Criminal Justice Final
__________ is an emphasis on the rational and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing and confining high-risk criminal populations.
new penology
Statistical approaches to considering the risk of escape and violence by inmates are called __________ .
objective classification systems
Which of the following is described as statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates?
objective classification systems
Which of the following is a measure to control prison gangs?
observing inmates' routine to identify association with gang members
Which of the following requires that an offender repay society for the harm caused by his or her offense?
offender restitution
Prison systems that have frequent interactions between the organization and other groups to obtain resources, gain support, and accomplish goals are __________ prison systems.
open
Prison programs that help inmates improve their parenting skills, even while in prison, are called __________ .
parenting programs
Which of the following was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates?
parole guidelines
__________ are the line-level employees responsible for supervising parolees in the community from the time of their release until they either successfully leave supervision or have their parole revoked.
parole officers
Someone who is sexually attracted to and molests children is a(n) __________ .
pedophile
What is defined as a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime?
penal code
Which law, enacted by the British Parliament in 1853, enabled prisoners to be released into the community and supervised by the police?
penal servitude act
__________ is face-to-face contact between a parole officer and an offender.
positive contact
The detailed description of the activities that are required to be performed throughout the day, including the time they are to occur, are referred to as __________ .
post orders
The __________ is the date on which the inmate can expect to be released on parole.
presumptive parole
Which is NOT one of Petersilia's six collateral consequences of imprisonment?
prison overcrowding
The process by which an inmate leaves prison and returns to the community is known as __________ .
prisoner reentry
Which of the following is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follows certain rules and commits no further crimes?
probation
The primary purpose of __________ is to maintain surveillance, enforce conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes.
probation supervision
Prison or jail staff in a specialty area who require distinctive training and education and may also require a professional certification are called __________ .
professional staff
What are staff that provide rehabilitative activities sometimes called?
professional staff
Which of the following is not a type of issue dealt with by correctional agency legal offices?
prosecuting inmates who commit crimes while in prison
Family organizations formed by female inmates who take the roles of parents and children and other relatives are called __________ .
pseudofamilies
Which is NOT one of the activities of the bureaucratic warden?
punishing staff and inmates who break the rules
Which of the following is done at any time, freezing inmates at whatever location they are in?
random count
Which of the following is considered a good deterrent to and source of data about use of narcotics by prison inmates?
random drug testing
Which activity is a housing-unit officer most likely to do first when starting day watch?
read the logbook of the prior shift's activities
Compared to other offenders, what are mentally ill inmates more likely to do?
recidivate
Which of the following is considered as the most controversial area of prison programming?
recreation programs
Which of the following is NOT one of the eight main types of activities that contribute to the security and custody functions within a prison?
reduction of muscle-building exercise, particularly weightlifting
A __________ jail serves more than one county and results in economies of scale that make its operation more financially reasonable.
regional
Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which of the following eras of corrections?
rehabilitative
__________ is a system of matching offenders to institutions with the security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control inmate behavior.
security classification
The __________ of 1984 abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time for federal offenders.
sentencing reform act
__________ are the functions required to operate a prison, such as budget and finance, human resources, and work programs.
services
What is the relationship that exists when two inmates become jealous and fight over another inmate?
sexual triangle
Which of the following is a light-colored background with the outline of the tool painted on it, allowing for a missing tool or knife to be quickly noticed?
shadow board
In rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail?
sheriff
A short period of imprisonment with a return to the community within a few weeks to continue supervision on probation is __________ .
shock probation
Which nineteenth-century director of the Irish prison system created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison?
sir walter crofton
What was the first stage of the Irish system of release?
solitary confinement
The __________ is an emergency team trained in the use of lethal force when all else fails to resolve an emergency situation.
special emergency response team
Which of the following emergency teams is trained in the use of lethal force when all else fails to resolve an emergency situation?
special emergency response team
A combination of a short jail sentence with a return to the community on probation is a(n) __________ .
split sentence
A form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons without separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignments is called __________ .
straight adult incarceration
Which of the following is a form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons with no separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignments?
straight adult incarceration
Which of the following is an organizational source of stress in prisons?
supervisor demands
The __________ style of supervising community offenders emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules of supervision and detecting violations leading to revocation and return to custody.
surveillance
Which of the following is NOT a challenge of a correctional career?
the duty of finding the culprits who committed a certain crime
What is specific deterrence?
the effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes
What is the central organization that oversees state and federal prisons often called?
the headquarters
Today's prison population being larger and more diverse than it was in the past is due to what?
the incarceration of many property and drug offenders who previously were not sentenced to prison
Which of the following is NOT true of correctional jobs?
the jobs are devoid of risk and much responsibility
All of the following are responsible for the significant increase in the use of jails from 2000 to 2008 EXCEPT ________.
the serious budget crises of local governments
Which of the following does not report to the unit manager?
the warden
__________ are inmates who have adopted a career of crime and are doing their prison time until they can get out and hit the "big score."
thieves
About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons?
three times as many
Correctional officers assigned to housing units have post order requirements to search a certain number of cells every day, and teams of staff may be assigned to an area for a complete search.
true
Courts use the totality-of-conditions test to determine whether the overall conditions within a prison constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
true
Prisons are a relatively new phenomenon in criminal justice and corrections.
true
Since inmates have a significant need for educational programs, most prisons provide these programs.
true
The high volume of jail admissions and releases often results in mistakes.
true
The legal process for transferring juveniles to the adult court system varies from state to state, primarily focusing on who has the discretion to make the transfer or waiver decision.
true
The mentally ill offenders are more likely to recidivate than other offenders.
true
The most feared event at a prison is an inmate riot or disturbance.
true
The nation's jails employ less than half as many staff members as state and federal prisons.
true
The public interest in and expectations for corrections have risen in the recent years.
true
Twenty-five years ago, female officers were not allowed to work in men's prisons.
true
Unit management enhances staff and inmate communication.
true
Vocational training is specific training in a trade area such as carpentry, electronics, welding, office equipment, and word processing.
true
Which of the following elements is NOT from Irwin and Cressey's list of good inmate behavior?
trust the guards
__________ is carried in the dried residue of drops left from sneezes, coughs, laughing, or spitting.
tuberculosis
Approximately ________ of the states are involved in the PIE Program, which employed about ________ inmates in 2001.
two-thirds; 5,000
Prison or jail staff who work in the security or custody department and are responsible for the implementation of security policies and procedures are collectively known as __________ .
uniformed staff
What is the primary alternative provided by prison administrations that want to restrict weight lifting?
"dip" bars
In 2010, males represented about what percentage of the violent crime arrests in the United States?
80 percent
Which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system?
Auburn System
Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
Bearden v. Georgia
When did the Refuge Period develop?
Between 1824 and 1899
When and where was the first juvenile court established?
Chicago, 1899
What do the juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system have in common?
Constitutional rights apply
Which private prison corporation opened the first for-profit correctional facility in 1984 and had the highest revenue of such companies in 2010?
Corrections Corporation of America
A statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed is known as a(n) __________ .
Delinquency Petition
The first jails were created in __________ .
England
In which 1976 case did the Supreme Court determine that prison officials have a duty to provide medical treatment to inmates since inmates are dependent on them to provide for their medical needs?
Estelle v. Gamgle
Electronic monitoring is a criminal sanction, not a method of supervision.
False
Gangs have no defined organizational structure.
False
The most important action that prison staff can take to control gangs is to ignore gang activity till it reaches a flashpoint.
False
The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and on parole has decreased significantly.
False
__________ attacks the body's immune system, increasing the chance of infection and other disease.
HIV
Which of the following is NOT true of jails in a correctional setting?
Jails offer extensive programs or services for inmates.
Which prison gang is also known as the Texas Mexican Mafia?
Mexikanemi
A(n) __________ is similar to the sentence for an adult.
Order
Which 1948 Supreme Court decision supported the hands-off doctrine?
Price v. Johnston
What is a major difference between the juvenile and criminal justice systems?
The accused has a right to a jury trial
Many prison gangs started as an extension of street gangs.
