Criminal Procedure

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The practice of police officers briefly stopping and frisking suspicious persons for weapons, leading to the landmark case of Terry v. Ohio, spiked in which decade?

1960s

The United States Supreme Court has held what in regards to the search of a suspect's crotch area?

Consent to search a person includes any outer area, but not the body cavities

Which of the following Amendments to the United States Constitution does not address issues of criminal procedure?

First Amendment

Which of the following is not true regarding inventory searches?

Officers are required to have reasonable suspicion to inventory the contents of a container.

Which organization has the legal authority to interpret and apply the rules established in the United States Constitution?

The United States Supreme Court

Which of the following best describes probable cause as it relates to the Fourth Amendment arrest requirements?

There exists a "fair probability" that the suspect committed the crime.

Which of the following would not be considered a "house" as interpreted by the Fourth Amendment?

a restaurant dining room

At which point in the criminal justice process does the responsibility for the case switch from the police to the prosecutor?

after a suspects arrest

The United States Supreme Court has held that _____ are entitled to the assistance of counsel.

all defendants sentenced to at least one day of incarceration

Common instances of suggestive lineups involve:

all of the above

In order to adequately represent a client in a criminal case, an attorney is required to:

all of the above

In order to deter police violations of constitutional rights, the public can rely on:

all of the above

What are some of the factors typically considered by the courts in evaluating voluntariness?

all of the above

Which of the following is one of the considerations on which the principle is established that the police have no legal obligation to intervene to protect the general public from harm?

all of the above

Which of the following is not one of the factors used by a judge to determine the reliability of a photographic identification?

all of the above factors are used

A suspect has a right to a lawyer during _____.

all post indictment lineups and confrontations

According to the ruling in Twining v. New Jersey, which reinforced the fundamental fairness approach to incorporation, a right must be _____ to be forced upon the states.

an immutable principle of justice

The United States Supreme Court has adopted which test to determine whether or not a custodial interrogation has taken place?

an objective test

Which of the following may a law enforcement officer enter without probable cause or a search warrant?

an unoccupied dressing room at a department store

A nonroutine border search involves a greater invasion of privacy than a routine search and thus requires _____.

articulable suspicion

Miranda warnings apply and are triggered by:

custodial interrogation

A law that criminalizes some act that was legal when it was committed is known as a habeas corpus law.

false

In Riverside County v. McLaughlin, the United States Supreme Court held that a two-day wait for a probable cause hearing was an unreasonable long time.

false

It is the responsibility of the chief prosecutor to inform defendants of the charges against them and their rights of silence and to counsel.

false

Officers are allowed to falsely claim possession of a warrant to obtain voluntary permission to search.

false

Police are required to corroborate at least some of the information provided by an informant before acting on the tip.

false

Police may not use the automobile exception to search an automobile that serves as either a temporary or permanent home.

false

State constitutions are allowed to remove some of the rights granted by the United States Constitution.

false

The Fourth Amendment holds that people shall be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures, meaning that searches and seizures must be carried out with the support of a warrant.

false

The United States Supreme Court has held that a showup following arrest but before the initiation of adversary criminal proceedings is a critical stage of criminal prosecution, and thus the right to counsel applies.

false

The United States Supreme Court has held that police have a legal obligation to take an individual accused of domestic violence into custody for the protection of the victim(s).

false

The United States Supreme Court has ruled that suspects must be allowed to access to evidence used to convict them if there is a reasonable chance that the DNA from this evidence may show their innocence.

false

The landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the supremacy of the United States Constitution over state constitutions.

false

The standard by which probable cause is established varies depending on whether the warrant is for a search or for an arrest.

false

When arresting a suspect for a misdemeanor, the officer must have reasonable suspicion to believe the suspect is dangerous to conduct a search incident to arrest.

false

Due process stems from the _____ and Fourteenth Amendments.

fifth amendment

The original standard in the United States regarding law enforcement use of deadly force was known as the _____ rule.

fleeing felon

In which Amendment to the United States Constitution is the Due Process Clause?

fourteenth amendment

Illegally obtained evidence will be suppressed based on a timely filed motion to suppress, but if such evidence is nevertheless admitted the guilty verdict may be reversed unless the appellate court finds that the judge's admission of the evidence was:

harmless error

In which of the following situations does a person have a reasonable expectation of privacy?

holding a conversation with an actual friend in a rented apartment

Which of the following is not one of the three goals established by the suggested identification process by the U.S. Department of Justice and the American Bar Association.

