Cross Cultural Management Final

What ranks at or near the top of the list for all countries? and the bottom?

Top: Work and pay Bottom: Promotion Opportunities and Convenient Working Hours

When would team members be located in the same place and meet face to face to accomplish most of the tasks?

Traditional/On Site Team

When is it concrete to exchange relationships with employees that largely determine results?

Transactional Leadership Leaders are to manipulative

When would managers work to create a universally accepted vision of where the group or organization should go and then use moral persuasion or charismatic leadership to reinforce this mission?

Transformational Leadership Leaders are too abstract

True or False. Companies that are able to use the negotiation process to get to know their future partners can often foresee and prevent future problems and avoid undue hardships.

True.

True or False. It is important for managers to see and understand the on ground situation and cultural realities and then capitalize on their own unique personal skills and abilities to get the job done by working through people from different cultural backgrounds.

True.

True or False. The process of adaption and growth is cyclical and continual.

True.

True or False. When communicating via text based media, less information richness and detail is explained.

True. Individuals don't write as much as they would say which oversimplifies communication and omits important information.

True or False. People better recall information when it's consistent with their cultural knowledge or value.

True. Mastery Orientated Cultures recall specific success of subordinates that involved sales or financial achievements whereas harmony orientated cultures recall more about their subordinate interpersonal or team building successes.

True or False. The more a manager can reduce the noise, the greater the message clarity.

True. Noise is the cultural differences and potential cross cultural misunderstandings

True or False. The GLOBE project found that leadership is culturally contingent.

True. Qualities of effective leaders vary across cultures.

True or False. All cultures make use of a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic incentives.

True. Th relative balance between the two differs.

True or False. Communicating across distances creates a tendency for people to omit context or contextual information from their messages and discussions.

True. When this happens, the contextual information is often ignored or forgotten.

What is the openness of communication or relaxation of control based on mutual trust?

Trust Behavior

What are the explorations and expectations about ways in which the other party might be trusted?

Trust Expectations

What is the overall judgement about the trustworthiness of the other party and leads to trusting behavior and subsequent trust related outcomes such as increased efficiency, cost reductions, etc. ?

Trust Judgement

What is the joint efforts and revisions of trust expectations in the future?

Trust Related Outcomes

What emerges as a result of cultural differences between sends and receives to provide important implications for how various parties to a conversation receive interpret, and respond to messages?

Two Interrelated Cultural Screens: Cognition and Communication Protocols.

What represents potential impediments or barriers in the basic AIM model?

Two Interrelated Cultural Screens: Cognition and Communication Protocols.

Who tends to high in pragmatism, achievement orientation and demand competence and place a high value on profit maximization, organizational efficiency, and productivity?

US Managers

What is a critical strategic asset for global managers in a highly competitive world?

Understand how culture influences employee behavior and performance.

Where are legal contracts seen as a substitute for personal relationships?

United States Notorious for wanting to get down to business immediately.

What approach believes that leadership traits and processes are relatively constant across cultures?

Universal Approach -- leader as a leader transformational vs. transactional leadership

What takes advantage of technology to draw knowledge and resources from different parts of the organization and different geographical locations without relocating workers?

Virtual Global Team

What type of team is dispersed and multicultural?

Virtual Global Team Likely to face important cultural differences since some contextual information isn't available.

What is characterized by a collaborative network of people dispersed across spatial, temporal, cultural, and organizational boundaries and work together to achieve common goals?

Virtual Global Teams

What type of team is dispersed and homogeneous?

Virtual Local Team

Who has low cultural embeddedness and largely virtual communication with low mobility, but a high technological dependence?

Virtual Manager

When do long term assignments become challenging for managers?

When a partner may need to give up a career at home and can't find suitable employment in the host country or children require special attention.

When does the likelihood of long term team member success reduce?

When there isn't trust.

What reflect individual beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct for pursuing desirable end states?

Work Values Useful function in providing individuals with guidelines and standards for determining their own behavior and evaluating the work of others

What are the common process strategies for resolving conflicts?

-Accommodation -Collaboration -Competition -Avoidance -Compromise

How can culture shock be alleviated?

-Align expectations by understanding the host environment and oneself. -Learn about the local environment: helps expats know what to look for. -Learn the local language: provides a sense of being in control and facilitates communication with locals; locals are more receptive to foreign visitors as well. -Know yourself (about your culture too): better able to look for information and deal with situations while looking at the practical aspects of the relocation. -Explore the Local surroundings: only way to learn about the environment and start the process of adjustment. -Use cultural translators: have a good understanding of both cultures and can help new arrivals make sense of what they are experiencing -Remember why you are there

What are some of the benefits of technology in the workplace?

-Allows for the instantaneous information exchange regardless of geographic location -Information is recorded prior to transmission and provides a record of transactions. -Creates ability to hand off work to teammates across time zones for work around the clock

What are factors of culturally mediated protocols?

-Appropriate Topics: family & health issues, personal wealth, conversation sequencing -Message Formatting: message context and content -Conversational Formalities: use of titles, speaking order, use of apologies -Acceptable Behaviors: interruptions, emotional displays

What are some career considerations?

-Basis of performance evaluations -Maintaining links to home company. -Opportunities to return to home company or other employment.

How can a global manager manage leader behaviors?

-Be authentic, but mindful of local constraints. -Tie awards to followership -Be honest and transparent -Continually listen for feedback

How can an expatriate make himself or herself at home?

-Be yourself with skill. -Find place or role in new environment. -Don't take yourself too seriously. -Most cultures are patient.

What are the topics that the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) focus on to fight corruption and bribery in the negotiation process and subsequent multinational partnerships?

-Bribes -Remuneration -Transparency -Advocacy -Controls: management control systems discourage bribery and corrupt practices. -Contributions: no illegal contributions

How can a global manager enhance the behavioral repertoire of applied communication skills?

-Broaden message formatting skills, including non verbal -Develop country specific knowledge of appropriate topics, formalities, and behaviors. -Develop active listening skills with particular attention to common communication failures across cultures

What are ways to facilitate a successful negotiation?

