CPLN 6010 Intro to Planning

Steps to Comprehensive Planning Process

1) Research phase, 2) clarification of community goals and objectives, 3) a period of plan formulation, 4) a period of plan implementation, 5) a period of review and revision

(6) Categories of the 1909 Plan of Chicago

1) The improvement of the lake front. 2)The creation of a system of highways outside the city. 3) The improvement of railway terminals, and the development of a complete traction system for both freight and passengers. 4)The acquisition of an outer park system, and of parkway circuits. 5) The systematic arrangement of the streets and avenues within the city, in order to facilitate the movement to and from the business district. 6) The development of centers of intellectual life and of civic administration, so related as to give coherence and unity to the city.

Municipal Art Movement

A fusion of art, architecture, and planning, it attempted to transcend the mere utilitarianism of the late nineteenth-century city and to make it a place of beauty as well. Focused on a specific point in a city like arches, plazas, traffic circles, and fountains.

Dillon's Rule

A premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them.

Incentive Zoning

A system by which developers receive zoning incentives on the condition that specific physical, social, or cultural benefits are provided to the community.

Middle-Range Models

A two step process - general scanning process conducted to gather overall picture, the decision of what elements need more detailed examination - Contains elements of both rational and incremental approaches; avoids excessive commitment, more feasible

What is the most important national organization for planners?

American Planning Association

Zoning Ordinance

An exercise of police power by a municipality to regulate and control the character and use of property.

Forces behind suburbanization

Automobiles, Improved telephone communications, housing shortages in the central city, white flight

Frederick Law Olmsted

Believed planning was largely to be judged by the extent it reduced disease and believed parks could ventilate a city. Helped design Central Park and the 1893 Chicago's World's Fair

The Garden Cities Movement

Cities would be laid out in rings, have a population of 30k max, and would consist of self-contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.

Takings Claim

Claims by property owners against government entities for depriving an owner of property without just compensation

Name one way that planners have responded to deal with suburbanization's associated negative consequences

Comprehensive planning, flexible land use controls, establishing growth boundaries, public transportation, environmental impact reports, enhanced design standards

AICP Aspirational Principles for Planners:

Continuously pursue and faithfully serve the public interest, participate in the planning process with integrity, work to achieve economic social and racial equity, safeguard the public trust, and improve/increase planning knowledge and understanding to the public

Public Capital Investment

Creates very powerful economic forces that shape development and are typically large, expensive irregular projects that are meant to exist for decades. Examples include roads, bridges, water mains, and schools.

What characterized the urbanization of the industrial city of the early 1800s?

Crowded, congested, dirty, unregulated

Which Planner is associated with the City Beautiful Movement?

Daniel Burnham

Advocacy Planning

Developed in the 1960s by Paul Davidoff as a way to represent the interests of groups within a community. Prior to the development of advocacy planning, planning practice was based on the public interest. The public interest was defined as the good of the whole. Planning for the good of the whole results in inadequate representation for many groups in planning. Davidoff argued that planners should represent special interest groups rather than acting for the good of the whole community.

Which Planner is associated with the Garden City Movement?

Ebenezer Howard

Disjointed incrementalism

Emphasis on marginal change. Planners should quickly come down to a short-list of serious possibilities and focus on these. Planners and policy makers should be strongly influenced by precedent and by experience and that they should recognize the advantages of policy options that represent marginal or incremental changes from previous policies

What issues do planners deal with?

Examples: Shaping the pattern of growth to achieve a sensible and attractive land use pattern, street patterns for easy traffic flows, locations of public facilities and services, or preserving and/or existing infrastructure

What branch of government do public planners get their authority or power to plan from?

Executive

Collaborative rationality

Focuses on diversity, interdependence, and authentic dialogue. Believes that there is no objective reality with regard to the "best plan" and that the goal should be to come to an understanding that is acceptable to a substantial majority of the various stakeholders.

Jane Addams

Founded Chicago's Hull House, a woman-run settlement house designed to improve the lives of immigrants and the poor. It contained a rec center, clinic, educational classes, and shelter.

Who designed Central Park?

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvin Vaux in 1857

Why did 20th century planning activities increase?

