung)

the result of repressed thoughts and desires amalgamating in the unconscious. Jung believed these revolved around an archetype. The complexes symbolize issues that a person needs to resolve

religion

the ritualized practice that may involve a church or other organizations, authority figures, and religious mores

gender

the social categories of masculinity or femininity, with placement heavily guided by culture

semantics

the study of word meanings

language

the system of grammatical rules and semantics that allows similar individuals to be understood by each other

Play therapy

the systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapist use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development. Counselors can engage in directive play (picking toys and activities for the child to use) or nondirective play (allowing child to choose their own toys)

The three theories of career adjustment are....

the theory of work adjustment (TWA): individuals must be able to adjust their skills to perform the required job task and achieve job satisfaction John Crities: found that those who thrive adjust their job tasks, develop sufficient workplace relationships, and consider future goals Super: adapting to workplace changes, learning different skills, and acquiring an awareness of source of workplace stress promotes career adjustment

arbitrations

the use of a third party to make decisions that resolve a conflict for the involved individuals. This may be legally binding

member satisfaction

these are assessments frequently given by the leader to assess the members overall satisfaction with the total group experience; often given toward the end of the group; they will sometimes assess specific facets like group activities and process during the sessions

screening and selection measures

these are measures that help group leaders assess potential member attitudes toward group, assess potential social attitudes, and problematic group membership interpersonal behaviors, and select group members

Career placement services

these services can assist individuals with identifying career opportunities, obtaining current job market/occupational information, and developing the job search skills need to secure a position

Hospon and Adam's (177) model of adult transition

this includes voluntary and involuntary transitions. Outlines 7 stages of adult transition immobilization: shock/overwhelmed minimization: denial of crisis self-doubt: I won't solve the problem letting go: detachment from crisis testing out: feeling like you can handle the situation Searching for meaning: trying to understand what happened internalization: change values and lifestyle

Founded in 1986 the American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB) does what?

to connect states that have licensure boards in order to promote communication to the public and collaboration among states regarding licensure laws and legal matters.

Vocational Education Act of 1963

to include career services for elementary schools, technical institutions, and public community colleges.

What is school counselors job?

to work in elementary, middle, and high school to serve the personal-social, career, and academic needs of the school's students.

encoding

transfer from short term to long-term memory

color blindness

treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of their skin, as a component of their identity

Uri Bronfenbrenner

tried to explain the systems perspective to explain the process that occur between people and their environment. Includes terms like microsystem (family), mesosystem (communities), exosystem (local and global economies), macrosystems (political organizations), chronosystems (era in time)

eugenics movement

trying to keep the Caucasian race "pure" by directing who could marry and reproduce

games (TA)

ulteriorly motivated transactions that appear complementary on the surface but end up in bad feelings

multigenerational transmission process (Bowen)

undifferentiated parents often create undifferentiated children who go out and find undifferentiated spouses

family projection process (Bowen)

undifferentiated parents project tensions and anxiety onto the most susceptible /sensitive child/ This causes triangulation, the child become symptomatic and the parents focus on the child, rather than on themselves.

in the ethics of career counseling, what can career counselors not do using the internet?

use a false email to identify themselves (clients or other professionals) corresponding with clients that do not provide identify themselves advertise and offer career services when these services have not been solicited

semi-structured interviews

use pre-established questions and topic areas to be addressed, however, the professional counselor can customize the interview by modifying questions; are more prone to interviewer error and bias; considered less reliable than structured interviews

structure interview

use pre-established questions that the professional presents in the same order; detailed and exhaustive; they do not provide flexibility to ask follow-up questions or explore client issue more in depth

therapeutic letters

used in narrative therapy to discuss what has happened in a session. The goal is to keep the client working in-between sessions

seek unique outcomes

used in narrative therapy to identify times when problems were not as pronounced

definitional ceremony

used in witnessing in narrative therapy. Once the telling has been witnessed, the witnesses are given the opportunity to comment on what they heard. This technique helps the clients thicken their story

David Keat

used the BASIC ID with children, turning it into HELPING (healthy, emotions, learning, personal, imagery, need to know, guidance of ABCs)

circular questioning (Milan)

used to ascertain family members' differences in perspective about the family's situation, particular events and the relationship within the family. This helps family members understand that not everyone shares the same beliefs about the family that he or she does.

psychodrama (Gestalt)

used to help clients understand their internal conflicts. The counselor has the client play several roles which allows them to engage in discussion with conflicting parts of their personality.

amplification (Jung)

used to help understand images in dreams. To amplify an image, Jung compared the dreamer's image to stories or images in myths, fairy tales, literature, art, and folklore. Amplification helps the analyst identify central archetypes and possible meaning behind dreams

life-career rainbow (in Super's theory)

used to illustrate the evolving importance of the nine life roles (child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, partner, homaker, parent, pensioner) within the context of life stage and age

Paradox (Milan)

used to interfere with games that family members play to exert control over one another; it is used to address the family paradox of coming to therapy for help but then not wanting to make any chances

positive blame (SFBT)

used to reinforce client's capabilities when they successfully make a change or engage in a behavior that brings them closer to their goal

med-arb

uses both mediation and arbitration; The objective individual listens to both sides, problem-solves to incorporate mediation, and then lets individuals make the final decision

eidetic memory (photographic memory)

uses visual images to recall visual information with clarity and detail

validity coefficient

validity is expressed as a correlation coefficient; it is a correlation between a test score and teh criterion measure. Validity also can be reported as a regression equation. A regression equation can be used to predict an individual's future score on a specific criterion based on his/her current test score. EX: predict college GPA based on SAT score

enterprising type (in Holland's theory)

values promotion, leadership, and power, requires work to manage and/or persuade others, assertive, competitive, values wealth ex: Donald Trump

dialect

variation in language

etic

viewing the client from a universal perspective

visitors/complainants/customers (SFBT)

visitors are not ready to change, and do not recognize a problem exists complainants recognize a problem but are not ready to change customers are those who see the problem and are committed to finding a solution

social idenity theory

was created to understand discrimination within groups. People sort themselves into groups on the basis of similar characteristics. This theory contains in-group and out-group. Self-categorization in this theory states that people are categorized into groups as a result of birth characteristics, however some group memberships are choosen

the normal curve equivalent (NCE)

was developed for the U.S. department of education and is used by the educational community to measure student achievement. NCEs are similar to percentile ranks in that the range is from 1 to 99, and they indicate how an individual ranked in relationship to peers. Unlike percentile rankes, NCEs divide the normal curve into 100 equal parts. NCEs have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 21.06 NCE = 21.06(z) + 50

phonology

what a language sounds like; a pheneme is a language most basic sound element --English has 40 basic sounds

content issues

what is the subject under discussion by group members

firing sequence (Multimodal therapy)

when a client indicates a stressor, the counselor works with the client to determine the chain of events that led to the stressor affecting the client's life in a manipulative way

role differentiation

when a member begins to adopt different roles within the group

societal regression (Bowen)

when a society experiences too much stress regresses in its level of differentiation

Piaget's accommodation

when an individual perceives and interprets new information in a way that causes restructuring or change in mental organization so that new information or categories of information can be added to the existing cognitive framework; a change in perspective

catching oneself (Adler)

when clients are encouraged to watch out for behaviors that are perpetuating their presenting problems. This technique helps clients gain self awareness of their self-defeating thoughts and behaviors and gives them responsibility for creating change in their lives.

role conflict

when members experience conflicting demands of various roles

ipsative assessment

when your score is compared to a previous test score you received.

What rights are delineated in the HIPPA privacy policy?

who their protected health information (PHI) is given to, might use it, and the procedure for requesting information not be shared with certain companies/individuals

Self-instruction training (Cognitive-Behavioral Modification)

Teaches clients how to alter their thoughts and behaviors through this process 1. counselor demonstrates appropriate behavior 2. clients are asked to demonstrate same behavior while repeating instructions to themselves 3. practiace technique untile they have mastered task

What nonprofit organization formed in 1974 certifies rehabilitation counselors?

The Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC).

unemployment rate

The level of unemployment divided by workforce

The Persona (Jung)

The psychological mask all humans wear. It allows you to become a chameleon, so you can change your behavior based on social situation. This allows people to function in society

Wellness

This is holistic concept that refers to a person's overall healthy state of being refers to an integration of mind, body, spirit resulting in positive well being. Has 5 parts 1. physical 2. Essential: spirituality, gender/culture identity, self care 3. social 4. coping 5. Creative

True or False: in the ACA code of ethics counselors are told they must advocate for themselves and their clients.

True

Culture exists on three levels. They are ....

Universal, group, and individual

extinction burst (CBT)

When ignoring a behavior so that it will become extinct, the behavior will often increase in frequency and intensity at the onset of ignoring it

explication (Jung)

a technique used to help clients determine the reason why certain objects appear in their dreams. Jung did not believe, as Freud did, that their are hidden symbols in dreams. Rather, he wanted to understand why the unconscious chose that specific object as opposed to other, similar objects

career adaptability (in Super's theory)

adult career decision making readiness in the face of constantly changing work conditions

microagression

an aggressive act against a minority. Not necessarily overtly violent but rather more insidious act that builds up and occurs within everyday social interactions.

The five factor model

an evidence-based model of personality that is considered one of the most important, influential, and comprehensive explorations into personality. It has 5 factors (OCEAN), people are will posses moderate degrees of each of the five factors, rather than being at one end of the extreme 1. openness: if you're open you have a strong imagination, awareness of emotions, intellectual curiosity. If you're not you are closed/conventional 2. conscientiousness: if you're C you plan, act responsibly, strive for achievement, are self-regulating. If not you are spontaneous, and a risk-taker 3. extroversion 4. agreeableness: friendly, sympathetic, compassionate, and trusting vs achieving your own wants/ needs 5. neuroticism: emotionally imbalanced, anxious, depressed vs stable

Career decision making theories

are concerned with how people make career decisions, not so much with the careers people choose. There are two types Prescriptive: describe ideal approaches to making decisions Descriptive: how individuals actually make career choices

achievement test

are designed to assess what one has learned at the time of testing; most frequently used in education settings. EX: SAT, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT8) Terra Nova, Third Edition Tests

Liberal Feminism

came about in 18th and 19th century. Focuses on human rights and desires to be treated, like men, as "rational" human beings.

present moment awareness (ACT)

commitment to being in the present moment rather than focusing on the past or future

recognition

deals with being able to connect to the situation and engage in true listening

creativity involves ______ thinking to come up with as many possibilities and ______ thinking for picking the best solution

divergent; convergent

defusion (ACT)

emotional separation from uncomfortable thoughts and emotions

justice is characterized by

fairness, this means we will not discriminate against a client

sexual exploitation

forcing a child into prostitution or pronography

List the 4 common stages of group

forming/orientation transition working termination

z-score

ha a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. IT simply represents the number of standard deviation units above or below the mean at which a given score falls. z = (raw score - mean)/st dev

open family system

have flexible boundaries, are open to change, and have ongoing interactions and involvement with their communities. Want balance between open and closed

Personalismo

having compassion and caring for those in their communities in families. This is seen in Latin America

HIPPA applies to _____ ______ _____.

health care providers

chronemics

how individuals conceptualize and act toward time

pragmatics

how language is used in the social context

National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958

in response to Soviet launching Sputnik, US expanded k-12 counselor education program, offering incentives to counselor training institutes. This was to get more students into college interested in math and science

structure issues

include group size, function (task, counseling, etc...) voluntary/involuntary, open/closed

Conventional type (in Holland's theory)

organizing, planning, keep records, make reports, likes rules, to be in control, detail-oriented, ex: clerk

unfinished business (Gestalt)

people's unfinished business causes neuroses and needs to be resoloved

Occupational information

refers to facts about a position, job, task, career field, or industry, and is used to assist clients in making decisions regarding future employment

evaluation

refers to making a determination of worthy or significance based on the results of a measure

Social Learning Theory

stems from work by Krumboltz. Focuses on learning process and the role of behavior and cognitions in career decision making. It is concerned with teaching clients to impliment career-decisions in their own life.

personal unconscious (Jung)

synonymous with Freud's unconscious in Jungian theory. It is unique to the individual. At one time it had been conscious but has been forgotten or repressed

assertiveness training (CBT)

teaching clients the distinction between aggression, passivity, and assertiveness through the use of shaping, modeling, behavioral rehearsal so that clients can learn to speak up for themselves in an appropriate manner

li

the proper mannerisms, traditions, ethics, and regulations in confucianism

generational poverty

when poverty has occurred for many generations

Investigative type (in Holland's theory)

worker must solve problems using complex and abstract thinking, enjoys working with theories and info, intellectual, scientific, exploitative ex: programmer, biologist

define professional counselor

A professional who works with individuals and families to overcome development and unexpected life changes in order to facilitate client wellness and personal growth. Specifically, professional counselors work to prevent psychological problems and promote healthy human development.

intentional tort

A tort in which the counselor's action would result in harm to the client, even if the councelor did not intend to injure the client.

ABCDEs of REBT

A- activating event (an experience that makes one uneasy) B-belief systems C-emotional consequence (can be either beneficial or detrimental) D-disputed (irrational beliefs must be disputed) E- effective new philosophy (allows people to replace irrational beliefs with rational beliefs)

Which is NOT true according to Gottfredson's theory? a. When there is not a "good enough" career choice individuals must make a decision anyway b. When the compromise is small, individuals will give highest priority to satisfying their interests c. When the compromise is moderate, individuals will sacrifice interest before prestige or gender roles d. When the compromise is severe, individuals will sacrifice interest and prestige before gender roles

A. According to Gottfredson, some individuals will delay the decision-making process to search for more alternatives

Their are multiple ways a developmental theory can be categorized, such as continuous vs discontinuous, nature vs. nurture, or active vs reactive. Define reactive vs active.

Active theories (ex: Erikson) portray people as being active in regulating or governing their behavior Reactive theories (ex: Skinner) people are seen as passive and react to environmental stimuli to accommodate change

phenomenological philosophy (Adler)

Adler believed that our personality was established by the time we are 5 as a result of early life experiences and interactions with family. the Phenomenological philosophy asserts that it was not merely these early events that influenced a person's lifestyle but rather that person's perception of those events

inferiority complex

Adler's belief that all people feel inferior to others

ACCA stands for what?

American College Counseling Association founded in 1991

What is the name of the ACA division for school counselors?

American School Counselor Association (ASCA)

tort

An act that results an injury to another person, property, or reputation and titling the injured party to compensation. Torts are not considered criminal wrongdoings and cover both intentional and unintentional acts.

What are the five stages of prejudice?

Antilocution: sharing harmful views with others of the same belief Avoidance: don't want to be around discrimination: denying access to resources physical attack: acting violently or making physical threats extermination: demolishing certain groups

Who qualifies for eligibility under Rehabilitation Act of 1973 section 504?

Anyone who has a disability, physical or psychological, that impair at least one major life activity. Individuals must have documentation of their disability

What does a crisis counseling program do?

Assist individuals after a crisis to restore a sense of safety. They work in crisis teams (interdisciplinary teams that consist of mental health professionals and medical professionals) to identify problems and inventory the available resources.

AADA does what?

Association for Adult Development and Aging promotes services available to older adults

AHC

Association for Humanistic Counseling formed in 1931

ALGBTIC

Association for LGBT Issues in Counseling, est. 1975

AMCD

Association for Multicultural Counseling, est 1972

ASGW

Association for Specialist in Group Work, est 1973

ASERVIC

Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling, est 1993, though gone through many iterations

The American Counseling Association was originally named. a. American Association of Counseling and development b. American Personnel and Guidance Association. c. National Vocational Guidance Association d. American Counseling Association

B

The ______ is NOT a founding member of the ACA a. Counseling Association for Humanistic Education and Development (C-AHEAD) b. American School Counselor Association. c. National Career Development Association d. Association for Counselor Education and Supervision

B

This is not an East Asian country a. China b. Sri Lanka c. Japan d. Taiwan e. Philippines f. Korea

B.

Which part of the NBCC code of ethics involves multicutural competencies? a. prevent harm b. scope of practice c. promotion of welfare of clients d. comunicate truthfully

B.

