Crim 265

Proxemics - Space around us (pg 66)

Comfort level is dependant on intrusion of our personal space

Social Skills (5 Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work)

- proficiency in managing relationships and building networks an ability to find common ground and build rapport -- effectiveness in leading change -- persuasiveness -- expertise in building and leading teams

Empathy (5 Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work)

- the ability to understand the emotional makeup of other people - skill in treating people according to their emotional reactions -- expertise in building and retaining talent -- cross-cultural sensitivity -- service to clients and customers

Define Ethics

"Standards of behaviour that tell us how human beings oughts to act in the many situations in which they find themselves as friends, parents, children, citizens, business people, teachers, professionals and so on" - Ethics provides a framework through our values to help us determine right and wrong, good and bad decisions and to do the right thing

What are the 2 Schools of ethics?

- Applied Ethics: The application of ethical principles to situations - Professional Ethics: Applies to the behaviour of certain professions or groups

Job Skill Set Types: Name Transferable 'Soft Skills'

- Communication - Research/Analytic - Flexible and Adaptable - Positive Interpersonal Relations - Cultural Competency - Lead and Manage - Plan and organize -Work well in a team environment - Technological Proficiency

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

- Conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors produces a feeling of discomfort, leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviours in order to reduce the discomfort and restore balance etc. - Eg: When people smoke (Behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition) they will feel uncomfortable (dissonant)

Manage Goals

- Conflicts are goal driven - both individuals want something - The goal can be the conflict - both wanting those scarce resources, to win the competition or a lack of understanding • Identify your goal and the other person's goal o Frame the goal statement in wants and desires • Using effective listening, describing and responding skills to manage the conflict

What are 2 values enhanced by organizational values?

- Environmentalist: working for an environmental company - Constitutional rights: working for the UN supporting this work

Define Values

- Judgements of desirability, worth, or importance - Our behaviour is most often consistent with our values

Job Skill Set Types: Name Criminal Just Specific 'Hard Skills'

- Knowledge of Policies - Experience with clients - Understanding of the CJ system - Education - TBC

Name some examples of ethical decisions we make regularly

- Not to cheat on exams - Not to plagiarize a paper - Not to give a friend a discount where we work - Not to lie to escape responsibility - Treat others with respect

History of ethics: Determined life was worthwhile when:

- People were thoughtful and reflective, - Choose activities based on good reasons - Cared about their family, friends and communities Believed true happiness came from being virtuous and virtue came from knowledge

Self-Regulation (5 Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work)

- The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses and moods -- trustworthiness -- integrity -- comfort with ambiguity -- openness to change

Self-Awareness (5 Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work)

- The ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions, and drives, as well as their effects on others -- Self-confidence -- Realistic self-assessment -- Self-deprecating sense of humor

Define Discretion

- The authority to make a decision between two or more choices - Choice is often between applying the law and a 'right' choice - Cj professional exercise discretion - but are they always the right choice? - Examples: Police: deciding to charge or not charge someone Correctional Officers: Dealing with inmates Parole & Probation Officers: Revoke parole or probation Judges: Deciding on hail or no jail Legislators: designing laws that may be injurious to some groups

What are 2 Values in Conflict with Organizational values?

- Under cover policing: conflict with having to be untruthful - Religious reasons: conflict with religious practices (Sundays)

Motivation (5 Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work)

- a passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status - a propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence -- strong drive to achieve -- optimism, even in the force of failure -- organizational commitment

Thomas-Killman Conflict Model Instrument

1. Avoidance (Withdrawal) - backing away and trying to side step conflict 2. Accommodating (Soothing) - giving into the demands of others 3. Competition (Forcing) - winning the conflict at the expense of the other person involved 4. Compromise (Sharing) - looking for a middle ground in the conflict 5. Collaboration (Problem solving) - using an 'other-oriented' strategies to manage a conflict to achieve a positive solution for all achieved

What are the Five Causes of Conflict?

1. Competition for limited resources - arises when people all want the same thing (no resource cuts for their Dept.) 2. Differences Between Personalities and Culture - Personality clash between two people who differ in attributes, preferences, interests, and styles (teaching philosophy - hard and painful vs. fun) 3. Different Priorities and Goals - father may want a son to get a job right away after University. Son may want the same goal but may want to travel first 4. Role Conflict - when we experience competing demands or expectations - you want lots of money, so you work overtime, but then you don't have time to enjoy the money 5. Building Stone Walls - the slow and steady growth of a conflict (Mayer, 1990) Unresolved conflicts that grow into major conflicts

What are 4 inappropriate listening responses?

