CSET- History

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom; ideas of representative government, taxation without representation, trial by jury, and due process of the law were inspired in this document

Seven years war

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. Located in Canada; France loss this territory to England

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Alfred the Great

(849-899) King of Wessex from 871 to 899; he defeated Danish invaders and united Anglo- Saxon England under his control. He compiled a code of laws and promoted learning.

Martin Luther

- (1483-1546) -questioned the right of the pope to grant indulgences -Ninety-Five Theses served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation -Lutheranism allowed for a state church system controlled by individual German princes

The Battle of Waterloo

- (1815) -ended in defeat for Napoleon and ended the French Empire -Napoleon was permanently exiled to St. Helena

American Revolution

- 1776-1781 - problems of military effectiveness hindered the early colonial effort; colonial armies under equipped, widespread opposition to fixed military terms

The Trail of Tears

- 1838-1839 -the result of the forced relocation of Native Americans from tribal areas in the south to the Oklahoma territory

Heian Era

- AD 794-1156 -Japanese culture developed

The Hellenistic Age began with the death of Alexander the Great. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of the Hellenistic Age? -The fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures - Economic centralization in Athens - An increase in international trade and commerce - An end to the Greek city-state system as a major political entity

- Economic centralization in Athens

Greek Literature

- Epic poetry (Iliad; Odyssey) - Plays (drama, tragedy, comedy)

Byzantine Accomplishments

- Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved - center for world trade and exchange of culture - Codification of Roman law (Justinian Code) - Eastern Church (Greek Orthodox) converted Slavic people to Christianity - new focus for the art; glorification of Christianity

Declaration of Independence year

1776

India, China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia share the importance of a great river system in their earliest development as a civilization. which of the following rivers is not directly linked to the development of the civilization with which it is paired? - India--Ganges River - China-- Yellow River - Egypt--Nile River - Mesopotamia-- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

- India--Ganges River

Southern Colonies

- Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia -Economy: Cash crop farming, Tobacco, Indigo, Rice, No manufacturing - Geography: broad fertile coastal plains, warm winters, long hot summers

New England Colonies

- Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut -Economy: shipbuilding, fisheries, commerce, lumbering, small-scale manufacturing - Geography: Mountainous, Rolling hills, Rocky soil, Cold to harsh winters, Short summer, Ports on the Atlantic

The sea influenced the growth and development of many cultures. this was especially evident in the civilizations of the Aegean. Which of the following Aegean civilizations developed a flourishing cultures as a direct result of trade and commerce on the Aegean Sea? -Sumerians -Phoenicians -Assurans -Mycenaeans

- Mycenaeans

Historically, which of the following best describes the hindu caste system? -The flexible system allowed for upward social mobility - Social staus depended solely on wealth - People could marry above their caste - No amount of success would allow a person to move from one caste to another

- No amount of success would allow a person to move from one caste to another

Causes for the fall of Rome

- immediate cause was the continuous barbaric invasion - internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries - the rise of Christianity divided the empire

Achievements of the Byzantine Empire

- preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the West was culturally stagnant - spread civilization to all of eastern Europe - preserved the Eastern Orthodox Church - economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy

Powers of Congress

- the power to tax, declare war, make treaties, etc - regulate trade, mint, and distribute a single currency; declare war - impose tariffs, and establish immigration laws - the power to tax, borrow money, and maintain the military forces of the nation

The Battle of Hastings

-(1066) -ended the Anglo-Saxon rule in England

The Magna Carta

-(1215) -limited the power of the king -it is the most important document in English constitutional law

The Hundred Years War

-(1337-1453) -between England and France -resulted in the English being driven out of most of France

The Act of Supremacy

-(1534) -marked the beginning of the English Reformation -King of England became the head of the church -Due to the pope's refusal to annul the marriage of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon -Elizabeth I (1558-1603) firmly established Protestantism in England and established the Anglican Church

The Council of Trent

-(1545-1563) -defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal Authority

Tokugawa Era

-(1603-1868) -Japans central government grew strong

Charlemagne

-(AD 768-814) -dominated the political structure of the early Middle Ages -Crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Power Lewo in AD 800 and had a major impact on the history of Europe -Revived the concept of the old Roman Empire and established authority over secular rulers -His empire included most of the former Roman Empire and additional Germanic lands between the Rhine and Elbe rivers -The Carolingian Renaissance resulted in the establishment of a palace academy with a prescribed academic curriculum

The Olmec

-1200-400 BC -developed one of the first civilizations in Mesoamerica -developed an agricultural community -developed the first calendar in America

Exploration by Spain

-1492: Columbus encountered the West Indies and Bahamas - 1513: Balboa found Panama -1519: Cortes found Mexico -1532: Pizarro found Peru

Exploration by Portugal

-1500: Cabral found Brazil

Exploration by Britain

-1607: Virginia Co. found Jamestown (Virginia)

Exploration by France

-1608: de Champlain found Canada (Quebec) -1682: La Salle found Louisiana

Exploration by Netherlands

-1609: Hudson found New Netherlands (New York)

House of Burgesses

-1619 -an early colonial attempt at representative self-government

Mayflower Compact

-1620 -the basis of government by the consent of the governed

Flying Shuttle

-1733 -Increased the speed of weavers

The French and Indian War

-1756-1763 -key turning point in England's domination over North America -English victory ended French threat in America and encouraged America to seek a more active voice in its own affairs

Coke Smelting

-1760 -Improved production of iron

Proclamation Act

-1763 -Banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to the colonists. -Colonial reaction: Viewed as an attempt by the British to deny the right to own land where they pleased; most colonists ignored the act.

