CRJ 211 Exam #1

Which of the following is true of Republicanism?

it established the controversial framework within which the police developed after the colonial period.

Patrick Colquhoun

Believed that government could, and should, regulate people's behavior. This undermined the idea that the community should police each other.

Henry Fielding

Believed that the country should reform the criminal code to deal more with the origins of crime. Created a small group of "thief takers." This group captured criminals for a handsome reward.

In which of the following ways did private citizens help to enforce law in the western frontier?

By forming vigilante committees

President's Crime Commission

Charged by President Lyndon Johnson to find solutions to America's internal crime problems, including the root causes of crime, the workings of the justice system, and the hostile, antagonistic relations between the police and the civilians.

Which of the following statements best represents Peel's belief about the job of the police?

the efforts of the police should be directed towards the prevention of crime.

Which of the following bodies concluded that "crime against people of color and their position within the nation's system of criminal justice administration are related to past and present social opportunities and disadvantages, and can best be understood through consideration of their overall social status"?

the national academy of sciences

As ________ began to appear on the western frontier, vigilantes tended to disappear

Federal marshals

John lives in an English village during the 12th century. This year is his turn to serve as an unpaid constable. In what early system of law enforcement is John participating?

Frankpledge

In 1844, Jack was recruited into the New York City police force. This was the first professional policing body in the U.S, which was established after the New York State legislature passed a law. Jack was part of the ________.

Full-time preventive police force

Harold was a New York City police officer in the early 1850s and served a four-year term of office. When his term expired, the city's police commissioner refused to rehire Harold. Which of the following is likely to have led the police commissioner to make this decision?

Harold refused to wear a uniform.

Which of the following is a recommendation of the President's Crime Commission?

Improved police-community relations by hiring minority members

Which of the following is a characteristic of the office of a federal marshal?

Initially, the federal marshals received no salary, but were compensated with fees and rewards.

Republicanism

Theory of government that emphasizes divided power and relies on local interests to promote the general welfare.

Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

An act introduced by Sir Robert Peel, which established London's Metropolitan Police Force. This is considered the beginning of modern public policing.

Bow Street Runners

An early English police unit formed under the leadership of Henry Fielding, magistrate of the Bow Street region of London. Some of the most famous policemen in English history.

Who created the first police school?

August Vollmer

Slave Patrols

Beginning of full-time policing in the US. Organized groups of white men who enforced slave codes, chased runaway slaves, and brutally punished defiant ones.

Community Era of Policing

A period of time in which the professional era of policing was replaced and new emphases were placed on working with the public to identify areas of crime and disorder and identify responses to them.

Peel's Principles of Policing

A set of guidelines created by Sir Robert Peel aimed at creating an organized and professional police force. The standards are still applicable to today's law enforcement.

Frankpledge

A system in old English law in which members of a tithing, a group of ten families, pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court.

Constable

A term given to peace officers during the early formation of policing in England

Primary responsibility of federal marshals

Civil matters arising from federal court decisions

1980s-Present

Community Era

Stephen is the police commissioner of Swens County. Under his leadership, his officers are being given more autonomy to identify problems, analyze their underlying causes, and find creative solutions. Stephen's ideas are indicative of the ________.

Community era

Duties included: collecting taxes, supervising highways, serving as magistrate

Constable

In America, there were two in each town provided for by the constitution, however they received no pay and were very unpopular.

Constable

Duties included: determining cause of death and the party responsible

Coroner

Federal Marshals

Created by congressional legislation in 1789. They caused for vigilantes to disappear. They had no jurisdiction over matters not involving a federal offense. They could act only in cases involving theft of mail, crimes against railroad property, murder on federal lands, etc.

Coroner

Determines the causes of all death by violence or under suspicious circumstances. If the inquest determines that the deceased came to his or her death through criminal means, they may issue a warrant for the arrest of the accused party.

Primarily wealthy landholders in England with no jurisdiction and much abuse of power. Took power from constables and sheriffs.