True
Sentence length has been increasing due to many "tough on crime" statutes that have been passed since 1980.
True
The balanced and restorative justice (BARJ) perspective emphasizes collaborative efforts by all parties within the juvenile justice system.
True
The criminal justice system has made many adjustments to involve victims in the process of sentencing criminals.
True
The federal prison system and forty-seven states do random drug testing of inmates for drug use.
True
The juvenile justice process usually begins with a complaint to the police and a contact between a law enforcement officer and the juvenile.
True
The makeup of the prison population is increasingly black and brown, as white offenders comprise a continually smaller proportion of the prison population.
True
The need for drug treatment in prisons far exceeds the provision of drug treatment programs.
True
The number of females under all types of correctional supervision has grown at a more rapid rate than the number of males under supervision.
True
The percentage of elderly and juvenile offenders sentenced to adult prisons is increasing.
True
To improve the parental relationship between women inmates and their children, many prisons have established parenting programs that often include training classes to improve parenting skills.
True
For which process do states use terms such as certification, remand, or bind over?
Waiver to Adult Courts
In which 1974 case did the Supreme Court set forth that inmates had some due process rights when facing a prison disciplinary hearing?
Wolff v. McDonnell
Which best describes the culture of Stateville Penitentiary under Warden Joseph Ragen?
autocratic
What is the hands-off doctrine?
avoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators
Which of the following classifications pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" requires three contacts per month with at least one positive contact?
basic high
At the end of 2010, the population of state and federal prisons was largely ________.
black
__________ is a middle ground between juvenile and adult sentences that allows judges to choose from a broad array of both juvenile and adult sanctions.
blended sentencing
New uses of technology to make prisons safer include all of the following EXCEPT which?
body armor for inmates to protect them from each other
The major component of which of the following alternatives to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work?
boot camp
A military correctional facility is also called a(n) __________ .
brig
How do most male inmates adjust to incarceration?
by isolating themselves and trying to do their time independently
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the 2007 Second Chance Act proposed to ease the reentry process for individuals leaving prison?
by providing more personal liberty to the prisoners
The __________ is a schedule of all the appointments and required moves for a day, including the inmate name and expected times of the moves.
call out
Which of the following is a schedule of all the appointments and required moves for a day, including the name and expected times of the moves?
call out
The __________ is responsible for developing the program of work and rehabilitation for inmates.
case manager
Which of the following styles of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision?
casework style
What is the style of supervision by staff who are not responsible for inmates, but can still see their movements or activities?
casual
Which of the following is a less formal count conducted at program and work assignments by the staff responsible for supervising inmates?
census count
__________ is the vertical hierarchy in an organization.
chain of command
A security supervisor reports directly to the __________ in the prison.
chief of security
__________ is the formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues.
collective bargaining
__________ occurs between and is initiated by groups of inmates; it includes prison riots and disturbances.
collective violence
Which of the following is an item that inmates are not allowed to possess, including items that can assist in an escape, are dangerous, can undermine prison physical security, or are nuisance items?
contraband
__________ is any item than inmates are not allowed to possess.
contraband
What dual problem do mentally ill inmates represent in jails and prisons?
control and treatment
What is one of the functions that supermax prisons serve in regard to prison violence?
control of very violent inmates
__________ is the procedure that prisons use to maintain accountability for inmates as they move throughout the prison.
controlled movement
Which of the following refers to gang members telling correctional officials everything they know about the gang operations and membership?
debrief
__________ is when a gang member informs correctional officials about gang operations and membership.
debrief
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that has led to the recent reduction in the number of inmate lawsuits?
declining law school enrollments have led to fewer attorneys being available to take on inmates' cases
Which of the following is Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) NOT responsible for?
detaining individuals arrested for attempting to leave the United States without a valid passport
Correctional jobs are ________.
difficult to perform, and not every person who expresses an interest is suited for it
__________ is a punitive housing assignment after a finding of guilt for a serious prison rule violation.
disciplinary segregation
__________ use money as the means of carrying out criminal sanctions, such as restitution and forfeiture of assets.
economic sanctions
Which constitutional amendment refers to ?cruel and unusual punishment??
eighth
The use of technology to monitor an offender's location is __________ .
electronic monitoring
Opened in 1876, the first reformatory in the United States was the __________ .
elmira reformatory
Which of the following decreases as prison security level increases?
emphasis on inmate programs
A high level of supervision in the community can prevent offenders from committing further crimes.
false
A lease system allows prison-made goods to be sold to and used by only state and federal government agencies.
false
A lockup is a jail that serves more than one county and is overseen by a regional jail commission.
false
A pass system schedules all the appointments and required moves for a day, including the name and expected times of the moves.
false
A relatively low percentage of inmates have mental health problems.
false
A warden may directly instruct a correctional officer to carry out a function without passing the instruction through correctional supervisors.
false
ACA accreditation is a review to identify whether the procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff members in their daily duties.
false
According to U.S. government statistics, illegal drug use has been in general decline since 1979.
false
Administrators, medical persons, and counselors make up 60 percent of prison staff.
false
After World War II, the retributive model of corrections was adopted as the dominant theory influencing prison practices.
false
All drug treatment programs are effective with all types of abusers.
false
Although the number of offenders increased toward the end of the twentieth century, the amount of money committed to operate correctional agencies decreased.
false
American Correctional Association standards require a minimum of five scheduled counts per twenty-four-hour period.
false
Civil commitment statutes are designed to keep sexual predators in the community after they have completed their maximum criminal sentence.
false
Hearing procedures are the same in every state.
false
In Baze et al. v. Rees, the Supreme Court stated that the lethal injection drug protocol for executions was unconstitutional.
false
In all states, jail standards are left up to local jurisdictions.
false
In many state and federal prisons, inmates without a high school diploma or GED need not attend school.
false
In the past, wardens had many demands on them to be external managers because corrections was of great interest to elected officials, the courts, or the media.
false
Prison administrators try to keep inmates idle in their cells and quiet for as much of the day as possible.
false
Prison staff are trained to monitor inmates only intermittently so as not to interfere with their privacy.
false
Prison staff do not waste a lot of time searching areas of the prison or shaking down inmates to find contraband and deter its possession.
false
Rehabilitation, by definition, means "to take up a new form."
false
Religious programs are prohibited in state and federal prisons due to the separation of church and state.
false
The average length of stay in a jail is 30 months.
false
Uniformed staff and professional staff in the prison have interchangeable roles and responsibilities.
false
Who are the primary victims of sexual assaults?
females
A(n) __________ is money that offenders pay to the court as punishment for committing an offense.
fine
Which of the following steps was NOT taken by Zebulon Brockway while introducing reforms for female prisoners?
getting electronic detection devices installed to reduce escape attempts
Which of the following is true of restorative justice sentencing models?
government is not equipped to adequately address justice systems concerns
__________ is a system in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in juvenile facilities until they reach age eighteen, and then are transferred to an adult prison to complete the sentence.
graduated incarceration
Which department do service staff work in?
health services
What kind of application process is used to determine whether correctional job candidates have issues that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept a bribe?
integrity interview
What was the decision in the 1970 Supreme Court case of Gittlemacker v. Prasse?
it is impractical to provide every inmate a member of the clergy
The largest percentage of jail staff are __________ , who supervise inmates or provide facility security.
jail correctional officers
Which administrative function is not a typical responsibility of the central organization of a correctional agency?
labor contract negotiation
The time that an inmate serves in a jail or prison is called the __________ .
length of stay
What main factor differentiates jails from prisons?
length of stay
About what percentage of state and federal prisoners who were drug dependent or abusing in the year before their admission to prison took part in a drug abuse program? Group counseling sessions are a form of treatment for which of the following types of inmates?
40-45 percent
A(n) __________ is sometimes referred to as informal probation.
Consent Decree
Judges have little discretion in imposing special conditions of probation.
False
Prison gangs are declining in U.S. prisons.
False
Violence is equally likely in male prisons and female prisons.
False
With house arrest, offenders face the restriction of not being able to work at a job outside of the house.