-Build Long-term Relationships / Trust -Focus on Understanding the Organizational and Personal Interests and Goals Behind the Bargaining Positions -Avoid Over Reliance on Cultural Generalizations -Be Sensitive to Timing -Remain Flexible -Plan Carefully -Listen & Use Body Language

How can global negotiators manage negotiations?

-Build initial relations and bargain in good faith -Exchange information (competitive or problem solving) -Make concessions (sequential or holistic) -Finalize agreement

How can global negotiators manage agreements?

-Build mutual trust -Interpret the contract -Determine contract flexibility -Manage the partnerships

How can a global manager clarify leadership expectations?

-Clarify exceptions you have for yourself, your follower, and you as a leader

What are team challenges of virtual global teams?

-Communicating, making decisions, and taking actions in a largely distributed and computer mediated environment in which interpersonal style, communication, and body language are largely unseen. .-Developing cross cultural understanding and sensitivity from a distance -Developing productive working relationships

What are types of interpersonal communication?

-Communication Environment -Communication Capabilities -Cognition and Communication -Communication Protocols -Back Channel Communication

What are the factors that reinforce, attract, distract, and influence message interpretation in the communication environment?

-Competing Messages -Visual and Audible Noise -Interpersonal Relationships -Power Distance -Knowledge Distribution -Attitudes and Perceptions -Pressing Needs -Cultural Screens

What are the characteristics of contracts under the doctrine of changed circumstances?

-Contract follows personal relationships -General and Flexible -Short, less detailed, and less legalistic -Backed by personal integrity, trust, and relationships

How can global managers manage employee expectations and rewards?

-Create realistic employee expectations regarding wage effort bargain. -Develop and reinforce a psychological contract that is mutually understood and accepted. -Manage fair and equitable distribution of rewards as seen locally.

What are benefits associated with hiring a local manager?

-Critical skills can be developed locally to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness. -Typically less expensive than transferring expats -Fewer local adjustment problems -Better ties to local government and local business community

What are benefit associated with hiring an expatriate manager?

-Critical skills can be transferred overseas -Helps retain their services for future assignments -Opportunities to develop internationally experienced senior management team -Better ties to parent company and global business community.

What are the variables that are included in the process of sociocultural adaption?

-Cultural Knowledge: Operating successfully within a new cultural environment requires understanding the norms, rules, and expectations of the local culture. -Cultural Distance -Intergroup Attitudes -Multicultural Competence -Individual Roles: Influences how important and desirable it is to adapt to the host environment, but also how much exposure one has to local individuals.

What are the cultural limitations on the acceptable actions of managers and employees alike?

-Cultural drivers can affect how problems are identified and understood by managers and employees. -Cultural divers can influence the variety of possible solutions or preferred outcomes that are acceptable on the part of organizations, managers, and employees.

How can a global manager expand his or her knowledge and understanding of cultural dynamics?

-Develop a greater understanding of their own culture and common communication patterns. -Develop in depth knowledge on the beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations of other key cultures via independent reading and study, sponsored programs on cross cultural issues, discussions with foreign nationals -Expand relevant foreign language skills for both increases understanding and improved communication. -Seek advice from local cultural experts when necessary.

How can an expatriate continue to develop multicultural competence?

-Develop self awareness and empathy skills. -Reflect on own experiences. -Build capacity for behavioral flexibility.

What is the Brazilian negotiating style?

-Emphasizes the building, maintaining, and capitalizing on one's personal relationships (attributed to the national inferiority complex and sensitivity of complex). -Highly engaged with their opponents or prospective partners during negotiation. -Avoid conflict and attempt to please the other party due to their focus on relationships - friendships!. -Indirect language, hidden unpleasant information, make false problems, and embellish the truth. -Improvisation, informality, and flexibility

How can a global manager re-calibrate perceptual and critical analysis skills?

-Examine own reasoning and others -Explore assumptions made about others -View situations through the eyes of others -Look for subtleties and nuances in interpersonal interactions -See to understand the whys

What are the advantages of sending in expatriate managers?

-Help companies coordinated and control operations that are widely dispersed geographically and culturally. -Information flow increases -Important strategic information is provided -Managers develop skills for working with both colleagues and customers around the world.

What are global mindset characteristics of one's personal work style?

-High cultural quotient -Flexibility & openmindness -Effective global communicator and collaborator -Skills in being a global team player -Ability to balance global and local goals, behaviors, and management

What are the contingency factors that play into which conflict resolution strategy is most important?

-How crucial a solution is to team members -How much power does each party have -Viability of a given strategy -Presence of precedents created by negotiators looking for expediency

What has increased the popularity of short term assignments?

-Increased availability of local talent and cost pressures. -Higher incidence of dual career couples -Ease of transportation and communication across countries.

What are types of business changes?

-Increased globalization -Globalized workforce. -Technology revolutions -Political and Regulatory Volatility -Economic opportunities and turmoil.

What affects the degree and pace of adjustment to the foreign culture?

-Individual Expectations. -Personal characteristics and circumstances: How one adapts to new situations, develops new relationships, an how comfortable they are with ambiguity. -Characteristics of the host environment: Vary in tolerance and how much multiculturalism is embraced

What are the principal roles of a short term assignment?

-Initiate, monitor, or complete new projects. -Coordinate ongoing operations and plan across multiple locations. -Send troubleshooters to various locations as needed. -Retain highly skilled talent that may wish to remain in home country. -Expand talent pool available for various global assignments. -Facilitate global management development and enhance interorganizational communication and cooordination.

What are the principal roles of a long term global assignment?

-Integrate local operations into parent company's global strategy. -Enhance parent company management and control over local operations -Fill positions or skill gaps caused by a lack of local talent. -Develop experienced parent company managers and local managers

What are limitations that lead to a lack of understanding?

-Lack of mutual knowledge and consent -Over-dependence on technology -Loss of useful details

What are the roles of the factors that create the cultural screens on cognition?

