criminology section 2

______, a student of Robert Merton and Edwin Sutherland, combined their views about the causes of delinquency and expanded their perspectives. Walter Miller Marvin Wolfgang Franco Ferracuti Albert Cohen

Albert Cohen

According to Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, which of the following is the characteristic of a criminal world? Means are equally distributed in the conventional and criminal worlds. Means and opportunities are equally distributed in the conventional and criminal worlds. Both means and opportunities are unavailable in the criminal world. Opportunities are unequally distributed in the criminal world.

Both means and opportunities are unavailable in the criminal world.

______ emerge in areas where conventional and illegitimate values and behavior are integrated by a close connection of illegitimate and legitimate businesses. Conflict gangs Retreatist gangs Criminal gangs Revolutionary gangs

Criminal gangs

The explanations for why some adolescents drift in and out of delinquency were given by sociologist ______ in the 1960s. Jackson Toby David Matza Irving Piliavin Travis Hirschi

David Matza

Identify the characteristics of delinquency according to sociologist Albert J. Reiss. (Check all that apply.) Delinquent acts are the results of drift between criminal and illegal actions. Delinquent acts occur because of the breakdown of internal controls. Delinquency results from a failure to internalize socially accepted norms of behavior. Delinquency can be avoided only by personal control systems and not social norms.

Delinquent acts occur because of the breakdown of internal controls. Delinquency results from a failure to internalize socially accepted norms of behavior.

Matching Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of the victim "No, it wasn't my fault." "No one is hurt, so what's the problem?" "Anybody in my position would have done that."

Denial of responsibility-"No, it wasn't my fault." Denial of injury-"No one is hurt, so what's the problem?" Denial of the victim-"Anybody in my position would have done that."

The concept of social control emerged in the early 1900s in a volume by ______, one of the founders of American sociology. Travis Hirschi E. A. Ross Jackson Toby John H. Laub

E. A. Ross

True or false: All the female gangs in the United States have male affiliates. True False

False

True or false: According to Travis Hirschi, one who is busy doing conventional things has little or no time for deviant activities. True False

False Reason: This is true. A person who is busy doing conventional things has little time for deviant activities.

True or false: According to Travis Hirschi, social control theory can be used as a crime-causation theory by criminologists to explain deviance. True False

False This is false. According to Travis Hirschi, social control theory is not a crime-causation theory in a strict sense but a theory of prosocial behavior used by criminologists to explain deviance.

Identify a true statement about Michael Hindelang's observations on delinquency. He stated that an inverse relationship exists between attachment to mother and attachment to peers. He identified that involvement in delinquency was positively related to attachment to peers. He observed a positive relationship between attachment to mother and attachment to peers. He found that an inverse relationship exists between attachment to school and involvement in delinquency.

He identified that involvement in delinquency was positively related to attachment to peers.

Which of the following is true of Travis Hirschi's theory on the social bond of commitment? He maintained that the greater the aspiration and expectation, the more unlikely delinquency becomes. He maintained that participation in social activities that tie an individual to the society's ethical code causes delinquency. He claimed that a boy involved in adult activities is less likely to be involved in delinquency. He claimed that students who smoke, drink, and date are unlikely to commit delinquent acts.

He maintained that the greater the aspiration and expectation, the more unlikely delinquency becomes.

Which of the following is true of indirect control? It comes from an individual's identification with noncriminals. It depends on rules, restrictions, and punishments imposed on an individual. It is based on a desire to act against societal norms. It refers to the external control exerted on a child by their peers.

It comes from an individual's identification with noncriminals.

Identify the major criticisms of Hirschi's theory of social bonds. (Check all that apply.) It fails to explain the relationship between attachment to peers and involvement in delinquency. It is difficult to empirically test the studies on social bonds. It explains only 50 percent of delinquent behavior. It has too few questionnaire items that measure social bonds. It creates an artificial distinction between socialized and unsocialized youth.

It explains only 50 percent of delinquent behavior. It has too few questionnaire items that measure social bonds. It creates an artificial distinction between socialized and unsocialized youth.

