crash course

Before _____ we couldn't really talk about a world history at all, we could only take about the different historians of separate regions, but Columbus changed all of that, and everything else.

1492

On Columbus's first journey (he made __________), he initially landed on a small Caribbean island he called _________________________.

4 San Salvatore

We can't be sure of how many natives died as a result of European arrival but it was definitely more than_____ and some estimates place it as high as ____

50% and 90%

Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He led ___________ voyages throughout the Indian Ocean, the expeditions of the so-called treasure ships, and they were huge. Zheng He led an armada of over _________ships, with a crew of over 27,000.

7 and 6,300

Da Gama was the first of Henry's protégés to make it around __________, and into the Indian Ocean.

Africa

Manioc is so prevalent in ______that many Africans swear that the plant is native to the continent, but it isn't.

Africa

He overestimated the size of __________ and underestimated the size of the ________________.

Asia ocean

The Columbian Exchange irrevocably homogenized the world's ______ landscape. Since Columbus, the number of plant and animals species has continuously diminished, and the variation in species from place to place has diminished dramatically.

Biological

Portuguese merchant ships would capture other ships and force them to purchase a permit to trade called a ______________, without one a merchant couldn't trade in any of the towns that Portugal controlled. This system worked for a while, but the Portuguese never really took control of Indian Ocean trade.

Cartaz

From Genoa, Italy, we have _________________, who sailed west for the Spanish and discovered the New World

Columbus

They were successful enough that their neighbors Spain, became interested in their own route to the Indies, and that brings us to _________________.

Columbus

Diseases weakened the Native Americans and made them easier to be _____ by the Spanish.

Conquered

Columbus never thought he'd made it to China. He called the people he encountered "Indians" because he thought that he'd made it to the _______ ______________, what we know as Indonesia.

East India

While animals and diseases completely reshaped the New World, it was New World plants that had the biggest affect on _____.

Eurasia

Columbus's voyages were funded by _____________ and _____________ of Spain, partly because they were full of Crusading zeal after expelling the Muslims from Spain, and partly because they were desperate to get their hands on some of that __________________ richness.

Freidman Isabella pepper

Prince _____________ the Navigator was a patron, not only of sailors themselves, but of a special school at Sagres in which _______________ _______________ was collected and new ____________ were made.

Henry nautical knowledge maps

Henry commissioned sailors to search find path to the _________ ________ so they could get in on the lucrative spice trade.

India ocean

Along with smallpox Native Americans were killed by:_____ and mumps, typhus, chickenpox, none of which they had previously exposed to.

Measles

As you'll no doubt remember from our discussion of Indian Ocean trade, it was dominated by _______________ merchants, involved ports in Africa and the Middle East and India and Indonesia, and China and it made a lot of people super rich.

Muslims

Alright, so last but not least, the Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of _______. Again, in the early stages this movement was mostly one way, with Europeans and Africans - the Africans usually against their will - making their way to the Americas.

People

American animals, like llamas and guinea pigs, never really caught on in Eurasia. But imports to America, like _____ , _____ and _______ were revolutionary.

Pigs, cows and horses

In 1494, Pope Alexander VI settled a dispute between __________ and _____________________ by dividing the world into two parts; the Spanish could claim lands __________ of the Line of Demarcation while the Portuguese could claim lands ___________ of the Line.

Portugal Spain west and east

It devastated the population of the Americas, it led to the widespread ___________ of Africans, but it also allowed for a worldwide population ___________ and the lives of some Natives including Plains tribes like the Lakota became better and more secure, at least for a while.

Slavery increase

Another effect of disease was ____ , because there simply weren't enough people left to grow crops to feed the living. And malnutrition made survivors that much more susceptible to disease.

Starvation

The transmission of disease generally went one way, from the Old World to the New, but the Americans did one gift for Europe: venereal ________.

Surficial

But the new world did have one gift for the Old World that was pretty destructive: _____.

Tabaco

_______________________, from scrappy little Portugal, who managed to introduce Europeans to the Indian Ocean trade network.

Viscos de Gama

From China, ______________, who, when it comes to ocean-going voyages was the first major figure of the 15th century.

Zheng He

Columbus of course, failed at finding riches—he returned with neither spices nor gold—but in terms of goal accomplishment, Columbus was much less successful than either _____________________ or ___________________.

Zheng he or Viscos de Gama

Plants like ____ and _____ could grow in soils that were useless for Old World crops.

corn and potatoes

Microbes, like those hairy blokes back there, were a definite in terms of the Columbian Exchange. Terminology is hard there, but the majority of the Caribbean Islanders or Native Americans or Amerindians had exactly one Amerindians had exactly one response to the arrival of Europeans: ______

death

Fewer people have starved since the Columbian Exchange began, but the ___________ of life on Earth has diminished dramatically and planting crops where they don't belong has hurt the ___________.

diversity environment

New World food was more caloric than Old World food, which is the essential reason that the world population ____ between 1650 and 1850.

double

So, once the Portuguese breached the Indian Ocean, they were able to capture & control a number of coastal cities, creating what historians call a ___________________________________.

empire, trade and post

First of all, these animals, especially pigs, completely ,made the _____ ____ ____, when combined with plows , made it possible to bring more land under cultivation and also made transportation easier and more efficient, and plus European animals remade _____.

food supply oxime Culture

These tribute missions brought lots of crazy things to China, including exotic animals such as ______________________________________________.

giraffes, Zebra and rhinos

In 1498, he landed at Calicut, a major trading center on India's west coast. And when he got there, merchants asked him what he was looking for. He answered with three words: __________________________________.

gold and christens

The first European visitors to the Americas had never seen a _____ or a catfish: Native Americans has never seen a ____, and by making our planet biologically singular, the Columbian Exchange completely remade the populations of animals, particularly humans.

horse

So why, then, did these voyages end? They were more concerned with protecting China from its traditional enemies, ___________ from the steppe. So they extended the ____________________________ and became isolationists.

monguals great wall

And the intro of horses allowed many Native Americans to abandon agriculture in a favor of a_____ lifestyle because around hunting _____ made them far richer than farming ever had.

nomadic and buffalo

Maniaqua Cassava is a New World plant with roots that provide more calories than any other plant on earth; provided they are properly processed (otherwise they're _______.)

poisonous

Zheng He wasn't an explorer: China was the leading manufacturer of quality goods in the world, and there wasn't anything they actually needed to import. What they needed was ____________________________________ so that people would continue to see China as the center of the economic universe, so there was a __________________________ through which foreign rulers or their ambassadors would come to China and engage in a debasing ritual called the ____________ wherein they acknowledged the superiority of the Chinese emperor and offered him or her but usually him gifts in return for the right to trade with China.

prestige and respect tribute system Kow Tow

The Columbian Exchange led to the ___________ of the New World following the disease devastation of the initial encounter. And better nutrition allowed the population of the Old World to grow which in turn placed population pressure on Eurasia which led to more people coming to the Americas. In the process, the world's human inhabitants became more genetically and ethnically connected. But it also led to the horrors of Atlantic slavery. What are we to make of the Columbian Exchange.

repopulation

Columbus and his crew knew the earth was round. He was just wrong about the earth's ___________.

size

____ ___ is usually seen as the villain of the story but it's more likely that a series of diseases in combination did the damage.

small pox

New World grains never replaced rice in Southeast, or East Asia, the _______ was so common that it is known as the "poor person‛s staple" in China.

sweet potato's

They could do this thanks to their ______________________________, which captured cities by firing cannons into city walls like IRL Angry Birds.

well aimed ships