Justice of the Peace

Justice of the Peace

Lay and inexpert upholders of the law.

Bobbies

London police

Why did team policing fail?

Most of the experiments were poorly planned and hastily implemented, resulting in street officers who did not understand what they were supposed to do. Many mid-management personnel felt threatened by team policing and did not support the experiment.

Community Era of Policing main points

Narrowing of the police mission to crime fighting Increased cultural diversity in our society Detachment of patrol officers in patrol vehicles Increased violence in our society Scientific view of management, stressing efficiency more than effectiveness, quantitative policing more than qualitative policing Increased dependence on high-technology equipment rather than contact with the public Isolation of police administration from community and officer input Concern about police violation of the civil rights of minorities Burgeoning attempts by the police to adequately reach the community through crime prevention, team policing, and police-community relations

Wickersham Commission

National Law Enforcement Commission, so named after its chair, George Wickersham, it was a national commission on law observance and enforcement created by Hoover in 1929. Was to develop "objectives to improve justice system practices and to reinstate law's role in civilized governance."

What US city did the police reform movement begin?

New York

August Vollmer

One of the most important figures in the development of police professionalism, as he was responsible for a number of "firsts" in policing

Police should be organized along military guidelines, distribution of crime is necessary, police must be properly hired and trained, the public must have access to police headquarters

Peel's Principles of Policing

"The police are the public and the public are the police"

Peel's statement and a relevant principle employed even today.

Which of the following best describes policing during the political era?

Policing was decentralized and officers were allowed a lot of discretion in handling their beats.

1840s-1930s

Political Era

Which of the following restated several of the same principles that were laid out by Sir Robert Peel, in 1829?

President's Crime Commission

Peel's general instructions

Prevention of crime

Which of the following notions, favored by Patrick Colquhoun, proposed that potential criminals could be identified before they did their unlawful deeds?

Proactive Policing

Peel's ideals stated that the power of police to fulfill their duties depended on...

Public approval of their actions.

1930s-1980s

Reform Era

Sylvester, a police officer, was assigned to a special unit to deal with a series of community riots. This task force was created for the purpose of solving the problem at-hand, and was disbanded soon after. Special units such as these were initially created during the ________.

Reform Era of Policing

Reform/Professional Era

Replacing the political era, police became sole crime-fighters, with decreased officer-community contact and new emphases on quantitative measures- numbers of arrests, calls for service, time rates, and so on; policing became reactive in nature.

________ asserted that power can be divided, and it relied on local interests to promote the general welfare.

Republicanism

Basic sources of rural crime control in America today.

Sheriff

Coroner created to monitor this position.

Sheriff

Duties included assisting the king, and lazily chasing criminals.

Sheriff

In 1829, ________ established a base of support in Parliament and created the London Metropolitan Police.

Sir Robert Peel

Richard is a police commissioner who believes that the public must be supportive and approving of police actions. This is extremely crucial for their existence, actions, and behavior. Richard is following the principles of policing advocated by ________.

Sir Robert Peel

Democratic National Convention (1968 )

Sometimes termed the "police riot" in Chicago police officers used their gas and batons to deal with protesters, news photographers and reporters, and other citizens in what was subsequently described in the Walker Report.

William H. Parker

The LA police chief from 1950-1966, he is credited with transforming the LAPD into a world-renowned law enforcement agency.

The violence during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago raised many questions about the police and their function and role. Which of the following termed the civil disobedience in Chicago as the "police riot"?

The Walker Report

Which of the following assemblies produced a report that included a series of recommendations regarding professionalism in policing?

The Wickersham commission

Sheriff

The elected chief officer of a county law enforcement agency. Usually responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail.

Political Era of Policing

The movement to improve policing that began in America in the 1840s. Emphasis placed on patronage and ward influences in hiring, promoting and assigning police officers.