Identify a true statement about the early research on female delinquent subcultures conducted by Albert Cohen and James Short. It could be generalized to all female delinquent subcultures. It was conducted among middle-class females of all races. It was conducted among mostly lower-class black females. It included participants of all classes and races.

It was conducted among mostly lower-class black females.

Which of the following is true according to the theory of differential opportunity? Dominant cultures are likely to accept and embrace delinquent acts. Lower-class delinquents are likely to be goal-oriented. Opportunities for conventional success are equally distributed among the socioeconomic classes. Delinquent acts are negative and nonutilitarian.

Lower-class delinquents are likely to be goal-oriented.

Which of the following aspects of lower-class life is associated with the focal concern of toughness according to Miller's research findings? Lower-class males believe that it will help them gain greater respect. Lower-class males join street gangs in search of males they can relate to. Lower-class males learn the male role from male figures they live with. Lower-class males grow up in households dominated by males.

Lower-class males join street gangs in search of males they can relate to.

Identify an all-female gang from the following list of gangs in the United States. Mara Salvatrucha Tango Blast Potrero Hill Posse Sureños and Norteños

Potrero Hill Posse

Strain theory Social disorganization theory Differential association theory

Strain theory -Explains why delinquent subcultures emerge in the first place Social disorganization theory - Explains why delinquent subcultures take a particular form Differential association theory - Explains how delinquent subcultures are passed on from one generation to the next

______ theories in criminology were developed with the intention of studying the problem of delinquency among teenage gangs. Multiple choice question. Biological Subcultural Psychological General strain

Subcultural

Subcultures that adhere to conduct norms conducive to violence are referred to as ________________________ ___________ _________________ .

Subcultures of violence

Identify the characteristics of satanic gangs. (Check all that apply.) They seek money, peer recognition, and the thrill of high-risk behavior. They are hate gangs that target racial and ethnic groups. They are affiliated with controversial satanic cults. They use the Ouija board to predict the future.

They are affiliated with controversial satanic cults. They use the Ouija board to predict the future.

Identify the characteristic features of the members of a retreatist gang. (Check all that apply.) They are considered as double failures. They are continuously in search for getting high. They use destructive violence to gain social status. They are highly successful criminals from violent gangs.

They are considered as double failures. They are continuously in search for getting high.

Identify a true statement about the different theories formulated by Albert Cohen, Richard Cloward, Lloyd Ohlin, Marvin Wolfgang, and Franco Ferracuti. They assume that all subcultures follow the same conduct norms that dictate a person's actions under varying circumstances. They believe that criminal behavior lies in the biological aspects of an individual. They believe that racial inequality is the only factor causing delinquent behavior. They assume the existence of subcultures that differ from that of the dominant culture.

They assume the existence of subcultures that differ from that of the dominant culture.

Identify a true statement about gangs at the turn of the twenty-first century. They have transitioned from profit-driven to turf-oriented organizations. They operate exclusively with a business motive and refrain from violence. They combine violence with big business in drug trafficking. They use destructive violence only to gain respect.

They combine violence with big business in drug trafficking.

Identify the characteristics of the suburban delinquent gangs. (Check all that apply.) They engage in physical assaults, theft, burglary, and distribution of illegal drugs. They adopt the hand signals used by inner-city gangs. They are identified by their likeliness toward heavy-metal music. They are very different from most inner-city gangs.

They engage in physical assaults, theft, burglary, and distribution of illegal drugs. They adopt the hand signals used by inner-city gangs.

Which of the following is true of female gangs as identified by Anne Campbell? They use destructive violence to gain respect from male gangs. They are always racially mixed. They gain status by living up to the value system of their gang. They are seldom associated with male gangs.

They gain status by living up to the value system of their gang.

Identify the true statements about subcultures of violence. (Check all that apply.) They transmit their value system from generation to generation. They consider violence a pervasive part of everyday life. They reprimand individuals who resort to violence. They often consider violence antisocial.

They transmit their value system from generation to generation. They consider violence a pervasive part of everyday life.

Identify a behavioral trait of lower-class boys who resort to reaction formation. They preserve the items that they have stolen. They turn the middle-class norms upside down. They have a goal-oriented approach. They steal things in order to use them.

