CPL120 Exam 1
Applications for culture and leadership do not include
Help maximize profit within a locally owned and operated organization.
A leader who is indifferent and apathetic is displaying
Impoverished behaviors
A definition of culture does not include
Individual qualities.
The GLOBE research program
Is and ongoing research project Is a qualitative research project Is a quantitative research project
The skills approach is a leader-centered perspective that emphasizes the competencies of leaders. It is best represented in the early work of ____ [hint: one word - last name] (1955) on the three-skill approach and the more recent work of Mumford and his colleagues (Mumford, Zaccaro, Harding, et al., 2000), who initiated the development of a comprehensive skills model of leadership.
Katz
Your boss is exactly what you need. While he makes the decisions on how projects will be executed, he seeks your input and supports you emotionally. Your boss is using which leader style with you?
coaching
Bill is in charge of hiring a new manager for the first shift on the production line. According to Katz's model, Bill should be looking for a person with
cognitive ability
According to your textbook, _____ is defined as the commonly shared beliefs, values, and norms of a group of people.
culture
coercive power
derived from having the capacity to penalize or punish others
reward power
derived from having the capacity to provide rewards to others
information power
derived from possessing knowledge that others want or need
According to your book, _____ is the desire to get the job done and includes characteristics such as initiative, persistence, dominance, and drive.
determination
According to your textbook, _____ is the human tendency to place one's own group at the center of one's observations of others and the world. It is problematic for leaders because it presents them from fully understanding the world of others, and it inhibits cultural awareness.
ethnocentrism
The faculty member on my study abroad trip to Costa Rica has traveled there many times and is quite knowledgeable about the country and places we visited. She gave us guidance about the country, local culture, and safety issues while we were interning with the local farmers. The faculty member was using
expert power
Simonet and Tett (2012) found that management is distinct from leadership by
extrinsic motivation
A core concept in situational leadership is that ______.
followers' skills and motivation vary over time
Human Skills
knowledge about and ability to work with people
Technical Skills
knowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work or activity
According to Northouse, _____ is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.
leadership
Authority Compliance (9, 1)
places heavy emphasis on task and job requirements, and less emphasis on people, except to the extent that people are tools for getting the job done
The behavioral approach suggests that leaders engage in two primary types of behaviors: task behaviors and _____ behaviors. How leaders combine these two types of behaviors to influence others is the central focus of the behavioral approach.
relationship
Country Club (1, 9)
represents a low concern for task accomplishment coupled with a high concern for interpersonal relationships
Three-Skill Approach
Katz's ocnceptual model based on his own research and observations
Kellerman argues that in the last forty years there has been a shift in leadership power from
Leader dominated power to shared power with followers
The skills approach takes a _____________ on leadership, like the trait approach.
Leader-centered perspective
The people on my work project team call me aside and share that they are unhappy with the work of the team leader. They share that they feel I know more than the leader and they like my style of interacting with them more than the team leader's. What is happening in this team?
Legitimate power is diminished You are emerging as the leader
In a major review in 1948, Stogdill suggested
No consistent set of traits differentiates leaders from non-leaders.
Which study analyzed questionnaires taken by followers as they described their leader behaviors?
Ohio State studies
In addition to the 5 major styles described in the Leadership Grid, Blake & his colleagues have identified other behaviors that incorporate multiple aspects of the grid. _____ refers to a leader who uses any combination of the basic 5 styles for the purpose of personal advancement.
Opportunism
What best explains the comparison of the skills approach to sports such as golf and tennis?
People can improve their skills through practice and instruction.
Goleman suggests that emotional intelligence
Plays a major role in a person's success
emergent leadership
results from what one does and how one acquires support from followers
The trait approach is criticized for its failure to take __________ into consideration.
situations/context
In the ____ approach, we shift our thinking from a focus on personality characteristics, which usually are viewed as innate and largely fixed, to an emphasis on skills and abilities that can be learned and developed.
skills
Team (9, 9)
strong emphasis on both task and interpersonal relationships; promotes a high degree of participation
A leader who lets followers take responsibility for task accomplishment and interacts with and encourages her followers is using ______.
supporting behaviors
Conceptual Skills
the ability to work with ideas
Which of the six global leadership behaviors is focused on ensuring the safety and security of the leader and the group?
Self-protective
Developed a model of emotionally intelligent leadership:
Shankman and Allen
_______ are what leaders can accomplish, whereas _______ are who leaders are.
Skills and traits
The University of Michigan studies explored how leadership functioned in
Small groups
The assertiveness dimension of culture in the GLOBE studies is described as
The degree to which people in the culture are determined and confrontational
Development level
The degree to which subordinates have the competence and commitment necessary to accomplish a given task or activity
A criticism of the GLOBE research study, cited in the text, is
The way the study measured leadership.