Behavioral consultation model

Bergan and Kratochwill developed this model based on operant conditioning where the consultant is viewed as the authority figure who assumes primary responsibility. Four steps are involved 1. problem identification 2. problem analysis 3. plan implementation 4. problem evaluation

True or False: in some states, if an older adult is neglecting themselves, nothing can be done because this is not considered elder abuse

Both. Some states do consider neglect of self a form of elder abuse, however, some do not.

the two areas of the brain specifically related to speech are...

Broca's area (speech production; if damaged can cause aphasia --speech is slow and labored) Wernicke's area (speech comprehension, if damaged can cause sensory aphasia --difficulty understanding language through sense organs) Arcuate fasciculus is the bundle of nerve fivers that connects the two

All of the following behavioral techniques are most commonly used with children, EXCEPT a. token economy b. contingency contract c. behavioral rehearsal d. response cost

C

Native Americans were not considered US citizens until.... a. 1905 b.1930 c. 1924

C

When counseling minors, the legal right to confidentiality belongs to a. the child b. the counselor c. the parent or legal guardian d. both the parent and the child

C

Which of the following is NOT true regarding self-efficacy a. people will be more likely to engage in a work behavior or task if they believe they can succeed b. person's with high self-efficacy tend to preform at higher levels than those with low-self efficacy c. individuals with low self-efficacy may overestimate their actual abilities d. persons with low self-efficacy may avoid making career decisions

C

Which one of the following is NOT an example of an aptitude test? a. GRE general test b. Clerical Test Battery c. Test of Adult Basic Eduation d. Stanford-Binet 5

C

Which section of the ACA code deals with informed consent, record keeping, avoiding romantic relationships with clients, termination, advocating for clients, and rules around gifts from clients? a. Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy b. Resolving ethical issues c. The counseling relationship d. professional responsibility

C

_______ is NOT an executive function of a group leader a. establishing boundaries b. beginning and ending group session c. establishing norms d. planning group sessions

C

__________ issues are NOT primary contributors to group dynamics. a. content b. structural c. leadership style d. process

C

Which act of 1963 provided funding to Clinical Mental Health Counselors so that they could practice? a. Clinical Mental Health Act b. American Mental Health Act c. Community Mental Health Act d. Chronic Mental Health Act

C. The rest are made up.

CSI

Chi Sigma Iota, formed in 1985

nativist approach of language

Chomsky; human brain is genetically programmed to enable people to create and understand language. Language acquisition device exist in humans that allow the production of speech, sound, grammar, and invention of novel sentences

Roe's classification of parental attitudes and occupations

Concentration on child a. overprotection: restricts child's curiosity and exploration b. overdemanding: expects perfection, sets high standards Avoidance of the child a. rejection: criticizes or punishes child b. neglect: ignores child Acceptance of the child a. casual acceptance: permissive of child b. loving acceptance: encourage autonomy while providing love/support

Define advocacy counseling

Concerned with supporting and promoting the needs of clients and the counseling profession at all levels (state, local, regional, national)

Multimodal therapy

Created by Arnold Lazarus it is a form of technical eclectisism. Clients are assessed in seven domains which can be easily remembered by the acronym BASIC ID (behavior, affect, sensations, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functioning/nutrition/exercise. During the assessment process, the counselor also determines from which domain (modality) the client prefers (the client prefers to operate from teh behavioral domain). The counselor might start off with a behavioral approach to strengthen the therapeutic alliance key concepts: bridging, firing sequence

Transactional Analysis (TA)

Created by Eric Berne is a cognitive theory with roots in psychoanalysis. TA focuses on how clients interact with others. It believes that if clients can change their style of interactions, the result with be improved functioning. There are 3 ego states: parent, adult, and child. Problems arise when someone lacks versatility and approaches others form only one ego state in all situations. Thus one of the goals of TA is to help people learn how to function from all their ego states. Key terms: parent/child/adult ego state, transactions, games

This is not a South Asian country a. Pakistan b. Sri Lanka c. India d. Cambodia e. Nepal f. Bhtan g. Bangladesh

D

Under HIPPA patients have the right to a. control who can view their health records b. inspect their health records c. request changes to health records d. all of the above

D

Which is NOT true of group cohesion? a. smaller groups and groups more homogeneous tend to reach higher levels of cohesion b. When a cohesive group is attacked, or challenged, greater cohesion usually occurs c. Group cohesion is enhanced when group membership is stable and frequent d. all groups will reach a cohesive state

D

Which part of the NBCC code of ethics involves informed consent, protection of records, gatekeeping responsibilities, handling of assessments and research? a. encouraging active participation b. scope of practice c. communicate truthfully d. prevent harm

D.

John Dollard and Neal Miller are considered drive or incentive theorist and believe that anxiety and psychological disturbances are learned. Which is not a part of their theory? a. Habits (stable characteristics patterns) b. primary drives (innate drives) c. secondary drives (learned such as parental approval) d. tertiary drives (learned drives from society as a whole)

D. They did not extend it past secondary drives

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

Developed by Albert Ellis, it states that events, in and of themselves, are neither good nor bad; therefore, a person's feelings are not a direct result of an event. Rather, somewhat between the activating event and the emotional consequences, people engage in self-talk, either ration or irrational, that triggers certain emotions. People experience emotions because they judge events to be either positive or negative in relationship to their personal objectives. Thus, people who possess irrational thinking patterns need only to learn how to think more rationally in order to vastly increase their quality of life. key concepts: irrational thoughts, reverse role-playing, disputing irrational beliefs, rational emotive imagery, emotional control cards, shame attack exercise

Career development Theory

Developed by Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma (1951). It is a lifespan theory which focuses on the career decision-making process. While they recognize that career decision-making extends into adulthood, they focused on childhood/adolescents. They have 3 major stages, and 7 sub-stages. Career decisions are irreversable -- people can't go back. Later, however, the theorist modified their view to say people can somewhat go back.

self-psychology

Developed by Heinz Kohut, asserts that psychological disorders result from unsatisfied developmental needs. Believed that clients benefit more from analyst empathy than from interpretations

Stages of Change (SOC) or Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Developed by Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross it is the most widely used model of behavioral change.Many of the developers saw it as a non-linear process, meaning clients relapse to earlier stages before achieving permanent change. It has 6 stages 1. precontemplation: not aware a problem exists; no intention to change 2. contemplation: aware of problem; are ambivalent about change 3. preparation: haven't taken successful action toward change, but fully intend to make behavioral change 4. Action: individuals modify behaviors to change 5. Maintenance: free from original problem 6. termination: No longer need to take action to prevent a relapse of problem behavior

Structural family counseling

Developed by Salvador Minuchin who believed that the examining and changing the family structure and organization of families could help families relieve problems. Posits that dysfunction results from faulty organization. Key concepts: structure, subsystems, boundaries, alignments, power, coalitions, joining, structural map, enactment, reframing, restructuring, unbalancing

Crethar's four main foci of social justice

Equity: balanced allocation of services, rights, and duties within a society Access: fair access to services, resources, and education that allow individuals to reach a good quality life Participation: the right of an individual to have their opinion to take into consideration on decisions that will influence their lives Harmony: working for the greater good

T or F: Privileged communication rights belong to the client, but not confidentiality

False, both belong to the client

T or F: when a client is part of an HMO they don't need a referral from their primary care physician before visiting a specialist.

False.

True of False: College Counselors and College Admission Counselors essentially do the same thing.

False. College Counselors work in counseling centers on college campuses and help students who are struggling with mental health and educational concerns.

T or F: if the counselor receives a subpoena he or she must provide the information to the court

False. If the counselor receives a court order and a subpoena, he or she must comply or be held in contempt.

T or F: the ACA code of ethics provides both mandatory and aspirational ethics, while the NBCC code only provides aspirtational eithics

False. NBCC only provides mandatory ethics

True or False: IDEA has a wider range of eligibility than section 504 under Rehabilitation act of 1973

False. The Rehabilitation act of 1973 has the broader definition of disability

True or False: Other than getting a masters in the mental health field, there is no other specifications that are required to become a psychoanalyst

False. They need specialized training from a psychoanalysis institute after they get their masters in mental health and usually have to engage in psychoanalysis themselves by a trained professional.