Growth in population, increased wealth, rapid suburbanization, increased automobile ownership, weakened competitive position of central cities, and concern for the natural environment

Why did 20th century planning activity increase?

Growth in population, rapid suburbanization, increased automobile ownership, concern for natural environment, growth of suburbs

Planner as builder of community consensus

In this view, planning cannot be separated from politics Since no plans can be implemented without political will and political action, the planner, too, must be very close to, or perhaps a part of, the political process. This planner believes it is better to make the planner an integral part of the bureaucracy or the political structure where the decisions are made

How is planning political?

It involves matters that are important to people, planning decisions that are highly visible, planning decisions involve large financial consequences and property taxes, and the feeling of potential effectiveness encourages participation

The Rational Model

It is the philosophy reflected in the comprehensive plan; the idea is to make the planning process as rational and systematic as possible

Neutral public servant

Planners take a politically neutral stance and rely only on their professional expertise; offers options rather than concise plans The advice and technical work they present to the community, subject to law and personal and professional ethics, will largely be confined to "how to" and "what if" and not "should" or "should not."

Planner as Agent of Radical Change

Planners who hold a full-blown radical perspective are likely to find the day-to-day work of planning in most organizations frustrating and painful because they will have to cooperate on a daily basis with a system for which they have little respect. Typically take a neo-Marxian or critical theory position and see the promotion of radical political and economic change as a proper long-term goal for planning.

exclusionary zoning

Policy that keeps affordable housing out of neighborhoods through land use and building code requirements

Forces behind urban growth

Population growth, increased agricultural productivity, factory production, trade, and low-cost transportation

eminent domain

Power of a government to take private property for public use.

Describe planning

Preparing plans for, regulating, and managing towns, cities, and municipalities. It is its own formalized and distinct form of government

Planner as entrepreneur

Prioritizes economic development Local economic development programs have as their primary goal increasing private investment in the community. Thus the economic development planner is necessarily drawn into an entrepreneurial role involving marketing, negotiation, and financing.

Two main ways a municipality can shape its pattern of land use

Public capital investment and legal controls over privately owned property

Inclusionary Zoning

Range of policies and practices that mandate or provide incentives for the inclusion of affordable housing units in new developments to encourage mixed-income neighborhoods and increase the supply of affordable housing

Give an example of one precursor to planning before it became a formalized profession?

Responses to sanitation such as sewer systems. providing clean and drinkable water, and establishing proper waste disposal

Since the 1950s, population and economic growth in the US has occurred primarily in what part of a city's larger metropolitan region?

Suburbs

Explain the difference between the municipal art movement and the city beautiful movement:

The municipal art movement tended to focus on particular points in the city: an arch, a plaza, a traffic circle, a fountain. The City Beautiful movement sought to create or remake a part of the city: a civic center, a boulevard, a parkway.

Why do we need planning?

The need for planning comes down to interconnectedness and complexity

What entity is legally empowered to prepare a comprehensive plan?

The planning commission

City Beautiful Movement

This movement brought together the ideas of municipal art, civic improvement, and landscape design. The goal was to unify architecture, streets, and landscape design into a comprehensive aesthetic vision in order to promote moral and social order. Introduced boulevards and parkways.

Why do we have zoning?

To promote health, safety, and general public welfare

Primary obligation as planners

To serve the public interest

Comprehensive Plan

a local government's general guide to a community's growth and development based on the community's goals and objectives

What makes a city a "city"?

compactness, intensity of public life, and a small grained patter in which all types of human activities are intermingled in close proximity

Identify three major concerns or problems associated with the industrial US city (late 1700s-1920s) and describe three planning interventions that emerged to respond to and address these problems.

concerns: sanitation and public health, the disappearance of urban open space, housing quality and overcrowding, the ugliness and grimness of the nineteenth-century industrial city, traffic congestion. interventions: sanitary reform such as the water carriage sewer system and sanitary survey, urban open space such as public parks for ventilation and sunlight, and housing reform through setting minimum building standards (1901 Tenement Housing Act)

Goals of Comprehensive Planning

health, public safety, circulation, provisions of services and facilities, fiscal health, economic goals, environmental protection, and redistributive goals

police power

the authority of each State to act to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare of its people