criminal investigations final exam

in determining the manner of death, investigators must consider

- the cause of death - the characteristics of the decedent - the circumstances of the death

what makes a good investigator

-Common sense -integrity -good street knowledge -good communication skills

among the limitations of photography as a method of criminal identification was that

-criminal could easily alter their appearance - in order to be useful, authorities needed to have a photograph of the wanted person

the types of fingerprints that can be recovered from a crime scene

-visible transferred prints - visible impression prints - latent prints

which of the following is a basic rule associated with effective police interviews

-witnesses should be separated and interviewed one at a time - interviews should be conducted away from distractions - interviews should be conducted as soon as possible after the event -it is important that investigators develop a rapport with wintesses

What are solvability factors?

The particulars of a case that increase the likelihood of that case being solved

exigent circumstances or emergency situations where evidence can be destroyed or people can get hurt if police do not act immediately are an exception

true

expert witnesses possess special knowledge about a fact of the case that needs examination. the scientific technique used needs to have a general acceptance in its field (frye standard). The Frye standard was replaced with the Duabert standard that states that the trial judge must determine the evidence used as relevant and reliable?

true

false eyewitness identification is the primary cause of the conviction of innocent people

true

fingerprints patterns or categories include loops, whorls, and arches

true

forensic science refers to the field of scientific study that addresses legal questions

true

______ refers to the actions taken in order to commit the crime

"MO" mode of operation

the ingridents of a successful interrogations includes

- a plan and adequate time - control of the conversation - a good understanding of the facts of the case and familiarity with the suspects background -build rapport

the London metropolitan police department was established in the

1829

______________ is an electronic database that allows federal, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and share DNA prints

CODIS

Arguably, the most significant advance in the technology of criminal investigation ever is _________.

DNA printing

with regard to the interrogation of suspects

Miranda only applies to custodial interrogations

which category of death is associated with drowning, falling, automobile wrecks, and drug overdose

accidents

what is the rile of the medical examiner

all of the above

compliant false confessions

are to escape "a difficult situation" the punishing experience by the stressors present in interrogations

voluntary false confessions

are when an individual comes forward to the police and confesses to a crime due to a desire for frame (morbid desire for notoriety) guilt for another crime, mental illness, or to protect the person who actually did it

persuaded false confessions

are when investigators make an individual believe that it is more likely that not he or she committed the offense despite having no memory of doing so

an autoerotic death most likely results from

asphyxia

the premise of ______ was that the bone structures of an adult did not change over the course of a lifetime

bertillonage

________ characteristics evidence has characteristics that are common to a group

class

the most significant benefit of ________ is that it has been shown to be an effective tool in enhancing memory recall

cognitive interviewing

which of the following is not a type of false confession

confrontational false confession

the most common exception to the search warrant requirement is

consent

A _______ is the area within the immediate vicinity in which the criminal incident occurred or was believed to have occurred

crime scene

_____________ is a technique for identifying the major behavioral traits of an individual based upon the analysis of the crime

crime scene profiling

The basic theory underlying the psychological profiling process is that:

crimes reflect the personality and characteristics of the offender

it is defined as the facts and knowledge that are used to establish whether a crime was committed and who committed it. Some requires scientific analysis?

criminal evidence

what is the process of collecting crime-related information in order to reach certain goals?

criminal investigation

Aguilar v Texas

developed a two-pronged test to determine probable cause based on an informants info: the reliability of the information and the reliability of the informants information

human memory consists of 3 phases

encoding, storage, and retrieval

_______________ is among the least reliable types of evidence yet is extremely persuasive in establishing proof

eyewitness testimony

If lifted properly, fingerprints can always accurately indicate the source's age.

false

the hot pursuit is not an exception to search warrant. it applies when someone tries to avoid apprehension and the police follow to make an arrest and conduct a search because delaying could result in the loss of evidence or physical harm

false

the police may legally try to convince a suspect to waive his/her Miranda rights

false

Illinois v gates

got rid of the two-pronged test and instead determined that probable cause based on the informants info can be tested by the "totality of the circumstances"

the ultimate objective of geographic profiling is to

identify the area in which the perpetrator lives

______ characteristics evidence has characteristics that can be identifies as originating with a particular person or source

individual

An ____________ can be defined as any questioning or other action that is intended to elicit incriminating info from a suspect

interrogation

_________ are usually non-accusatory and have the goal of developing info to move a criminal investigation forward

interviews

judicial evidence/admissible evidence

is any evidence that can be submitted in court proceedings because it meets the rules of evidence

extrajudicial evidence/ inadmissible evidence

is any evidence that cannot be submitted in court proceedings but can be used to help investigators make decisions during the investigative process

exculpatory evidence

is any evidence that excludes or eliminates someone from consideration as the perpertrator

inculpatory evidence

is any evidence that includes or incriminates a person as the perpetrator

real evidence (physical/scientific/forensic)

is any evidence that is tangible and is created as a direct result of the crime being committed

demonstrative evidence

is any tangible evidence related to the crime and/or the perpetrator that is created indirectly from the crime, example photographs, sketches

indirect evidence/circumstantial evidence

is crime related info that requires inference and probability to draw a conclusion

direct evidence

is crime-related info that requires inference and probability to draw a conclusion

associative evidence

is evidence that provides links between crimes, crime scenes, victims, suspects, and tools