1. Evaluating: the listener compares the story they heard to something of their past. (Oh that reminds me of... ) Refrain from 'I agree or I disagree phrases.' They can put the focus on your view point and not the speaker's 2. Shifting the conversation focus: keep the focus on the speaker 3. Advising: Providing a solution to the problem. More helpful to provide encouragement to explore their own actions 4. Interpreting: forming assumptions on what the listener thinks the speaker is really saying. Can be dangerous and may open areas that have not been alluded to by the speaker

Strategy For Improving Your Self-Concept and Self-Esteem? (5 Steps)

1. Gain Knowledge about yourself to aid personal growth 2. Commit to change 3. Set realistic and specific goals for yourself • Understand & accept who you are (strengths/weaknesses) • Set challenging yet achievable goals 4. Enlist support 5. Don't get easily discouraged

What Are The 4 Barriers to Effective listening?

1. Information overload and multi-tasking: doing too many things at the same time (multi-task) 2. Difference between though rate and speech rate: speech-though differential: difference between the rate a speaker conveys a message and the speed which a listener processes the information 3. Listening from your own perspective: removing the focus from the speaker and putting it on the listener. They stop listening and start formulating a response to what the speaker is saying 4. Listener validates their sense of self worth through the information from the speaker. The listener's actions act as a barrier to good listening and takes the focus away form the speaker.

What is the importance of ethics personally?

1. Inner reward - Virtue has it's own rewards 2. Self respect 3. Wise - Treat others as you would want to be treated 4. Respect and approval from family and peers 5/ Builds self esteem

What are the 3 steps to Manage Yourself and Communicate Effectively?

1. Know who you are: This affects your communication style, your perception of situations and your ability to work on a team 2. Identify your needs: Your needs determine your behaviour 3. Identify the needs of others:

Define Ethical Dilemma

1. Requires a decision or course of action in the face of two or more conflicting ethical principles or values 2. Situations where our personal values are in conflict with the policies and values of the organization Usually involves 2 or more concerns: 1. Difficulty in knowing which decision is the right thing to do 2. Difficulty in choosing the right course of action

What are the 5 reasons why ethical conduct is important for CJ professionals?

1. Responsible for administering policy as public servants 2. Many opportunities to abuse power in CJ 3. Ensure social justice (non discriminatory, equity, not promoting disparity) 4. Be respected by peers and supervisors 5. Gain inner satisfaction and self-respect

What Are The 4 Listening Processes?

1. Selection: paying attention to some sounds and ignoring others 2. Understanding: decoding selected sounds into meaningful patterns. Includes three operating influences: context, prior knowledge/ expectations, and cognitive complexity 3. Remembering: recalling the information 4. Responding: providing feedback to show understanding Selection -> understanding -> remembering -> responding

What are the 3 Interacting Components of 'Self'?

1. Self- Concept • Who you think you are • Developed early through reflected appraisal & social comparisons. Pg. 23 • Shaped positively or negatively - based on life experiences 2. Self-Esteem • How you feel about yourself • Feeling worthwhile results in more positive outlook 3. Self-Presentation • Impression management - pg 25 • Strategic self-presentation - pg 25

What are the 5 Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work?

1. Self-Awareness 2. Self-Regulation 3. Empathy 4. Motivation 5. Social Skills

7 Step Decision Making Model

1. Stop and Think 2. Clarify Goals 3. Determine Facts 4. Develop Options 5. Consider Consequences 6. Choose 7. Monitor and Modify

Implementing a 7 step decision making model

1. Stop and Think: stop to think ahead with a calm analysis 2. Clarify Goals: Short and long term goals 3. Determine Facts: what you know - what you need to know 4. Develop Options: list the options/actions - decision 5. Consider Consequences: run options through '6 Pillars' 6. Choose: Make a decision 7. Monitor and Modify: asses and make a new decision if necessary

Seven Steps for Managing On-line Conflict

1. Take time to respond 2. Try interacting in person rather than on-line 3. Re-read the message and look for clues that may help to de-escalate the conflict 4. Paraphrase what you understand the issue is - a summary 5. Possibly use humour - be careful 6. Analyze your own emotions - ask why you are upset? 7. Ask yourself - what were they thinking - be 'other-oriented'