True or False: any counselor who suspects child abuse or neglect must report the suspicion to CPS within 48 hours

False. Within 72 hours. Counselors must also submit a written report to CPS after the initial account

List Ginzberg et al.'s, developmental stages

Fantasy stage (up to 11): career is influenced by lay and imagination Tentative stage (11-17); has 4 sub-stages >_< Interest: people pick what they like capacity: assess capabilities in relation to career goals values: personal values are incorporated into decision making transition: practical considerations like availability, benefits and demand are taking into account Realistic stage (17-early 20s) start to make realistic career choices as they progress through 3 sub-stages Exploration: narrow down careers crystallization: commitment toward a career field specification: selection of jobs or education and training

What do college admission counselors do?

Focus on helping students maneuver through college admissions process to select and secure entry into suitable postsecondary education.

Integrated counseling approach

Frederick Thron was an early proponent of this type of counseling because he believed that no single counseling theory encompasses all the elements necessary to effectively help a client. This type of counseling transcends theoretical approaches through the integration of several diverse psychological theories and techniques into one combined approach to therapy.

One difference between Freud and Adler is the issue of determinism. Explain

Freud believed that all people's actions are predetermined by forces that they are unaware of . Adler asserts that humans have free will.

ego

Freud believes this emerged during first year of life; operates on the reality principle; purpose is to make socially acceptable, reality-based resolutions. Failure to resolve issues may lead to use of defense mechanisms

Erikson's 7th stage

Generativity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood) consider family relations, partners, and intimate friendships to be of greatest importance and people seek to enhance future generations through child rearing; work production is important; negative outcomes reflect feelings of meaninglessness in one's accomplishments

Giligan's second stage of moral development

Goodness as a sacrifice: self-sacrifice = goodness. Next level is obtained when person recognizes and respects her own personal needs still maintaining altruism

John Crites

He developed the first objective taxonomy for classifying career decision-making problems and endorsed comprehensive career counseling. Researched career maturity and developed The Career Maturity Inventory

What does a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) do?

Help individuals with disabilities work through personal and vocational issues they may encounter as a result of their impairment. May involve connecting client with health care or occupational training.

What is a key difference between IDEA and Section 504 of Rehabiltation Act of 1973

IDEA only applies to educational institutions, while RA1973 applies to any organization or employer in the US receiving government funding.

Erikson's 5th stage

Identity vs Role Confusion (adolescents) characterized by "who am I?" question. Adolescents who do not choose goals experience confusion and question their purpose

Erikson's 4th stage

Industry vs inveriority (6-11) productivity in work and play is emphasized and children of all cultures strive for compencncy; if children don't master social and academic tasks while learning to cooperate they develop a sense of inferiority

Erikson's 3rd stage

Initiative vs guilt (3-5) children show a sense of ambition and responsibility and parents can help foster these characteristics by helping a child set goals and carry out their plans without being too controlling

Erikson's 8 stages

Integrity vs Despair (late adulthood/old age) come to terms with their own mortality and limitations in order to reflect on their life with a sense of pride/achievement/satisfaction or reflect on life with regret

Erikson's 6th stage

Intimacy vs Isolation (young adults) establish intimate bonds of love and friendship rather than isolation and self-absorption. Must learn to trust others and trade some independence for intimacy and love

List the 4 dimentions of Myers-Brigs type theory

Introversion vs. Extroversion Sensing vs Intuition :do you use your sense or your insight Thinking vs Feeling: how do you make decisions? Judging vs Perceiving: make decisions with few facts vs needs to way the facts

forebrain

It consists of the cerebral cortez, which is responsible for higher-roder ehavior and conscious thought. It contains left hemisphere, right hemisphere, corpus callosum, cerebral cortex

Why is receiving assent from a child important before starting counseling?

It establishes boundaries, gives buy in on the part of the client, and gives the minor respect.

AoA's purpose is...?

It was part of Older Americans Act and oversees grants related to legislation on elder abuse.

This person prefromed the Little Albert experiment and is considered the father of American Behaviorism

John B. Watson

Edward L. Thorndike is known for studying cats. His main contribution came in the....

Law of Effect: when a response accompanying some stimulus is followed by a satisfying reward, a connection is make and the response is likely to be repeated. The opposite is also true.

Minnesota model is different than motivational interviewing how?

MM takes a more respectful and person-centered approach, yet is distinctly directive, used initially in addiction counseling. MI is heavily supported by research, unlike MM

What are the false assumptions Roger Gould believes middle adulthood are trying to overcome?

Midlife (35-45) a. "Safety can last forever." b. "Death cannot happen to me or my loved ones." c. "it's impossible to live without a partner in the world." d. "NO life or change exists beyond the family."

positive connotations (Milan)

Milan's term for relabeling/reframing. Counselors attach positive motives to a family member's problematic behavior

Name the division of College Admission Counselors that exists in the NBCC.

National Association for College Admission Counseling

What is the chief credentialing organization in the US for counselors, and what year was it founded?

National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC); 1982

Myers-Briggs Type Theory

Not originally intended as a career development theory; it is considered a personality theory derived from Jung. 4 dichotomous dimensions shape what individuals pay attention to in the world and how they make decisions. Yields 16 different types. Personality type can be matched with compatible occupation.

collective unconscious (Jung)

Not unique to the individual, but rather shared by the entire human race. Residing within the collective unconcious are archetypes (overarching human tendencies) which are important for every person to become aware of so that they can become whole and individuated. These archetypes can be understood through studying philosophy, art, religion, mythology, and dreams

contingency contracts (CBT)

Often used with little children it is a chart or table that lists desired behaviors, provides a space for noting whether the desired behaviors were achieved, and describes the condition that must be met for individuals to be rewarded.

Career adaptation (in Super's theory)

Our abilities to successfully cope changes as we age. Adults must prepare to handle ever-changing occupational opportunities and life roles

List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 19 -24 months

Physical/cognitive runs, jumps, and climbs; builds 4 or 5 block high towers language/personal-social vocab consists of approximately 200 words; 3-4 word sentence; parallel play; takes turns and cooperates; uses language for emotional self-regulation; begins to display self-control

What is meant when someone says "portability would establish reciprocity for licensed counselors"?

Portability of professional counseling license would allow counselors who are licensed in one state to practice in another without additional requirements.

social influence model

Posits that counselors who are viewed as having expertise and being attractive will have greater influence on clients. It was created by Stanley Strong and encompassed two counselor pieces 1. credibility: expertise and truthworthiness 2. Interpersonal attractiveness: how the counselor shows the client that the counselor is similar to the client

Piaget's second stage

Preoperational stage (2-7 years) Children develop symbolic representation that allows them to use language and engage in imitative play (like going on a safari in living room). This stages is marked by egocentric thinking (cannot see other's perspective), centration/centering (capable of focusing on one facetof a situation), irreversibility (some actions can be undone/reversed),and animism (attribution of life or human characteristics to inanimate objects)

Gelatt's decision making model

Prescriptive model that holds that all decision have similar qualities. Individuals must rationally analyze information to accurately predict outcomes of his/her choice. Process is: a. recognize that a decision needs to be made b. collecting data; surveying options c. determining possible outcome and applying prediction and values systems d. making a choice: terminal (final) or investigatory (need additional info)

core conditions of counsleing

Roger's list: genuineness, congruence, respect, unconditional positive regard

Career Constructionist Theory

Savickas. narrative form of career counseling. States that individuals construct career narrative by imposing meaning on vocational behaviors; identifying reoccurring vocational themes helps individuals reconstruct their life stories. key concepts: personality types, life themes, career adaptability

Schlossberg's transition theory applied to career transitions

Schlossberg proposed than an individual's willingness and ability to deal with transition is depends on: the situation, self, support, and strategies. Proposed 4 different types of transition: anticipated: will happen to most (ex: getting a job, retirement) unanticipated: ex: being laid off chronic hassles: continuous and pervasive nature ex: long commute to work nonevnts: never happen despite individuals desire for them to

recycling (in Super's theory)

Super's theory is non-linear, people can go backwards. Recycling refers to people entering stages that they have been through before. EX: math teacher with 20 years experience goes back to school to pursue career in engineering

When did licensure in counseling first appear?

