Cross-Cultural Exam 3

Social striving is something that is

None of these answers is correct.

Arranged marriages

are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.

Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected?

Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?

Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day

Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European-Canadian student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?

Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.

What is the relationship between the propinquity effect and social facilitation?

Both are accessibility universals.

How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships?

Both are accounted for by relational mobility.

You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company can submit a patent. Based on culture and creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen?

Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.

Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are. Jeremy's individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18. Jason's individualism score is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.

Which of the following is an example of anthropocentrism?

Joanne thinks that cows have all the emotions that humans have.

People who are especially field dependent tend to be

None of these answers are correct.

Anthropocentrism is

None of these statements is true.

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American,

None of these statements is true.

The relation between money and happiness is that

None of these statements is true.

What is Adams' argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North Americans?

North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit from them, and enemies are not a benefit to them.

In negotiations, which of the following is TRUE?

People from collectivistic cultures are more likely than those from individualistic cultures to seek assistance from a third party to serve as a mediator.

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply?

People from other cultures likely can't recognize that he is excited.

Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?

Person D, who is Korean

An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. Which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?

Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.

After conducting a survey of every culture around the world, you find that only the Iberians say that snakes and tigers cannot be evil and mean-spirited and share no qualities with humans. From these results, what can you conclude?

Excluding the Iberians, anthropocentrism would be an existential universal or above.

A group of participants is given a hammer. They are asked to collectively strike the hammer onto a pad as hard as possible. Under which of the following circumstances would people try less hard on this group task than if they performed it individually?

They do not have relationships with the other group members.

A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gaze of Weiwei and William, what would you find?

William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond 2 or 3

are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers.

According to research by Atran, Medin, and colleagues, Yukatek Maya children

are more likely than Euro-American children to project features from animals to humans.

What can the basic emotions best be characterized as?

at least functional universals

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example of

equality matching.

Which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated with?

explicit communication

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she will appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result?

happiness

Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will

have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.

According to research on facial expressions across cultures, if Dixon, who's an American, makes facial expressions for the basic emotions

his expressions would be recognized above chance in virtually all cultures.

Trust towards strangers

is weaker in collectivistic cultures.

A person says, "I don't need to maintain my friendships. I know that they'll always be friends with me, and I'll always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to

not care so much whether a friend is like him or her.

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that

people attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction?

photo editing software that can mix different body shapes together

Which of the following is not one of Ekman's basic emotions?

pride

Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely also experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions?

shame

Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?

someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task

Romantic love is

something that appears to exist in all cultures.

Different languages from around the world

sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions.

Analytic thinking is best characterized by

taxonomic categorization.

Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. The more he is exposed to this tree swing,

the more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it.

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following qualifies as an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss

In one experiment investigating anger responses, European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians differed in

the rate at which their physiological response returned to baseline.

Your friend feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he's permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that

your friend does not prefer someone who is similar to him over someone who is not as similar to him.

Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive?

a person with an average-size body

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues reflects

a ritualized display

In which of the following circumstances is social facilitation most likely to happen?

A 10-year veteran hockey goalie is playing in front of a crowd.

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?

Alex abides by his culture's norms.

The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students' performance?

East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process; but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.

Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that

East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.

During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. Based on what you know about analytic and holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?

East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.

Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to change - he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social impact theory, which region of the United States should Derp move to if he wants to become less happy and have low subjective well-being?

East South Central

Japanese and American emotional experiences have been shown to differ in that

Japanese feel better than Americans when they are experiencing interpersonally engaged emotions.

Which of the following examples most accurately portray research on cultural differences in communication style?

Endo, who's Japanese, can't reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voicemail.

Comparisons of Asian-Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices reveals that

Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.

Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to research discussed in the text on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa?

Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners.

A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant?

He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that

Heidi would try harder to disclose more information about herself in an attempt to reveal shared attitudes or interests.

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?

It is an existential universal.

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?

James-Lange theory of emotions

Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (Latin American) and Sayako (Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenario is likeliest to happen?

Jorge will choose a choir that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.

Which of the following is TRUE about arranged marriages?

Many pre-industrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages.

Four single Japanese people are participating in a dating TV show. Three of them serve as targets, and they each spend time with the remaining person (the chooser). The chooser must then decide which person he or she wants to date. Which of the following people is the chooser most likely to choose?

Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with bilateral facial symmetry.

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions?

Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.

Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for 15 years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than 10 years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier?

Sanjay

How do social facilitation and social striving differ?

Social facilitation involves one actor being observed, whereas social striving involves one actor among many actors.

Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that

Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.

Jordan received a botox injection for the area around her eyes, meaning that the muscles around her eyes would be paralyzed and look emotionless for a period of time, while the rest of her face can still move. Before the paralyzing effect of the botox has worn off, she has dinner with an American friend and a Japanese friend. Jordan smiled throughout the night, indicating that she had a good time. Will Jordan's friends believe her smile?

The American friend likely will believe Jordan's smile, but the Japanese friend likely will not.

Ten children are sitting on a bench while an adult, Tom, speaks to them. Tom tells them that he will count to three, after which all the children must yell "Hello." The louder they yell (as measured by a decibel meter), the more money they get. After Tom counts to three, you see that one child off to the side is engaging in social loafing. Which of the following would explain the child's behavior?

The task was too easy.

Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?

You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer, and she responds with an uneasy expression and says, "I guess so."

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio is for legalization, while Gil is against it. It has been said that, separately, Horatio's argument is strong, while Gil's argument is weak. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?

Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true.

Color terms from different cultures around the world

all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.

An example of communal sharing is

an office with a water cooler, where each worker can take as much water as he or she likes.

A human, a giraffe, and a car. Which one doesn't belong?

analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe

When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians

choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT

cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.

store. When she saw a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. She decided that her increased heart rate meant that she liked the flower, so she bought the flower. A two-factor theorist would ______ with her conclusion because ______.

disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?

dispositional attribution

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

dispositional attributions.

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)

nonuniversal.

Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning, and must determine which family is the correct one. This is before the days of DNA analysis, so you must use family resemblance as your guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do you do to establish a familial relationship?

look at which family has approximately the same constellation of features as the child

Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are

low arousal positive states.

According to Gupta and Singh's research on marriage in India, after being married for 10 or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays people's happiness in these marriages?

males in arranged marriages > females in arranged marriages > males in love marriages > females in love marriages

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he's just caught. You'd love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you're carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of?

market pricing

Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?

mere exposure effect

Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is

more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.

If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that

the Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most euphoria?

when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

Imagine that you have just taught yourself a new skill, such as juggling. You would perform your best at it if

you performed by yourself in a room.