critical thinking V (5)

Select all that are functions of accessory eye structures.

- protection from foreign objects - prevent the eye from drying out - provide a protective covering

Which of the following statements is true regarding olfaction? Check all that apply.

- smell is a chemical sense - odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor - olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that responds to stimuli

Put the following events in the correct order. Rank the options below.

1- A water-soluble hormone binds with a membrane-bound receptor. 2- G proteins are activated. 3- cAMP molecules are synthesized. 4- Enzymes that were already present are activated.

Put the following events in order regarding hypothalamic control of the hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary gland. Rank the options below.

1- Nervous system stimuli cause the hypothalamic neurons to increase action potential frequency. 2- Action potentials travel through axons from hypothalamic neurons through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. 3- In the posterior pituitary, action potentials cause the release of neurohormones from axon terminals. 4- Neurohormones pass through the circulatory system and affect target tissues.

place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves through the ear and hearing apparatus starting outside the ear.

1. auricle 2. auditory canal 3. tympanic membrane 4. ossicles 5. oval window 6. scala vestibuli 7. scala tympani 8. round window

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

1. growth hormone = increased growth in tissues 2. thyroid-stimulating hormone = thyroid hormone secretion 3. adrenocorticotropic hormone = glucocorticoid hormone secretion 4. follicle-stimulating hormone = follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males 5. prolactin = milk production in lactating women 6. luteinizing hormone = ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males

Match the description of the hormone interaction with the correct term. 1. Two or more hormones work together to produce a result. 2. A hormone enhances an organ's response to a second hormone, or increases the activity of the second hormone. 3. One hormone inhibits the secretion and action of another hormone, or has an opposite effect.

1. synergistic effect 2. permissive effect 3. antagonistic effect

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

and cortisol rise

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

cochlear hair cells

Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules of which the primary type are called

eicosanoids

Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.

endocrine system: - communicates by means of hormones - reacts more slowly to stimuli - may continue responding long after stimulus stops - adapts relatively slowly nervous system: - communicates by means of electrical impulses - adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. General vs. special senses

general: - somatic sensory receptors - touch receptors - proprioceptors - visceral sensory receptors special: - chemoreceptors for smell - structurally complex - photoreceptors in the eye - located only in head

The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called

half-life

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

may have a longer lasting effect

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word to the appropriate position. Sound waves reaching the olfactory mucosa do not elicit olfactory perception due to the ____________ not matching the type of stimulus of the receptor. To protect the body, potentially harmful substances emit an odor perceived as ____________ . A human's inability to perceive smells apparent to dogs represents insufficient ____________ of stimulus. The unpleasurable chemical smells of dissection rooms become imperceptible over time due to ____________ of phasic receptors.

modality unpleasant intensity equilibrium

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. The process by which ____________ become activated when the ____________ within the discs of the cells are altered by light entering the eye is ____________ . The photoreceptor responds to ____________ stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the ____________ it releases.

photoreceptors photopigments phototransduction light neurotransmitter

drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate whether each statement is associated with rods or cones.

rods: - involved with night vision - uses rhodopsin - used in scotopic vision cones: - highly concentrated in and around the macula - involved with color vision - unfolded plasma membrane surrounds each disc - uses photopsin - high degree of neural convergence

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

salty- Na+ sour- acids and H+ unami- glutamate sweet- sucrose and saccharine bitter- nicotine and caffeine

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. A given receptor is described based on each classification criterion: receptor distribution, stimulus origin, and modality of stimulus. The eyes, for example, are ____________ because they are located in the head (receptor distribution); ____________ because they detect stimuli outside the body (stimulus origin); and ____________ because they detect light (modality of stimulus). In comparison, receptors that detect stretch of blood vessels are classified as ____________ because they are distributed throughout the body, ____________ because they detect stimuli within the body, and ____________ because they detect changes in distension of the organ wall.

special senses exteroceptors photoreceptors general senses interoceptors baroreceptors

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence. Not all terms will be used. A receptor site on a cell exhibits ____________ , meaning it allows only certain hormones to bind. Decreasing the number of receptor sites on a target cell results in ____________ . A hormone can only stimulate a cell that has ____________ for that hormone. Due to a target cell's affinity for a specific hormone, a ____________ concentration of hormones is needed to achieve the desired result. Target cells can ________ their sensitivity to a hormone through up-regulation.

specificity desensitization receptors small increase