False
Women in prisons have always received vocational training in a wide variety of occupations, not just cooking, sewing, and cleaning.
False
Women's prisons have nothing in common with men's prisons.
False
The three governmental levels of correctional systems are __________ , __________ , and __________ .
Federal; State; Local
Which of the following is true of female inmates?
Female offenders suffer from mental illness at a higher rate than their male counterparts.
Which of the following is considered a benefit of having women as correctional officers?
Female supervisory styles have a calming influence on the prison
Which of the following is a necessary condition for Prison Industry Enhancement Certification Program to allow for the sale of prison goods on the open market?
Funds for victim assistance programs should be collected
Which 1973 Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation?
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
__________ have their chapter based in a prison so inmates with children can participate as Scout parents.
Girl Scouts Beyond Bars
In which Supreme Court case did the court determine that inmate privacy was not a valid reason to refuse hiring women as correctional officers?
Gunther v. Iowa
Which of the following diseases is most commonly spread through the bloodstream as a result of drug users sharing needles?
Hepatitis C
How do correctional agencies fulfill their mission? I. By imprisoning offenders who receive a sentence of incarceration from the courts II. By assisting courts in the decision to grant bail III. By supervising offenders in the community under court jurisdiction
I, II, III
Which of the following is NOT true regarding inmate movements within a prison?
Inmates move individually in a prison, with at least one staff person walking with them from one point to another
Which of the following is a recommendation of the 1967 report by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
Inmates must be given the opportunity and capability to earn a living wage to compensate their victims and support their families.
Which of the following is the process during which officials determine whether a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court?
Intake
Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act?
Jeremy Bentham
__________ is the Boston shoemaker who became the father of probation.
John Augustus
Whose efforts in jail reform led to the passing of the Penitentiary Act in 1779?
John Howard
__________ is a prison industry program operated by private companies, with prison goods authorized to be sold on the open market if the program is certified as meeting certain conditions.
The PIE program
In which 1977 case did the Supreme Court disagree to adding steak and wine on the prison menu for inmates who practiced the new religion of the Church of the New Song (CONS)?
Theriault v. Silber
During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective.
True
Education is a predominant feature in juvenile residential facilities.
True
Inmates should do as little as possible in prison in order to prepare for release to the community.
false
Inmates stay at the prison to which they were originally assigned throughout their entire term of incarceration.
false
Special conditions of parole are not similar in any way to special conditions of probation.
false
States have practiced the civil commitment of sexually violent predators to mental institutions since the early 1900s.
false
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 made way for parole, and increased the amount of good time available to federal offenders.
false
The challenge of balancing custody and security with treatment and rehabilitation is easily accomplished by the prison management.
false
Which of the following is NOT a prison security level?
federal
A(n) __________ is a person in a department of corrections who investigates allegations by inmates against staff.
inspector
A(n) __________ is used to determine if candidates for a correctional career have issues or conditions that could put them in a compromising situation.
integrity interview
HIV/AIDS is not distributed evenly throughout the prison population.
true
The role of prisons in the U.S. criminal justice system over the past several years has grown tremendously.
true
The task of controlling behavior and maintaining order envisions a picture of total and absolute control by correctional officers and an environment in which inmate rights and individual characteristics must be secondary to security.
true
Which state does not have a death penalty?
west virginia
The time when inmates are required to move to their jobs or program assignments is the __________ .
work call
Which of the following is the time when inmates move to their assigned jobs or programs assignments?
work call
The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following?
working with other inmates
What is the average age of arrested juvenile gang members?
17-18
When was the U.S. Department of Justice established?
1870
When was the last public execution in the United States held?
1936
What is the approximate rate of increase in the number of correctional employees working at the federal, state, and local levels in the United States between 1992 to 2003?
30 percent
What was the approximate prevalence of any drug dependence or abuse among state and federal prisoners in 2004?
45-55 percent
According to 2010 publication reports, what percentage of women were reconvicted or reincarcerated within two years after release?
47 percent
Which of the following represents the percentage increase in the number of inmates between 2000 and 2010 held in private prisons?
47 percent
Correctional officers and supervisors make up approximately what percentage of all staff in state and federal prisons?
50 to 60
Most inmates are required to work for approximately how many hours per day and days per week?
6 hours per day, 5 days per week
Approximately what percentage of female inmates are mothers?
65 percent
What is the process to promote and recognize improvement in the management of correctional agencies through the administration of voluntary standards?
ACA accreditation
Which of the following describes the process of finding a juvenile guilty of a delinquent act?
Adjudication
A move to make the juvenile justice system look and operate more like an adult correctional system is known as __________ .
Adultification
__________ is the supervision of a juvenile in the community after he or she has served time in a juvenile correctional institution.
Aftercare
The upper or oldest age at which a juvenile court has jurisdiction over categories of offenders is known as __________ .
Age of Original Jurisdiction
The superintendent of the British penal colony on Norfolk Island who created a system of marks for good behavior that could lead to a graduated release from prison was __________ .
Alexander Maconochie
The __________ is the largest professional organization for corrections in the United States.
American Correctional Association
What is the largest professional organization for corrections in the United States?
American Correctional Association
__________ , the existence of features common in the early stages of human evolution, implied that criminals are born, and criminal behavior is predetermined.
Atavism
In which 2002 case did the Supreme Court determine that executions of mentally retarded criminals were "cruel and unusual" punishment?
Atkins v. Virginia
Which type of Federal Bureau of Prison facility handles the highest number of inmates?
BOP-operated prisons
According to the 1974 federal court decision in __________ , a disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified just because the smaller number of female inmates made it more costly to provide program parity.
Barefield v. Leach
In which of the following cases did the federal court rule that disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified?
Barefield v. Leach
Which of the following is NOT a benefit achieved from prison industries?
Because so little is withheld from their wages, inmates can retire on their saved earnings upon release from prison
In the 1979 Supreme Court case __________ , the punitive intent standard was adopted for considering violations of the Eighth Amendment regarding jail operations.
Bell v. Wolfish
In which 1979 case did the Supreme Court hold that there is no one-person, one-cell guarantee within a prison?
Bell v. Wolfish
Which of the following is not a status offense?
Burglary
In __________ , female federal inmates claimed gender discrimination due to denial of access to facilities, programs, and services available to similarly situated male federal inmates.
Butler v. Reno
__________ and __________ work directly with inmates, with the primary responsibility of classifying offenders and creating and monitoring plans for program and work participation.
Caseworkers; Counselors
Which eighteenth-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology?
Cesare Beccaria
Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution?
Cesare Lombroso
The __________ is one of the earliest known penal codes.
Code of Hammurabi
How is prisoner reentry different today compared to a few decades ago?
Communities to which prisoners return are more disorganized and their families less supportive.
__________ , also known as halfway houses, are houses in which offenders live in the community that provide supervision, room and board, and some treatment as an alternative to prison.
Community Residential Centers
A youth who is under the original jurisdiction of both the juvenile and criminal courts is under __________ jurisdiction.
Concurrent
Which of the following refers to an informal handling of a juvenile justice case, in which the delinquent juvenile admits to wrongdoing and agrees to specific conditions of behavior; sometimes called informal probation?
Consent Decree
Which of the following is true regarding mental health programs?
Correctional agencies do not provide mental health programs to the same extent as mental health agencies
Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding corrections as a career opportunity?
Correctional agencies have frequent layoffs and therefore the jobs are not very stable.
__________ are the people who teach, oversee, or coordinate education, and sometimes vocational training programs within prisons.
Correctional educators
Which of the following is characteristic of a third-generation jail?
Correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates.
__________ is defined as the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders.
Corrections
Which company received the first private contract to house adult offenders?
Corrections Corporation of America
In which 1972 case did the Supreme Court hold that inmates be given a "reasonable opportunity" to practice their religion?
Cruz v. Beto
What is the general removal of juveniles from correctional institutions and their introduction in community alternatives called?
Deinstitutionalization
Which best describes children who may be without a parent or guardian, possibly because the parent is physically or mentally unable to act in that capacity?
