CRJ: Chapter 5
At what level of law enforcement does the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) operate?
federal The ATF is a federal law enforcement agency that helps to control sales of untaxed liquor and cigarettes and has jurisdiction over the illegal sale, importation, and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives. LO5; Bloom's: Remember [The Agencies of Law Enforcement]
What could have alleviated the problems faced by early municipal police forces in the United States?
instituting better training and administration of police forces Early police agencies were corrupt, brutal, and inefficient. The average officer had little training, no education in the law, and a minimum of supervision, yet the police became virtual judges of law and fact, with the ability to exercise unlimited discretion. LO2; Bloom's: Understand [The History of Police]
Private police who conduct surveillance and search for information on behalf of a client are typically engaged in __________.
intelligence policing Intelligence policing is private detection. Private detectives' and investigators' work comes in a variety of forms, but they primarily collect information for a client. Most often this will involve interviewing individuals, conducting surveillance, and conducting searches for information. LO8; Bloom's: Remember [Private Policing]
Which of the following is forcing many police departments to "do more with less"?
uncertainty of police force budgets When the economy spiraled downward in 2008, tax revenues slipped and law enforcement agencies around the country were forced to make difficult decisions. Many put hiring freezes into effect; others went so far as to lay off officers. Some entire police departments closed up shop permanently. There is increasing pressure to "do more with less," so agencies are striving to identify best practices that most capably control and prevent crime. LO4; Bloom's: Remember [Policing from the 1960s to the Present]
Data mining is __________.
when police use advanced software to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects based on behavior patterns Data mining is when sophisticated computer software is used to conduct analysis of behavior patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects. LO9; Bloom's: Remember [Technology and Law Enforcement]
What primarily fueled tensions between the police and the public in the 1960s?
widespread unrest due to the civil rights and antiwar movements During this time, civil unrest produced a growing tension between police and the public. African Americans, who were battling for increased rights and freedoms in the civil rights movement, found themselves confronting police lines, and when students across the nation began marching in anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, local police departments were called on to keep order. LO4; Bloom's: Remember [Policing from the 1960s to the Present]
What gave rise to the development of municipal police forces in the nineteenth century in the United States?
widespread urban unrest and mob violence The modern police department was born out of widespread urban unrest and mob violence that wracked the nation's cities in the nineteenth century. LO2; Bloom's: Remember [The History of Police]
What is helping to fuel the rise of private policing in some areas once handled by the federal government?
As federal budgets tighten, some federal police services have been privatized to cut expenses. Private policing has become a multibillion-dollar industry, with well in excess of 10,000 firms and more than 2 million employees. Even some federal police services have been privatized to cut expenses. LO8; Bloom's: Understand [Private Policing]
The National Security Agency (NSA) has detected chatter between several foreign nationals in the United States and known terrorists in the Middle East concerning the acquisition of assault weapons purchased with the use of counterfeit currency. Which federal law enforcement agency has control over the subsequent investigation of these foreign nationals?
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The FBI is the lead federal law enforcement agency charged with counterterrorism investigations. It coordinates intelligence collection with the Border Patrol, the Secret Service, the CIA, and other law enforcement agencies. At the center of this initiative is the Counterterrorism Division of the FBI, which maintains the Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF). LO6; Bloom's: Understand [The Agencies of Law Enforcement]
The use of DNA tests as part of booking procedures is seen by those who oppose it as a violation of the limitation on search and seizure as put out by which amendment to the U.S. Constitution?
Fourth Amendment
Which agency falls under the purview of the Department of Homeland Security?
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security. ICE is responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities in the nation's border, and for economic, transportation, and infrastructure security. LO6; Bloom's: Remember [The Agencies of Law Enforcement]
In what way did the Rodney King case force a reevaluation of police in America?
It prompted reforms to be made on improving community relations and checking police behavior. The King case prompted an era of reform. Several police experts decreed that the nation's police forces should be evaluated not on their crime-fighting ability but on their courteousness, behavior, and helpfulness. Police departments began to embrace new forms of policing that stressed cooperation with the community and problem solving; this is referred to as the community policing model. LO4; Bloom's: Understand [Policing from the 1960s to the Present]
How does the work of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) continue to benefit police despite its demise in the 1980s?
Many police officers benefit from the criminal justice college programs that the LEAA helped create. LEAA's Law Enforcement Education Program helped thousands of officers further their college education. Hundreds of criminal justice programs were developed on college campuses around the country, providing a pool of highly educated police recruits. LO4; Bloom's: Understand [Policing from the 1960s to the Present]
Like the watchmen that preceded them, why were many of the early bobbies of the London Metropolitan Police ineffective?
