CRJU1010: Introduction to Criminal Justice Final Exam Study Guide

Who has the highest lifetime chance of going to prison?

A black male

What is parens patriae?

A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide

Which of the following is an exception to the hearsay rule?

A dying declaration

Which of the following is considered to be the most secure prison ever built by the federal government?

ADMAX at Florence, Colorado

________ are ultra-high-security prisons in the federal system.

Administrative maximum

Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant?

Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply

________ evidence requires interpretation or requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates.

Circumstantial

The defendant exercises choice in the court process in which of the following decisions?

Deciding what plea to enter

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?

Determinate sentencing

________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.

Diversion

Offenders convicted of serious violent crimes are not eligible for probation.

False

Parole is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States today.

False

Parole officers who view their clients as wards who must be controlled are identifying with the social work model of parole.

False

Presentence investigations are conducted by the court.

False

Relative lack of punishment is one of the major advantages of probation and parole.

False

States today are moving away from the original principles of the juvenile court.

False

The primary concern of correctional officers today is the effective rehabilitation of inmates.

False

The rate of imprisonment is about the same for adult black and Hispanic males.

False

Violence is more common in direct supervision jails because of the lack of barriers separating inmates and staff.

False

Workhouses provided training in specific marketable job skills, so inmates would be able to find jobs upon release.

False

Which of the following is an advantage of the imposition of fines as a criminal sanction?

Fines can be made proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.

In which case did the Supreme Court approve a two-step procedure that separates the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence?

Gregg v. Georgia

Under the federal home confinement program, an offender who is required to remain home at all times except for preapproved scheduled absences such as work or school has been placed under which level of restriction?

Home detention

The first juvenile court that was separate in form and function from adult criminal courts was created in ________.

Illinois

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?

Incapacitation

The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option?

Incarceration

Which of the following statements regarding the state prison population in the U.S. is TRUE?

Incarceration rates are increasing while crime rates are decreasing

What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons?

It effectively ended prison industries.

What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?

It only provides rights to victims of federal crimes.

Which of the following arguments regarding the death penalty is a retentionist rationale?

Just deserts

________ guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged.

Legal

________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.

Mandatory sentencing

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?

Never—mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional.

Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?

Parole

What does research suggest about Serious Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) programs?

Participation in SVORI programs is associated with longer times to arrest.

What is prison argot?

Prison slang

According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations?

Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society.

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?

Probation

Which type of indigent defense involves the use of full-time salaried state employees?

Public defender programs

A defendant who is NOT indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney?

Retained counsel

Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?

Rhodes v. Chapman

________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.

Selective

Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?

Shock incarceration

In prison argot, "crack kids" are ________.

Streetwise young women with no respect for traditional prison values.

Which type of inmate is most likely to think of prison as his home?

The colonizer

Career female offenders who have adapted to prison life and generally keep to themselves represent which style of adaptation to prison life?

The cool

Which of the following is one of the three most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs?

The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision.

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

The offender acted under strong provocation.

Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?

The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license.

If the prosecutor calls a witness to the stand, who conducts the redirect examination?

The prosecutor

Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?

The punitive era

Why are regional jails becoming more popular?

They are more economical.

Which of the following is an advantage of intermediate sanctions?

They are socially cost-effective.

What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections?

To assign new inmates to a custody level

What was the original purpose of a jail?

To hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial

Appeals are less important at the juvenile level because most sentences of confinement are so short that the juvenile may be released before the appellate review process is completed.

True

Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves.

True

In most cases, the defendant must be present at trial.

True

Inmates who challenge prison conditions must show deliberate indifference on the part of prison officials.

True

Justice reinvestment emphasizes the use of alternative sanctions for nonviolent offenders.

True

Legal guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents evidence that is sufficient to convince the judge.

True

Non-heterosexual inmates are at greater risk of sexual victimization while incarcerated.

True

Prisons today are vulnerable to bioterrorist attacks.

True

Probation and parole officers may be responsible for making sentencing recommendations to judges.

True

Reentry courts oversee an offender's supervised release into the community.

True

The use of fines can help reduce the problem of prison overcrowding.

True

George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge?

Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial

________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.

Victims

Which of the following is a policy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society and does NOT attempt rehabilitation?

Warehousing

The juvenile court's fact-finding process, which is similar to an adult trial, is known as a(n) ________ hearing

adjudicatory

Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing.

alternative

Mario is a criminal attorney with a private practice. He has been appointed by the court to serve as a defense attorney for an indigent defendant and receives a fee from the court at a rate set by the state government. Mario is a(n) ________ counsel.

assigned

Most female inmates are housed in ________.

centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders

A(n) ________ provides information about the defendant's personality, family life, business acumen, and so on, in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged.

character witness

During jury selection, challenges for cause ________.

claim that an individual juror cannot be fair or impartial

Probation is ordered by the ________.

court

The role of the ________ is to create a record of all that occurs during a trial.

court reporter

In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ________ in adult court.

criminal complaint

The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act requires that any state who accepts federal funds through the Act must ________.

deinstitutionalize status offenders

Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.

deliberate indifference

Fifteen-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ________ child.

delinquent

The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.

determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant

General deterrence attempts to ________.

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

The ________ hearing is the final stage in the processing of adjudicated juveniles and is similar to an adult sentencing hearing.

dispositional

Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to ________.

employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process

Medium- and low-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________.

federal correctional institutions

A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.

grievance procedure

The judge ________.

holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

importation

The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as ________.

intake

A typical state prison today ________.

is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates

Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a ________.

jury of their peers

The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n) ________.

juvenile petition

The use of ________ is increasing.

medical parole

A juvenile confined in a private facility is likely to be held for a(n) ________ offense.

nondelinquent

The juvenile court has ________ jurisdiction if the offense must begin with juvenile court authorities.

original

One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the ________.

potential threat that inmates pose

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.

prisonization

Federal sentencing guidelines ________.

provide a range of punishments for a specific crime

The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.

reformatory

The primary objective of the juvenile court is ________.

rehabilitation

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.

retribution

In recent years, the juvenile justice system appears to be ________.

returning to the original principles of the juvenile court

According to the Supreme Court decision in Wolff v. McDonnell ________.

sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process

An inmate organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public is a(n) ________.

security threat group

A ________ jury is isolated from the public and removed from all outside influences.

sequestered

One of the five philosophical principles that form the basis for the juvenile court movement holds that the ________ is the "higher or ultimate parent" of the child.

state

Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________.

status offenders

Juvenile courts have original jurisdiction over juveniles charged with ________.

status offenses

The clerk of court is responsible for ________.

summoning members of the public for jury duty

As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ________.

supervision of clients

The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.

the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples in crime labs

An important security tool in medium-security prisons is ________.

the count

"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________.

the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality

Operational capacity is ________.

the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations

Prisoners' rights bear a strong resemblance to privileges because ________.

the rights of prisoners are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment

Proportionality means that ________.

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime

According to the National Institute of Corrections, ________ had the largest impact on reducing recidivism.

treatment-oriented intensive supervision

Inmates who were over the age of 50 when they entered prison are most likely to have committed ________.

violent crimes

Many sexual aggressors in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________.

want to avoid becoming victims themselves