-Language: Help determine the structures and meanings underlying intended messages -Selective Perceptions: Guide people's attention to particular parts of intended messages -Cognitive Evaluations: Guide the process of attaching meaning to received messages -Cultural Logic: guides senders' choice of what needs to be communicated and receives interpretation of the message

How can an expatriate understand the new environment?

-Learn about the environment PRIOR to departure. -Reach out to prospective contacts. -Build a home base of support to retain contacts back home.

What are factors of culturally mediated cognition?

-Linguistic Structures: language in use, formal or informal, native or NON native speakers -Selective Perception: focusing on immediate demands, sensing/missing nonverbal messages -Cognitive Evaluation: attaching meanings to messages, norm of authenticity -Cultural Logic: assuming that others think and act in the same manner as you

How can managers facilitate communication among members?

-Making communication norms explicit. -Providing intercultural communication training -Developing team building interventions that lead to the building of mutual understandings.

What are characteristics of a self initiated assignment?

-Manager chooses where and when to relocate; takes responsibility for finding a job and relocating family. -Limited expat support. -Manages multicultural workforce.

What are characteristics of an employee initiated assignment?

-Manager may feel pressured to accept in order not to jeopardize future career advancements. -May not select location of assignment. -Have some relative job security while abroad -Organization is responsible for legal arrangements. -Extremely costly and high risk of ht organization

What are important factors to managing tasks and team processes?

-Managers must recognize the principal challenges facing such teams. -Managers need to understand what they can do to facilitate team performance.

What are some problems that arise as a result of technology dependency?

-Members can't control how others will read or interpret their messages. -Documents don't get sent and there are different versions of the documents. -Little shared understanding

What are communication characteristics in a low context culture?

-Messages to the point -Nonverbal cues are often ignored or unimportant. -Messages typically more important than the medium -Status difference can affect message or medium

What must be clarified when managing task?

-Mission and goal setting -Task structuring -Roles and responsibilities -Decision making -Accountability

What are some of the personal considerations that can help enhance the likelihood of success?

-Motivation for foreign assignment. -Physical and emotional health -Maturity and relational abilities -Language capabilities

What are the two pressures that has increased the use of onsite and virtual teams?

-Move towards globalization -Major changes in communications and computer technologies.

What are the challenges of living and working globally?

-Personal Consideration -Family Consideration -Career Consideration

What are the three factors that affect managers leadership endeavors and suggests that managers placed in leadership roles might profitably begin by making sure that they understand themselves as potential leaders?

-Personal Traits of both Leaders & Followers -Expectations -Actual Leader Behaviors on the Ground

What are the characteristics of contracts under the doctrine of fixed circumstances?

-Personal relationships follow contracts. -Very Specific and inflexible -Long, detailed, and legalistic -Backed by local and international legal systems

What are some of the factors that determine the failure or success in a global negotiations?

-Personalities and private agendas of the principal negotiators -Different goals, demands, and constraints of the teams and organizations involved.

What are the main GLOBE cultural dimensions?

-Power Distance -Uncertainty Avoidance -Humane Orientation -Institutional Collectivism -In Group Collectivism -Assertiveness -Gender Egalitarianism -Future Orientation -Performance Orientation

What are people strategies for resolving conflict?

-Prepare people via a positive and open attitude towards dialogue. -Assess the Situation -Explore Past and Present: helps to uncover cultural assumptions and meanings that may be obstructing collaboration -Envision the Future: Can lead to a common solution to emerge -Create Solutions: Take action -Rejuvenate and Reflect: Celebrate successes and boost morale -Don't Forget about Relationships

What are some of the benefits of having a global team?

-Provide an opportunity to incorporate widely differing social, cultural, and business perspectives into key decisions affecting the success of international operations. -Provide specific cross cultural expertise on some aspect of the business or when they partner with a foreign firm.

What can the process of adaption to a foreign culture be separated into?

-Psychological Adjustment -Sociocultural Adjustment

What are some of the process that influence work behavior across cultures?

-Psychological Contracts -Cognition and Expectations -Casual Attributions -Risk & Uncertainty

What foundations are used to build team synergy?

-Purpose: provide direction, inspiration, and motivation to team members; keeps the team together in difficult situations -Performance Measures: Provide specific and measurable goals to evaluate team's progress and focus the team's efforts on results. -People: Need complementary skills and should be committed to the team's purpose. -Process: Needed to accomplish tasks, identity problems and opportunities, generate solutions, make trade-offs, etc. -Practice: Preparation and disciplined practice

What are the coping strategies adopted by returning expatriates?

-Re-socialized Returnees -Alienated Returnees -Proactive Returnees

How can a global manager manage virtual global teams?

-Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of virtual teams compared to on site teams. -Manage the special circumstances -Match communication styles to the virtual team environment.

How can a global manager manage onsite teams?

-Recognize the importance of both team goals and tasks and progress -Build leadership skills in workings with global teams. -Build trust -Understand and utilize conflict resolution strategies

How can global negotiators manage preparations?

-Select a suitable partner with complementary goals and objectives. -Develop a negotiation strategy -Prepare to manage the negotiation process

What do managers and coordinators focus their efforts on when building successful teams?

-Select members on the basis of skills needed to accomplish tasks and work together. -Provide clear direction: Must believe they have a worthwhile purpose to accomplish and have common expectation regarding their performance goals. -Build a positive team culture. -Build team camaraderie: will facilitate creative exchanges. -Tie rewards to performance: develop milestones and provide feedback/rewards throughout the duration -Recognize and build on differences

What are principal leadership challenges in on site global teams?

-Sensitivity to cross cultural differences. -Accommodate divergent viewpoints. -Coordinated interpersonal group dynamics and keep members on task -Master intercultural communication by listening for contextual messages behind content messages -Lead group efforts to achieve target objectives

What are principal leadership challenges in virtual global teams?

-Sensitivity to cross cultural differences. -Accommodate divergent viewpoints. -Coordinated interpersonal group dynamics and keep members on task -Master intercultural communication by reading between the lines on written messages and videoconferencing -Lead group efforts to achieve target objectives

What are some ways that companies keep in touch with their expatriates and ensure that they do not get lost or forgotten when they are out of their home country?