Dependent
__________ waivers allow juvenile courts to decide on a case-by-case basis whether the court will waive the processing of the juvenile to adult court.
Discretionary
In __________ , the Supreme Court ruled that a BFOQ against female correctional officers was allowable because of the deplorable conditions of the particular prison and the presence of predatory male sex offenders as prisoners.
Dothard v. Rawlinson
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that a bona fide occupational qualification prohibiting female correctional officers was allowable because of deplorable prison conditions and the presence of predatory male sex offenders as inmates?
Dothard v. Rawlinson
__________ are people convicted of crimes regarding the possession or sale of drugs.
Drug offenders
Which of the following is not an element of a state's death penalty that must exist in order to be constitutional, according to the Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia?
During sentencing, the jury will hear only evidence regarding the crime's aggravating circumstances
__________ give an indication of an inmate's level of literacy, regardless of the grade completed in school, and indicate whether additional educational programming is needed.
Educational proficiency exams
Who tried to convince officials in the early 1800s that female prisoners should be separated from male prisoners and that female guards should be hired to supervise them?
Elizabeth Fry
Which one of the following is NOT true about the aging of the prison population?
Exposure to the highly stressful environment in prison causes inmates to age prematurely.
A probationer cannot be arrested and detained in jail during the revocation process.
False
Boot camps are gaining in popularity because they are less expensive to operate than other methods of incarceration.
False
Both male and female inmates are equally hesitant to talk to prison staff.
False
Community residential center placement rarely occurs after probationers are failing under their current supervision requirement.
False
Community supervision officers do not visit offenders' residences or places of employment.
False
Corrections is more a manufacturing operation than about people managing correctional clients.
False
Female offenders suffer from mental illness at a lower rate than their male counterparts.
False
In the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, Congress required assessments of the juvenile justice system to identify youth who were helped, rather than victimized, by placement in juvenile facilities.
False
In the United States, the rate of imprisonment decreased by almost 20 percent between 1980 and 2009.
False
Male and female offenders have always been housed separately in the United States, even in the earliest jails.
False
Prisons currently house few elderly offenders, most of whom are in relatively good health.
False
Prisons were developed in colonial times as a punishment for crime.
False
Recidivism is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime.
False
Telling prison staff what other inmates are doing is an element of the inmate code.
False
The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes.
False
The U.S. Supreme Court still allows the execution of juvenile offenders who have committed very serious crimes.
False
The amount of money directed to criminal justice agencies has decreased greatly in recent years.
False
The average length of women's prison sentences is equal to those of men.
False
The disproportionate numbers of minorities under correctional supervision have more to do with racism within the criminal justice system than with social factors influencing crime, race, and social class.
False
The goals and philosophies of the juvenile justice system are nearly identical to those of the criminal justice system.
False
The juvenile justice system does not have intermediate sanctions between probation and incarceration.
False
The juvenile justice system was widely in place elsewhere when Illinois passed the Juvenile Court Act.
False
The placement of juvenile delinquents in a residential facility is the first and most common outcome.
False
There is no place for humor in prison.
False
Which condition has declined over the past few years, from 2.3 percent of the prison population in 1995 to 1.5 percent in 2008?
HIV/AIDS
The __________ restricted judicial intervention in the operation of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators.
Hands-Off Doctrine
The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain is the basis of the concept of __________ .
Hedonistic Calculus
What are prison security levels designed to match? I. Staff resources II. Physical security III. Risk of inmate violence and escape
I, II, III
Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system? I. It had low productivity. II. It was expensive. III. It made inmates mentally ill.
I, II, III
Crime is closely linked to which of the following? I. Race II. Poverty and drug use III. Lack of opportunity for legitimate economic success
II, III
In the United States, __________ is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing or deportation back to their home country.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination?
In re Gault
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court determine that a finding of guilt for juveniles had to meet the standard of "beyond a reasonable doubt"?
In re Winship
The __________ Era, from 1910 to 1935, emphasized manufacture of products by inmates and aimed at making prisons self-sustaining.
Industrial Prison
Which is a key component of inmate accountability policies and procedures?
Inmates are assigned to work and programs on a daily basis
Which of the following is a theory of how inmate culture becomes a part of prison life?
Inmates import the culture into the prison from the outside world
The stages of which of the following systems are solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave?
Irish System
Which of the following is NOT true of the Adult Internal Management System?
It ensures that inmates are assigned housing based on clinical judgments.
Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of understaffing?
It helps officers focus on doing their jobs right
The temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency is known as __________ .
Juvenile Detention
The system that handles juvenile delinquents is the __________ .
Juvenile Justice System
__________ are staff who work in juvenile correctional institutions, filling a dual role of case managers and correctional officers in adult prisons.
Juvenile Social Service Workers
Which of the following is the first U.S. Supreme Court case to support the civil commitment of sexually violent predators as long as specific requirements were followed?
Kansas v. Hendricks
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court set forth that juveniles must have "the essentials of due process"?
Kent v. United States
The direct assignment of specific offenses committed by juveniles to be handled in the adult courts is also known as __________ waiver.
Mandatory
The __________ is a theory of corrections based on the belief that offenders were sick and needed to be diagnosed and treated.
Medical Model
Why did Congress in 1994 specifically eliminate inmates from being eligible to receive Pell grants?
Members of the public complained that inmates should not get a free college education
Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing?
Mempa v. Rhay
Which term best describes children who have a parent or guardian, but are not receiving proper care or have a home situation that is harmful to them?
Neglected
Which of the following is NOT one of the three largest jurisdictions that combined hold more than one-third of all female prisoners?
New York
What did the Supreme Court decide in Roper v. Simmons?
Offenders who are under 18 when their crimes are committed cannot be executed
__________ is the placement of offenders in prisons more secure than needed for their level of risk.
Overclassification
In which of the following programs do private companies hire inmates to produce goods inside the prison?
PIE Programs
The doctrine of __________ is the basis for the juvenile court and correctional systems to take responsibility for educating and nurturing delinquents.
Parens Patriae
In which case did the Eighth Circuit Court suggest five criteria to be used to examine whether differences in prison programs discriminate against female inmates?
Pargo v. Elliott
The 1995 case of __________ determined that differences in programs between men's and women's prisons do not necessarily violate the Constitution's equal protection clause.
Pargo v. Elliott
Which of the following is NOT true of current community supervision strategies?
Parole and probation agencies focus on rehabilitation and characteristics of individual offenders
Grants for disadvantaged individuals used to cover tuition costs for college courses are known as __________ .
Pell grants
__________ is the study of punishment for criminal acts.
Penology
What does Wilbanks state in The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System?
Perception of the criminal justice system as racist is a myth.
Where was the first U.S. penitentiary established?
Philadelphia
The three major components of the criminal justice system are __________ , __________ , and __________ .
Police; Courts; Corrections
Which of the following is NOT a condition necessary for prison policies and procedures to effectively contribute to the overall prison mission?
Policies must control behavior (over the long term) through threats, intimidation, and physical dominance.
Which of the following requires the collection of the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault within correctional facilities and development of national standards for the reduction of sexual violence in prison?
Prison Rape Elimination Act
Which of the following statements is true of the Walnut Street Jail?
Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Goffman's total institution that results in isolation and inability to act for oneself?
Prison inmates construct a culture with unique values, roles, and customs
Which of the following is NOT a reason for what many see as the recent demise of inmate culture?
Prisons are more geographically isolated than they were in the past.
Which of the following is NOT true of private correctional agencies?
Private correctional agencies independently decide on security policies for inmates.
__________ is the correctional goal emphasizing the infliction of pain or suffering.
Punishment
__________ exists when minorities comprise a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than their makeup in the U.S. population.
Racial disparity
Which of the following is the formal processing of a juvenile offense through the juvenile court?
Referral
Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
Reformatory Era
Which of the following is true regarding religious programs in prison?
Religious services are often coordinated by one or two full-time chaplains who provide religious guidance for prisoners
Which of the following would NOT be considered a practical suicide prevention activity for a jail?
Remodeling all jail cells to be suicide resistant.