minimize the possibility of one eyewitness influencing another eyewitness

What level of proof is required for schools to compel student athletes to drug testing?

no proof whatsoever

Administrative inspections are typically carried out by whom?

non police public agents

A search incident to arrest requires that police officers have:

none of the above

According to the United States Supreme Court, police have an affirmative duty to intervene to protect which of the following from acts of private individuals?

none of the above

The immunity from § 1983 suits enjoyed by state governments has been extended to _____.

none of the above

Which of the following is required for the police to act on a tip from an informant?

none of the above

The requirement that warrants must specify what area is to be searched for which items (or item) or person is to be seized is known as the _____ requirement.

particularity

The mechanism by which widespread police misconduct are addressed is known as a(n) _____.

pattern or practice decree

The United States Supreme Court justified the use of a stop and frisk by stating that requiring an officer to wait until he or she developed probable cause would _____.

place society at risk of harm

Some United States Supreme Court justices have said that even though they personally oppose abortion and would overturn Roe v. Wade if given the opportunity, they would not outlaw abortion, but leave that decision up to the states. This point of view is an example of judicial _____.

restraint

The United States Supreme Court established the aptly-named "shocks the conscience" standard in which case?

rochin v. california

Which of the following would constitute a violation of the expectation of privacy of the curtilage to a home as it applies to the Fourth Amendment?

running a fiber optic camera under a fence surrounding the curtilage

Which of the following methods of eyewitness identification is thought to produce the most accurate identification?

sequential presentations

Which of the following is not one of the critical considerations of the test established by the United States Supreme Court to determine the veracity of the information provided by the informant?

severity of the crime being reported

Several state legislatures have passed laws loosening the requirements for warrantless arrests for misdemeanors, allowing a warrantless arrest even if the officer did not necessarilty observe the offense. Which of the following offenses is most likely to fall into this category of exceptions?

shoplifting

The concept of precedent, central to Supreme Court decision-making, is based on which legal principal?

stare decisis

Which of the following is the primary source of criminal procedure?

the United States constitution

According to the Fourth Amendment, what remedy exists should a person's Fourth Amendment rights be violated?

the amendment does not address this issue

United States Supreme Court eras are typically named after _____.

the chief justice that court

Which of the following events in United States history served as a major turning point in the application of the Bill of Rights to the states?

the civil war

Evidence obtained unlawfully may be used at trial to impeach the credibility of _____.

the defendant

The primary purpose of bail is to ensure _____.

the defendants appearance at trial

After the United States Supreme Court decided the case of District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008, the individual right to possess a firearm in the home for self-defense only applied to _____.

the district of Columbia and other federal jurisdictions

The key element that differentiates a Terry stop from an arrest is _____.

the duration of the stop

Which of the following best lends credence to a tip provided by an anonymous informant?

the level of detail provided by the informant

Who is responsible for appointing federal judges, including Justices of the United States Supreme Court?

the president with the approval of the senate

If a criminal defendant pleads guilty to an offense he or she cannot later appeal the case on the grounds of police misconduct.

true

If a suspect flees from the police, officers can consider that act when determining whether or not reasonable suspicion exists to perform a Terry stop.

true

If the defense is able to sufficiently show that a photographic identification was suggestive, the burden then shifts to the prosecution to demonstrate the reliability of the result.

true

Unlawfully seized evidence, inadmissible at trial, can be considered during a habeas corpus hearing.

true

Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of informant information to be considered as established in Illinois v. Gates?

trustworthinesss

The act or statement of withdrawal of consent must be:

unequivocal

In order to determine whether a Terry stop was lawful, the courts focus on all of the following areas except:

violent nature of the suspect

To pass constitutional muster, consent given to allow for a consent search must be all but which of the following?

well informed

The Fourth Amendment prohibits _____ searches without a warrant.

"unreasonable"

During which decade did the United States Supreme Court decidedly shift from the fundamental fairness doctrine to total incorporation?

1960s

A suspect subjected to custodial arrest can be held for no more than _____ before he or she must be formally charged with a criminal offense.

48 hours

In which of the following scenarios can an officer not conduct a search incident to arrest/citation?

A seemingly violent man is issued a citation for speeding

Which of the following is not considered a special-needs search?

An inspection of a business to ensure enforcement of safety regulations

The Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches to all critical steps of the prosecution which has been defined as:

Any phase of the prosecution that may negatively impact the defendant

It is important that precedent be set properly, for once it has been set, it cannot be overturned.

False

In which landmark case did the United States Supreme Court abolish the old "special circumstances" test and hold that the right to counsel for indigent defendants applied to all individuals charged with felonies?