-Special Newsletter -Special Web Pages -Regularly scheduled Home Visits -Repatriation activities

What are some of the family considerations?

-Spouse expectations and employment. -Family adaption to local environment. -Local educational opportunities -Quality of family life in new location

What are communication characteristics in a high context culture?

-Subtle, indirect/hidden messages -Nonverbal cues are important -Medium is more important than the message -Status differences affect both medium and message

What must be clarified when managing process?

-Team building -Communication patterns -Participation -Conflict resolution -Performance evaluation

What are core cultural dimensions?

-Uncertainty & Social Control -- rule vs. relationship based. -Power Distance -- hierarchical vs. egalitarian -Time & Work Patterns -- monochronic vs. polychronic -Social Relationship -- individualistic vs. collectivistic -Environmental Relationships -- mastery orientated vs. harmony orientated

How can global managers understand corporate constraints on rewards?

-Understand company expectations and resources regarding performance expectations and rewards. -Develop long range incentive and compensation program. -Develop managerial flexibility to fit local situations.

How can global managers understand the local work environment?

-Understand the personal work values and psychological contracts. -Understand work like balance -Build productive working relationships with subordinates

How can a global manager understand themselves as a leader?

-Understanding how you get things done working with others. -Understanding one's own leadership styles -Understanding what additional skills you should learn to be a more effective leader

What are characteristics of a global team in a multicultural environment?

-Unique cultural backgrounds -No Dominant culture -Members are often outside their comfort zones -Heavy reliance on electronic communications -Pressure on everyone to adapt

What are examples of conversational formalities?

-Use of Titles: Can represent a sign of respect of power (or absence can signify an egalitarian culture/close relationship) -Manner in which ideas/proposals are presented -Role of Apologies: Formal apologies are used throughout East and SE Asia to restore harmony, demonstrate empathy, and acceptance of responsibility.

What are the two basic questions asked when developing an understanding of people at work?

-What are the key differences between people in the global workplace in terms of their work values? -How central is work in the lives of these people?

What are the questions that arise when working with employees from different countries and cultures through the lens of work motivation?

-What is it that motivates employees on the job? -Do these motivational drivers differ across cultures? -What is the role played by managerial efforts to involve employees in work related decisions in securing employee motivation and performance?

What are the steps to bridging?

1. Approaching or preparing to understand other people from their POV. 2. De-centering or putting yourself in the other person's place and speaking/listening from the POV. 3. Re-centering or finding commonalities and developing common norms, common definitions and common objectives.

What are GLOBE's four factors that related to the ethical leadership across cultures?

1. Character & Integrity 2. Altruism 3. Collective Motivation 4. Encouragement

What are the successful factors for selecting global partners?

1. Compatibility of Strategic Goals and Tactics: mutually reinforcement of each other's long term objectives & short term tactics 2. Complementary Value Creating Resources: Similar approaches to methods, systems, inputs, and distribution channels and contribute assets that the other partner may not have. 3. Complementary Organizational Cultures 4. Strong Commitment to the Partnership: Strong interest and commitment in creating and managing a successful partnership. 5. Strong Philosophical and Operational Compatibility: Same philosophies of operational and HR management.

What are the stages of problem solving bargaining?

1. Define the long term strategic interests of your firm. 2. Adapt to the other side's culture and separate the people involved in the negotiations from the problems and goals that need to be solved. 3. Give and demand to receive objective information that clarifies each party's interest. 4. Search for new creative options that benefit the interests of both parties. 5. Search for mutually acceptable criteria for reaching accord. 6. Sign when interests are met and adapt to cultural differences in contracts when necessary.

What are the stages of competitive bargaining?

1. Identify current economic and other benefits firms seeks from the deal. 2. Look for weaknesses in the opponents and reveal as little as possible. 3. Provide little information as possible and make a hard offer that is more favorable to your side than realistically expected to achieve. 4. Use dirty tricks and pressure tactics when appropriate to win. 5. Begin with high demands . 6. Sign only if won, but losers will seek revenge with inferior quality materials in production order.

What are the important points to consider when choosing between negotiation strategies?

1. It's easy to misread the intentions of the other party. 2. Culture can predispose negotiators to select one approach over another. (i.e. US managers believe in a win or lose situation) 3. Most experts on international negotiation recommend a problem solving approach because it leads to better long term solutions and relationships.

What are two issues that can help advance the understanding of leadership processes?

1. Meaning of Leadership as a Cultural Construct (embedded in the diverse cultures its exercised in and changes accordingly) 2. Variations in Local Expectations

What are the skills associated with a global mindset?

1. Openness and attentiveness to multiple realms of actions and meaning 2. Complex representation and articulation of cultural and strategic dynamics 3. Mediation and integration of ideals and actions oriented towards global and local levels alike.

What are the steps to be taken to prepare for global negotiations?

1. Select the right partner. 2. Develop a negotiating strategy. 3. Manage the negotiation process.

What are the approaches toward an implementation mindset during the creation of a negotiating strategy?

1. Start with the End in Mind: Think how the deal will work in a year. 2. Help the Other Side to Prepare. 3. Treat Alignment as a Shared Responsibility: Gain acceptance by all those involved in the deal because they will make the deal work later on. 4. Send on Clear Message: Share information with everyone involved in the deal 5. Manage Negotiations like a Business Process: Use careful preparation and post negotiation reviews.

What is the preferred way of identifying the challenges facing managers working across cultures?

AIM Approach Lays ground work for looking into why it's easier to communicate with some counterparts than others (based on cultural differences)

What approach attempts to tease out the structural and behavioral differences between management and leadership?

Academic Approach

What strategy is used when developing and nurturing a relationship is more important than the specific outcome of a particular issue?

Accommodation

What is the acquisition of new cultural practices in wide ranging areas including the learning of a new language?