Dwayne, a government officer, specializes in determining the cause and effects of lesions, contusions, and fractures. He deals with murder cases on a daily basis, and is expected to assist the police by determining the potential murder weapons. Which of the following offices does Dwayne hold?

The office of the coroner

Which of the following law enforcement officers were authorized to use the concept of posse comitatus?

The office of the frontier sheriff

Warren, a wealthy landowner, held a legal office in medieval England. He issued warrants to constables to allow them to make arrests. Warren's office still exists today but many of the medieval functions have been removed. Which of the following offices is Warren likely to have held?

The office of the justice of the peace

Which of the following statements best reflects the community policing and problem solving era?

The police must recognize that they require the willing cooperation of the public if there is to be public observance of laws.

Benjamin, a police officer, understands and emphasizes the importance of wearing a uniform. He strongly believes that officers must always be in uniform and be easily visible to the public. Which of the following principles of early policing is Benjamin following?

The principle of crime provention

What three issues were police confronted with as they took the streets between 1845 and 1869?

Whether they should be in uniform, whether they should be armed, and whether they should use force.

________ transformed the LAPD into professional crime fighters and enforced higher standards of physical fitness, intelligence, and scholastic achievement.

William H. Parker

team policing

a 1970s tactic that sought to enhance policing using decentralized patrol services by a team of officers, usually under the discretion of a sergeant or lieutenant and in a specific geographic region

"thin blue line"

a force that stood between civilization and chaos and protecting society from barbarism and Communist subversion

James lived in South Carolina during the late 1700s and was responsible for enforcing colonial and state laws. He had no nonpolice duties. James was most likely a member of what type of law enforcement agency?

a slave patrol

What was included in the first police school?

courses on police methods and procedures, fingerprinting, first aid, criminal law, anthropometry, photography, public health, and sanitation

The ________ raised many questions about the police, their function, and their role in managing the civil disobedience, social turbulence, and tremendous progress in civil rights.

democratic national convention

modus operandi

method of operating

James, a thief, always utilized a particular lock pick manufactured during the early nineteenth century during his thefts. This lock pick left behind signature marks during his crimes. James also had a habit of scouting his potential targets three days prior to the theft. James's actions can be characterized as his ________.

modus operandi

Harry was hired as an officer in the full-time preventive police force. Harry was the mayor's nephew, and joined the force on recommendation rather than merit. In most cases, Harry obtained privileges that his fellow officers did not receive. This system is characteristic of the ________.

political era of policing

The ________ gave officers more autonomy to analyze the underlying causes of problems, find creative solutions, and ensure that crime control remained an important function, while providing equal emphasis to prevention.

problem-oriented approach

Warren applied to the LAPD in 1955 under Chief William H. Parker. After being accepted, William had to participate in a rigorous thirteen-week academy training program designed to turn him and his fellow recruits into competent and effective fighters. Although it lacked public support, this system of police administration propagated ________.

professionalism

During the professional era of policing, the goal was to maximize production by breaking down jobs into their basic steps and emphasizing time and motion studies. The ________ led to the realization of this goal.

scientific theory of administration

Of the four primary criminal justice officials in early England, which has retained the most power in modern American criminal justice?

sheriff

The ________ initially assisted the king in fiscal, military, and judicial affairs.

sheriff

During the political era of policing, an early form of internal affairs was developed where a plainclothes officer would check the performance of patrolling officers. These plainclothes officers were called ________.

shooflies

Vollmer believed that police should also work as...

social workers

Which of the following was a new police innovation that began during the community era of policing?

team policing

(1) the police should have an intelligence service for gathering information about offenders; (2) a register of known criminals and unlawful groups should be maintained; and (3) a police gazette should be published to assist in the apprehension of criminals and to promote the moral education of the public by publicizing punishments such as whipping, the pillory, and public execution

three ideas set forth by the Fieldings and Colquhoun

Which of the innovations that Vollmer made while serving as chief of police in Los Angeles made him extremely unpopular with the department and created much opposition to his attempts at reform?

using intelligence test results to determine personnel assignments