The 1970s

mental measurements yearbook (MMY)

The best source for info regarding commercially available assessments instruments in the English language; published by Buros Institute of Mental Measurmetns every 2-8 years, it gives test reliability, validity, norming data, scoring and reporting services, availability in foreign language, and a review by a testing expert

mandatory ethics

The lowest standard to which all members must comply to behave ethically

Caplan's mental Health Consultation model

This is consultation between two professionals about a current work problem. The goals here is to improve the consultee's ability to deal with current and future work problems and to improve job performance. There are 4 types of mental health consultation 1. client-centered case consultation: develop a plan for deal with a client's issues 2. consultee-centered case consultation: helps consultees handle the difficulties presented by a particular client 3. program centered administrative consultation: consultant assists with addressing an organization's problem 4. Consultee-centerd administrative consultation: works to improve the professional function and problem-solving skills of employees within an organization

Personality types (Jung)

This is what the Myers-Briggs test is based on. Jung only has 3 types which consists of two attitudes (introversion and extroversion) and four functions (sensation/intuition and thinking/feeling). Sensing and intuition are the information gathering fucntions. People either rely on concrete info (their senses) or trust their instincts/hunches Thinking/feeling are decision making functions, either rational/objective or emotioanl

Louis Thurston's multifactor approach

Thurston recognized seven primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number abilities, spatial abilities, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

As counselors why do we have liability insurance?

To protect our assets. Even good or well-intentioned counselors make mistakes and they may be found negligent or in guilty of malpractice.

True or False. Anyone who reports suspected child abuse will not be found liable, even if CPS dismissed the case.

True

T or F: According to NBCC sexual or intimate relationships can occur after 2 years

True. (I know, right?)

True or False: most suicides occur at either the early years in life or the later years.

True. Highest rates are before 35 and after 65

True or False: under both section 504 and IDEA, if a student is eligible for disability services, the student will have a multi-disiplinary team put together a plan.

True. In IDEA it's called Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and in 504 it's called a 504 plan

trait and career type theories (aka person-environment-fit theories)

Try to match the traits/characteristics of the individual to the job. They were the first career development theories to emerge. The first was created by Frank Parsons. They believe that individuals must have a) and understanding of abilities/attitudes/interests/resources b) knowledge concerning job requirements/ conditions of success/ compensation/ opportunity and c) understand the relationship between (a) and (b)

NCDA's 11 Career Counselor Competencies are

1. career development theory 2. individual and group counseling skills 3. individual / group assessment 4. information/resources 5. program promotion, management, and implementation 6. coaching, consulting, and performance improvement 7. diverse populations 8. supervision 9. ethical/legal issues 10. research/evaluation 11. technology

List Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

1. physical 2. safety 3. belongingness 4. esteem 5 self-actualization

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's stages of grief

1. shock and denial 2. anger 3. bargaining and guilt 4. hopelessness 5. acceptance

Jame Cattell

1860-1944; one of the first to apply statistical concepts to psychological assessment; popularized the term mental test

Arthur Otis

1886-1964; devised the first scientifically reliable measure for testing the intelligence of individuals in groups; called Otis Group Intelligence Scale

According to Gesell, human development is PRIMARILY due to a. genetics b. nuture. c. the environment. d. none of the above

A

gender schema theory

Created by Bem, it tries to determine the "why" behand an individuals placement of genders into certain categories. Children learn gender roles

self as context (ACT)

awareness of inner thoughts and emotions

labor maket

comprised of two main groups: workers (workforce), and employers

ABC-X model of family crisis and strsss

created by Hill (1949) after WWII A: provoking stressor/event B: Family resources C: meaning attached to the stressor/event X: The crisis

beneficense

doing only good

Symptoms of PTSD

hypervigilance, change in sleep patterns, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, numbness, memory issues, avoiding places, triggers, or people that remind them of the trauma

technical integration (integrated counseling approach)

integrating techniques from different theories to treat clients

hippocampus

memory --part of the limbic system

the most important ethical principle is _______, which means to ___ ____ ______.

nonmaleficense; do no harm

proactive inhibition

part of interference theory; refers to a loss of memory that occurs when old information interferes with newly learned information.

frontal lobe

regulates teh sense of smell, body control, and movment

complementary relationships (Strategic family therapy)

relationships in a family between unequals

The stage where resistance is most common is...

the transitional stage aka storming

Asking the question (Adler)

"how would your life be different if you were well?" is one variation of the question. The primary goal being to help clients think about the possibility of no longer having their problem and to show clients that they have the ability to change their lives. Helps counselors gain a clearer picture of waht the client would liek to change and wheter the problem is psychological or physiological

Carl Gustav Jung

(1875-1961). Jung developed Jungian Analytic psychology which focuses on the role of the larger culture, spirituality, dreams, and symbolism in understanding the human psyche. Jung believes that through exploring the unconscious, people's psychological health could be improved. The goal of this therapy is to help people develop appropriate contact with their unconscious so that they are neither overwhelmed by it nor completely unaware of its forces. Key concepts: individuation, personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes, shadow, persona, Anima, Animus, complexes, personality types, dream interpretation, explication, amplification, active imagination

Lewis Terman

(1877-1956); revised Binet-Simon scale, enhanced it, and called it the Stanford-Binet test; first intelligence test with IQ (mental age over/chronological age)

What are the steps in crisis intervention (Gilliland)

1. Define the problem: how does the client conceptualize it? 2. Ensure client safety: mentally and physically 3. Provide support: use unconditional positive regard 4. Examine alternatives: trauma brain; can't think clearly; help them 5. make plans 6. obtain commitment: ensure client will stick to plan

Starke Hathaway and James McKinley

1903-1984 & 1891-1950; developed MMPI; MMPI-2 is now the most widely used personality measure

ACES stands for

Association for Counselor Education and Supervision

The Buckley Amendment is also known as a. HIPPA b. section 504 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act c. IDEA d. FERPA

D

NCDA

National Career Development Association, founded 1913

What is the premier credential for NBCC?

National Certified Counselor (NCC)

corpus callosum

a bundle of nerve cells that connects the two hemispheres and allows them to integrate cognitive, emotional, and bodily functions

right hemisphere

controls left side of body. responsible for muscle abilities, imagination, and emotional expression

occupation

defined as the primary activity that occupies one's time.

spaced learning

learning over several small incremental periods

Piaget's second stage of moral development

moral realism: 4 or 5 years; develop awareness of rules and that they should be obeyed

covert racism

not directly obvious, but done insidiously

ritual prescriptions (Milan)

paradoxical assignments that indicate certain actions to be taken on specific days/times by a particular family member.

medulla oblongata

regulates heart and breathing

symmetrical relationships (Strategic family therapy)

relationships in families among equals. Can become competitive because there is no dominant

polychromic time

the value of time as secondary to relationships among people

In a normally distributed population, what percentage of the population falls under ± 1 standard deviation? ± 2 stdev? ±3 stdev?

± 1: 68% (can be more specifically 68.2% ± 2: 95% (95.4%) ± 3: 99.7%

Robert Pecks' phases of retirement years

1. Ego differentiation vs Work-role preoccupation: define self other than by occupation 2. Body Transcendence vs Body Preoccupation: some become preoccupied with symptoms of aging body, while others find pleasure in creative tasks 3. Ego Transcendence Vs. Ego Preoccupations: individuals attempt to make life more secure and meaningful for those who survive

What are the stages of culture shock put out by Pedersen?