Sugar Act

-1764 -Import duties on sugar and other items were imposed. -Colonial reaction: Colonists raised the issue of "taxation without representation" (colonists had to pay taxes but were not given representation in English Parliament). Boston merchants started a boycott of British luxury goods.

Spinning Jenny

-1764 -Increased the speed and output of yarn spinners

Water Frame

-1764 -Introduced the first power-driven machine to manufacture cloth

Quartering Act

-1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. -Colonial Reaction: Colonists in New York violently refused to comply

Stamp Act

-1765 -Imposed the first direct tax on the American colonies, requiring a tax on all printed materials -Colonial reaction: Son's of liberty used violence and intimidation against the British stamp agents; The Stamp Act Congress sent a petition to king George III; the boycott extended to include all British goods

Stamp Act Repealed; Declaratory Act Passed

-1765 -The British government declared total power to legislate any laws governing the American colonies. -Colonial reaction: Colonists celebrated the repeal of the Stamp Act; They relaxed the boycott but ignored the Declaratory Act.

Thomas Malthus

-1766-1834 -Theorized that popular growth would far outstrip food production

Townshend Revenue Act

-1767 -A new series of taxes imposed on paper, tea, glass, lead, and paint -Colonial Reaction: Boycott against British luxury items Sam Adams of Boston issued the Circular Letter to denounce taxation and coordinate reaction among the colonies

Boston Massacre

-1770 -A Boston mob harassed British soldiers, who then fired point-blank into the crowd -Colonial Reaction: Townshend Acts repealed, and all duties on imports into the colonies were eliminated except for tea

Tea Act

-1773 -Maintained import tax on tea and gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, allowing it to undersell American merchants. -Colonial reaction: Colonial activists in Boston disguised themselves as Indians and dumped their cargo of tea into the harbor ("Boston Tea Party").

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

-1774 -Shut down the port of Boston, ended self-rule in Massachusetts, and created the New Quartering Act for all colonies -Colonial Reaction: First Continental Congress met and called for noncompliance with Coercive Acts, formation of militias, and a boycott of and embargo of exports to Britain

The following are dates and events leading to the American revolution. Which of the following dates and events are correctly matched? -1765: Britain defeats France in the French and Indian war -1770: Colonists stage the Boston tea party -1774: The First Continental Congress meets to consider action against the British -1776: Britain passes the intolerable acts to punish the colonies for resisting British rule

-1774: The First Continental Congress meets to consider action against the British

Lexington and Concord

-1775 -British troops searched out militia weapons depots to destroy them -Colonial Reaction: Armed minutemen faced the British on Lexington Green; eight Americans died, and ten were wounded; at Concord the Continental Congress met and called for volunteers; George Washington was appointed commander of the colonial army

The French Alliance

-1778 -brought needed men, equipment, and money to the American revolution cause

Spinning Mule

-1779 -A power-driven machine that produced fine, strong yarn

Defeat of Cornwallis of Yorktown

-1781 -this defeat brought victory to the colonies

The Articles of Confederation

-1781-1789 -Proved inadequate as a central government -held the nation together during the critical period -limited by major weakness

Grooved rollers

-1783 -Allowed iron-makers to roll out iron into different shapes

Power Loom

-1785 -Led to faster production of cloth

Watt steam engine

-1785 -Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power

Cotton Gin

-1792 -Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber

Louisia

-1803 -greatest real estate purchase in US history

Steam Locomotive

-1804 -Used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks -The steam engine was used to develop it

Steamboat

-1807 -Built by American inventor Robert Fulton -The steam engine was used to build it

The war of 1812

-1812-1815 -United States vs. Britain -caused by violations of U.S. neutrality and impressment of U.S. sailors -U.S. victory resulted in national pride, self-sufficiency, and foreign credibility -following the war (1816-1823), the Supreme Court was established, the Era of Good Feelings characterized the political success of the anti-federalist party, The Monroe doctrine defined American interests in the Northern Hemisphere, New nationalism led to the development of a new American culture, the removal of the British from the northwest frontier encouraged westward expansion

Westward Expansion

-1812-1829 --Louisiana Territory, Old Northwest, Mississippi Territory -1821 --Florida -1830's --Old Southwest -1848 --Mexican Cession, Pacific Northwest -1850 --Michigan Territory, Louisiana Territory, Republic of Texas, Pacific Coast

Monroe Doctrine

-1823 -restricted European colonization of the Americas

Jacksonian democracy

-1826-1836 -symbolized the rise of the "common man" -Jackson's war against the bank and the tariff were key issues for the democratic party -Jackson initiated the spoils system in which political enemies are replaced by political friends -Jackson pursued nationalistic policies

Mexican-American War

-1846 -Bear flag revolt prematurely captured California (1846) -Commodore John Sloat captured Moterey Bay and claimed the area for the US -General Robert Stockton captured LA; Governor Pio Pico and General Jose Castro retook the area for Mexico -General Stockton and Stephen Kearny defeated Pico and raise the American flag over LA in 1847 -The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) transferred California from Mexican to American control