Many were corrupt. The early bobbies suffered many problems. Many of them were corrupt; they were unsuccessful at stopping crime; and they were influenced by the wealthy. Owners of houses of ill repute who in the past had guaranteed their undisturbed operations by bribing watchmen now turned their attention to the bobbies. LO1; Bloom's: Remember [The History of Police]
In which scenario can crime mapping benefit police?
Police are uncertain where they should deploy more officers to counter crime. Computer mapping programs that can translate addresses into map coordinates allow departments to identify problem areas for particular crimes, such as drug dealing. Computer maps allow police to identify the location, time of day, and linkage among criminal events and to concentrate their forces accordingly. LO9; Bloom's: Understand [Technology and Law Enforcement]
Why were formal police departments established in England in the nineteenth century?
Private police and informal police forces were not up to the task of policing cities. Rising crime rates in the cities encouraged a new form of private, moneyed police in the eighteenth century, who were able to profit both legally and criminally from the lack of formal police departments. These private police agents, referred to as thief takers, were universally corrupt. Eventually, the need for formal police was recognized. LO1; Bloom's: Understand [The History of Police]
How does technology benefit police in a time of uncertain budgets?
Technology allows police forces to increase productivity at minimal cost. Budget realities demand that police leaders make the most effective use of their forces, and technology seems to be one method of increasing productivity at a relatively low cost. LO9; Bloom's: Understand [Technology and Law Enforcement]
What is a principal concern that opponents of the use of DNA profiling have in the wake of the Supreme Court ruling?
The DNA sample of any person arrested can now be entered into a national database, even if the person didn't commit the crime he was arrested for.
Which scenario would be more typically seen in a small, rural police department rather than the police department of a large metropolis?
The police prefer to give warnings rather than arrest individuals for low-level crimes. Researchers have found, in fact, that rural policing relies heavily on informal mechanisms, rather than arrest, for dealing with unwanted behaviors. They have also found that officers engage citizens more informally and personably in such towns. LO7; Bloom's: Understand [The Agencies of Law Enforcement]
How are people who are arrested and later found innocent impacted by the Supreme Court ruling on DNA tests?
Their DNA profile can be immediately used and stored in the national database regardless of the disposition of the case.
As private security companies expand and more come onto the market, why will there be increased legal scrutiny of them?
There are questions as to whether or not private police have to abide by constitutional provisions that limit regular police officers. There will be more legal scrutiny as the private security business blossoms. A number of questions remain to be answered. One important issue is whether security guards are subject to the same search and seizure standards as police officers. LO8; Bloom's: Understand [Private Policing]
Over which of the following would the Secret Service typically have jurisdiction?
a case concerning counterfeiting of money and money laundering In addition to protecting high-level officials, the Secret Service is tasked with investigating counterfeiting and other financial crimes, including financial institution fraud, identity theft, computer fraud, and computer-based attacks on our nation's financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure. LO6; Bloom's: Understand [The Agencies of Law Enforcement]
Which of the following would typically involve Customs and Border Protection (CBP)?
detaining an individual using false papers to gain entry into the United States after his plane landed CBP patrols and protects the country's borders and points of entry, such as airports and seaports, to prevent terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal immigration, and agricultural pests from entering the United States, while improving the flow of legitimate trade and travel. LO6; Bloom's: Understand [The Agencies of Law Enforcement]
The central idea of community policing is to __________.
expand ties and trust between police departments and local communities Community policing is a law enforcement program that seeks to integrate officers into the local community to reduce crime and gain good community relations. It typically involves personalized service and decentralized policing, citizen empowerment, and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, and decay. LO4; Bloom's: Remember [Policing from the 1960s to the Present]
The majority of the authorized law enforcement personnel in this country are:
local police Local police make up the majority of the nation's authorized law enforcement personnel. Today, local police departments have more than 477,000 sworn personnel. LO7; Bloom's: Remember [The Agencies of Law Enforcement]
Town vigilance committees were a hallmark of nineteenth-century law enforcement in what region of the United States?
the west In the Old West, members of a vigilance committee or posse were called upon to capture cattle thieves or other felons. LO2; Bloom's: Remember [The History of Police]
A suspect has barricaded himself in a home that police have surrounded. What technology would be of great use to the police in determining if there are other suspects and/or hostages in the house?
thermal imaging A thermal imager is a device that detects radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and is used in law enforcement to detect variations in temperature. Thermal imaging helps law enforcement officials detect everything from marijuana-growing operations to suspects hiding from officers during foot pursuits. LO9; Bloom's: Remember [Technology and Law Enforcement]
What was one purpose of the Wickersham Commission?
to evaluate police forces in an attempt to professionalize them Formally known as the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, the Wickersham Commission, created in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover, was to study the U.S. criminal justice system, including the police, and make recommendations for improvement. LO3; Bloom's: Understand [The History of Police]
What is the purpose of DNA profiling in law enforcement?
to identify suspects by using DNA samples left at a crime scene