They turn the middle-class norms upside down.

The book Causes of Delinquency was authored by ______, a spokesperson of the microsociological perspective since 1969. Jackson Toby Travis Hirschi Scott Briar Irving Piliavin

Travis Hirschi

True or false: Recent studies on gang membership have shown evidences of increasing number of white participants. True False

True

True or false: The formal systems of control explored in macrosociological studies can have a positive or negative impact on the society. True false question. True False

True Reason: This is true. Macrosociological studies explore formal systems for the control of groups which can be either positive or negative.

______ analyzed the relationship between personal and social controls in his presentation of containment theory. Michael Hindelang Robert Agnew Albert J. Reiss Walter Reckless

Walter Reckless

In the context of Walter Reckless's containment theory, identify the components that ensure inner containment. (Check all that apply.) a well-developed conscience a high frustration tolerance a high sense of responsibility an opportunity to achieve status a sense of belonging

a well-developed conscience a high frustration tolerance a high sense of responsibility

One of the severe criticisms of Hirschi's social control theory is that it fails to explain ______. delinquent behavior antisocial acts adult crime importance of school

adult crime

According to Travis Hirschi, the bond between a child and a parent is bolstered by the ______. amount of time the child spends with parents interaction between the child's parent and teacher punishments awarded by parents for the child's delinquent behavior amount of money spent by parents on the child's education

amount of time the child spends with parents

According to ______, the destruction of communities by the state is at the root of crime. biocriminologists anarchists radical feminists strain theorists

anarchists

A young delinquent justifies his act of delinquency by saying, "My friends were depending on me, and I had to do it for them." Identify the type of defense mechanism used here. denial of injury condemnation of the condemner denial of responsibility appeal to higher loyalties

appeal to higher loyalties

Accroding to Michael Hindelang's studies, ______. attachment to mother and attachment to peers are unrelated involvement in delinquency is negatively related to attachment to peers there is a negative relationship between attachment to school and attachment to peers there is a negative relationship between attachment to mother and attachment to peers

attachment to mother and attachment to peers are unrelated

Identify the three major forms of attachment according to Travis Hirschi. attachment to government attachment to siblings attachment to school attachment to parents attachment to peers

attachment to school attachment to parents attachment to peers

According to Miller's theory, ______ stems from a lower-class person's resentment of external controls. excitement toughness smartness autonomy

autonomy

According to Travis Hirschi, the social bond of ______ consists of assent to the society's value system. smartness belief autonomy attachment

belief

Identify the social bonds that promote socialization and conformity according to Travis Hirschi. (Check all that apply.) belief commitment attachment involvement smartness autonomy

belief commitment attachment involvement

According to E. A. Ross, ______ guide what people do and universally serve to control behavior. judicial systems specific laws belief systems legal authorities

belief systems

The differential opportunity theory is criticized severely for its ______. gender-orientation definition of delinquency utilitarian approach class-orientation

class-orientation

Which of the following individuals strive to live up to middle-class standards according to Albert Cohen's classification of lower-class children? corner boys local boys delinquent boys college boys

college boys

According to Travis Hirschi, participation in social activities binds an individual to the society's moral codes of conduct. This is achieved by the social bond of ______. commitment smartness loyalty autonomy

commitment

Neighborhoods characterized by transience and instability are likely to give rise to ______. retreatist gangs conflict gangs criminal gangs conformist gangs

conflict gangs

The correspondence of a person's behavior to society's patterns, norms, or standards is called ____________________

conformity

_________________ theory assumes that for every individual, there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal structure, both of which provide defense, protection, or insulation against delinquency.

containment

According to Albert Cohen, most of the lower-class boys adopt the role of ______. delinquent boys college boys corner boys street boys

corner boys

Theft gangs are examples of ______. retreatist gangs criminal gangs revolutionist gangs conflict gangs

criminal gangs

Theorists such as Cohen, Cloward, and Ohlin have studied subcultures by focusing on the aspect of ______. . gender differences in the subculture racial inequality culturally induced strain the value system in the dominant society

culturally induced strain

According to Albert Cohen, identify the roles adopted by lower-class children who experience status frustration and strain. (Check all that apply.) delinquent boy college boy corner boy street boy confident boy

delinquent boy college boy corner boy

Conflict gangs are likely to gain status using the tool of _____. criminal skills money destructive violence organized crime

destructive violence

The theory of __________________ __________________ developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin combines strain, differential association, and social disorganization concepts.