Acculturation

What phase do expatriates begin to gain confidence in their ability to function productively in new culture and experience a sense of stability?

Adaption & Biculturalism

What are advantages and disadvantages of global teams?

Adv: More creative in developing ideas and solutions, increase in understanding global markets, more effective in working with international customers, and better understanding of multinational employees. Disadv: More difficult to develop close knit groups, takes longer to make decisions and implement action plans, and different work habits can lead to conflict or misunderstanding.

What refers to expressing and standing for what one thinks and desires and suggest stating clearly what you think and want?

Advocacy

Who is someone that rejects the values of their home country in favor of the values of their host country?

Alienated Returnees Find it difficult to apply their experiences in a meaningful way since they have returned.

Who places a higher value on leisure and social interaction and sees work as an obligation?

Americans

Where are leaders respected, admired, and sometimes revered?

Anglo Saxon Countries (US, UK, Australia) **leaders are often distrusted and feared in Mexico, Egypt, Romania**

What is a multicultural team's greatest asset?

Appears during the planning and development or analysis stage NOT the implementation / action stage.

How many attributes are seen as universally applicable across cultures and universally undesirable?

Applicable = 22 whereas undesirable = 8.

What is the ultimate goal of a negotiation?

Arrive at a mutually agreed contract that is legally binding in both countries.

What society gives more importance to what is left unsaid instead of what is said in open and direct ways?

Asian Societies ("speaking one's mind" or "telling it how it is" is seen as immature, impolite, and bizarre)

What involves a manager letting go of their original cultural habits and assumptions and incorporate the habits and assumptions of the new cultural milue?

Assimilation Decreases the opportunities for cross cultural conflicts, but can be seen as challenging when returning home.

What involves the selection of intended messages from a barrage of other simultaneous messages?

Attention "What do I see or hear?"

What highlights the three key ingredients in effective interpersonal communication, attention, interpretation, and message/response?

Attention Interpretation Message (AIM) Model

Who emphasizes a a moralistic and humanistic orientation with an emphasis on growth & profit maximization, loyalty & trust?

Australian Managers Low emphasis on individual achievement, success, competition, and risk.

What Globe leadership style has characteristics of: individualistic, independent, and unique?

Autonomous Leadership (Eastern Europe, Germanic clusters)

What strategy is used when the issue is not important and the relationship isn't critical?

Avoidance

What are on the job behaviors?

Behavioral Consequences

What refers to the ability to engage in different behaviors, switch styles, and accomplish tasks in more than on way?

Behavioral Flexibility

What is the extent to which each member believes the others are making a good faith effort to meet their commitments?

Benevolence Based Trust

What is one of the world's most attractive emerging markets?

Brazil

What involves communicating effectively and taking those differences into account, speaking, and listening from the other person's point of view?

Bridging

What Globe leadership style has characteristics of: visionary, inspirational, self sacrificing, decisive, and performance orientated?

Charismatic/Values Based Leadership (Anglo, Asian, and Latin American clusters)

What is the process of categorizing the information to make judgement about something's authenticity, accuracy, and utility?

Cognitive Evaluation Trying to relate something to other events and actions to know how to make sense of it and how to respond.

What strategy is used the relationship is important, but so is the outcome?

Collaboration Represents looking for a win win for all involved

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: intrinsic rewards tied to commitment and loyalty, group based incentives, group norms and moral persuasion, view employees as family members, and build teams and networks focused on task performance?

Collectivist

When is leadership less associated with individuals and more closely aligned with group endeavors?

Collectivist Cultures

What are qualities of a successful international negotiators?

Comfortable in multicultural environments and are skilled in building and maintaining interpersonal relationships as well as a tolerance of ambiguity, patience, flexibility, creativity, cultural empathy, willingness to learn new things, and a knowledge of foreign languages.

What is knowledge that individuals have in common and are aware that they share?

Common Ground/Mutual Knowledge Doesn't have to be repeated when communicating; lacking this can lead to an obstruction of information flow and can create conflict (since our ability is hindered to identify aspects of our own situation that need to be explained)

What is the most serious challenge global managers face?

Communicating effectively across cultures.

What are team challenges of on site global teams?

Communicating, making decisions, and taking actions in a largely face to face environment in which interpersonal styles can differ significantly.

What is the principal way to reach out to others to exchange ideas and commodities, develop and dissolve relationships, and conduct business?

Communication

What is the degree to which members believe the others can deliver on their commitments?

Competence Based Trust

What are trust expectations?

Competence Based Trust, incentive based trust, and benevolence based trust.

What strategy is used when the relationship is not important but the outcome is?

Competition

What strategy views negotiation as a win lose game and each side gives as little as possible?

Competitive Negotiation Little thought is given to building a long term relationship; often leads to outcomes that satisfy neither side.

What are the two basic strategies for negotiation?

Competitive and Problem Solving

What is based on allegiance to rules, interpersonal or group relationships, available incentives and rewards, or simply fear?

Compliance

What strategy is used when the relationship and outcome are both important, but time doesn't allow negotiators to engage in a collaborate problem solving exercise?

Compromise

What involves the type of support available, equipment,competing responsibilities, cultural norms, holiday schedules, local rules, expectations, and regulations?

Context Related Information

What approach has the assumption that there are no universals in describing effective leadership and focuses on leadership as a culturally embedded process not a series of personal traits?

Contingency Approach - leader as a local manager

What spells out the levels of investment, areas of responsibility and accountability, cost data when appropriate, control over proprietary technology, and procedures for sharing the benefits of the enterprise?

Contract Legally binding instrument that guarantees for all parties to the contract what will happen and when materials will be delivered (UK, US, Germany, Australia, Canada)

What are formal or implicit guidelines and rules governing what constitutes acceptable or preferred formal conversational etiquette?

Conversational Formalities

What is the degree and type of cultural differences between the home and host cultures is an important determinant in how difficult of easy it will be to master and accept new cultural elements?

Cultural Distance

What happens when two or more cultures come into contact?

Cultural Fiction

What is the process of using one's own assumptions about normative behavior to interpret the messages and actions of others to hypothesize their motives and intention?