Ethical Decision Making Model: 6 Pillars of Character

1. Trustworthiness: people believe in us and hold us in high self-esteem 2. Respect: treat all people with respect 3. Responsibility: accountable for what we do and who we are 4. Fairness: Adherence to balance standard of justice 5. Caring: The heart of ethics and ethical decision making 6. Citizenship: civic virtues and duties on how we ought to behave as part of a community

What Are The Six Functions of Non-verbal Communication? (ch 4 pg 58)

1. Varies among cultures • Non-verbal communication is not universal • Non-verbal cues can have different meanings in other cultures • CJ workers should be culturally sensitive to non-verbal cues 2. Can replace verbal communication • Examples: Nodding the head, waving, frowning, winking 3. Can emphasize verbal communication • Example: Speaking loudly with a frown on our face • Happiness in seeing a friend, is enhanced with a hug 4. Can contradict verbal communication • Saving one thing yet our actions send a different message. • Example: Looking at a watch when you say you have time to talk 5. Can regulate verbal communication • Avert our eyes from the other person except when we want them to talk 6. Can establish relational-level meaning • Relational-level meaning defines our relationship with others. • Established in three ways: o Responsiveness - cues such as eye contact, posture, smiles etc. o Liking - positive or negative feelings toward another person o Power - no-verbal behaviours to communicate dominance

An effective orientation to problems

Avoid seeing people as 'problems to be solved' • Learn to view problems as opportunities for: o Learning o Managing challenged - or even transcending them o Applying learning in one or two other problems in life o Making meaning (from difficulty) about the world o Preventing new problems from occurring o Accessing missed opportunities and unused potential

Who are the 'Clients' of the Criminal Justice System?

CLIENTS: EXAMPLES - Individuals: Those accused of crime those affected by crime -The 'Public'/Society: Communities who purchase the service of the Criminal Justice System (e.g. Police) - Agencies: Non-profit agencies, businesses, schools, medical system

Define Discrimination

Differential treatment of individuals based upon negative judgements about their perceived or real membership within a group

What are 2 Goals of Helping?

Goal 1: helping client manage their problems in living more effectively and developing unused or underused resources and opportunities more fully o Outcome: palpable results - observable changes in client's statements, perceptions, and/or behaviours related to the problem • Goal 2: Help client become better at helping themselves in their everyday life o Outcome: client demonstrates skills in problem management, opportunity development, and decision making

Define Equity

Fairness or justice in the way people are treated • Equality is about sameness • Equity is about Fairness

Manage Information - Taking Action

Misinformation and misunderstanding are often causes of conflict or disagreements • Clearly Define the Conflict Producing Events o Organize your thoughts to determine what created the conflict o Describe the events dispassionately - try to help the other person to share your understanding of the problem o Use 'I' statements rather 'you' statements (Text: tab 8 page 215) • Use effective Listening Skills o Don't do all the speaking - give them a chance to respond o Use paraphrasing to be sure you are clear what they are saying o Stay focused on the speaker, refrain from formulating your next response

What are the benefits to effective listening skills?

Money: • Sales people make more money when they listen to their customers • Servers in bars and restaurants make more tips listening effectively Employee Satisfaction: • 92% of employees are satisfied with their job and manager, when the manager employs effective listening skills • 58% of managers whose employees rated them as a good listeners had formal effective listening training • 89% of managers who had no formal training in effective listening were rated as poor listeners by their employees

Personal Values vs. Organizational Values

Personal values may conflict with or enhance professional organizational values

What does S.M.A.R.T. Stand For?

S - Specific: State exactly what you want to accomplish (Who, What, Where, Why) M - Measurable: How will you demonstrate and evaluate the extent to which the goal has been met? A - Achievable: Stretch and challenging goals within ability to achieve outcome. What is the action-oriented verb? R - Relevant: How does the goal tie into your key responsibilities? How is it aligned to objectives? T - Time-bound: Set 1 or more target dates, the "by when" to guide your goal to successful and timely completion (include deadlines, dates and frequency)

What's the History of Ethics

Socrates - Greek Philosopher - 2500 yrs ago Questioned: - 'What makes life worth living'?

The Helping Model (3 stages)

Stage 1: Current Picture - What's going on? - What are my problems and unused opportunities? Stage 2: Preferred Picture - What do I need or want? - What solutions make sense for me? Stage 3: The Way Forward - How do I get what I need or want? - What action plan makes sense with me? How do i make this happen

Define Substantive Justice

accuracy and correctness of facts and outcome of a case

Name the 2 types of conflict?

o Overt: Openly discussed conflicts o Covert: Conflicts that are not discussed

Define Procedural Justice

the fairness of the procedures used to arrive at the verdict of a case

Define Disparity

when 'differences' are used to affect outcomes of decisions by authorities. • Example: Race, gender, religion, social class are all unrelated to the crime or facts in the case.