The Communist Manifesto

-1848 -Written by Karl Marks. and Friedrich Engles, advanced on theories of modern scientific socialism

California and Immigration Relations

-1850: Foreign miners tax imposed by California legislature; $20 monthly tac on foreign miners -1854: California Supreme Court excluded all nonwhite races from testifying against white persons (case involved Chinese witness testifying in a murder trial) -1879: California constitution denied voting rights to any "native of China" (repealed 1926) -1882: Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress -1884: San Francisco school board adopted "separate but equal" doctrine and segregated Chinese schoolchildren from all others

The Civil War

-1861-1865 -North vs. South -North had superior manpower, firepower, and economic resources -South had leadership and territory advantages -The North (the union) economically strangled the South with a blockade and defeated the at Gettysburg (1863); general Lee surrendered at Appomattox (1865)

Homestead Act

-1862 -allowed citizens to claim free land in California if they would live on it and improve it for 5 years -led to increased immigration in California from eastern United States, China, and Ireland

Reconstruction Era

-1865-1876 -14th (equal rights to freedmen) and 15th (equal rights to vote) amendments were passed -civil rights bills were passed -military rule supported radical reconstructionists -President Johnson was impeached for opposing radical reconstruction -ended with the election of President Hayes in 1876

California Economic Depression

-1870 -characterized by low wages, high unemployment, railroad abuses, and the restriction of water rights by land monopolies -Collapse of the Bank of California in 1875 further weakening California's economy -blame placed on the Chinese; led to the Chinese exclusion action passed by Congress in 1882 -Workingmen's Party established as an anti-Chinese, anti-big business party (1877); demanded constitutional convention and populist-type reforms

End to Reconstruction Era

-1877 -President Hayes -National commitment to equal opportunity was delayed 100 years -Jim Crow laws and Black Codes restricted Black rights

World War I

-1914-1918 -resulted in an economic boom in California; production/manufacturing/commerce expanded rapidly -Panama Canal opened in 1914, extending international links -resulted in an influx of immigrants arriving in California in the 1920s -by 1930, California's population grew to 6 million

The Great Depression in California

-1930 -resulted in large-scale unemployment, bank failures, and foreclosures -call for political reform -Dust Bowl migrants added another 350K to the population -increased economic and social problems such as homelessness -increased in film popularity

Spanish conquest of California

-21 missions were built -found as a result of the search for the Seven Cities of Cibola by Cortes in the 1530s -spain interested in conquest and wealth

California Geography

-800 miles long, 150-350 miles wide -Borders Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, Mexico -Highest peak: Mt. Whitney -Lowest peak: Death Valley -contains rugged mountain peaks, fertile valleys, dense forests, ocean boundaries, and extensive deserts -geology evidences faulting, folding, alluvial and sedimentary deposition, and volcanic activity -frequent seismic activity -mild, wet winter, long, dry summer -many diverse microclimates

The Anasazi culture

-800-1300 -developed in the Southwest & the Anasazis were skilled builders & sophisticated farmers. Example Mesa Verde Cliff houses

The results of the Industrial Revolution

-A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system -Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) -The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied) -The development of modern capitalism

The Middle Ages

-A period of transition between ancient and modern Europe -were unique with a distinctive culture

The Incas

-A.D. 1200-1533 -Northwest coastal region and inland region of South America (Peru) -Controlled a vast empire in South America -The Tiahuanaco culture developed in the Andes Mountains and the Incas unified an extensive empire -The Incas developed a sophisticated record-keeping system and were highly skilled craftsmen -Engineering/architecture (Machu Picchu, stone construction without mortar, extensive road system linking empire together) -Art (gold and silver working, ceramics, textiles)

The Aztecs

-A.D. 1325-1521 -Central Mexico -Conquered much of central Mexico -The Toltecs preceded the Aztecs -The Aztecs built a great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire -Religion and war dominated Aztec life -Rich mythological and religious traditions -Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples and palaces) -Artistically advanced

The Mayas

-A.D. 250-900 -Yucatan peninsula -Achieved a complex civilization -Maya cities were trade and religious centers -The Mayas excelled in many fields, including mathematics, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building) -Only known written language of pre-Columbian Americas -Sophisticated art -Monumental architecture (Tikal, Palenque)

John Locke's political ideas had a dramatic impact on the development of democratic political thought in the late eighteenth century. Locke's basic assumption about natural laws stood in direct contrast to which of the prevailing doctrines of the time? -Absolutism -Capitalism -Individualism -Mercantilism

-Absolutism

With the election of Hiram Johnson as governor of California, the Progressive Moment failed to achieve reforms in which of the following areas? -Adding amendments to the California Constitution to protect workers' rights -Passage of the initiative, referendum, and recall -Passage of civil rights legislation -Establishing a railroad commission

-Adding amendments to the California Constitution to protect workers' rights

Neoclassicism

-An attempt to revive the classic style and form of Ancient Greece and Rome -in literature, the novel was the outcome; in architecture the Rococo style was dominant -In music: Haydn and Mozart emphasized the Classical era's formal symmetrical structures, simple rhythms, and tuneful melodies. Beethoven influenced both Classical and the Romantic periods.