Cultural Logic How people attribute meaning to words and actions of others on the basis of the local meanings embedded within their own culture

What is used to facilitate communication and reduce what needs to be said to a manageable level?

Cultural Logic It is often too difficult and time consuming for people to express all thoughts and assumptions behind everything they say.

What signals what parts of the message are important, how they should be interpreted, and guide message senders by providing a repertoire of acceptable responses depending upon the situation?

Cultural Protocols

What is one of the principal reasons for contract disputes around the world?

Cultural variation in the meaning of a contract.

What involves cultural influences on individual cognition surrounding communication episodes?

Culturally Mediated Cognition in Communication How people and messages are evaluated and process in the minds of senders and receivers.

What involves cultural influences on communication protocols or required behaviors?

Culturally Mediated Communication Protocols How to construct a message in a way that is culturally consistent

What consists of a series of logical assumptions that don't necessarily represent a unified whole and allows for simplified and rapid communication?

Culture Logic / Cultural Logics Cultures have a variety of logics relating to different aspects of social interaction.

What forces a manager to question their behavioral habits and can lead to emotional feelings of anxiety, stress, and confusion?

Culture Shock Via psychological sense of frustration, anxiety, and disappointment to full on depression.

What is the unlearning of at least some of the old cultural practices in the sense that new responses are need in situations that previously would have evoked old ones?

Deculturation

What is magnified by individuals' unrealistic expectations about what the experience in the foreign country is likely to be?

Disillusionment

What stage do most individuals give up and return home or stay and refuse to speak the local language or interact with locals?

Disillusionment

What phase relates to the differences in lifestyles, lack of comfortable food, and difficulties coping with the uncertainties of the new environment cease to be amusing and become irritating?

Disillusionment - most difficult phase

What states that when circumstances beyond the control of a business partner change, both partners are obliged to renegotiated the original contact so that neither party loses materially?

Doctrine of Changed Circumstances (Asia, Africa, and Latin America)

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: intrinsic rewards and minimal salary differences, participate or consultative decisions making, flexible and collaborative leaders, and reward constructive feedback and creativity?

Egalitarian

What refers to the ability to identify and understand others' feelings and motives and allows one to assist the other party in preserving his or her identity?

Empathy

What makes people motivated to achieve or restore equity between themselves and others they compare themselves to?

Equity Principle

Who has high cultural embeddedness and is largely face to face communication with moderate mobility and low technological dependence?

Expatriate

What is needed to manage a virtual global team?

Extensive training in technology use, virtual communication, virtual work, and cultural sensitivity.

What are rewards or punishments that are provided to employees as a result of good or bad performance and includes items such as salaries, bonuses, benefits, and job security?

Extrinsic Rewards Administered by the firm, not the employee.

True or False. The higher the level of decision process or the more complex the message, the less communication medium is required.

False. The communication medium required is richer.

True or False. In most countries, employees are interested in deferred compensation plans.

False. Due to financial crisis in a country.

True or False. Reverse culture shock does not result from dissatisfaction with the job or old way of life in the home country.

False. It does. Re-entry can be challenging on a personal level since family and friends have moved or acquired new interests.

True or False. In many countries, business discussions can start right away.

False. It is seemed insulting since trustworthy relationships haven't been firmly established; "warmed up".

True or False. Nonverbal communication makes up 35% of the meaning in a two way communication.

False. Verbal communication does; thus nonverbal characteristics are quire important when communicating across cultures.

Who has moderate cultural embeddedness and a balance of face to face and virtual communication with high mobility and moderate technological dependence?

Frequent Flyer

What refers to the ability to observe context, body language, facial expressions, and behavioral cues while actively listening to summarize information and ask questions?

Gather & Analyze Information

What is a highly complex cognitive structure characterized by an openness to and articulation of multiple cultural and strategic realities on both global and local levels and the cognitive ability to mediate and integrate across the multiplicity?

Global Mindset

What is a group of employees selected from two or more cultural contexts and two or more companies who work together to coordinate, develop, or manage some aspect of a firm's global operations?

Global Team More creative and innovative and can draw on different sources of information as members bring understanding of both different locals and relationships with different stakeholders.

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: harmony, team effort for collective results, seniority/membership incentives, showcase team efforts and organization wide accomplishments, and encourage respect for traditions and the environment?

Harmony Orientated

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: extrinsic rewards and large salary differences, clear directives to subordinates, support for decisive and powerful leaders, and reward subordinate compliance with management directives?

Hierarchical

What approach holds that both parties negotiate the entire contract as a whole, moving back and forth across items until they are fully satisfied with the entire document?

Holistic Approach

What phase includes a great deal of excitement that can last a few days to several months depending on the person the nature of the assignment, and the degree of similarity between the home and host countries?

Honeymoon

What are the distinct stages of the model of adaption to a foreign culture?

Honeymoon, disillusionment, initial adaption, and adaption.

What are the two factors that influence which negotiation strategy to select?

How important is the relationships & how important is the outcome

What Globe leadership style has characteristics of: modest, tolerant, sensitive, and concerned about humanity?

Humane Leadership (Anglo, Asian, and Sub Saharan African clusters)

When would communication be based on long term interpersonal relationships. mutual trust, and personal reputations?

In High Context Cultures

When is the context surrounding the message far less important than the message itself?

In Low Context Cultures - context provides the listener with little information relating to the intended message so speakers rely heavily on greater message clarity and language precision (body language, assumed understandings, and innuendos count for little!!!)

What is the extent to which each member believes the others are sufficiently motivated to deliver on their commitments?

Incentive Based Trust

Who stresses a moralistic orientation, a desire for stability, and the importance of status, dignity, prestige, and compliance with organizational directives?

Indian Managers

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: extrinsic rewards tied to personal achievement, emphasize individually based incentives, stress personal responsibility for accomplishment, view employees as performers, and provides employees with autonomy and opportunities for advancement?

Individualistic

When does leadership refer to a single person who guides and directs the actions of others in a very visible way?