Which of the following is not one of Adler's leader cross-cultural competencies?
To fight discrimination in the workplace
The statement "She/he is born to be a leader" suggests a
Trait definition of leadership
A boss by definition usually has position power over subordinates.
True
A criticism of the behavioral approach is that the research on behavioral approaches has not adequately shown how leaders' behaviors are associated with performance outcomes.
True
A factor common to the leadership classification systems is the view of leadership as a process of influence.
True
A strength of the GLOBE study is that it provided a classification of cultural dimensions that is more expansive than Hofstede's classification system.
True
Directive behavior
Behaviors that clarify, often with one-way communication, what is to be done
Supportive behaviors
Behaviors that help subordinates feel comfortable with themselves, each other, and the situation
Which scholar(s) created the Leadership Grid?
Blake and Mouton
Stogdill's second study found
Both traits and situational factors are determinants of leadership
During the 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama demonstrated this trait extensively and brought public attention to its value as it relates to leadership.
Charisma
What was an element that GLOBE used to create regional clusters?
Common language
A leader who makes sure the personal and social needs of followers are met is displaying
Country club behaviors
A follower that has some competence but low commitment is a ______.
D2
You just achieved your dream of working in the department you have always wanted to be in. Not only are you excited to be with the department; your education and experience complement your new position perfectly. According to the situational model, your level of development is ______.
D4
The Big Five and leadership meta-analysis found that the factor most strongly associated with leadership is conscientiousness.
False
The behavioral approach works by telling leaders how to behave.
False
The great person approach stresses that leaders' traits are learned.
False
The lack of high-speed Internet access in a company is an external environmental influence that can affect leadership outcomes.
False
The process definition of leadership states that certain individuals have inborn qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders.
False
The research on leadership generally has found it to be a relatively simple process.
False
The skills approach is not descriptive.
False
The trait approach determines the most important traits in a highly objective way.
False
The trait approach successfully identified one agreed upon list of specific leader traits.
False
The view that leadership is a behavior rather than a trait emerged in the 1930s.
False 1940s
Diversity is an approach or system that concentrates on one culture.
False Diversity refers to the existence of different cultures or ethnicities within a group or an organization.
One of the GLOBE cultural dimensions, power distance, is defined as the degree to which members of a group favor strategic physical distance close to or away from others.
False Power Distance refers to the degree to which members of a group expect and agree that power should be shared unequally
Globalization originated after the Vietnam War.
False WWII
Prejudice is other-oriented rather than self-oriented.
False it is self-orientated
According to Burns, followers should remember that their leaders are above them and act accordingly.
False says that leaders are not above or better than their followers, leaders and followers must be understood in relation to each other
Hofstede's benchmark research identified six major dimensions on which cultures differ.
False - five
Followers usually are responsible for maintaining the relationship with leaders.
False - opposite
According to Northouse, trait information can suggest areas in which leaders or managers' personal characteristics are very beneficial to an organization and areas in which they may want to get more training to enhance their overall approach.
True
According to Situational Leadership®, D3 subordinates may be highly skilled but also lack commitment.
True
Although personality certainly plays an integral role in leadership, the skills approach suggests that knowledge and abilities are needed for effective leadership.
True
Career experience is a strong influence on a leader's competencies.
True
Culture and leadership focus on a collection of related ideas rather than a single unified theory.
True
Environmental influences are factors in situations that lie outside the leader's competencies, characteristics, and experiences.
True
Ethnocentrism can be a major obstacle to effective leadership.
True
Global leaders need to be skilled in creating transcultural visions.
True
Globalization has created a need to understand how cultural differences affect leadership performance.
True
Human skills are important at all levels of management.
True
In application, the trait approach can help individuals pinpoint their strengths and weaknesses.
True
Kotter argues that managerial and leadership functions are really quite similar.
True
Leaders who use coercion are generally mostly interested in their own goals, rather than those of subordinates.
True
Leadership emergence may also be affected by gender-biased perceptions.
True
Leadership occurs in both large and small groups.
True
Mumford's Skills Model of Leadership was designed to determine the competencies needed for effective leader performance.
True
Mumford's research studied military personnel rather than business and organizational leaders.
True
Of all the traits that are related to leadership, intelligence is probably the strongest (most consistent).
True
Paternalism/maternalism refers to a leader who uses both 1,9 and 9,1 styles of the Leadership Grid but does not integrate the two.