Islamic Government and religion developed for the framework for prosperity

-Arabs preserved the cultures of the peoples they conquered -Religious pilgrimages led to the spread of new ideas -The caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields -Trade and commerce led to a high standard of living in cities -Military expansion also served as a vehicle for cultural exchange between Arab and western worlds

Persians

-Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.) -Established an international government -Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil -Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.)

Long Island

-August 27, 1776 -American commanders: George Washington, Charles Lee -British commander: William Howe -British victory -Despite defeat, Washington calmly and confidently managed a surprise evacuation of troops across the East River to Manhattan

The basis of Islam

-Based on the teachings of Mohammed (AD 570-632) -The spread of Islam started in the seventh century AD - The Koran became the center for Islamic moral and ethical conduct -Mohammed established a theocracy based on Islamic law

Battles in the War of 1812

-Battle of Lake Erie (1813): Naval battles led by Capt. Oliver Perry claimed Lake Erie for the United States -Battle of Baltimore (1814): British forces advanced through Washington, D.C. and burned the Capital. Britain failed to capture Fort McHenry, later immortalized in the Star Spangled banner. -Battle of New Orleans (1815): The final major battle of the war; due to slow communication, it was fought after the war was already ended by the Treaty of Ghent. Andrew Jackson defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase; became an American Hero.

Central Valley Project

-Brought water from Northern to Southern California -Series of dams and reservoirs first started during the Depression -Shasta Dam is the largest water reclamation project in the state

Los Angeles Aqueduct

-Brought water from Owens River to Los Angeles -William Mulholland spearheaded the controversial project -Negative impact on Owens Valley and Mono Lake

The Central Valley

-California Region -Separates the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range -Extends from the northwest to the southeast for 400 miles and is an average of 50 miles wide -The valley is a flat, sedimentary plain. The soil is fertile and makes the valley the major agricultural region of the state. -60% of California's farmland is located in the Central Valley -A majority of the state;s water supply is caught in the Central Valley as runoff from the Sierra Nevada -The Sacramento Delta, encompassing 1,200 square miles of waterways, is located where the Sacramento (south-flowing) and San Joaquin (north-flowing) rivers meet

The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau

-California Region -The southern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of California. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada. -The area is separate from the Sierra Nevada and is about 25 miles wide -The Cascade Range mountains were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many, like Mt. Shasta (14,162 feet), are dormant or extinct volcanoes -Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world -The Modoc Plateau is a level tableland of volcanic origin

The Transverse and Peninsular ranges

-California Region -This area extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego -The Transverse/Los Angeles ranges extend in an easterly (transverse) direction from the coast. (All other California ranges extend north and south.) -These ranges include the Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains -The Los Angeles Basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial deposition of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges -The Penninsular ranges extend south from the San Bernadino Mountains in Baja California and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough -The faulted eastern sections of the Peninsular ranges are characterized by sharp drop-offs. It is a complex region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs) and the Elsinore.

The Basin and Range

-California Region -This extreme landscape of short, parallel mountain ranges and desert basins extends along the eastern border of California ---The northern section is part of a lava plateau ---The southern section is generally dry. The Mojave Desert is the major geographical feature in the south. -The Northwest and Southwest Great Basin, the Northwestern Sonoran Desert, and the Salton Sea Trough are significant areas in this region -Death Valley (in the Mojave Desert), the lowest point in the U.S., was formed by faulting (not erosion) -The system extends in to Nevada and Utah -Irrigation with water from the Colorado River has allowed large-scale farming in the Imperial and Coachella valleys

California 1848-1850

-California ceded by Mexico to the United States (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) -Military government established -Discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 ---"Rush" of 100,000 new immigrants -Deadlock in Washington over organizing California as a territory due to slavery debate -Californians held constitutional convention of their own ---Created an unofficial state government ---Slavery prohibited -California admitted to the Union as a free state via Compromise of 1850

Which of the following accurately describes California Indians prior to European contact? -California had the greatest concentration of Indians in North America -Economies were based on agriculture -Desert and mountain barriers did not isolate tribes -Men and women used sweat houses for purification

-California had the greatest concentration of Indians in North America

The Sierra Nevada (The Snowy Range)

-California region -About 400 miles long and follows the eastern border of the state, forming the eastern wall of the Central Valley -The mountains were formed through extensive uplifting and subsidence and are characterized as fault-block mountains. The backbone of the range is igneous rock. -They are the highest mountains in California, with many serrated peaks around 13,000 feet. Mount Whitney is located at the southern end. -The peaks have sharp drop-offs on the eastern side and have been a barrier to east/west transportation. The mountains have gentle slopes on the western side, which has trapped water to the benefit of Central Valley agriculture. -Sierra Nevada streams cut deep valleys. Gold was discovered in these streams where it was eroded from veins in the rocks. -The Sierra Nevada causes a rain-shadow effect: Clouds rise against the high mountain peaks, causing them to drop their moisture. This has created fertile valleys on the west side and a dry landscape on the east side. -Ice glaciers have created the current mountain profiles. Yosemite National Park's U-shaped valleys were carved by glacial action -Southern California is dependent upon the average, annual 70 inches of rain and snow that fall on the Sierra Nevada for its water supply

The Klamath Mountains

-California region -Located in the northwestern corner of the states -They are an extension of the Coast Ranges -The mountains are rugged, steep, and in the 6,000- to 8,000-foot range -The area receives heavy precipitation, and dense forests cover the mountains