__________ is the most intensive substance abuse treatment program, in which inmates live in a unit entirely focused on a substance abuse milieu, and is often considered the most effective treatment for substance abuse.
Residential treatment
Which 1981 Supreme Court decision set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the Eighth Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment?
Rhodes v. Chapman
Which of the following is not an emergency response team?
SHU
Who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons?
Sanford Bates
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court uphold the use of preventive detention pending trial for juveniles.
Schall v. Martin
The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes is called __________
Specific Deterrence
Which of the following accurately describes square johns?
Square johns are first-time offenders in prison who have more identification with noncriminals.
Which of the following statements suggests prevalence of reasoned staff-inmate culture in a prison?
Staff use agency incentives and disincentives for gaining compliance from inmates
A(n) __________ is an activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under age 18 and would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult.
Status Offense
What is the name for the legal exception related to a youth's age, alleged offense, and court history that can place a youth under the jurisdiction of the adult criminal court?
Statutory Exclusion
__________ are exceptions that can place a youth under the original jurisdiction of the adult criminal court.
Statutory Exclusions
Which of the following refers to a term created by DiIulio to describe a generation of violent youths who practiced almost indiscriminant violence on the streets?
Superpredators
Which of the following is NOT a possible result if the court finds that a probationer is in violation?
The court has no discretion and must order imprisonment under the original sentence.
Which is a primary reason for new jail construction over the past decade?
The number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased.
What did Greenfeld and Snell's publication on women offenders between 1986 and 1997 indicate?
The number of women under correctional supervision increased at a greater rate than that of the number of males under supervision.
Which of the following is most true of gang members in prisons?
They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem
Which of the following is true of transactional leaders in a prison?
They emphasize the set of values and principles to be used as guidelines in responding to issues
Which is NOT one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.
Enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, and excessive size and overcrowding of prisons is characteristic of the Period of __________ .
Transition
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, England removed criminals from society by sending them to its colonies through __________
Transportation
A good explanation for the high level of violence within prisons is that prisons hold violent people who act out in violent ways.
True
A majority of the prison population is comprised of minorities.
True
All prisons have a rule against any type of sexual behavior between inmates.
True
Almost 80 percent of the women in state prisons have "severe, long-standing substance abuse problems."
True
Atavism implied that criminals are born, and criminal behavior is predetermined.
True
Criminologists have consistently found that, when compared to youth who do not belong to gangs, gang members are far more involved in delinquency, especially serious and violent delinquency.
True
During a revocation hearing, a probationer may be represented by legal counsel and may have the opportunity to testify.
True
Federal Bureau of Prisons policy requires that validated gang members (not associates or suspects) be assigned to a maximum-security prison.
True
General deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts, and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments.
True
In recent years, as a result of increasing surveillance and close monitoring of offenders, the number of probation violations has risen significantly.
True
In the juvenile justice system, the term that connotes committed the act is responsible, whereas in the adult justice system it is guilty.
True
Most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers.
True
Neither rehabilitation nor juvenile accountability alone has been effective in dealing with juvenile drug crime.
True
Objective classification systems developed for male offenders often "overclassify" female offenders.
True
Offenders can pay restitution through community service.
True
Over the past fifty years, the sentencing options available to judges have increased.
True
Prison systems are predominantly planned and administered around the management of male inmates.
True
Restorative justice models of sentencing shift the focus away from reactive, punishment-oriented sentencing.
True
Shock probation is generally believed to be a low-cost and effective intermediate sanction for less serious felons.
True
Split sentences have become more common over the past two decades thanks to the "tough on crime" approach.
True
The FBI collects both juvenile and adult crime data in the annual Uniform Crime Reports.
True
The Prison Rape Elimination Act requires the collection of information on the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault within correctional facilities.
True
The Walnut Street jail had the reformation of the offender as its primary objective.
True
The stay at a community residential center may be as short as 30 days.
True
There is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction.
True
There is currently little difference between the procedural due process requirements of the juvenile and adult justice systems.
True
Under administrative supervision, offenders have no contact with a parole or probation officer, but they still must meet their conditions.
True
Under the medical model, offenders were believed to be "sick," inflicted with problems that caused their criminality.
True
Using female guards to supervise female prisoners was one of the requests made by Elizabeth Fry.
True
Which of the following is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing?
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right?
U.S. v. Birnbaum
What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States called?
Walnut Street Jail
Which of the following statements is NOT true of a career as a warden?
Wardens are paid more than most chief executives in the private sector.
The state of Pennsylvania's first two prisons were the ______________ and the ____________.
Western State Penitentiary; Eastern State Penitentiary
Which of the following statements is true regarding the U.S. prison population during the period between 2000 and 2010?
While the rate of growth in inmates at private prisons slowed and even declined after 2008, the number of inmates in private prisons in 2010 was considerably higher than in 2000
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major steps in the sentencing and release processes for discretionary parole?
a few weeks after the hearing, the parole decision is communicated to the inmate in writing through the prison staff
Which of the following is NOT a part of the usual inmate disciplinary system?
a way to rehabilitate inmates accused of rule violations
Which of the following is NOT a factor inherent in correctional settings that hampers the provision of health services?
abundant financial resources
Developed as a means to enhance credibility and professionalism of correctional agencies, ________ is seen by most correctional officials as a worthy endeavor, yet others see it as a bureaucratic nuisance.
accreditation
An informal process for inmates to appeal a disciplinary sanction or to seek remedy of any injustice they feel they have received from correctional officials is called the __________ process.
administrative appeals
__________ is used to house inmates whose continued presence in the general population may pose a serious threat to the security or orderly running of the prison.
administrative detention
Which federal institutions have special missions, such as the detention of pretrial offenders or containment of extremely dangerous inmates?
administrative facilities
________ is used only after low-risk offenders demonstrate a good adjustment to supervision.
administrative supervision
Which was the first supermax prison in the United States?
alcatraz
__________ are given to mentally ill individuals to counteract the symptoms of their mental illness, allowing them to live successfully in the community.
antipsychotic drugs
Jail inmates may have only noncontact visits. What type of visitor is the exception?
attorney
At what point in the staff-inmate culture continuum does staff demand compliance from inmates through threats and intimidation?
authoritarian
Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations?
broken-windows probation
__________ are prison systems that consist of only the internal environment, under the direct control of the warden, and without much interest or any interference from external groups.
closed systems
__________ are risk assessments that predict the chance of an offender in the community committing new crimes and help to set the level of supervision the offender needs.
community classification systems
Kansas elected officials implemented a plan to reduce prison admissions by providing counties with financial incentives to create ________.
community correctional systems
Criminal sanctions that involve community supervision of offenders, use correctional and program resources available in the community, and require offenders to abide by specified conditions to remain in the community are __________ .
community corrections
When treating a sex offender under civil commitment, which of the following is expected?
confinement is in a nonpunitive setting
__________ is sometimes referred to as "family visiting."
conjugal visiting
Which Supreme Court decision effectively ended the hands-off doctrine?
cooper v. pate
Former correctional officers who work with inmates on prison issues, such as getting a prison job assignment, are __________ .
correctional counselors
A __________ is the staff person in a prison or jail who accomplishes the institution's mission by maintaining control and order within the institution.
correctional officer
What position is most critical to the day-to-day management of a prison?
correctional officer
__________ do all the things associated with clinical psychology, only they do them in a correctional setting.
correctional psychologists
What is the custody and security component within a prison often called?
correctional services
The functions within a prison that come under security, including all uniformed employees, are called __________ .
custody
Which of the following refers to the activities within a prison that control inmate behavior and maintain order?
custody
Which of the following facilitates continuous communication between jail staff and inmates, thus reducing tension and avoiding the development of conflicts among inmates or between inmates and staff?
direct supervision jails
The __________ approach requires staff to continuously be in contact with, supervise, and communicate with inmates.
direct-supervision
The chief executive of a state or federal department of corrections is called a(n) __________ .
director
What is the chief executive officer of a prison usually called?
director
What are mentally ill inmates more likely to have than other inmates?
disciplinary problems
__________ is granted when the decision to release the offender is made by a parole board.
discretionary parole
An emergency team with the primary mission of controlling inmates during riot situations is the __________ .