1. Honeymoon phase 2. Crisis or Disintegration phase: being frustrated or let down by host culture 3. Reorientation and Reintegration Phase: seeing culture as having both good and bad aspects 4. Adaptation or Resolution Phase: feeling of belonging to multiple cultures and having a sense of well-being

Downing and Roush feminist idenity development model explaining how women come to know themselves in a sexist society has these 5 stages

1. Passive acceptance: internalizing traditional gender roles 2. Revelation: experience a sexist event, that make them rethink. May lead to duelist thinking (all men=bad; all women =good) 3. embeddedness-emanation: women developing support network with other women to deal with neg feelings 4. synthesis: integrating feminist principles 5. Active commitment: women advocating for other women

Poll and Smith's 4 stages of spiritual identity development

1. Pre-awareness: do not view spirituality as relevant to life 2. Awakening: becomes aware of self as spiritual being 3. Recognition: integrated throughout life experiences 4. : integration: synthesized with an overall self-concept

List 5 factors that influence test reliability and how they do so.

1. Test length: longer tend to be more reliable 2. homogeneity of test items: lower reliability when test items vary greatly 3. Range restriction: reliability is lowered when there is a restricted range 4. heterogeneity of the test group: more heterogeneous on the characteristic being measured, the higher reliability estimates 5. speed test: have high reliability coefficients because nearly every test-taker gets nearly every item correct

Worthington, Bielstein-Savoy, Dillion, and Vernaglia have 5 stages in heterosexual identity development which are...

1. Unexplored commitment: no exploration of sexuality 2. Active exploration: more active identification with heterosexuality 3. Diffusion: no commitment or exploration at the individual or group level 4. Deeping and commitment: show greater commitment to heterosexuality 5. synthesis: development of an overall sexual self-concept

Robert Peck's phases of middle adulthood

1. Valuing wisdom vs Valuing physical powers 2. Socializing vs Sexualizing: sex is replaced by empathy, understanding and compassion 3. Cathetic Flexibility vs Cathetic Impoverishment: shift emotional energies from one person or activity to another in order to deal with losses

Bordin defines the therapeutic alliance as a collaboration for change and having 3 parts. What are they?

1. agreement on the goals 2. agreement on the tasks that will help the client 3. psychological bond between the counselor and client

Trait and factor theories, like the ones done by Parson's and Williamson, believe that an individual MUST gain self-understanding in order to choose an occupation. What are the 5 basic traits and factors that must be understood?

1. aptitude: innate abilities 2. interests: determined through interest inventories 3. values 4. personality 5. Achievement

List the 6 functions of counseling assessment

1. diagnosis and treatment planning 2. placement services 3. admissions: determining admissions into educational institutes 4. selection: ex: job or special program 5. monitoring client's progress 6. Evaluate counseling outcomes; is treatment effective?

What are the three stages of burnout?

1. emotional exhaustion: depletion of emotional energy 2. depersonalization; detachment from job; develop cynicisim 3. reduced personal accomplishments: failure to be successful in the job

Atchley's 4 stages of retirement

1. pre-retirement: making plans 2. immediately after retirement: honeymoon phase 3. Period of disenchantment: novelty of retirement wears off; individual realizes plans were unrealistic 4. reorientation: putting together a satisfactory and realistic lifestyle

List the 7 areas The NBCC code of ethics covers.

1. take appropriate action to prevent harm 2. Provide only services you are qualified for 3. promote welfare of people you provide service to (supervisees, clients) 4. communicate truthfully 5. avoid actions that will reasonably damage trust of the counseling profession 6. encourage active participation of those receiving services 7. be accountable and adhere to recognized professional standards and practices

Ralph Greenson has 3 interrelated elements of the therapeutic relatinoship

1. working alliance 2. the transference relationship 3. the real relationship The client must discriminated between the three.

Edward Strong

1884-1963; developed strong's vocational interest bank, which is now known as the Strong Interest Inventory. It is one the most widely used and researched vocational measure

Robert Sessions Woodworth

1896-1962; developed Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet for emotional stability screening test during WWI military recruits; it was the first standardized personality test

radical feminism

1960s-1980s. Focused on discrimination against women in capitalism. This provided the building block for feminist therapy. Introduce birth control pills, enabling women to choose their bath to or away from motherhood

When was the first ethical code for the ACA created?

1961

When was CACREP established?

1981

This developmental theorist rejected the notion that learning was primarily biologically or environmentally determined. His comprehensive model included terms such as adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Freud d. Erikson

A

Which is not one of the options to become eligible for NCC? a. Have practiced for 5 years as a LPC or state equivalent b. be a current student in a counseling program that participates in the graduate student application c. Have earned a master's degree from a CACREP accredited program d. Have earned a master's degree from a non-CACREP-accredited program and have studied the 8 basic competencies e. Hold a counseling license conferred by the candidate's state board and posses at least a master's degree in a mental health field.

A

How does Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) define child abuse and neglect?

Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical/emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm

Civil Rights act of 1964 and the 1972, 1978 and 1991 ammendments

Assessments must relate to job duties outlined in job description; cannot discriminate on race, color, religion, pregnancy, gender or origin

ACEG

Association for Counselors and Educations in Government, established in 1978

ACC

Association for Creativity in Counseling established in 2004

What is NOT listed as an ethical concern in the ACA code of Ethics Research and Publication section a. the principal researcher is held at the greatest responsibility for ensuring ethical conduct b. in accordance with HIPPA, if any client if found to have a mental health issue, the research must find treatment for the participant c. Avoid using deceptions, unless necessary, justifiable, and it will not cause harm d. keep confidential information and dispose of in a timely manner. e. publish enough info so that it can be replicated

B

Which section of the ACA Ethical Code deals with scope of practice, continuing education, and truthfulness in advertising? a. relationship with other professionals b. research and publication c. the counseling relationship d. professional responsibility

D

language disorders

DSM disorder diagnosed if a person experiences difficulty in the acquisition of use of spoken or written language skills that are long-term and enduring

Lifespan, life-space career theory

Developed by Donald Super. There are 3 fundamental aspects, which include lifespan, life space, and self-concept. Super's theory is over the entire lifespan. He has 5 life stages. People can go back (Recycling) and readdress early stages. Super theorized that life roles are dynamic and interact with one another. AT times teh responsibilites associated with two more more life roles might conflict, or the responsibilities of one might spillover onto others (ex: taking work home) Key concepts: career maturity, career planning, career exploration, decision making, world-of work informaiton, kowledge of preferred occupational group, realism, career adaptability, recycling, life space, role salience, life-career rainbow, self-concept, and lifespan

Piaget's fourth stage

Formal operational stage (11 +) individuals are able to think abstractly and relativistically, engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning (deducing a conclusion given a premise), and systematically prove/disprove multiple alternative explanations. Not everyone reaches this stage

IAMFC9*

International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors, founded 1986

NECA

National Employment Counseling Association, est 1966

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)

One's belief in his/her ability to complete tasks and accomplish goals lay a significant role in vocational interest and potential career choices. Emphasizes self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations and personal goals. States people who believe they will be good at an activity and expect successful outcomes will develop interest. Interest --->engaging in goals related to activity ---->specific action to achieve goals ---> improve performance ----> positive learning experience This theory recognizes that the interaction of personal factors and contextual ones play a role in shaping what people choose to pursue

rational emotive imagery (REBT)

The client is asked to imagine an anxiety-provoking situation, counselor asks the client to bring up the difficult/painful emotions that come up. The client is asked to allow the emotions to flood him/her. After a few minutes the client is asked to come up with a rational belief to replace the irrational one, and repeat it to him/herself several times

Lev Vygotsky

a Russian psychologist who developed a constructionist, cognitive developmental theory that integrated language as well as social and cultural influences

ethnocentrism

a belief that one's culture is superior in comparison to all other cultures

mestizo

a biracial individual from a native american parent and a Caucasian parent

Planned Happenstance

a component of Social Learning Theory that states that individuals need to take advantage of unpredictable social, educational, and occupational conditions. This way of thinking can lead to open-mindedness, increased career options, and opportunities. Counselors implement this by 1. normalizing planned happenstance in client's past 2. transform curiosity into opportunities 3. teaching clients to produce desirable chance events 4. Teach clients to overcome blocks in action

Define mental health practitioner

a person trained to treat individuals with mental health issues and mental illness. This includes psychologist, psychiatrist, psychoanalysts, social workers, psychiatric nurses, MFTs.