The Coast Ranges

-California region -Mountains along the western coast of California extending from the Klamath Mountains in the North to the southwestern section of the Sierra Nevada -San Andreas Fault system devices the region along a north/south axis -Range: 550 miles -Plant diversity ranged from redwoods to chaparral -Mountains are a series of parallel ranges formed by sedimentary deposition uplifted by faulting and folding -Climate varies from low-pressure areas that produce fog and rain to Mediterranean-type conditions

Which of the following economic systems would best facilitate the theories of social Darwinism? -Capitalism -Socialism -Communism -Fascism

-Capitalism

Nicolaus Copernicus

-Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentric theory of the universe -Proposed and published his heliocentric theory

The Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe

-Clovis (AD 481-511) was converted to Christianity -Domestic feuds and civil war broke out among the Merovingians (AD 561); political power shifted away from the monarchy; Charles Martel halted the Muslim advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours (AD 732). Martel's victory helped preserve western civilization

Topography of Africa`

-Composed of: Desert Savanna Tropical rain forrest

New Rome

-Constantine's name for Constantinople -Constantinople was strategically located, had excellent defensible borders, and was a crossroads of world trade -With the fall of Rome (476 AD) the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

Trenton

-December 26, 1776 -American commanders: George Washington, Nathanael Greene -British commander: Johann Rall -American Victory -Victorious surprise attack on Hessian forces (18th century German regiments in service with the British Empire) rallied American spirit and confidence in Washington's leadership

Cabrillo

-Discovered San Diego Bay, the Santa Barbara Islands, Point Conception, and Point Reyes (1542-43) -Searched for a water passage between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans -Future voyages traveled the entire coast of California

Impact o spanish exploration and conquest on indigenous people of the americas

-Disease: Smallpox, Measles, Typhus -Aztecs conquered by Cortez (1521) -Incas conquered by Pirazzo (1533) Transfer of wealth from Americas to Spain -Loss of native culture -Conversion to Christianity

Reason for the Byzantine Empire's success

-Economic prosperity based n domination of the commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade -The Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions, and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome -Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528-565) strengthened the bureaucracy -Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

Government Under "The Articles of Confederation" Ratified March, 1781

-Established the first government for the United States of America -Successfully negotiated the Treaty of Paris to end the revolutionary war -Passed the Land Ordinances of 1785, creating a system for western land surveys and provisions for land sales -Passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which established a process for western frontier regions to organize into territories and become new states

Chaldeans

-Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.) -Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine -Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Age of Discovery

-European explorers in search of Asia (interested in exploiting a lucrative trade in spices) discovered a new continent. -The Age of Discovery resulted in renewed European rivalry. -Spain, France, England, Portugal and the Netherlands competed for land. North American control: -Spain: Southwest of North America, Florida -England: the Atlantic coast of North America below Canada -France: the Mississippi River region, the Louisiana Territory, the Great Lakes, and Canada -Netherlands: small area in the Hudson River Valley

Checks and Balances

-Executive: veto power over legislation; appointment of federal judges, ambassadors, and other government officials -Legislative: override presidential vetoes; approve presidential appointments; impeachment of president and federal judges -Judicial: legislative oversight; independence guaranteed through lifetime appointments

Which of the following represents the proper chronological order (from earliest to most recent) based on the emergence of each as a national party in the US? -Whig, Republican, Democratic, Feudalist -Federalist, Whig, Democratic, republican -Federalist, Democratic, Whig, Republican -Democratic, Federalist, Republican, Whig

-Federalist, Democratic, Whig, Republican

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

1789

Federalist Party created in

1789

Marbury v. Madison

1803; first Supreme Court case using Judicial review

Democratic Party created in

1824

Whig Party created in

1832

Approximately 10 million people immigrated to the United States in

1840-1880

Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo (1848)

1848; ended the Mexican war; handed over all lands between Texas and the pacific to the US

California earned statehood in

1850

Republican Party created in

1854

Andrew Johnson's reconstruction policy

1866-1867; aimed to give leniency to the defeated south; vetoed bills aimed at protecting freed slaves

Major battles of the Civil War

-Fort Sumter (war begins) -Bull Run (Manassas; Union routed/commander) -Shiloh (beginning of the process of taking the Mississippi River and it's the beginning of the journey of the North into the South -Antietam (bloodiest day of fighting, early turning point for South) -Vicksburg (Union Victory and control of the Mississippi River), Battle for New Orleans -Gettysburg (major turning point where the south just cannot win anymore. They just lost the chance. After this, it's a matter of the war just winding down) -Sherman's March to the Sea (troops captured Atlanta and pushed ahead to capture Savannah; the brutality of these battles and the burning of Atlanta left a legacy of bitterness towards the North) -Battle of Appomattox Courthouse (Final engagement of the war; ended with Lee's surrender to Grant)

Francis Voltaire

18th century french enlightenment philosopher who wrote about injustice

Confucianism has influenced Chinese philosophy for over 2,000 years. Which of the following is most closely associated with Confucianism? -Attaining enlightenment and reaching Nirvana -Living by the Five Pillars and submitting to God -Fulfilling one's role in society with the honor and loyalty and veneration of ancestors -Believing that all living organisms continue eternally in cycles of birth, death, and rebirth

-Fulfilling one's role in society with the honor and loyalty and veneration of ancestors

The Scientific Revolution transformed society and changed the way people looked at the natural world. In doing so, science came in direct conflict with the teachings of the Church. Which scientists was tried by the inquisition in the seventeenth century for supporting the heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system? -Nicholas Copernicus -Isaac Newton -Galileo Galilei -Rene Descartes

-Galileo Galilei

Mongols rule in china

-Genghis Khan united nomadic peoples and conquered China -Kublai Khan became emperor of China -Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, opened the door to trade with China and describe the Mongol Empire

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers; achieved through boycotts.