Gideon v. wainwright

In which case did the United States Supreme Court establish the precedent allowing civilians to bring suit against local law enforcement officers and other local government employees under 42 U.S.C. §1983?

Monroe v. pape

Police observe a suspect with a bag they believe (with probable cause) to be carrying drugs. The suspect places the bag in the trunk of the car and drives away. When the police stop the vehicle where can they look to find the drugs?

On the suspect's person and in the bag in the trunk

In which case did the United States Supreme Court establish the requirement of "effective" counsel for both indigent and nonindigent defendants?

Strickland v. Washington

When police interrogate a suspect using the question first and warn later technique, which statements are admissible at trial?

The statement after the warning is admissible, if the suspect understands that the initial statements are not

If there is no precedent, federal Circuit Courts of Appeals may look to rulings from other courts for advice, in the form of persuasive authority.

True

State constitutions are allowed to provide more rights than are granted by the United States Constitution.

True

The Attorney General and the United States Attorneys have broad discretion to enforce criminal laws. This power is granted to them by _____.

United States constitution, article II section 3

The result of a violation found via an administrative inspection typically is _____.

a civil fine

In which of the following scenarios is it most likely that voluntary consent to submit to a search will not be found?

a suspect is taken into custody and then consents to a search of his vehicle

Which of the following is not a feature that distinguishes curtilage from open fields.

access

At which of the following stages in the criminal process does the right to counsel not attach?

bail setting

Which of the following is the standard by which the prosecution must prove guilt in a criminal trial?

beyond a reasonable doubt

United States Supreme Court decisions that create general rules to guide the police or lower courts are generally referred to as _____.

bright line rules

Police have an affirmative duty to protect which individual?

citizens whom they have a special relationship

The United States Supreme Court has held that when reading a suspect his or her Miranda rights, it is important that the police _____.

clearly inform the suspect of his or her rights

The test of scientific technique in which judges are asked to study the research and expert views to reach their own conclusions as to whether a technique will be applicable and helpful is known as the _____ test.

daubert

Preventative detention is designed to hold for trial all but which of the following?

defendants who cannot afford to post bail

Any evidence that is discovered as a result of any other evidence is known as _____.

derivative evidence

The method of eyewitness identification in which neither the administrator nor the eyewitness is aware of the identity of the suspect is known is a(n) _____ administration.

double blind

Which of the following is not a requirement regarding motor vehicle checkpoints?

drivers must be given the opportunity to turn back

The rule that allows that an individual may be prosecuted for an offense both in state court as well as federal court is known as the _____ rule.

dual sovereignty

Which Amendment to the United States Constitution provides immunity for state governments and agencies from § 1983 suits?

eleventh amendment

In Weeks v. United States, the United States Supreme Court held that _____.

evidence seized in an unlawful search was to be excluded in federal courts

Situations in which officers must urgently take immediate action are known legally as _____.

exigent circumstances

Scientific identification techniques are useful for eliminating innocent suspects, also known as _____.

exoneration

Overturning the old standard, the United States Supreme Court adopted which new Fourth Amendment test in Katz v. United States.

expectation of privacy test

Which of the following is the primary cause of false convictions?

eyewitness misidentification

A physical seizure occurs when a law enforcement officer blocks the path of a suspect.

false

A warrantless arrest of a suspect is only allowed in circumstances where it would be impossible for the officer to obtain the warrant and then make the arrest.

false

By means of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, an indigent defendant charged with any non-traffic offense is entitled to counsel.

false

Courts may be reluctant to interfere with prosecutorial discretion, but an increase in charges against a defendant after exercising his or her rights is a clear sign of prosecutorial misconduct.

false

Due to the relatively light sentence for such an offense, an officer need not obtain a warrant to arrest a suspect for a misdemeanor.

false

Generally, the Daubert test will allow scientific techniques that the Frye test will not.

false

If a person abandons a locked suitcase, the suitcase itself can be examined, but not the items inside.

false

DNA is unique to all individuals except _____.

identical twins

In order to pass constitutional muster, border searches must be conducted _____.

in a routine fashion

Unlawfully seized evidence can be admitted at trial if it can be shown that the police were acting _____.

in good faith

In Adams v. Williams, the United States Supreme Court held that a tip from an informant must contain _____.

indica of reliability

Evidence obtained resulting from an unlawful search may be used if it can be shown more likely than not that the police would have eventually discovered the evidence in a similar condition by means of the _____ rule.

inevitable discovery

Of the following, on whose information solely can probable cause typically not be established?