differential opportunity

The theory of ___________________ ________________ developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin combines strain, differential association, and social disorganization concepts.

differential opportunity

Which of the following theories states that delinquent subcultures flourish in lower-class areas and take the particular forms they do because chances for illegitimate success are no more equitably distributed than those for conventional success? Parson's action theory labor theory of value social intersectionality theory differential opportunity theory

differential opportunity theory

One of the criticisms against Albert Cohen's theory concerns the _____. inability of the theory in addressing juvenile delinquency lack of accountability for the growing number of lower-class gangs inability of the theory to include structurally induced strain difficulty of trying to test the concept of reaction formation

difficulty of trying to test the concept of reaction formation

The state of _____________________ refers to a period when a youth exists in limbo between convention and crime, responding in turn to the demands of each.

drift

According to Walter Miller, ______ is one of the six focal concerns to which lower-class males give persistent attention. conflict commitment excitement subculture

excitement

According to Travis Hirschi, social control theory ______. focuses on deviance from rules is based on the fact that attachment to school and parents is overshadowed by the bond formed with peers is a crime-causation theory in a strict sense rather than a theory of prosocial behavior used by criminologist explains conformity to rules

explains conformity to rules

The macrosociological studies on social control explore the ______ for controlling the groups. internal control systems unconventional systems individual references formal systems

formal systems

The early studies by Albert Cohen and James Short suggested that female delinquent subcultures were composed of members who ______. belonged to middle and higher classes belonged to the dominant race in a particular region had been frustrated in their efforts to achieve conventional goals had always been associated with male delinquents

had been frustrated in their efforts to achieve conventional goals

Tacoma Skinhead Movement is one of the ______ that attach themselves to ideologies of targeting racial and ethnic groups. conflict gangs satanic gangs hate gangs delinquent gangs

hate gangs

According to Albert J. Reiss, measures of personal and social control are _____. less efficient in predicting delinquency than the measures of external control inefficient in predicting delinquent activities highly efficient in predicting delinquent recidivism highly efficient in predicting an individual's stake in conformity

highly efficient in predicting delinquent recidivism

Briar and Piliavin expanded Toby's thesis by adding the aspect of ______ into the study of social control. group commitment to be delinquent individual motivation to be delinquent social guidance on delinquency governmental control on delinquency

individual motivation to be delinquent

According to the containment theory, the need for immediate gratification, restlessness, and hostility are examples of ______. internal controls external pulls internal pushes external pressures

internal pushes

Preoccupation with activities that promote the interests of society is grouped under the social bond of _____________________ by Travis Hirschi.

involvement

Cultural deviance theorists assume that individuals become criminals by ______. conforming to the conventional value system of the middle class learning the criminal values of the groups to which they belong merely living with people who have a criminal background developing stress over the disparity between means and goals

learning the criminal values of the groups to which they belong

Researchers who examine social control from a microsociological perspective are more likely to ______. analyze the current legal systems explore the powerful groups in society make use of self-report methods examine the external control systems

make use of self-report methods

In the context of different perspectives of examining social control, _________________ studies focus on informal systems.

microsociological

According to Anne Campbell, identify the reasons why most girls join gangs. (Check all that apply.) mutual support destructive violence a sense of belonging protection financial support

mutual support a sense of belonging protection

A lower-class male expresses his desire for ______ through the focal concern on autonomy. personal freedom social status prestige gender equality

personal freedom

According to Miller's theory, men who demonstrate smartness are likely to be rewarded with the gift of ______. toughness prestige autonomy leadership

prestige

According to Albert Cohen, a mechanism that relieves anxiety through the process of rejecting with abnormal intensity what one wants but cannot obtain is called _____________________ ________________.