Which of the following decades saw the greatest percentage increase in migration to California? -1830-1840 -1870-1880 -1940-1950 -1990-2000

1940-1950

When was the Indian caste system outlawed

1950

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

When was the Hellenistic Age

323 B.C. to 30 B.C.

Problems with Articles become Clear during the "Critical Period" after the Revolutionary War (1781-1789)

-Had to rely on requesting funds from the states -did no bind the states together in a true union -no centralized control over trade; uniform tariffs could not be imposed; states could impose their own trade restrictions against other states -Thirteen different currencies continued to exist -no authority to borrow money inside or outside the US -lacked balance in congress between large and small states; all states given one vote even though large states were expected to provide more financial support than small states -changes or amendments needed for unanimous approval -no executive authority to balance the power of Congress or ensure the laws of congress were carried out

Federalist

-Hamilton -preferred a powerful centralized government -favored by the rich and wealthy

Five primary economic regions of California

-Hollywood (entertainment) -Southern California (aerospace) -Central Valley (agriculture) -Silicon Valley (computers/high technology) -Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Santa Barbara, and Paso Robles (wine)

Reasons for the French Revolution

-Inequitable class structure -disorganized legal system and no representative assembly added to the problems of government - Enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class -Bankruptcy of the French treasury was the immediate cause of the revolution -"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people

Reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire

-Its geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all of whom were becoming more powerful -The loss of commercial dominance of the Italians -Religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church -The sack of Constantinople during the fourth Crusade

Princeton

-January 3, 1777 -American commander: George Washington -British commanders: Charles Cornwallis, Charles Mawhood -American victory -Encouraged the French government to send supplies to the Americans -In England, support for the war declined

Anti-federalists/ Democratic-republicans

-Jefferson -Preferred a limited power central government with power given to the states in order to avoid tyranny -developed a political philosophy that believed in the worth of the individual

California Missions

-Jesuits established five permanent settlements in Baja California in the early 1700s -Franciscan friars established 21 Spanish missions along the California coast from San Diego to Sonoma (one day's journey apart at completion), 1769-1823 -Linked by California's first transportation route, the El Camino Real -Father Serra is credited with the development of the mission system; his lasting contributions are controversial -Around 1830, the mission system began a secularization process. By 1836, most mission property was privately owned

Reformation in Geneva (Switzerland)

-John Calvin -Doctrine of Predestination -Rejection of all forms of worship and practice not traced to Biblical tradition -Basis of "Reformed Churches" which spread throughout Europe

The initial ideals of a social contract as set forth in the Declaration of Independence borrowed heavily from: -John Locke -Adam Smith -Thomas Jefferson -Francois Voltaire

-John Locke

Bunker Hill

-June 17, 1775 -American commanders: Israel Putnam, William Prescott -British commander: William Howe -British victory -British took the hill but suffered huge losses compared to the Americans -Americans proved that they could stand up to the British army but war would not be won easily

Periods of feudal government In Japan

-Kamakura -Ashikaga -Tokugawa

Reformation in England

-King Henry VIII -Political rather than religious break with the Church -Act of Supremacy removed authority of the Pope -Created the Anglican Church of England.

Roman contributions to the western world

-Law (greatest contribution): rule of law/equality before the law, civil and contract law codes -Engineering and architecture: concrete, arch, roads (200,000 miles of roads), aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings (the Colosseum) -Culture: history, literature (Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses), rhetoric (the art and study of the use of language with persuasive effect) -Continued the Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities

Isaac Newton

-Laws of motion and universal gravitation -Laws of gravity proved the force of Earth's gravity on the orbit of the moon -Applied to all planets; provided final proof of heliocentric theory

The shared heritage of the various tribes

-Lineage was traced on the paternal side -Native tobacco and jimsonweed were widely used in ceremonial activities -Sweathouses were used (by men only) -The groups' religions were similar in myths, creation stories, shamanism, and the influence of nature -Ceremonies dealt with birth, death, puberty, marriage, hunting, and so on -Fables dealth with animals and other natural phenomena of the region (coyote, raven, bear, snake, thunder, and so on) -Roles were sex differentiated: the men hunted and fished, and the women gathered food and materials and killed small game -The oral story tradition was used by all California Indians

Which of the following statements is the best example of Federalism as practiced in the early Republic? -Local governments are sovereign in matters of local concern -Democracy must be limited to prevent foreign takeover -The constitution allows for a simple amendment process as evidenced by the Bill of rights - The federal government is divided into three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial

-Local governments are sovereign in matters of local concern

Johannes Kepler

-Man could understand God's intelligible plan through application of reason -"Three Laws of Planetary Motion"- mathematical calculations regarding planetary orbits that supported heliocentric theory

