CSD 312 Midterm- Dr. Thomas-Tate
The use of language to express one's intentions and get things done in the world is called_______: a) Pragmatics b) Communicative Competence c) Semantics d) Emphatics
a) Pragmatics
According to Brown, children's two word utterances display consistent word order: a) True b) False
a) True
Children who are bilingual may have some advantages in the acquisition of metalinguistic skills: a) True b) False
a) True
Children with autism spectrum disorder tend to have trouble initiating conversations: a) True b) False
a) True
Infants are better than adults at distinguishing among sounds not found in their language: a) True b) False
a) True
Mothers tend to address more inner state words to little girls than to little boys: a) True b) False
a) True
Studies have shown that most of parents' attempts to teach their young children appropriate communicative skills are indirect comments: a) True b) False
a) True
The earliest speech sounds produced by infants include vowels and consonantal sounds are produced at the back of the mouth such as /k/ and /g/: a) True b) False
a) True
Children begin taking turns in conversations by: a) late Infancy b) 4 years of age c) 6 years of age d) puberty
a) late infancy
According to Chomsky, sentences can be broken into two levels: a) s-structures and d-structures b) universal and language specific paradigms c) phrase structures and lexical structures d) phonetic structures and morphological structures
a) s-structures and d-structures
Theory of mind refers to: a) understanding the perspectives of other people b) understanding the brain c) being able to test a hypothesis d) the brain's capacity to analyze linguistic data
a) understanding the perspectives of other people
The sounds /b/ and /d/ are...: a) voiced stops b) unvoiced stops c) open consonants d) voiced affricates
a) voiced stops
Very young children in the one-word stage are more likely to refer to objects that are stationary than to objects that move: a) True b) False
b) False
"Baby talk": a) refers to babbling in the period before children say their first words b) to infants differs from speech to adults primarily in its prosodic features c) is no longer considered important for the acquisition of language d) should not be used because it delays language development
b) to infants differs from speech to adults primarily in its prosodic features
Which of the following best describes infants' learning of the sounds of their languages?: a) Infants come into the world being unable to perceive most speech sounds, and must gradually learn to hear the differences between sounds in their native language b) Because infants can learn in utero , they come into the world already being able to perceive only those speech sounds in their native language (and not perceiving nonnative contrasts) c) Infants come into the world being able to perceive most possible speech sounds, and gradually lose the ability to distinguish sounds that do not occur in their native language d) Infants, like adults, can naturally distinguish nearly all of the important speech sounds for the various languages of the world, and this abilities does not change with age
c) Infants come into the world being able to perceive most possible speech sounds, and gradually lose the ability to distinguish sounds that do not occur in their native language
An understanding of the syntactic system of a language: a) allows speakers to modify the way they talk depending on whom they are speaking to b) allows speakers to differentiate between similar sounds in a language c) allows speakers to generate an almost unlimited number of grammatically correct sentences d) allows speakers to define words accurately
c) allows speakers to generate an almost unlimited number of grammatically correct sentences
A child who says gug for bug and gig for big but who properly pronounces /b/ in some contexts is demonstrating: a) cluster reduction b) perceptual difficulties c) assimilation d) stylistic variation
c) assimilation
Which type of conversation is most likely to be challenging for a preschooler?: a) conversations with older siblings b) conversations with peers c) conversations on the telephone d) conversations with high status adults
c) conversations on the telephone
Damage to Broca's area of the brain is most strongly associated with: a) difficulty in understanding language b) difficulty in spatial visualization c) difficulty in producing fluent and grammatical language d) Asperger's syndrome
c) difficulty in producing fluent and grammatical language
All of the following words are likely to be used by a child in the one word stage EXCEPT: a) juice b) idea c) up d) bus
c) idea
When a young child makes a plural like foots, it is evidence that she: a) has not yet learned English grammar b) is repeating what she has heard other children say c) is acquiring the rule governed system of English morphology d) has developmental dysphasia
c) is acquiring the rule governed system of English morphology
Children's lexical innovations follow regular principles. These are: a) specificity, productivity, and phonological simplicitiy b) phonological simplicity, analogy, and generativity c) simplicity, semantic transparency, and productivity d) semantic transparency, phonological simplicity, and overextension
c) simplicity, semantic transparency, and productivity
Loudness, pitch, and stress are considered to be what kind of aspects of speech?: a) phonetic b) morphological c) suprasegmental d) stylistic variation
c) suprasegmental
Most English words are: a) iconic b) analogous c) symbolic d) onomatopoeic
c) symbolic
Young bilingual children's vocabulary should be assessed (all statements are true EXCEPT): a) in their two languages b) by asking more than one reporter c) using only monolingual norms as a reference point d) taking into consideration the contexts in which different types of words are learned
c) using only monolingual norms as a reference point
Which of these sentences demonstrates a typical overregularization error: a) "He have two dogs" b) "He has two tooth" c) "He go bye-bye" d) "He goed home"
d) "He goed home"
During the first five years of life, the typical child is expected to learn...: a) One word a day b) Five words a week c) Fifty words a week d) One word every two waking hours
d) One word every two waking hours
The smallest units of meaning in a language are called: a) the lexicon b) syntactic structures c) phonemes d) morphemes
d) morphemes
All of the following are examples of African-American English features EXCEPT: a) saying "aks" instead of "ask" b) signifying c) saying "cole" instead of "cold" d) saying "cool" instead of "school"