disturbance control team
Which offenses contributed to the most significant increase in the number of prison inmates?
drug and public-order offenses
As many drug crimes were federalized, the federal prison population declined with less than one-third of all federal prison inmates serving sentences for drug offenses.
false
Contraband is defined as the list of items that prison inmates are legally allowed to possess.
false
Correctional agencies are designed to provide mental health programs to the same extent as mental health agencies.
false
Correctional officials encourage the housing of juvenile offenders in prisons with older adult felons.
false
Currently, drug offenders with no prior involvement in crime do not receive long, mandatory prison sentences.
false
Currently, the U.S. public disagrees that confinement facilities are the most effective way to protect the public, punish criminals, and deter them from committing further crimes after release.
false
Disciplinary segregation is a nonpunitive confinement in SHU used to house inmates whose continued presence in the general population may pose a serious threat to the security or orderly running of the prison.
false
Drug abuse programs are not particularly important in prisons.
false
Due to significant public opposition to recreation programs for inmates, recreation is not considered as an important part of prison programming
false
During the 1900s, prisoners served set amounts of time in crowded prisons, with little emphasis on rehabilitation or preparation for release.
false
Federal courts have always been involved in correctional management issues.
false
Furman v. Georgia effectively constituted a ban on capital punishment in the United States.
false
Good oral and written interpersonal skills are not really necessary for a successful career as a correctional worker.
false
Holistic health care is defined as the provision of mental health programs based on the intensity of needs for each inmate.
false
In Maconochie's mark system, during the initial penal stage of incarceration inmates could begin to earn marks through work, program participation, and good behavior.
false
Inmates are in their cells most of the day and are rarely allowed to move across the prison compound.
false
Inmates consider jail sentences very "easy time," because there is so little to do.
false
Jails are designed to hold sentenced offenders for very long terms of confinement.
false
Mental health programs do not play a critical role in accomplishing the mission of a correctional facility.
false
Mentally ill offenders are generally deterred by typical punishment.
false
Most staff in prison interact extensively with other staff, to a much greater proportion than they do with other inmates.
false
Most state correctional agencies have a history of collective bargaining that goes back to the late 1800s.
false
Most states do not have a unionized correctional work force.
false
Most states have decided against implementing unit management.
false
Most states require that the staff of private prisons be public employees, not employees of the company that owns the prison.
false
Neither the mission nor the organizational structure of prisons has changed much over the past 50 years.
false
Offenders are fingerprinted and booked into the jail before arrest.
false
Positive recognition and good pay have often been the incentives that motivated people to take jobs as correctional officers.
false
Post orders and general policies both spell out how to do prison activities.
false
Retribution was strongly emphasized as the goal of prisons until the 1970s.
false
Second-generation jails use a linear design for housing inmates.
false
Since there is usually little likelihood of individuals contracting HIV/AIDS through casual or chance contact, the disease is not a serious concern for correctional agencies.
false
The length of parole supervision following release from prison is never more than a year.
false
The number of people in the nation's jails has decreased significantly over the past twenty years.
false
The warden is the elected official who oversees both policing activities within the county and the operation of the jail.
false
There have never been any illegal strikes by correctional officers.
false
Transitional employment programs provide subsidized work to current prisoners with close supervision, mentoring, and on-the-job training.
false
Wardens report directly to the security supervisors, the chief executive officers responsible for day-to-day prison activities.
false
Which of the following sets of experts suggested the "three-culture" model for prisons?
farkas and manning
The __________ is the agency within the Justice Department that is charged with housing and managing federal offenders.
federal bureau of prisons
The decision of Congress to make a crime a federal rather than a state offense is to __________ a crime.
federalize
Which early colonial bail system enabled rich offenders to pay a fee and be released?
fee system
In terms of recidivism, rates for __________ are high, yet are thought to be less than recidivism rates for comparable male offenders.
female offenders
__________ jails housed inmates using a linear design, with cells aligned in long, straight rows.
first-generation
A very large percentage of arrested and jailed offenders make bond and are released within ________.
forty-eight hours
Which constitutional amendment is most related to the necessity of prison officials' control over the importation of dangerous contraband?
fourth
Which does not contribute to the security and custody functions within a prison?
free and unrestricted inmate movement
What did the Quakers' criminal code include?
free food and lodging for inmates
A program in which prison inmates are allowed to leave the prison early to reside in a halfway house and prepare for reentry to the community is known as ________.
furlough
__________ collect intelligence and advise administrators regarding strategies to manage and contain prison gang activity.
gang intelligence officers
The __________ is used to confirm an individual's gang involvement level.
gang validation process
Which of the following is an early English term for a jail?
gaol
The inmates in a prison who do not have any specific designation as a special type of offender represent the __________ .
general population
Which of the following is NOT one of the prominent reasons why corrections has become a much more important item on the public's political agenda over the past two decades?
greater number of prisons being accredited
In some states, __________ conduct parole hearings and recommend decisions to the parole board.
hearing officers
__________ is the most common blood-borne illness in the United States and is a serious problem among criminal offenders.
hepatitus c
What is the security level of U.S. penitentiaries?
high
Which phenomenon have correctional agencies experienced over the past decade?
high officer turnover
A conceptual model of __________ provides integrated medical, psychiatric, psychological, and chemical dependency service delivery.
holistic health care
Which of the following teams has the principal role of opening lines of communication between staff and hostage-takers?
hostage negotiation team
The __________ is a team of eight to ten prison employees, with excellent communication skills and ability to perform under stress.
hostage negotiator
Which of the following is sometimes referred to as "community control"?
house arrest
Which was NOT a requirement for English prisons and jails as specified by the English Penitentiary Act of 1779?
housing inmates in common cells
For states that still use indeterminate sentence and parole for release decisions, where are the parole board and post-release supervision usually located?
in the department of corrections
The use of __________ as a criminal sanction has skyrocketed over the past three decades.
incarceration
The number of people per 100,000 residents who are in jail or prison is known as the __________ .
incarceration rate
What has the "tough on crime" approach to sentencing done?
increased the number of people under correctional supervision
The staff's ability to locate and identify inmates at any time within a prison is __________ .
inmate accountability
Which of the following refers to the staff's ability to locate and identify inmates at any point in time within a prison?
inmate accountability
The expected rules and behaviors represented by the model prisoner that reflect the values and norms of prison society are known as the __________ .
inmate code
The process required to find that an inmate committed a prohibited act is the __________ system.
inmate disciplinary
Which of the following categories of offenders is NOT held in a jail?
inmates sentenced to terms of more than ten years
What kind of caseload includes offenders with very high risk or needs?
intensive-supervision
Instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison are __________ .
internal classification systems
__________ occurs between two or more individual inmates, with the reason being a personal issue between the individuals.
interpersonal violence
Which of the following is NOT a step adopted by one or more states for the purpose of reducing recidivism and helping prisoners reenter society?
investing money in building more prisons so that more offenders can be incarcerated
________ is known as a practice that is not formalized in statute or written policy, but that develops through a consistent set of pressures that influence the practice in a specific manner.
invisible policy
Which of the following actions is NOT recommended by the National Major Gang Task Force to monitor gang members?
isolate gang members for long periods of solitary confinement
Which of the following calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime?
just deserts model
The __________ model for sentencing proposed by David Fogel would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards, and make all treatment voluntary.
justice
In a __________ , state prisons accepted bids and leased out prisoners to the private sector, which would work the inmates in their industrial operations.
lease system
What prison industry system ended in the early twentieth century, after which states began to operate their own prison industries to keep inmates busy and make a profit from the sale of produced goods?
lease system
The most recent report on length of prison sentence shows that women serve considerably __________ time than men in prison.
less
About how many inmates did state and federal prisons hold in 1967?
less than 300,000
Which officers are usually assigned to some of the most sensitive and explosive areas of the prison?
lieutenants
Who is responsible for an area of the prison, such as recreation or the SHU?
lieutenants
A __________ is a cell commonly located in police stations that holds people for a short time until they are transferred to a full-service jail.