Trade helped to spread Islamic culture

-Many factors helped trade expand, including no taxation and strong banking practices -Muslim trade spread Islamic culture to foreign lands -Ibn Battuta (AD 1305-1368) spread Islamic culture by traveling widely

Reformation in Northern Germany

-Martin Luther -Salvation through faith rather than sacraments -Rejection of hierarchical priesthood and papal authority -Luther's excommunication initiated the Reformation; "Lutheranism" developed its own following -Decentralized religious authority in favor of local German princes

Fort Ticonderoga

-May 10, 1775 -American commanders: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold -British commander: William Delaplace -American victory -Americans seized the fort's 100 canons, which were badly needed by colonial forces

Napoleon and the First Empire

-Military and political leader during the later stages of the French Revolution -Emperor of the French from 1804-1815 -His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide -Best remembered for the wars he led against a series of coalitions, the Napoleonic Wars, during which he established hegemony over much of Europe and sought to spread revolutionary ideals

During the Civil War, geographical considerations often determined military strategy. One of the major military strategies of the North was based on geographically dividing the South at the: -Appalachian Mountains -Mississippi River -Gulf of Mexico -Ohio River Valley

-Mississippi River

Muslim control of India

-Muslim invaders came into India in the 11th and 12th centuries and created kingdoms in the north -The Delhi Sultanate was the most powerful (1206-1562) and developed art and architecture

Science and arts flourished under Muslim rule

-Muslim works on medicine, astronomy, and mathematics were highly advanced -Architecture and literature flourished in Muslim Culture -Poetry and philosophy were common themes in Islamic books.

The vast majority of immigrants to the US in the period from 1840-1880 primarily came from -Eastern/Southern Europe -Northern/Western Europe -Central/Southern Europe -Northern/Central Africa

-Northern/Western Europe

Lydians

-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money

Saratoga

-October 17, 1777 -American commander: Horatio Gates -British commander: John Burgoyne -American victory -France and Spain declared war on Britain -Further weakened the British Government under Prime Minister Lord North

Yorktown

-October 19, 1781 -American commanders: George Washington, Comte de Rochambeau, Compte de Grasse -British commanders: Charles Cornwallis, Banastre Tarleton -American victory -Tarleton's surrender brought war to an end (though it was formally ended in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris) -Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America (France and Spain had done so by 1779)

Middle Colonies

-Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, New Jersey -Economy: large-scale corn and grain production, commerce, small-scale manufacturing -Geography: Open fertile plains, mild to cold winters, long summers, ports on the Atlantic

The Carolingians replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers

-Pepin the Short (AD 747-768) appointed by the pope as king and established the Papal States on former Byzantine lands

California Water Delivery System

-Population is 37 million+; fresh water is a precious resource and its availability is a pressing issue -While 75% of the state's water resources originate north of Sacramento, 80% of the demand lies in the southern 2/3 of the state -Engineering has proven to be the controversial solution to California's water problems -Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct Provides water to the Bay Area of San Francisco -California, Los Angeles, and Colorado aqueducts meet the water needs of Los Angeles and San Diego counties -Population and demand continue to grow; new solutions needed to this centuries-old problem

Which of the following is true regarding Andrew Johnson's presidency during Reconstruction? -President Johnson favored a non-conciliatory approach to the defeated South -President Johnson vetoed numerous Radical republican congressional acts -President Johnson was impeached by the Senate of the United States -President Johnson campaigned in favor of the Fourteenth Amendment's provision to extend citizenship to former slaves

-President Johnson vetoed numerous Radical republican congressional acts

California has produced many national leaders, including three presidents. Which of the following California national political leaders was a native California who became President of the US? -Ronald Reagan -Richard Nixon - Herbert Hoover -Earl Warren

-Richard Nixon

Ruler of japan

-Shogun -Emperors were figureheads

Causes of the Civil War

-Social-economic differences between North and South -States' Rights vs. Federal Authority -Expansion of slavery

Characteristics of a medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages

-Society based on a strict class division: Clergy and nobility were the privileged, peasants and artisans were the workforce, serfs were tied to the land -The decline of feudalism and manorialism -The commerce revival led to the rise of towns -true middle class emerged -economic activities in the towns were supervised by the guild system -The crusades led to the revival of international trade -Education stressed the liberal arts -Theology influenced both religion and politics -Universities were created -Latin was the language of intellectual Europe -Philosophy (Scholasticism) dealt with the consistency of faith and reason -Architecture was dominated by the Romanesque and Gothic styles

Machiavelli's The Prince

-Stressed that "the ends justify the means" as political philosophy

The Muslim Empire divided

-The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads; the capital moved to Baghdad -Iberian and North Africa Muslim broke with Baghdad's control

The Counter Reformation

-The Catholic Reformation -attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism -The Jesuits became the official Catholic response to the reformation; Jesuits also initiated missionary and educational endeavors

Why was Europe referred to as the Christendom during the Middle Ages? -The majority of the ruling class were cChristians -The Church became the preserver of civilization in both political and religious life -Medieval society had fixed classes: nobility, clergy, and peasants -Kings and nobles deeded gifts of land to the Church in return for a promisee of eternal salvation

-The Church became the preserver of civilization in both political and religious life

California's 7 distinct regions

-The Coast Ranges -The Klamath Mountains -The Sierra Nevada -The Central Valley -The Basin and Range -The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau -The Transverse and Peninsular ranges