________ fingerprints are made when the oil and perspiration present on fingerprints are transferred to another surface but are invisible

latent prints

The ____________ states that whenever the perpetrator of a crime comes into contact with the scene, he or she will both bring into the scene and leave with something from the scene. in other words, this principle asserts that every contact leaves minimally a trace of evidence

locards principle

__________ witnesses are individuals who have direct knowledge of the crime in question or of the suspected perpetrator of the crime

primary

5th amendment

privilege against self-incrimination clause

the legal question what would a reasonable person have thought or done under these circumstances (reason to believe) relates to:

probable cause

6th amendment

protection against unreasonable searches and seizures clause and warrants clause. it protects an individuals privacy against unlawful intrusion by governmental officials

when investigating crimes like homicide, robbery, and rape, what type of investigation is typically being conducted?

reactive

14th Amendment

right of confrontation clause. the right to counsel clause/the right to a legal attorney during legal proceedings

a _________ was a collection of photographs used for the purpose of criminal identification

rouges gallery

US v Ortiz

rules that a police officer can use their own expertise to determine probable cause

a ___________ is a witness who has info about related events before or after the crime

secondary witness

the first and one of the most important steps in a crime scene operation is

secure the crime scene

______ provide the perpetrator memories (tokens to help remember ex. earring) the victim or the incident

souvenirs

which of the following is not a stage to reactive criminal investigations

the adjudication of the defendant

this era of policing included science and technology advancements continue to grow in this era. The widespread use of DNA testing, computer networks and databanks for sharing information across agencies, and COMPSTAT are being developed and perfected in this era. The FBIs crime laboratory, NCIC, and psychological profiling are also valuable resources available to law enforcement agencies in this era

the community problem-solving era

according to the information theory as it applies to the criminal investigations

the criminal investigation process resembles a battle between the police and the perpetrator over crime-related information

this era of policing followed the political era in the early 1900s and ended in the 1960s. Fingerprint identification was led by the FBI, redefining the way investigators can identity perpetrators. This identification technique far exceeded that of photography and Bertillonage of the previous era

the reform era

a ______ was an individual who tricked another person into committing a crime and then would turn that person in for a Parliamentary reward

thief maker

_______ have an intrinsic value to the offender and seen as "rewards" for the offender. An example of this would be a body part taken from the scene

trophy

AFIS stores collected fingerprints to help identify perpetrators

true

DNA is the genetic building block of all living things are is found in virtually every call of the human body

true

Thieftakers most often worked on behalf of the rich, not the poor.

true

an investigation interview is any questioning that is intended to produce info regarding a particular crime or suspect

true

biological evidence includes: blood, semen, saliva and hair

true

custodial interrogations require Miranda warnings, regardless of the severity of the offense

true

entrapment is when an investigator compels a person to commit a crime that he/she was not predisposed to committing?

true

exceptions to the Hearsay rule include: dying declarations and excited utterances or spontaneous declarations?

true

forensic science refers to the field of scientific study the addresses legal questions

true

in England, by making detectives only be for the most serious crimes, making detectives salaried and making detectives reactive to crime, the role of the detective was well supported and successful?

true

methods of identification include but not limited to photo line-ups and show-up identification

true

not two people have the same DNA (except for identical twins) so it is excellent for identification purposes

true

psycholinguistics involves the analysis of spoken or written words to reveal info about the person

true

psychological profiles are often used when investigations are hitting dead-ends and the primary benefit is that it helps focus an investigation

true

psychological profiling has been found around for a long time nut it gained attention in the late 1970s with the creation of behavioral science unit of the fbi

true

the bureau of investigation (later known as the FBI) was created in 1908 by theodore Roosevelt to conduct counterintelligence and antiradical investigations?

true

the criminal case in 1987 Florida v Andrews was the first case to use DNA testing in the US

true

the exclusionary rule states that evidence obtained in an unlawful or unreasonable search are excluded from court proceedings are considered incompetent evidence

true

the investigator in charge must be responsible for or supervising the taking of photos, videos, sketches, measurements, and notes

true

the investigator in charge should determine the order in which evidence is collected

true

the pinkerton national detective agency was founded in 1850 by allan pinkerton. it was the most prominent private detective agency. they often mingled in the criminal world to learn of illegal plans?

true

the public safety exception to miranda is when there is immediate danger present (ny v quarles 1984)

true

the secondary crime scene is an area where significant evidence relating to a crime is found but not necessarily where the crime actually occurred

true

the ultimate goal of the criminal investigation process is to reduce crime through deterring or incapacitating offenders

true

with the system of the parliamentary reward, a reward was offered by the government to anyone who provided information that led to the apprehension of criminals

true

Stings, decoys, undercover fencing operations, and stakeouts are types of:

undercover investigations

the 4th amendment to the US constitution protects against

unreasonable searches and seizures

which of the following physiological indices does a polygraph NOT measure

voice micro tremors