True
Self-confidence is the ability to be certain about one's competencies and skills.
True
Situational Leadership is a prescriptive approach to leadership that suggests how leaders can become effective in many different types of organizational settings involving a wide variety of organizational goals. This approach provides a model that suggests to leaders how they should behave based on the demands of a particular situation.
True
Skills approach provides a structure consistent with leadership education programs.
True
Some studies have suggested that masculinity is a leadership trait.
True
The behavioral approach focuses on what leaders do rather than who leaders are.
True
The behavioral approach originated from three different lines of research: the Ohio State studies, the University of Michigan studies, and the work of Blake and Mouton on the Managerial Grid.
True
The earliest leadership theories in the 20th century emphasized control and centralization of power.
True
The situational approach stresses that leadership is composed of both a directive and supportive dimension and that each has to be applied appropriately in a given situation. To determine what is needed in a particular situation, a leader must evaluate her, his, or their followers and assess how competent and committed they are to perform a given goal.
True
The skills approach is relatively new and has not been widely used in training and development.
True
The skills approach suggests that many individuals have the potential for leadership.
True
The trait approach emphasizes that leadership resides within the individual.
True
The trait approach has not adequately linked the traits of leaders with other outcomes such as group and team performance.
True
The trait approach is theoretically more straightforward than other approaches because it exclusively focuses on the leader.
True
Using a process definition of leadership means it is available to everyone.
True
More than 60 different leadership classification systems have been developed.
True In the past 60 years, as many as 65 different classification systems have been developed to define the dimensions of leadership
Which cultural dimension is defined as the extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on established social norms, rituals, and procedures to make things more predictable and less unclear?
Uncertainty avoidance
Argued that leaders and managers are distinct; they are different types of people
Zaleznik
Middle of the Road (5, 5)
a balance between taking people into account and still emphasizing the work requirements
The Situational Leadership II Model can best be described as ______.
a tool for leaders to adapt their style according to a follower's needs
legitimate power
associated with having status or formal job authority
Which of the components on Blake & Mouton's Leadership Grid has low concern for interpersonal relationships and high concern for task accomplishment?
authority compliance
Assigned leadership
based on a formal title or position in an organization
referent power
based on followers' identification and liking for leader
expert power
based on followers' perceptions of the leader's competence
I am doing a training program for staff to help them understand how to integrate both task and relationship behaviors in the workplace. I am applying the main components of which approach in this training session?
behavioral
Which scholar reported that a primary characteristic of culture is the degree to which the culture is individualistic or collectivistic?
Hall
Impoverished (1, 1)
unconcerned with both task and interpersonal relationships; goes through the motions
The _____ approach has its roots in leadership theory that suggested that certain people were born with special traits that made them great leaders.
trait
Technical skills grow in importance as one moves up Katz's managerial/leadership hierarchy.
False
There are several advantages to viewing leadership from the trait approach. Select all that apply.
-It is intuitively appealing because it its clearly into the popular idea that leaders are special people who are out front, leading the way in society. -A great deal of research validates the basis of this perspective. -By focusing exclusively on the leader, the trait approach provides an in-depth understanding of the leader component in the leadership process. -It has provided some benchmarks against which individuals can evaluate their own personal leadership attributes.
How many distinct clusters, or groups of countries, are represented in the GLOBE studies?
10
Scholarly research and popular work on the nature of leadership exploded in this decade
1980s
Jenny is the project manager of a small web design firm. She identifies with Christian and American cultures. Working alone, Jenny created the work flow calendar for the next six months, carefully including days off for Easter and the Fourth of July. Rajiv, one of the firm's new designers who practices Islam, was disappointed to see that Jenny scheduled a huge project in late June during one of his important cultural holidays, Ramadan. When Jenny was designing the work calendar, she was using
Ethnocentrism
According to your book, integrity is a leader's inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships.
False
An individual perceived by other group members as influential can only be an assigned leader, not an emergent one.
False
Assisting group members in building cohesiveness is primarily a task behavior.
False
Creating a timeline for subordinates to follow is a relationship leader behavior.
False
Crystallized cognitive ability refers to one's innate intellectual ability or intelligence.
False
D4 subordinates are not certain that they can do the job by themselves.
False
Motivation and personality fall within the competencies component of Mumford's skills model.
False
One of the more widely recognized approaches to leadership is the behavioral approach, which was developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1969) based on Reddin's (1967) 3-D management style theory.
False
Only leaders at the top level of an organization can effectively apply task and relationship behaviors.
False
Social judgment is an individual attribute in the skills model.
False
