Crash Course lessons 5.1.2 - 5.1.8

Other than bankruptcy, what other factors contributed to tensions in France?

- Hailstorms that ruined a year's harvest - People had begun challenging the idea of religion

How did Natives and Europeans differ in terms of land use and agriculture?

- Native Americans didn't "own" the land, it was for all to use - The French and British just assumed the land was not being improved upon or owned, so they just took it.

In Latin American society, what three institutions exercised control over the population?

- Spanish Crown - The Catholic Church - Patriarchy

What was the Enlightenment?

A celebration of humans ability to understand and improve the natural world through reason.

What occurred in August 1791?

A massive slave revolt broke out led by Toussaint Louverture, who helped mold the slaves into an army that could stand the French forces.

What systematic problems did 18th Century France have in the way it collected taxes?

France had a society structured with kinds and nobles, and they never paid taxes. France was deeply in debt with half of its national budget going to service the debt.

Why did British westward expansion threaten French interests in the colonies?

France realized that British Atlantic trade was increasing Britain's power and wealth. France was concerned by the chance of Britain seeking control of their sugar plantations.

Why in the 1700's was Haiti considered the most valuable colony in the West Indies?

Haiti produced 40% of Europe's sugar, 60% of its coffee and all the free expense of slave labor.

Why study the Haitian revolutions?

Haiti was the second free and independent nation state in the Americas. It also had one of the most successful revolts ever.

How did slaves in Haiti receive freedom?

Haitian slaves received freedom because France was battling with Great Britain, the Spanish, and the slaves.

What sparked Haitian unrest in 1789?

Haitian unrest was sparked by the French Revolution via the rumor that the King of France had freed the slaves.

Why do some historians consider the Seven Years' War as actually having lasted 23 years?

Historians believe this because they thought it was a continuation of the war for Austrian succession.

Consider the following quote by Francisco de Miranda with regard to Latin American revolutions: "We have before our eyes two great examples, the American and the French Revolutions. Let us prudently imitate the first and carefully shun the second." What do you think he meant by this?

Miranda was proud of the results of the American Revolution and he wants us to use the same tactics in case of a war and forget the French Revolution.

By the time of the Declaration of Independence, what was the reaction of American colonists?

Most of the colonists were already self-governing and had developed a sense of themselves as something separate from Great Britain.

With a few exceptions in the Caribbean and South America, by what year was almost the entire western hemisphere free of European rule?

Most of the western hemisphere was free of European rule by 1825.

What was one of the most effective ways colonists could protests against the British?

One of the best ways was by boycotting British products (they also coerced compliance...).

What two priests led revolts in Mexico?

Padre Hidalgo and Father Morelos

What two themes were central to the revolution?

Property rights and equality

By 1800, about how many people in Latin America were of multiracial heritage?

Roughly a quarter of all Latin America's population were multiracial.

Why were so many slaves in Haiti African-born?

So many of Haiti's slaves were African born because of the brutal living and working conditions that prevented natural population growth.

Was the American Revolution what the historian Jonathan Israel called, "A revolution of the mind?" Why or why not?

The American Revolution wasn't based on the mind. It was focused more on the political standards during this time period.

According to John, what is the most notorious event in the Seven Years' War?

The Black Hole of Calcutta - The British press exaggerated the numbers and conditions of prisoners for the support of the war in India.

Why did the Seven Years' War occur?

The British wanted to expand into American interior to allow for more colonists and would benefit from the export of raw materials developed in those lands.

If not revolutionary, what does John Green argue that made the French Revolution so radical?

The French Revolution was radical because of its insistence on the universality of ideals.

How were the Haitians successful over the French during their fight for independence?

The Haitians fought a guerrilla war, which the French couldn't compete with and they also had smallpox on their side(?).

What radical move was carried out by the National Assembly on August 4th?

The National Assembly abolished most of the Ancien Regime. - federal rights, noble privileges, unequal taxation - The Declaration of Rights of Man was proclaimed 22 days later...

Why, in 1807, did the entire Portuguese royal family flee to Brazil?

The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil as Napoleon took their country.

What was pretty revolutionary about the American Revolution?

The colonists threw off the rule of an imperial monarchy and replaced it with a government that didn't have long.

Why might the first phase of the French Revolution be considered not so revolutionary?

The first phase of the French Revolution were more concerned with voters and elected officials being men of property.

After the freeing of slaves, what was the second phase of the Haitian Revolution?

The second phase of the Haitian Revolution was the fight for independence.

(a) What time period of the revolution was marked by the death of Louis XIV and (b) why is it significant?

a. "The Terror" b. The most sensational phase of the French Revolution where 16,000 enemies were killed by guillotine.

(a) Who is Prince Pedro and (b) how did he influence Brazil's history?

a. He is the son of Joao, the king of Portugal. b. Pedro was convinced by the Brazilian Party to become king of a newly declared independent Brazil.

(a) What's another name for the Seven Years' War and (b) what is significant about it?

a. It's also called the French and Indian War b. It was the first global War

(a) What was Robert Clive's key to success in India and (b) how did it lead to the British having a decisive advantage over the French?

a. Robert Clive succeeded thanks to a conspiracy to overthrow the existing nawab. b. The French were excluded, which gave the Brits control over all India.

(a) What act did the British pass in 1765 and (b) what was the reaction of the colonists?

a. The Stamp Act b. The colonists were upset because they had no direct representation in Parliament that had levied the tax.

(a) What was the Women's March and (b) what fueled it?

a. The Women's March was a demonstration of armed peasant women demanding Louis and Marie Antoinette to move. b. This sparked by a rumor that Antoinette was hoarding grain (-_-)

(a) Why did Louis XIV and the National Assembly decide to invade Austria? (b) What was the result?

a. The idea was to plunder Austria's wealth and shore up French supplies by stealing grain. b. The Assembly voted to suspend the monarchy.

(a) What is transcultration and (b) why is it significant?

a. Transcultration is the blending of cultures. b. It pervaded all aspects of Latin-American life, from food to secular music to fashion.

During the war, about how many colonists remained loyal to Great Britain?

About 20%, especially after Britain promised to free any slaves that fought on their behalf.

What was the human cost of the war?

As many as 1 million combatants died in the war.

Through what methods did Simon Bolivar unite Latin Americas to rise up against Spain?

Bolivar realized the only way to overcome the various class divisions of Latin America was to appeal to a common sense of place.

Most, if not all, of the North American battles featured participation from Native Americans. Which side did they support?

Different Native tribes sided with either the British or French. Native Americans were most likely to support the French.

In the Caribbean theater of the Seven Years' War, what was the biggest threat to European combatants?

Disease - By Oct. 1781, the British forces had lost about 5,000 to disease.