role

a set of interconnected behaviors, rights, and obligations that are associated with particular social situations role overload: roles exceed time and energy role conflict Role spillover: when one role spills over to another, example: taking work home with you

standard error of estimate

a statistic that indicates the expected margin of error in a predicted criterion score due to the imperfect validity of the test. Look on page 183 for the equation

factor analysis

a statistical technique that analyzes the interrelationships of an instrument's items, thus revealing predicted latent (hidden) traits or dimensions called factors. Subscales must statistically relate to each other and the larger construct

activity theory

a theory on aging that suggests as people age they prefer to remain soically active in order to resist self-preoccupation and maintain closer relationships

List some of the negative group roles members can take on

aggression attention-seeking-behavior hostility: fighting giving advice Blocking: impedes group cohesion and progress, usually done by not fully participating informing: talking about other members outside the group monopolizing Manipulation: need to control, promotes group tension Sarcasm: masks unexpressed anger focusing on others: attempting to avoid self-focus/disclosure

nonstandardized test

allow for variability in adaptation in test administration, scoring, and interpretation. These test do not permit an individuals' score to be compared to a norm group; consequently, the professional counselor must rely on one's judgement to interpret the data

item response theory (a type of test theory)

also referred to as a modern test theory, refers to applying mathematical models to the data collected from assessments. Test developers use item response theory to evaluate how well individual test items and test as whole work. Used to detect item bias, equating scores from two different tests, and tailoring test items to the individual test-taker

psychological first aid (PFA)

an evidence-based approach used to respond to individuals who have experienced a disaster, terrorist attack, or another disturbing event. Steps include 1. meeting basic needs 2. providing victims with accurate, developmentally appropriate information about what happened 3. connect survivors to family and friends for support 4. assist them to fulfill additional needs (housing, employment, etc..) Counselors here do not force people to talk, because they may not be ready, but are available to talk if needed

Self-concept (in Super's theory)

an individual's perception of his/her personality characterisitcs, abilities, and preferences. The self-concept develops over time as a reflection of one's life. Career choices are a reflection of one's self-concept that has been influenced by other's ideas.

objective personality test

are standardized, self-report instruments that often use multiple-choice or true/false formats to assess various aspects of personality. These test can identify psychopathology and assist in treatment planning Ex: MMPI, Variable Response Inconsistency and True Response Inconsistency, Millon Clincal Multiaxial Inventory, Myers-Briggs, California Psychological Inventory (form 434), The sixteen personality factors questionnaire (16PF), the NEO personality inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories.

special aptitude test

assess one homogeneous area of aptitude and are used to predict success in a specific vocational area

Roe's personality development and occupational classification

based on Freud's theory. Concerned with predicting occupational choices based on biology, sociology, and psychology. Occupational selection is influenced by psychological needs that develop from interactions between children and parents. Includes an Occupational Classification System (2 dimensions, and six leves)

Solution Focused Brief Therapy

based on the assumption that all individuals possess the ability and resources to solve their problems. SFBT counselors believe that clients can change their thoughts about situations. They believe that clients should only change what isn't working in their lives, and do more of the things that are working key concepts: visitors, complainants, and customers, positive blame, miracle question, scaling question, skeleton keys

What are the three components of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's activity component?

being (present oriented, internal focus) being in becoming (present and future oriented goal development) doing (Actively engaging in activities that are important by external standards)

shame attack exercise (REBT)

clients are asked to engage in activities that cause them anxiety so that they can realize that the outcome are not as embarrassing as they believe them to be

pretend technique (Strategic family therapy)

clients are encouraged to simulate their symptoms. They realize that they are able to exert some control over what they say/do, as well as in the outcome

scriptotherapy aka therapeutic writing (CT)

clients write down their thoughts, which help them to clarify and enhance them

midbrain

connects the hindbrain and forebrain, control's eye muscles, and relays auditory and visual information to the brain's centers for higher-level thinking

zone of proximal development

created by Vygotsky; the gap between what children are able to learn on their own and what they are potentially able to learn with help

Scaffolding

created by Vygotsky; the support that must be put in place to help children learn in order to reach their potential. Once potential has been reached, scaffolding can be removed

According to Social Cognitive Career Theory views career decision-making self-efficacy those with high career-decision making self-efficacy will ______________________________ whereas those with low will ___________________________

def: the degree to which individuals feel competent in their ability to make a career decision. people with high CDMSE will engage in career decision -making behavior (job explorations), while those with low will give up easily when they run into barriers

Libel

defamation through writing

Life themes (in Career Constructionist Theory)

derived from Adler's work. Savickas focuses on Adler's occupational life tasks, suggesting that life themes provide individuals with meaning and purpose in their vocation. These life themes are stories of personal meaning that relay important factors in an individual's life story. Counselors can help clients uncover a sense of mattering by reflecting on life themes and Adler's 5 life tasks

race

describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics, historically based on genetic and biological background

Interpresonal psychoanalysis

developed by Henry Stack Sullivan, contends that people's mental disorders stem from a dysfunctional pattern of interpersonal interactions. It is more focused on present client interaction patterns rather than events from the past.

General systems theory

developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy is is a basic framework for understanding the interactions and issues that occur within family systems. Families are viewed as complex, organized systems, with each member influencing and being influenced Key concepts: circular causality, family rules (spoken and unspoken), homeostasis, boundaries, open and closed systems

cognitive behavioral theories

emphasize the importance of changing people's behaviors to change the quality of their lives. Work to alter both thoughts and actions

Ethological theories

emphasize the role of instinct in human development and use naturalistic observation; believe people are born with innate capacities

subjective tests

employ open-ended questions, which have more than one correct answer or way of expressing correct answer and are sensitive to rater/examinee beliefs

long term meory

enables a person to store a large amount of info for relatively permanent amounts of time

Here and Now Therapy (Gestalt)

encourages client to discus only what is bother them in the present, and encourages the use of "I" statements

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

ensured safety in working conditions through creation of OSHA

lifestyle analysis (Adler)

entails interviewing clients about early life memories (before 10), their perceptions of their relationships with their parents and siblings, family dynamics, their experience in school and society, and their beliefs about themselves.

The three type of career interests

expressed interest: any interest you talk about manifest interest: activities in which people engage in tested interests: an individual's knowledge of a specific topic measured by objective tests

Theory based model of supervision

extend the basic counseling theories to the supervisory relationship

approach-avoidance conflict

from Dollard and Miller; it occurs when a person wants something appealing but fears being punished. Dollard and Miller also have approach-approach conflicts and avoidance-avoidance conflicts

cognitive rehersal

helps clients practice their new thoughts before using them in the real world

Integrative life Planning-career decision making (ILP)

holistic approach made by Hansen. Assists individuals in understanding how their work is intertwined with other life roles. Must recognize the importance of psychological, physical, and spiritual integration in planning for meaningful work. Strives to empower individuals with a sense of personal agency. 6 major life tasks adults face 1. finding work in changing global economy 2. attending to physical, mental, spiritual health 3. connecting family and work 4. valuing pluralism and inclusiveity 5. exploring spiritual matters and life purpose 5. Managing personal transitions and organizational change Counselors here inform clients of major life tasks, and help them prioritize in a manner that is relevant to client. Counselors seek to help clients gain control over their own lives

structure (Structural family counseling)

how the family organizes itself . Minuchin believed that families should have an internal hierarchy whereby the parents serve as the main sources of authority, and older children to have more responsibilities/freedoms than younger children. Parents should be allies and work together to meet the needs of the family system using each one's skills

What are the individual and work environment assumptions of Theory of Work adjustment theory?

individual: has needs that have to be met through work has capabilities that enable them to meet these needs through work interaction with work environment is primarily concerned with meeting his/her own needs work environment assumptions: have needs that must be met have capabilities that enable them to meet these needs

what are the three levels of racism?

individual: an individual's belief that another race is less than institutional: racism perpetuated by an institution cultural: devaluing cultural artifacts that do not approximate white culture values

Life space (in Super's theory)

individuals have many roles in their life, that don't include work. These roles give meaning to individuals and offer a context for the life stages

self- creation (in Gottfredson's theory)

individuals have the capability to improve their career options and integrate their self-concept into the career decision-making process. However, biological and environmental factors mediated an individual's ability to execute the compromise process

power negotiations

individuals vie to have the strongest influence on the outcome and may involve deceitful tactics such as relying false information and cheating

career intervention

is an intentional act that is meant to facilitate clients' career development processes and the attainment of their counseling goals. This can include guided imagrey, career genograms, vocational card sorts, checklists, career assessments, informational interviewing, and job shadowing

discriminant validity

is established when measures of constructs that are not theoretically related are observed to have no relationship

standard error of measurment

is used to estimate how scores from repeated administration of the same instrument to the same individuals are distributed around the true score. The SEM is computed using the standard deviation and reliability coefficient of the test instrument. The SEM is inversely related to reliability in that the larger the SEM, the lower the reliability of the test; thus, if the reliability coefficient is 1 the SEM is 0. See page 184 for calculation

Yerkes-Dodson law

learning hapens when an individual attains a moderate stae of arousal, as low and high states tend to suppress performance

Opression

may occur by force or deprivation. Oppression by force refers to imposing a role, experience, or condition on someone. Oppression by deprivation refers to not providing someone with necessary experiences or resources

Ethics

moral principles that guide an individual's behavior. For professional counselors, ethics, and the code of ethics, are what guide professional practices to ensure the welfare and safety of clients and counselors.