The Helping Model: Stage 3

• 1. Review possible strategies to achieve their goals • 2. Choose strategies that fit their resources • 3. Pull together strategies into a viable plan

The Helping Model: Stage 1

• 1. Tell their stories • 2. Develop new perspectives • 3. Leverage issues that make a difference

The Helping Model: Stage 2

• 1. Use their imaginations to spell out possibilities for a better future • 2. Choose realistic and challenging goals that are real solutions to key problems and unused opportunities • 3. Find the incentives to follow through

What Is The Meaning of a Message? (pg 62)

• 7% verbal • 38% Paralanguage • 55% Non-verbal

What is the Model of Maturity for Full Human Functioning:

• A client's problem situation (or unused opportunity) are often, directly or indirectly, related to their level of maturity • Social Emotional Intelligence: o 1. Recognizing and managing our own (and other's) emotional states to solve emotion-laden problems and to regulate behaviours accordingly o 2. Having a broader set of cognitive and behavioural skills needed to be successful in life

Manage Your Emotions

• Be aware of the onset of anger or emotional volatility o First sign of conflict-anger, fear, frustrations, sadness o Be sensitive to what is happening to you physically o Emotional outburst rarely enhance personal relationships • Seek to understand why you are angry o What is behind your anger? o Two triggers: • 1. You are feeling you have not been treated fairly • 2. You are feeling denied of something you felt entitles to • Make a conscious decision whether to express your anger o If a decision to express anger is decide - don't lose control o Keep your anger focused on the issue rather than on personalities • Select a mutually acceptable time and place to talk o Give yourself time to cool off o Don't ambush someone • Plan your Message o Organize your message o Outline your goal and determine the outcome you would like • Avoid personal attacks, name calling, and emotional statements o Avoid overstatements - irritated vs furious or angry o Avoid 'gunny sacking' - bringing up old issues or problems o Focus on the current issue not old hurts of the past • Take time to try and establish a rapport o Establish a positive emotional climate - pays off in the end o Especially important if you don't know them well • Use Self Talk o Stop, pause, take a breath and talk yourself down from lashing out

Set a time to re-evaluate your decision

• Both parties must agree to live up to the agreement • May be necessary on long term agreements to make periodic checks to ensure terms are being met while also determining if other concerns are creeping into the solution

The Messiness and Wisdom of Helping

• CJ and related social systems are flawed o Politics, competition, working in silos, government slow to respond, lack of evidence-based practice • Incompetent people working in the system o Poor skills, lack genuineness, burned out, need for training • CJ Professionals can exercise self control and maturity (EI), integrity, and be leaders in their work • Remain true to ethical standards and being client-centred

What Are Body Language (Kinesics) Posture, Gestures, Movement? (Pg 65)

• Can reflect mood or feelings at a specific time. Aggression, Excitement, resentment etc. • Gestures in place of verbal communication: waving, thumbs up, hand to ear indicating difficultly hearing, fore finger and thumb in a circle, middle finger waved at someone.

Appearance (pg 66)

• Clothing and physical attractiveness can often communicate things about us to others. Important we do not stereotype based on appearance

What are 3 Factors in establishing an effective working alliance?

• Collaborative nature of helping - helping is not what someone 'does' to another person • The relationship as a forum for re-learning - the client/helper relationship itself can be therapeutic • Relationship flexibility - figure out how the relationship will work best for each of you and find a fit that works

Key Concepts in Conflict

• Conflict: Disagreement between two more parties who see themselves as having opposing goals or values

Gender Differences in Non-verbal Communication (Pg 60) For Women

• Cooperative talking includes others • More focus on feelings • Share personal feelings and secrets • Maintain relationships • Touch more during conversations • Require less personal space in conversation with a friend • More eye contact and verbal acknowledgements and head nodding