lockup
Which is NOT a preventive action that prison administrators can take to reduce inmate unrest?
maintaining secrecy between inmates and staff, and among staff
What is the title of the highest ranking uniformed officer?
major
Which of the following is the highest-ranking uniformed staff person in a prison?
major
What should a parole officer's first step be if he or she thinks a parolee has failed to adhere to a technical condition of parole supervision?
make a determination of a violation
A prison culture based on the way prison leadership deals and communicates with subordinate staff and that has a continuum between autocratic and empowered is called __________ .
management culture
The triangle of supervision used in the containment model to manage sex offenders does NOT include ________.
mandatory drug treatment to reduce the sex drive
In __________ programs, many states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons require inmates without a high school diploma or GED to attend school.
mandatory prison education
The __________ system was a system of credits against a sentence that allowed inmates to be released once they earned the required number through work and good behavior.
mark
In the late 1960s, the __________ model, with its emphasis on rehabilitating offenders, was the prevailing corrections philosophy.
medical
As a result of sentencing guidelines and mandatory prison sentences, ________.
men and women charged with similar offenses are receiving similar sentences
What was the most common type of mental health treatment being received by inmates in state prisons in 2000?
mental health therapy or counseling services on a regular basis
What is the security level at federal institutions that feature dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing?
minimum
Which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community?
minimum supervision
A __________ is a statement of an organization's major function and what it is to accomplish.
mission
Which 1972 Supreme Court decision set forth that once parole is granted, offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty?
morrissey v. brewer
The overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders, rather than diversion of offenders from prison, is called __________ .
net widening
Which term describes the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders?
net widening
According to the 2003 ACA survey, what was the most frequently cited reason for difficulty in recruiting correctional officers?
noncompetitive compensation
How many contacts per month with at least one positive contact does a basic low classification pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" require?
none
Which of the following is NOT true about having a staff that is diverse in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity?
nonwhite, urban officers are more pro-inmate and undermine security
Which document does a parole officer write when a parole violation occurs and the offender does not cooperate or absconds from supervision?
notice of violation
__________ is the conditional release of inmates prior to the expiration of their sentence.
parole
__________ are similar to sentencing guidelines and use predictive factors to determine offenders' risk to the community and chance for success.
parole guidelines
Which of the following was the ruling in the Gagnon v. Scarpelli case in 1973?
parolees have a limited right to counsel
The __________ is a form of inmate movement in which an inmate is issued a pass by the work or program supervisor to go to a scheduled appointment.
pass system
Which stage of Maconochie's marks system emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water?
penal stage
Which of the following is NOT a measure used by prison staff to reduce the number of sexual assaults in prisons?
permitting conjugal visiting for male inmates who are not legally married
Which of the following is NOT one of the three variations of the legal process of transferring juvenile offenders to adult court?
plea bargain
Jails with a __________ provide common dayroom areas in the center of a unit of cells, and house fewer inmates.
podular design
A(n) __________ is a review to determine whether broad agency policy is in place at a prison.
policy audit
Which of the following is NOT included in the "comprehensive approach" toward sex offenders?
polygraph examinations
What is a common serious concern regarding continuing the death penalty?
potential for judicial error
The "spark in the haystack" that sets off an inmate riot is a(n) __________ .
precipitating event
An institution designed to house convicted, adult felons serving a sentence of one year or more is a(n) __________ .
prison
Groups that form in prison and use the threat of violence to intimidate other inmates, control drug sales, and gain power are called __________ .
prison gangs
Which of the following are assets to prison operations, provide funds to operate, and reduce recidivism?
prison industry programs
__________ is the process whereby inmates take on the folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary.
prisonization
A __________ is a secure correctional facility operated by a non-governmental agency and usually in a "for profit" manner.
private prison
The term __________ is based on a Latin term that means "a period of proving oneself."
probation
Which of the following refers to organizations formed by female inmates who have roles of parents and children?
pseudofamilies
Which category of violent inmate is predatory, calculating, and usually acts violently for no good reason?
psychopathic offenders
Administrators of state correctional agencies are NOT responsible for which of the following?
publishing standards for correctional practices
A(n) __________ caseload comprises standard probationers who require no special program or supervision.
regular
What is the scheduled counting of inmates in their housing units to ensure that they are in the prison and have not escaped?
regular count
A 2002 opinion poll found that the public's view of the most effective way to reduce crime is to ________.
rehabilitate prisoners by education and job training
Which of the following by definition means "to return to a previous form"?
rehabilitation
Which of the following eras of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
reintegrative
A(n) __________ culture is based on how staff view and communicate with inmates and has a continuum between authoritarian and reasoned.
relationship
Which of the following is considered as the most effective treatment for substance abuse?
residential treatment
What do prisons do through the use of rewards and punishments to bring inmates to a law-abiding lifestyle?
resocialize
Which is NOT a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?
rise in the number of plea bargains
Which of the following is a point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines?
salient factor score
__________ is the score based on factors predictive of success on parole.
salient factor score
__________ jails used podular designs with remote supervision.
second-generation
What is the dominant feature of the supermax prison?
security
Federal prisons are classified into five different __________ (minimum, low, medium, high, or administrative), with each type of facility holding inmates with similar risks of violence and escape.
security levels
In a chain of command, who might a correctional officer report directly to?
security supervisor
In __________ , juveniles handled by adult courts are assigned to an adult prison, yet are housed separately and placed in special programs that match their age level and needs.
segregated incarceration
__________ are those who have committed a legally prohibited sexual act or any crime that is statutorily defined as sexually motivated.
sex offenders
In order to protect the public, state legislatures have been passing laws defining a new type of mental disorder that allows diagnosis of sex offenders as ________.
sexually violent predators
A(n) __________ allows staff to quickly notice a missing tool or item.
shadow board
The __________ is a temporary housing assignment for inmates who present a danger to prison security or need protection from other inmates.
special housing unit
__________ are those whose circumstances, conditions, or behaviors require management or treatment outside the normal approach to supervision.
special offenders
On which model is shock probation based?
specific deterrence
Inmates who are usually first-time offenders and have more identification with straight society and the norms of noncriminals are __________ .
square johns
Which of the following counts is the most formal count of the day and occurs at 4:00 p.m. everyday?
stand-up
A __________ allows prison-made goods to be sold to and used by state and federal government agencies.
state-use system
Which of the following resulted in prison industries producing inmate clothing, office furniture, and other products that can be sold only to government agencies?
state-use system
If the offender agrees that he or she has made a technical parole violation, the officer writes a report that is referred to as a __________ .
stipulated agreement
Crimes with little sophistication, such as murder, robbery, burglary, assault, and theft are __________ crimes.
street
Programs that help offenders reduce their likelihood of further abuse of alcohol or drugs are called __________ .
substance abuse programs
Residential treatment is a part of which of the following prison programs?
substance abuse programs
What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes?
suicide
__________ are jail and prison programs that include early detection of suicide risks.
suicide prevention programs
__________ is the management of suicidal inmates who are placed in a specially designed cell and are placed under constant supervision.
suicide watch
Which of the following is not a category of prohibited act according to the Bureau of Prisons policy?
supermax
Which of the following provide for the management and secure control of inmates designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons?
supermax prisons
__________ are freestanding prisons or distinct units within other prisons that manage and securely control inmates who have been designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons.
supermax prisons
What is the release of inmates after they have served a determinate sentence, but with a period of supervision in the community, known as?
supervised mandatory release
Probation can be revoked for __________ that is, not meeting all the conditions of supervision.
technical violations
What is the term Fabelo used to refer to correctional agencies taking advantage of new technologies to reduce the costs of supervising criminal offenders and minimize the risk they pose to society?
technocorrections
What did the Supreme Court develop in the 1983 Solem v. Helm decision?
test of proportionality
What did the Supreme Court decide in Rhodes v. Chapman?
that double-celling does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment
Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
the Classical School of Criminology
Which enactment pertains to interstate transportation of stolen vehicles?
the Dyer Act
Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control?
the Positive School
Which act exemplifies criminal statutes extending the authority of the federal government to prosecute new crimes that were difficult for local law enforcement agencies to handle?
the Volstead Act
What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era?
the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management.