reaction formation

Researches on Albert Cohen's theory have identified that poor performance by children in school is ______. unrelated to social classes not influenced by class differences influenced by gender differences related to delinquency

related to delinquency

Identify the values that are part of the middle-class measuring rod. (Check all that apply.) respect for property short-range planning self-reliance good manners dependency

respect for property self-reliance good manners

According to Travis Hirschi, the social bond of belief involves ______. intimacy of communication between parent and child doing conventional activities that allow little time for deviant activities respect for society's laws and the institutions that enforce them participating in social activities that tie an individual to the society's moral code

respect for society's laws and the institutions that enforce them

People who have been unsuccessful in the legitimate world as well as the illegitimate world are likely to form ______. retreatist gangs revolutionist gangs conflict gangs criminal gangs

retreatist gangs

Anti-Christian items, metal-spiked wrist cuffs, and belts are the accessories synonymous with ________________ gangs.

satanic

The findings of Delbert Elliott and Harwin Voss have identified that ______. high school graduates have higher rates of delinquency school dropouts have lower rates of delinquency top academic performers have higher rates of delinquency school dropouts have higher rates of delinquency

school dropouts have higher rates of delinquency

According to Albert Cohen, delinquent subcultures emerge in the ______. commuter zone of satellite towns and suburbs downtown business districts of America areas where working-class people live in large numbers slum areas of large American cities

slum areas of large American cities

According to Miller's theory, the focal concern of lower-class males related to outwitting or conning another person is classified as ______. autonomy luck excitement smartness

smartness

Jackson Toby states that group-level explanations for delinquent behavior are best explained by _____. social disorganization social drift general strain theory stake in conformity

social disorganization

According to ______, lower-class individuals deprived of legitimate means to reach their goals resort to criminal behavior. radical criminologists cultural deviance theorists biocriminologists strain theorists

strain theorists

Travis Hirschi believed that ______. delinquent behavior is unrelated to the strength of social bonds stronger social bonds are related to a lesser likelihood of delinquency stronger belief in conformity is associated with delinquent behavior delinquency is less when commitment to socialization is weaker

stronger social bonds are related to a lesser likelihood of delinquency

Cohen, Cloward, Ohlin, Wolfgang, and Ferracuti have used the ______ to explain criminal behavior among lower-class young urban males. . biological theory psychological theory subcultural theory general strain theory

subcultural theory

A subdivision within the dominant culture with its own norms, beliefs, and values is called a(n) ________________ .

subculture

A subdivision within the dominant culture with its own norms, beliefs, and values is called a(n) ________________________

subculture

Identify an area of delinquency study that Albert Cohen's theory has failed to explain. the reasons for involvement in delinquent subcultures the reasons why delinquents become law-abiding people in future the involvement of youth in delinquency the origin of delinquent behavior in lower-class youth

the reasons why delinquents become law-abiding people in future

According to Miller's theory, young men from the lower-class believe that showing masculinity, denying sentimentality, and displaying physical strength are the ways of showing ______. toughness smartness autonomy excitement

toughness

From the following list, identify the focal concerns proposed by Walter Miller. (Check all that apply.) toughness utility trouble smartness hard work

toughness trouble smartness 3 that weren't options luck autonomy excitement

The newly emerged gangs of the 1980s have ______. transitioned completely to retreatist gangs recruited members exclusively from the middle class transitioned from turf-oriented to profit-driven organizations resorted to destructive violence for gaining respect

transitioned from turf-oriented to profit-driven organizations

According to Miller's theory, a lower-class male's involvement in activities such as drinking and sexual misbehaving is likely to lead to ______. autonomy toughness trouble smartness

trouble

Which of the following focal concerns is a crucial feature of lower-class life that can cause a person to be held up by authorities? trouble toughness smartness autonomy

trouble

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti expanded the scope of Cloward and Ohlin's work by studying about the subcultures of ______. higher-class delinquency violence gender juvenile delinquency

violence

The theory formulated by Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti concentrates on ______. all types of delinquency violent crimes petty crimes juvenile delinquency

violent crimes

Traditionally, gang membership has been limited primarily to ______. young males from inner city females from urban areas old males from inner city old males from urban areas

young males from inner city