Manage the Problem - Conflict Management Model

• Define the Problem: o Most problems boil down to something both people want o Renew the focus on your goal and the other persons goal • Analyze the Problem: o Break down the conflict into its components o Determine the type of conflict it is (Competition, personality differences or priorities & goals) o Determine if conflict results from one major issue or other sub-problems o Determine if you need more information • Determine the Goals: o Determine your goals and the other person's goals o Frame the goals into wants and desire statements for both people o Ensure the goal are measurable, verifiable etc. o Greater likelihood of agreement once the goals are established • Example: Cara and her boyfriend are arguing over getting married. One wants to wait and the other want to marry sooner o Goal: They both want to marry. o The conflict: timing - when do they get married

Mature People: Handle Relationships Well

• Empathy • Communicate • Interpersonal relationships • The Wider world

Define Empathy

• Empathy - a key helping value • It involves a personality trait (disposition), a state of feeling for others (can be learned), and a process with three phases (empathic resonance, expressed empathy and received empathy) • One of the 7 habits of highly effective people - the "psychological air" that helps those we try to help to breath more freely in their relationships

Interpreting non-verbal communication - Things to watch for:

• Ensure your non-verbal messages do not send a mixed message • Ensure you do not misunderstand verbal communication based on your observations of the non-verbal cues. Clarify with "I" statements if necessary • Watch for cultural context or other reasons for interpreting non-verbal communication incorrectly Listening definition: "a mental process that involves interpreting messages that others have intentionally transmitted"

Eye Behaviour is known as....? What are the 4 functions of eye contact?

• Eyes known as "windows to the soul" • Eye contact has four functions: o 1. Cognitve: Provides us with a n understanding of another's thought processes. o 2. Monitor: How we understand our message is being received through the behaviour of others o 3. Regulator: Used to indicate when we wish to speak or are finished speaking o 4. Expressive Function: Emotions such as crying, squinting, wide open eyes. Express interest in others by maintaining eye contact and decreasing eye contact when disinterested

What Are Non-verbal Behaviours?

• Facial expressions o Face can engage in 46 actions o Facial expressions are categorized into six categories: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, and surprise

Select Your Best Solution and Try It

• Goal of managing conflict: not just resolving the conflict but also managing the relational issues as well • Look for a win for the other party while you achieve your goal o Example: Cara and her boyfriend decide to get engaged and not set a wedding date, rather they agree to save $5000 • If a solution cannot be reached seek advice from someone independent or leave it for a short time and come back to it. • If it cant be resolved you have to agree to disagree

What Do Clients Appreciate?

• Honesty • Validation • Guidance • Helper's education • Helper's presentation and body language • Non-verbal gestures • Emotional support and care • Setting aside time and location to meet • Helpers belief in their ability

What Are The Four Interpersonal Distances? (pg 67)

• Intimate Distance: 6" to 18" • Personal Distance: 11/2' to 4' • Social Distance: 4' to 12' • Public Distance 12' to 25'

What Work Do People Do in the Criminal Justice System?

• Investigate • Detect • Punish • Rehabilitate • Administration • Research • Problem solve • Prevent crime • Engage in social development projects

Generate Multiple Solutions

• It takes time, energy and creativity to find a mutually satisfactory solution • The solutions generated results in being able to manage the conflict • Brainstorm your options ( pg 219 Tab 8) o Ensure your goals are clear o Don't sensor your thoughts - brainstorm o Specify a time period for brainstorming o Consider separating for brainstorming time o Work to develop one unique 'far out' idea o Piggy - Back off each others idea - build on an idea o Write down the ideas o Review each idea and combine or extend it if necessary

What are the Strategies for Managing Conflict?

• Manage your emotions • Manage information • Be empathetic • Manage goals • Manage the problem

Helping Contexts: Why Do People Need Help? (Pg 5)

• Managing Distressing Situations (requiring counselling) o Problem situations in living that people are not handling well. May not be well defined or don't know how to handle situations (troubles, doubts, difficulties, frustrations) • Crisis Situations (requiring instrumental assistance) o Legal issues, learning disabilities, physical health concerns, need for resources or funding, etc. May involve lawyers, probation officers, teachers, managers, police officers, doctors, dentists, organizational consultants, etc

Gender Differences in Non-verbal Communication (Pg 60) For Men

• May talk more competitively, to show knowledge or to gain in upper hand • Tend to use talk to accomplish goals or to problem solve • Tend to give advice, or establish their position on a topic • Prefer less intimate topics • Less likely to ask personal questions or to make comments or utterances

Interpreting Non-verbal Communication

• Non-verbal communication is ambiguous • Necessitates we improve our skills in non-verbal interpretation while monitoring our own non-verbal messages

What Is A Type of Non-Verbal Communication?