d) saying "cool" instead of "school"
At birth, infants already prefer their mothers' voice over those of strangers: a) True b) False
a) True
By the time they are six months old, babies have already begun to categorize the sounds of their own language: a) True b) False
a) True
Children omit word-final stop consonants more often than they omit word-initial ones: a) True b) False
a) True
Children should have between 30-50 words around 18 months of age: a) True b) False
a) True
The phenomenon by which children are able to understand the meaning of a new word after only a few exposures to it and without explicit instruction is referred to as: a) fast mapping b) lexical facility c) language activation d) rapid semantic linking
a) fast mapping
The first 50 words that an English speaking child learns generally: a) include more nouns than verbs b) include words from only a small grammatical subset of the grammatical classes of adult speech c) include a higher proportion of words whose referents are constant and immovable (e.g., table, wall) d) include an equal number of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and function words
a) include more nouns than verbs
Consonant sounds are normally classified on the basis of: a) place and manner of articulation and voicing b) voicing, alveolar interference, and articulatory difficulty c) stops, glides, contrasts d) phonetic detail, specificity, and voicing
a) place and manner of articulation and voicing
Which of these sounds are alveolar consonants?: a) /t/ and /ʃ/ b) /t/ and /s/ c) /d/ and /m/ d) /k/ and /g/
b) /t/ and /s/
Vocalizations such as [baba] or [dada] normally first appear at about...: a) 3-4 months of age b) 6-7 months of age c) 10-11 months of age d) 14-18 months of age
b) 6-7 months of age
"Badabidabada" is an example of reduplicated babbling: a) True b) False
b) False
"Playing the dozens" is a colloquial term that refers to the social routines middle class American children learn from their peers: a) True b) False
b) False
A child exposed to a large quantity of adult-to-adult speech will learn language at about the same rate as a child who is exposed to a large quantity of direct adult-to-child speech: a) True b) False
b) False
A child's first attempts at sentences are generally imitations of adult speech: a) True b) False
b) False
Baby talk has virtually identical characteristics in every culture that has been studied: a) True b) False
b) False
By the age of twelve, children who have learned to read have essentially completed their semantic development: a) True b) False
b) False
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders generally have normal patterns of language development: a) True b) False
b) False
One might expect a child of 24 months to have an MLU of roughly 5.5.: a) True b) False
b) False
Studies of 4-year-olds have shown that children this young will speak to 2-year-olds, to each other, and to adults in the same way: a) True b) False
b) False
Breaking fluent speech into individual words is known as: a) Statistical learning b) Segmentation c) Habituation d) Joint Attention
b) Segmentation
In most right-handed individuals, specialized language areas of the brain are in: a) The right hemisphere b) The left hemisphere c) The frontal lobes d) The occipital lobes
b) The left hemisphere
Pointing is considered: a) an early form of conversational turn-taking b) a typical communicative gesture used by children in the first year of life c) a more sophisticated action, that is generally not understood until the child is well into his second year of life d) an inadequate substitute for true communicative behavior
b) a typical communicative gesture used by children in the first year of life
If an adult responds vocally to a 3-month-old's cooing, the infant will tend to: a) begin to cry b) make more speech-like sounds in return c) try to repeat the sounds of the adult's voice d) make more and louder sounds in return
b) make more speech-like sounds in return
The cries and fussing of a very small infant are considered: a) protowords b) reflexive vocalizations c) unimportant in development d) an important part of the babbling stage
b) reflexive vocalizations
According to Brown's guidelines for calculating a child's MLU, compound words such as birthday initially: a) should be counted as two morphemes b) should be counted as a single morpheme c) should be disregarded for purposes of determining MLU d) should be weighted according to a formula based on the child's age
b) should be counted as a single morpheme
Young children's productive vocabularies are typically: a) larger than their receptive vocabularies b) smaller than their receptive vocabularies c) about the same size as their receptive vocabularies but include different items d) about the same size as their receptive vocabularies and include most of the same items
b) smaller than their receptive vocabularies
Children's earliest questions are usually: a) yes/no questions b) statements with rising intonation c) wh-questions d) both a and c
b) statements with rising intonation
Which of these communications might be classified as typical of the telegraphic stage: a) the child points at the cookie jar and says "cookie" b) the child points to the cookie jar and says "more cookie" c) the child points to the cookie jar and says "I want more cookie" d) the child points to the cookie jar and says "Cookie me again"
b) the child points to the cookie jar and says "more cookie"
Studies of newborn babies have shown that: a) Newborns pay equal attention to the language they heard in utero as to other languages b) Newborns have not yet acquired interest in language c) Newborns prefer to hear the language they heard in utero d) Newborns are already equipped with all the communicative skills that underlie language
c) Newborns prefer to hear the language they heard in utero
If an infant utters the sound "tata!" every time he sees the cat, this expression is considered: a) a preword b) a metaword c) a protoword d) an anteword
c) a protoword
At Halloween, when a child rings her neighbor's doorbell and says "trick or treat!" this is considered: a) a role b) a direct request c) a routine d) a semantic aggravator
c) a routine
A "script" refers to: a)the structured ways parents socialize communicative competence b) the language children use during make-believe play c) abstract knowledge about everyday events d) language used during specific routines such as at Halloween
c) abstract knowledge about everyday events