Individualistic Cultures

What phase do people begin to understand the new culture and adjust to everyday living and is characterized by mood swings?

Initial Adaption

What is it called when an employee with a product idea can use online chat boxes to organize a team, line up resources, and gain access to market researchers?

Innovation Portal

What refers to the exploring and questioning one's own reasoning and the reasoning of others?

Inquiry

What refers to developing a coherent theory of action on the basis of the information collected in the negotiating meaning stage?

Integrate and Transform Information

What involves using the differences between team members to create new ideas, build participation, resolve conflicts and create a more innovate work environment?

Integrating

What involves a manager being able to retain important aspects of their home culture while at the same time building successful relationships in the local environment?

Integration Only possible with the participation and collaboration of the hose culture.

What are the stereotypes and perceptions held by people from home and host cultures about each other that may ease or hinder adaption?

Intergroup Attitudes

What requires two or more people to exchange thoughts, ideas, emotions, questions, and proposals in an effort to find common ground?

Interpersonal Communication

What involves the interpretation or decoding of messages?

Interpretation "What does this message mean to me? How do I make sense of it?"

What are rewards that arise from doing one's job in a satisfactory way?

Intrinsic Rewards Administered by employees via pride or satisfaction or holiday time.

Who as found to have a higher number of workers for whom work was their central life interest?

Japan Showed less interest in an individual economic outcomes from work.

Who tends to value pragmatism, competence, and achievement, but emphasize organizational growth over profit maximization?

Japanese and South Korean Managers

What facilitates socialization, organization, and management and allows for the expression of feelings and problem solving both silently and vocally?

Language

What focuses attention on different parts of the exchange and provide parameters for interpreting information?

Language and Culture

According to GLOBE, what is defined as the ability of an individual manager to influence, motivate, and enable others within the organization to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the enterprise?

Leadership Integral part of a manager's responsibilities.

How can people adjust their behaviors to fit the new environment better?

Learning how to behave like the locals or finding an alternative that is comfortable and acceptable.

Who do many multinationals prefer to hire?

Local employees to operate overseas branches and subsidiaries because they have greater local acceptance and can provide for the training of local employees for future organizational needs.

What is a particular set of agreed upon objectives?

Logic of Application

What is the assessment of favorable or unfavorable elements that can be appropriated as the situation evolves?

Logic of Exploitation

What is the hierarchy arranged through an action plan that western leaders often follow?

Logic of Means & End

What is the evolution of the situation that leads naturally to the desired end state without the need for action?

Logic of Process (Chinese Leaders)

What requires deep knowledge of cultural differences and is a country expert?

Long Term Assignment Developmental Goal: Intercultural competence and immersion

What approach recognizes the integration of management and leadership is more important than different?

Managerial Approach

What is a disadvantage of the catch all category of noise?

Managers can easily overlook two of the more critical influences on effective message construction, transmission, understanding, and response.

What is the main challenge with short term assignments?

Managers find themselves in a foreign country with a short time to develop relationships and get adjusted since they're expected to start as soon as they land; strong pressures to perform.

Who reports learning new managerial skills, increases in tolerance for ambiguity, learning new ways to see things, and improving their ability to work with others?

Managers who take global assignments

What includes developing and completing team building activities, understand communication flows and patterns across team members, specifying methods of conflict resolution?

Managing Group Processes Global teams must develop productive group processes to facilitate collective efforts towards goals attainment.

What involves making sure that all team members understand why the group was formed?

Managing Tasks Global teams must identify their areas of responsibilities and organize their members

What is the supreme test of managerial effectiveness?

Managing and motivating employees

What are the fundamental challenges that a global team must face to accomplish a mission?

Managing tasks and managing processes.

What does it mean to engage the differences between people by drawing a picture of the similarities and differences in the team and working to understand what implications these differences have?

Mapping

How can a global manager build and develop teams?

Mapping, Bridging, and Integrating

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: creating a competitive environment within the organization, emphasize performance based incentives using monetary rewards, showcase high performers, encourage big conquering the environment, and provide assertiveness training programs?

Mastery Orientated

What has sought to identify the underlying meanings that individuals and groups attach to work in Belgium, Germany, Israel, Japan, UK, and the US?

Meaning of Work Project

What is the biggest challenge of working with virtual teams?

Members have to learn a completely different way of interacting, overriding age old human preferences for social interactions.

What incentive systems attempt to link financial compensation and promotional opportunities directly to individual group or corporate performance?

Merit Based / Pay for Performance

What involves the recipient deciding whether or not to reply and how to construct/transmit a response?

Message/Response "What is an appropriate response?"

What refers to the ability of paying close attention to one's own feelings and actions and other's actions and reactions?

Mindfulness

When is message content more important than message context?

Monochromic Orientation

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: simple and straightforward directions one at a time, strict time limits for each project, focus on the job, and keep personal relations to a minimum?

Monochronic

What represents the capacity to work successfully across cultures by developing a flexible way of thinking and behaving the embraces diversity and accepts complexity?

Multicultural Competence

What brings cultural diversity to help solve specific challenges, exist naturally in both the regional and global headquarters, and bring international expertise to decision making and managerial actions?

Multicultural Teams

When do merit and achievement receive greater emphasis and rewards tend to be based on qualifications, training, level of responsibility, and performance?

New Reform Model (Reform Model of Incentives)

What is the belief that external actions and emotional displays are or should be generally consistent with internal states?

Norm of Authenticity (North American and Western Europe)

What approach focuses on enduring personal skills and abilities that are thought to characterize effective global managers?

Normative Approach -- leader as global manager

What is the employee's perceptions of psychological contract?

Offers abilities, skills, and loyalty o the organization on basis of cultural backgrounds, expectations, and interpretation of exchange relationships.

What is the manager's perceptions of the psychological contract?

Offers work, wages, benefits, and job security to employees on basis of cultural backgrounds, expectations, and interpretation of exchange relationships.

What type of team is on site and multicultural?

On Site Global Teams

What type of team is on site and homogeneous?