• Paralanguage: o Communication that is vocal but not as words. 'Not so much what is said, but how it is said' o Example: Voice volume, gasps, voice pitch, inflections how words are pronounced etc.

The Administration of Justice is Controversial and Complex

• Police, Courts, Corrections - operate together but not in unison Eg. Treatment of youth - lack sufficient focus on early intervention & coordination of services with social agencies. • Not seen as impartial toward certain 'groups' in society o Example: Aboriginals in Canada - Black people in USA

Name the Agencies of the Criminal Justice System (6)

• Police, courts, corrections (Crim 103) • Related sectors (non Profit, Private/Government (i.e. ICBC) • They work together in a formal and informal manner • Follows legal procedures to apprehend and control criminals while balancing rights of the accused/convicted Police -> Courts -> Corrections-> Private -> Non Profit -> Government

What are the Stages of Change? (5)

• Precontemplation: o Unaware. No intention to change o Resistance to dealing with problem • Contemplation: o Aware of problem. Thinks about change but no commitment to change o "I know I have an anger problem that will get me into trouble and I've got to find a way to do things differently" • Preparation: o On verge of doing things or may have already tried (unsuccessfully) o May be avoiding temptation. Looking for support from family or friends and designing a change strategy • Action: o Involve in life-enhancing change, putting time and effort into modifying dysfunctional behaviour o Modification of undesirable behaviour happens through systematic effort • Maintenance: o Words to avoid re-lapse, laps, or collapse. Person can learn from re-lapse but a collapse may mean moving back to earlier stage or starting over again

Legal, Ethical and Multi-Disciplinary Dimensions of Helping

• Professional Ethics - moral issues arise from the imbalance of power between client and helper. Things to consider: Confidentiality, informed consent, duty to warn and protect clients, human rights, do not rush to judgement, do not harm. • The Law - in place to protect people from harm. Ideally, professionals go beyond the law to be of service to their clients. Helping professions can contribute to decision-making. Being ignorant of the law can hurt you • Multi-disciplinary - Many helpers work in settings where members of various professions work together. Skills in professional communication, assertiveness and conflict management, client advocacy, and negotiation are key

Define Paraphrasing

• Provides clarification - ie: 'not feeling well' means many things • Allows for the empathetic listening • Allows us to listen from the speaker's perspective • Allows us to reflect back what the speaker said in our own words • Demonstrates out interest in what the speaker is saying • Helps the speaker to feel valued, listened to and understood

What are the Major Values in Helping Professions? (5)

• Respect - Foundational value • Empathy - helper orientation • Genuineness - Professional value • Client empowerment - highlights self-responsibility • Bias Towards Action - Outcome Focused

Mature People: Are Self Managers

• Self aware • Self control • Action-oriented

Define Sympathy

• Similar to pity, compassion and commissary - which is not useful in a helping relationship • A sign of poor communication that is often seen in novice helpers • Denotes agreement and promotes/reinforces a victim mindset; whereas empathy shows understanding and acceptance of the person

Managing Conflict On Line

• Terms: o Flaming: Sending a message attacking the other person o Shouting: Emphasizing the message with capital letters o Disinhibition Effect: Escalating the conflict because it is online. A loss of inhibition occurs because there is no personal contact

What is Criminal Justice?

• The process through which the state responds to behaviour deemed unacceptable • Criminal Justice is delivered through a series of stages: charge, prosecution; trial; sentence; appeal; punishment. These processes and the agencies who carry them out are collectively referred to as the criminal justice system

Touch (Haptics) pg. 65

• Touch is the first sense we develop • Communicates many emotions such as sexual interest, caring, compassion, dominance, aggression or power. • Different between cultures and between men and women

Be Empathetic

• Understanding others with your head and your heart • Work toward being 'other oriented' • What emotions is the other person feeling or expressing • Trying to understand your partners emotions may help you to resume the conflict from their perspective

What Are The Four Types of Discrimination

•Systemic: occurs with consistency in all the operations of CJS •Institutional: overall outcomes and trends in decision-making are a result of policies •Contextual: how the surrounding circumstance or situation may affect the decision or action taken •Individual: individual working in the CJS act in a way that discriminates against members of a certain group (In Course Pack pg. 6 Week 2 reading)

Non-Verbal Communication

•We communicate with much more than just words (i.e. facial expressions, waving, w/ our body) •Important for CJ workers to act and react appropriately to non-verbal communication •Equally important for CJ workers to pay close attention to their own non-verbal communication behaviour