Which, according to Gowdy, is a factor contributing to the expansion of the private sector's role in the penal system?
the public's view that the current penal system is too costly and too ineffective at reducing recidivism
Which of the following is not an inmate due process right in the area of prison disciplinary hearings?
the right to a jury trial
Which is the most important element in the operations and policies of all correctional facilities?
the staff
Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Supreme Court cited in Ruffin v. Commonwealth of Virginia for what became known as the hands-off doctrine
the status of the American prisons as the most fair and efficiently run such institutions in the world
Convictions for __________ are the principal reason for an increase in the number of inmates in prison.
the use and sale of drugs
In __________ jails, correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates.
third-generation
The U.S. penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas, was one of the three federal prisons authorized and built under the __________ of 1891.
three penitentiary act
How is order within the prison maintained?
through clear and consistent enforcement of rules
Which of the following early forms of parole originated on Norfolk Island in the nineteenth century and allowed the release of prisoners who had proven themselves through work and good behavior?
ticket of leave
What is the primary function of prisons?
to hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more
What is perhaps the most popular use of technology pertaining to prisons?
to make prison staff safer
Which is NOT part of the mission statement of most prisons?
to physically discipline inmates who break the rules
Why do some states use supermax prisons for inmates who have not committed a violent act in prison?
to reduce gang activity
What is a purpose of reentry courts?
to review inmates' reentry plans and progress
Prisons use special housing units to perform which of the following activities?
to separate unruly inmates or inmates at risk
The __________ is Goffman's concept of a setting isolating people from society and unnecessarily manipulating them through the actions of the administrative staff.
total institution
Leaders who exercise leadership based on principles, while motivating staff to jointly address challenges and find solutions to new problems are referred to as __________ .
transformational leaders
The rehabilitative functions in a prison, including counseling, religious services, substance abuse programs, and education are called __________ .
treatment
Which of the following refers to the process of creating an environment and providing rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders?
treatment
Which step does NOT occur during the formal revocation of parole?
trial by jury
A majority of the U.S. public favors rehabilitation alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent and nonserious offenders.
true
A precipitating event is often thought of as the "spark in the haystack" that sets off an inmate riot.
true
A safe prison is one in which staff and inmates are relatively safe from assaults or other violent acts.
true
A small percentage of inmates are truly violent and predatory and continue violent acts while in prison.
true
A special emergency response team is trained in the use of lethal force when all else fails to resolve an emergency situation.
true
All prisons provide mental health programs.
true
All state and federal prison systems screen inmates for tuberculosis at intake.
true
An important feature in the organization of parole decision-making is that the parole board is independent from prison administrators.
true
Antipsychotic drugs provided a humane alternative to the deleterious placement of patients in the old state mental hospitals, where patients often had little to do and received minimal treatment.
true
Before the 1970s, only the most violent and dangerous offenders went to prison, while property offenders usually got probation and supervision in the community.
true
Both overclassifying and underclassifying inmates can cause problems, because housing high-security inmates in a low- or minimum-security facility increases the potential for escape or violence.
true
By 1944, all states had adopted the use of parole and indeterminate sentences.
true
Conflict exists between some medical groups that oppose the use of licensed medical personnel to administer life-ending drugs and state requirements that such medical personnel oversee executions.
true
Correctional agencies generally use same-sex staff to conduct searches, unless in an emergency.
true
Each year, jails admit about five times as many offenders as all other correctional components combined.
true
Early jails in the American colonies followed the English model.
true
Employment is key to successful reentry.
true
Few prisons have extensive postsecondary education programs, even though several thousand inmates took college classes and earned college degrees in the past.
true
For disciplinary processes, the inmate appeal cannot dispute a finding of fact, but is limited to procedural and due process rights.
true
In the 1979 case Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, the Supreme Court determined that parole was legally a privilege and not a right.
true
Inmates who need a separation of longer than 12 months from a prison's inmate population are either transferred to another prison or placed in a supermax facility.
true
Integrity interviews are used to determine whether candidates for correctional employment have issues such as financial problems, past employment problems, current drug or alcohol abuse, or other conditions that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept a bribe to show favored treatment to an inmate.
true
Internal classification systems are instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison.
true
Investigations of inmate riots and disturbances have discovered that most are not planned or precisely initiated by inmate leaders.
true
It is important to provide drug treatment to offenders on probation.
true
Jail staff members are always extremely outnumbered by the inmates in any correctional setting.
true
Jails have limited programs, such as education, substance abuse counseling, or work.
true
Maconochie's mark system allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior.
true
Many prison inmates work in trades areas such as heating and air conditioning, learning skills that can help them find jobs after release.
true
Many state legislatures, county governments, and Congress have recently passed legislation limiting weight lifting in prisons and jails.
true
Most offenders today serve a determinate sentence that is much longer than in the past.
true
Most prisons have a military chain of command.
true
Not all drug offenders are drug addicts, or even drug users.
true
Offenders convicted of rape and sexual assaults have lower recidivism rates than other violent offenders.
true
Once an offender is sentenced to prison, a reception and classification process begins.
true
Open prison systems do not permit autonomous wardens who run their prisons as they desire and answer to no one.
true
Over the last thirty years, the number of criminal offenders with mental illness has risen.
true
Parole offenders may waive the preliminary hearing and proceed to the full revocation hearing.
true
Prison work and program assignments are an important part of the normal routine of the prison day.
true
Prisons and jails have different missions, but there is little difference in the role that correctional officers play in the two types of facilities.
true
Prisons are designed and operational processes created specifically to hold young and physically active inmates.
true
Sentenced offenders can serve up to one year in jail.
true
Studies have found either no or only minor differences in the attitudes and job performance of women compared to men working in prisons.
true
Substance abuse treatment programs are critical activities within prisons because such a high proportion of inmates have a history of drug or alcohol abuse.
true
The Great Depression helped to expand the use of parole, as more people were sent to prison because of unemployment and Prohibition.
true
The Hawes-Cooper Act in 1929 required that prison products be subject to the laws of any state to which they were shipped.
true
The budgets for all three areas of the criminal justice system (police, courts, and corrections) have increased dramatically.
true
The federalization of drug laws has had the greatest effect on the increase in the number of drug offenders in prison.
true
The penitentiary was first established because the Pennsylvania Quakers decided that a more humane and efficient way to punish and reform criminals was needed.
true
The prison staff generally do not make a recommendation regarding parole in most states.
true
The use of prisons as a criminal sanction has increased, in part, because of the public's increasing fear of crime, decreasing tolerance of criminals, and demand for tougher sentencing laws.
true
Treatment is the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility.
true
Wardens cannot be the substantive experts on everything that goes on in the prison.
true
What are correctional services departments sometimes called?
uniformed staff
__________ is organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population, while making staff more accessible to inmates.
unit management
Which of the following is a form of restitution in which offenders repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense?
victim compensation
Failure to follow conditions of parole supervision is known as a(n) __________ .
violation
The highest number of people in the custody of state correctional authorities from 1980-2009 was due to which type of offense?
violent
For which of the following types of offenders has the BOP developed supermax prisons?
violent offenders
Which of the following is a specific training in a trade area to prepare students to work in that trade?
vocational training
The __________ began as an initiative by President Reagan to reduce the availability of and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions, and treatment.
war on drugs
Which of the following prison officers manages resources, acts as a role model for staff, and defines professional expectations?
warden
Which of the following types of sanction used for inmate discipline by most correctional systems is the least severe?
warning
Which of the following is the most controversial recreational activity?
weight lifting
The casework focus of helping offenders in the community has been slowly transitioning into one in which officers use a surveillance approach to supervision. Which of the following does this approach NOT emphasize?
working closely with individuals to find jobs or get into treatment programs
Which of the following correctional officer assignments include the patrol and supervision of inmate movement in the compound of a prison?
yard officers
Which U.S. penologist advocated the Irish system in the United States and became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory?
zebulon r. brockway