On Site Local Team

What Globe leadership style has characteristics of: active listening, non autocratic, and flexible?

Participative Leadership (Less in Arab and Latin American clusters)

What plays a major role in the mutual acceptance of psychological contracts?

Perceptions and Trust

What signals what individuals and groups of employees see as being most important about their work effort and influence the actual quality and focus of employee endeavors and the ways in which various employees may respond to work motivation strategies and tactics?

Personal Work Values

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: identifying task requirements, provide flexible time limits for various tasks, and focus on personal relations as a means of succeeding on the job?

Polychronic

Who is someone that returns home with a conviction that they can succeed in melding two cultures in positive or productive ways?

Proactive Returnees Want to make use of what they have learned abroad.

What negotiation strategy seeks to find a mutually satisfactory ground to discover a win win solution from which both sides can benefit if possible?

Problem Solving Negotiation Often there is the possibility of returning to the bargaining table in the future when another opportunity presents itself.

What is the difference between proper and informal communication channels?

Proper -- up the formal chain of command Informal -- Close associates or friends

What refers to the process of developing a way of life in a the new country that is personally satisfying?

Psychological Adjustment Results in a level of stress resulting from information overload a breakdown in one's capacity to make sense of the environment, and the need to learn a new way to go about everyday tasks.

What is an implicit, unwritten understanding between people concerning exchange relationships?

Psychological Contract Most common in agreements in the wage/effort bargain

Who is someone that attempts to fit in back in the home culture by ignoring or rejecting what they learned in their foreign assignment?

Re-Socialized Returnees Failed to assimilate into the foreign culture during their assignment; tend to find it easy to return to their home culture.

What are the most important rewards sought after in all countries?

Recognition and Achievement

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: creating opportunities for employees to develop social relationships at work, invest time meeting with employees individually, use influential people to motivate, account for extenuating circumstances in rule enforcement, and show patience with first time rule breakers?

Relationship Based/Particularistic

What is the process of returning expatriates to their home countries and occurs because the assignment has completed, family reasons, failure, or dissatisfaction?

Repatriation

How can a common meaning be created?

Requires an ability to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty to seek a deeper understanding of what one's counterparts are trying to say or do.

What core cultural dimension are the following motivational strategies associated with: state rules, regulations, and policies and tie rewards to rule compliance?

Rule Based/Universalistic

What is the principal purpose of communication in any cross cultural exchange between managers from different regions?

Seek common ground, seek out ideas, information, customers, and partnerships.

What is an understanding of one's identity, values, and beliefs about one's social positions and social interactions and allows one to preserve one's own identity when faced with experiences that contradict existing beliefs and values?

Self Awareness

What are unique to each individual and circumstances and the reasons for engaging in each of them and the length of the assignment vary widely?

Self Initiated Assignments

What Globe leadership style has characteristics of: self centered, procedural, status conscious, and face saving?

Self Protective Leadership

What involves managers holding onto their home culture and refusing to adopt practices and interact with local culture?

Separation Prefer to live expatriate enclaves, don't learn the language, and reconstructs a life that resembles the life at home.

What are the strategies of acculturation available to managers?

Separation, Assimilation, and Integration

What approach goes through a proposed contract item by item and get agreement on each item as they proceed sequentially through the proposals?

Sequential Approach

In Japanese cultural, what refers to the mutual confidence, trust, and honor that are required on both sides for a business relationship to succeed?

Shinyo Choosing someone they trust is extremely important.

In Japanese culture, what is a type of introduction whereby someone who is already trusted by a third party will formally introduce you to them in sharing the goodwill they've already established with you and the third party?

Shokai

What requires broad knowledge of cultural differences and cultural process in general and are usually focuses on a specific task or project?

Short Term Assignments (diversity expert) Developmental Goal" Multicultural competence and mobility.

What is the use of nonverbal or visual communication to convey messages to senders or receivers alike?

Silent Communication i.e. facial expressions, gestures, personal space, etc.

What involves the personality, styles, and reputation of those directly or indirectly involve in the task?

Social Related Information

What makes up the cultural background?

Social, religious, and family environment governing general beliefs and values.

What is the process of adapting to a new cultural environment that involves acculturation and deculturation?

SocioCultural Adjustment

What refers to the individual's ability to interact competently with the host culture?

Sociocultural Adjustment

In regards to language, what does it mean to serve the customer?

Speak in the language of who has the money / buying

What continues as long as there are new environmental challenges, but tends to be less severe over time as the major changes are likely to be experienced in the early stages of the foreign assignment?

Stress Adaptation Growth Process

How is action presented in traditional Chinese thought?

Subdued type of action that is slow, subtle, anticipatory, and naturally inserted in the natural flow of events.

What is one of the most stressful jobs in the world?

Supervising others and taking responsibility for their work and welfare.

What involves people accepting full responsibility for setbacks or crises on behalf of the entire organization?

Symbolic Leadership

What involves the details about what has to be done known as?

Task Related Information

What helps global team develop the foundations for high group cohesion and job performance?

Team Leader / Team Coordinator

What Globe leadership style has characteristics of: collaborative, integrating, and diplomatic?

Team Orientated Leadership (Anglo, Asian, and Latin American cluster

What is the first step in relationship building and represents an opportunity for both parties to determine the nature, scope, ad ground rules for the partnership?

The Negotiation Process

What forms the interpersonal foundations of culture?

The socio-normative beliefs and values that include what members can and can't do as well as what they should and shouldn't do.

How can managers communicate effectively across cultures?

They must understand the fundamental influences on both effective and ineffective communication as well as strategies for reaching a higher level of mutual understanding between people.

Why are younger workers losing their historical work ethics?

They seek more balance between work and family or work and leisure; job expectations in terms of competition and responsibility increased.

What happens if someone faces the possibility of alternative interpretations of specific events?

They will almost invariably choose the interpretation that is most consistent with their own cultural outlook. Individualistic cultures see success in team leader skills and efforts and failures in the team members, where collectivist cultures see success in the team and failure in the managers.