informants

Arrests with a warrant are preferable to warrantless arrests because magistrates are thought to be more _____ than an officer in the heat of the moment.

informed and deliberate

In what way is the concern of abusive police interrogations dealt with most frequently?

interrogations are videotaped

If a suspect makes a confession that results from drugs administered from the police that overpowers the subject's rational intellect and free will, the confession is said to be _____.

involuntary

In which case did the United States Supreme Court establish a limited right to appointed counsel for indigent defendants?

powell v. alabama

By what level of proof is the prosecution required to show that the defendant knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waved his or her Miranda rights?

preponderance of the evidence

The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that probable cause is a matter of _____.

probabilities

What level of proof need be established to obtain a warrant?

probable cause

What standard of proof is required for police to search an automobile using the automobile exception?

probable cause

Which of the following is not used to determine whether or not reasonable suspicion existed to justify a Terry stop?

probable cause

Which of the following are not granted absolute immunity against § 1983 lawsuits?

probation officers

Which actor in the criminal justice system is required to prove voluntariness of consent?

prosecutor

Which of the following was not addressed in the original United States Constitution (excluding the Bill of Rights)?

protection against excessive bail

What level of proof is required for school officials to search the property of students for contraband?

reasonable suspicion

When determining the new test in Illinois v. Gates, the United States Supreme Court stated that the components of the Aguilar-Spinelli test should be considered _____.

relevant considerations

Which test for entrapment focuses on the predisposition of the defendant?

the subjective test

Which of the following states that the United States Constitution and laws passed by Congress eclipse state constitutions and state laws?

the supremacy clause

By what standard do the courts determine whether reasonable suspicious existed to justify a Terry stop?

the totality of circumstances

On what do judges rely to determine whether or not a stop of a citizen constitutes a seizure?

the totality of circumstances

On what do judges rely when determining whether or not an item has been legally "abandoned"?

the totality of circumstances

Which of the following is not one of the factors considered in regards to the constitutionality of airport screening?

the training of those conducting the search

In Payton v. New York, the United States Supreme Court stressed that _____ is "the chief evil which the Fourth Amendment is directed."

the unjustified entry into the home

Which of the following is not required for officers to invoke the public safety exception to Miranda?

there must be innocent bystanders in the immediate area

Which of the following is not one of the primary reasons that confessions play an important role in the criminal justice system?

they are easier to obtain than physical evidence

The courts approve intrusive techniques of detention during Terry stops when the police reasonably believe:

they are facing a violent suspect

Each of the following Amendments to the United States Constitution have been incorporated at least partially except which?

third amendment

Under the objective standard regarding a Terry stop, the police may not rely on the following, except:

third party information

Warrants are obtained for all but which of the following purposes?

to press charges

Which of the following is not one of the inherent purposes of the voluntariness test?

to solidify community officer relations

The individual against whom a tort action is filed is known as a _____.

tortfeasor

Which of the following is the only crime mentioned by name in the United States Constitution?

treason

A suspect is to be granted the right to counsel at any "critical stage" of the criminal process.

true

As a general rule, defendants must challenge the admissibility of evidence as a pretrial motion to be allowed to appeal a conviction based on that evidence being allowed at trial.

true

During a Terry stop, a suspect cannot be moved against his or her will (barring safety concerns).

true

Police are allowed to enter a home and make an arrest without a search warrant or an arrest warrant in order to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence.

true

Police may make a warrantless arrest if they reasonably believe that to fail to do so would place the public safety in jeopardy.

true

Prisoners retain only those Constitutional rights that are not incompatible with the objectives of incarceration.

true

Profiles tend to be based on careful analysis of the behavior of known criminals.

true

Prosecutors decide to plea bargain a case.

true

The Fifth Amendment has been only partially incorporated to the states.

true

The Fourteenth Amendment was drafted and passed primarily to grant citizenship and protection to former slaves.

true

The United States Supreme Court has held that if a defendant faces the possibility of even one day of incarceration as part of a sentence, he or she is entitled to counsel.

true

The equivalent to a § 1983 suit when a federal official is the tortfeasor is known as a Bivens suit.

true

An individual who is released on recognizance has been released _____.

without being required to post any bail

An officer stops an individual for the purposes of a Terry stop; he has reasonable suspicion to do so. During the frisk he finds a small handgun, for which the person has a valid license to own and permit to carry. He also finds a small baggie of cocaine. Can he seize the cocaine and use it as evidence at trial?

yes, according to the "plain touch" rule it is admissable


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