The stages in Hardiman's White racial identity development

naivete: white person categorizes and transmits messages about power and privilege acceptance: believe equal opportunity for all; but believe white values as gold standards resistance: experience conflicts about belief of equal opportunity for all redefinition: increase understanding of their racial identity and of their attitudes towards others internalization: define themselves independently of anxiety and resistance in earlier stages

employment rate

number of people currently employed divided by total number of individuals who are working

Bowen Family System's Therapy

people are affected by their FOO and that they must resolve any issues from their childhood to keep from repeating dysfunctional patterns of interactions in future relationships. key concepts: differentiation of self, fused, triangles, nuclear family emotional system, family process projection, multi-generational transmission process, emotional cutoff, sibling position, societal regression, genograms, back home visits, detriangulation

List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 13-18 months

physical/cognitive coordinated walking; scribbling; stacks cubes two to 3 high; trial and error experimentation; climbs stairs; throws objects language/personal-social can play peek-a-boo and at-a-cake;speaks first words; points to desired objects; recognizes self in mirror; signs of empathy and compliance; vocab may reach 50 words

Interpretation in psychoanalysis

plays a critical role in this theory. Interpreting meaning of the client's thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and dreams to increase their self awareness and understanding of their unconscious desires.

survey batteries

refer to a collection of tests that measure individual's knowledge across broad content areas. These test must cover material from multiple subject ares and as a result do not go in depth on any one area

informal assessments

refer to subjective assessment techniques that are developed for specific needs; it seeks to identify the strengths and needs of the client. Ex: observation, clinical interviewing, rating scales, and classification systems

vocational aptitude testing

refers to a set of predictive test designed to measure one's potential for occupational success.

sensory memory (trace memory)

refers to all the environmental stimuli to which one is exposed to at any given moment in time; normally only retained for a few seconds

group cohesion

refers to feeling of belonging and inclusion that members and leader experience through group interactions. It is an important determiner of group effectiveness, attendance, and self-disclosure

reliability

refers to the consistency of scores attained by the same person on different administration of the same test. Types of reliability include test-retest (aka temporal stability), alternative forms (aka parallel forms, or equivalent forms), internal consistency (includes split-half reliability, inter-item consistency), inter-scorer reliability (aka inter-rater reliability)

semantic differential aka self-anchored scales

refers to the scaling technique that is rooted in the belief that people think dichotomous. Test takers place a mark between two dichotomous adjectives ex bad__________x____good

paralanguage

refers to verbal cues other than words; volume, tempo, prolongation of sound, pitch

thalamus

relays nerve impulses from sensory pathways to the cerebral corgez

Janis and Mann's conflict model of decision making

rests on the assumption that stress significantly contributes to the quality of decision that is made; high levels of stress can lead to a defective career decision. There are 5 patterns people use to cope with stress 1. unconflicted adherence: ignores potential risk 2. unconflicted change: accepts options without question 3. defensive avoidance: put decision on others 4. hyper-vigilance: impulsively chooses a decision to get it over with 5. vigilance: person weighs cost/benefits before making decision

closed family systems

rigid boundaries, averse to change, and cordon themselves off form the outside world.

cross-sectional design studies

simultaneously examine several groups from differing levels of development (5-year-olds compared to 10-year-olds). These studies are usually less expensive and require less time than longitudinal studies. However, the changes could be due to the "cohort effect" meaning people born during the same time may have similar lived experiences that make them qualitatively different from those born years later/earlier

live observation (supervision)

sit in during a supervissee session with a client

short-term memory

temporary information storage system that allows information to be retained for seconds to minutes if the information if focused on and received properly. Normal limit is 7+ or - 2

quid pro quo (Strategic family therapy)

tendency for people to treat others how they are treated

imprinting

termed by Konrad Lorenz; the process of which a duck or gosling attached to the first moving object; ducklings lead to concept of critical period

diagnostic tests

test designed to identify learning disabilities or specific learning difficulties in a given academic area. These test yield information regarding a student's specific strengths and weaknesses in an academic test. EX: Wide Range Achievement Test, Key Math Diagnostic test, Woodcock Johnson III-test of achievement, Peabody individual achievement test-revised, test of adult basic education (TABE)

differentiate between career planning and career counseling

the active provision of information (job search assistance, review resume, career assessment given) vs career counseling which involves establishing a counseling relationship to assist clients with career and personal development

consistency (in Holland's theory)

the degree of similarity between the six Holland types. Certain type have more in common, and thus the Holland Hexagon shows which are similar to which

item discrimination

the degree to which a test item is able to correctly differentiate test-takers who vary according to the construct measured by the test.

speech disordes

the most common type of communication disorder diagnosed; involves difficulty in producing developmentally expected speech sounds

clinical interviewing

the most commonly used assessment technique in counseling. The counselor uses clinical skills to obtain client information that will facilitate the course of counseling. three types: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured

subsystems (Structural family counseling)

the most important ones being the spousal subsystem (husband and wife), the parental subsystem (mother and father), and the sibling subsystem. Each subsystem has unique patterns of interactions, rules, and tasks that are integral to the overall functioning of the family. It is believed that the stronger the spousal subsystem the stronger the parental subsystem, and therefore the better functioning the family has

neglect

the most prevalent type of abuse, involves not taking care of a child's needs: physically, medically, educationally, or emotionally

syntax

the proper use of grammar

internalized classism

the result of a person's feeling shame for teh class to which they belong

mediation

the use of an objective, uninvolved person to help with conflict resolution with the goal of working toward determining specific desires and good solutions

facilitation

the use of counseling-related skills, especially in groups, to analyze the conflict, find compromise, and solutions, and elicit commitment among individuals

proxemics

the use of personal physical distance. This can include intimate distance (0-18 inches), personal distance (18in - 4 feet), social distance (4-12 feet), and public distance (12 feet +)

career adaptation (in Career Constructionist Theory)

themes guide the expression of the vocational personality, whereas the career adaptation process manages this expression

Deviation IQ or Standard Score

these are used in intelligence testing; deviation IQ have a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. You can derive the z-score by this equation: SS = 15(z) + 100

True or False: conflict is a natural part of interpersonal relationships and usually stems from members efforts to distributed power. In general, mind and moderate conflicts can help groups grow, whereas aggressive and hostile attacks require leader or group intervention

true

Erikson's 1st stage

trust vs mistrust (Birth to 1 or 2) caretaker must provide trusting environment for positive relationship with infant; if infant is not comforted, encouraged or handled in a caring manner they will move to mistrust

Peer mediation

used frequently in school systems, involves an objective third party individual who helps individuals to negotiate, compromise, and problem-solve when issues arise. This uses three stages: 1. making operational decisions 2. introducing the program to stakeholders 3. obtaining support for its use

emic

using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture

structural maps (Structural family counseling)

visual representations of the family coalitions, alignments, boundaries, and conflicts

Piaget's assimilation

when an individual perceives and interprets new information in terms of previously existing context; adding a thought to an existing framework