Ming and Manchu Dynasties

-The Ming (native Chinese) ousted the Mongols -Ming (1368-1644) rulers limited contact with the West -The Manchus (1644-1911) overran China and followed a policy of isolationism, weakening China

Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages

-The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Muslim Spain in 1492, Portugal in 1250 -The Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule -The monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews

Turks assumed leadership of the Muslim World

-The Seljuks fought the crusaders and regained lost land -Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim Empire -The Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries -Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire

Turks assume leadership of the Muslim world

-The Seljuks fought the crusaders and regained lost land -Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim Empire -The Ottoman Empire explained territory and lasted for many centuries -Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire

The Frankish system of inheritance hastened the dissolution of the Frankish Empire

-The Treaty of Verdun (AD 843) divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons -Carolingian rule ended in the tenth century because of the decline in central authority and the invasions of the Scandinavian tribe

The intellectual response to the Industrial Revolution

-The classical economists advanced the theory of laissez faire (limited government intervention in business affairs) -Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production -The revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of the present economic system

The Magna Cata was a significant influence on the American Constitution. Which of the following was not a fundamental concept of the Magna Carta in American law? -The importance of a written constitution -The concept of religious freedom -the right to due process of law -the protection against excessive bail

-The concept of religious freedom

Continental Divide

-The crest of the Rocky Mountains -Rivers that begin east of it flow toward the Atlantic Ocean -Western rivers flow toward the Pacific Ocean

General characteristics of the Renaissance

-The emphasis was on man rather than God -There was a reawakening or rebirth of classical models -The ideal of the "universal man" was widely held

Piedmont

-The foothills at the base of the Appalachian mountains -In the eastern region of the United States

Economic advantages of California

-The gross domestic product (GDP) ranks California number one in the nation -The California GDP ranks it among the top 10 COUNTRIES in the world -Vast natural resources (oil, timber, minerals, etc.) and abundant fertile land allow for future growth -Cali leads the nation in manufacturing and agricultural production -The higher education system (junior colleges, state colleges, and universities) is among the finest in the nation

The Big Four

-The group who controlled the railroad industry and most of the California political scene. -Included Hopkins, Crocker, Huntington, and Stanford

Effects of the Reformation

-The medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by the spirit of modern nationalism -The authority of the state was strengthened -The middle class was strengthened -Calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base -Religious wars reflected the fervor of the times

The Holy Roman Empire during the late Middle Ages

-The pope was dominant in religious matters and the monarch in secular matters -A continuing power struggle evolved between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late Middle Ages

The Octopus: A California Story (1901), by Frank Norris, vividly describes the negative impact of monopolies on the lives of many California citizens. Which of the following industries was the focus of The Octopus? -The meatpacking industry -The fishing and canning industry -The railroad industry -The oil industry

-The railroad industry

The cases of the Industrial Revolution

-The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions -The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base -Conditions in England favored industrialization; cotton textile industry was well established, Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products, coal iron and plentiful supply of cheap labor were available

Based on the vote in Congress, the War of 1812 was unpopular in the Northeast. Why was the northeast section of the United States opposed to this war? -The impressment of US sailors by England did not affect the Northeast -The Northeast had strong Loyalist ties with the former mother country -The war was being fought because of the expansionist goals of the West - the Federalist Party disliked a strong central government

-The war was being fought because of the expansionist goals of the West

Feudalism became the way of life in Europe following the collapse of the Roman Empire. Which best describes feudalism in the early Middle Ages? -The church declined but still had a significant impact on society -There were no formal countries, but the fiefdom held economic and political power -Knights became the soldiers of the king -Peasant uprisings were common during this period

-There were no formal countries, but the fiefdom held economic and political power

Five primary sectors for employment in California

-Trade, transportation, and utilities -Government -Professional and business services -Education and health services -Leisure and hospitality

Society in the Middle Ages was based on the feudal system

-Under feudalism, political authority was dominated by the landed nobility -Manorialism was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism

Cesar Chavez is most closely associated with political reforms in which of the following areas? -Unionization of migrant farm workers -Bilingual education for hispanic students -Medical treatment for the indigent and homeless -Voter registration for undocumented immigrants

-Unionization of migrant farm workers

Yellow Peril

-Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region -led to Asians being restricted from naturalization -segregation of white and asian students in 1905 in San Francisco

Galileo Galilei

-With a telescope, provided the first observational evidence in support of copernicus -Phases of Venus; four moons of Jupiter

Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are essentially different in all of the following except: - the predictability of their river systems -natural protection against foreign invaders - a bureaucratically administered state -length of dynasty rule

-a bureaucratically administered state

Hiram Johnson

-a progressive governor of California -added 23 amendments to the California constitution (1911); included women's suffrage, initiative, referendum, recall, workmen's compensation, new railroad commission, etc.

East African civilization

-based on international trade and seaport cities -trade destroyed by the Portuguese after 1500

The Renaissance

-began in Italy during the fourteenth century -resulted because of conflicts between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire -contributed by Greek and Roman heritage

In the decades immediately preceding the Civil War, approximately 65% of the industrial expansion in the United States was in the Northeast. All of the following are reasons for this growth except: -availability of abundant natural resources -completion of the transcontinental railroad -access to the Great Lakes and ports for foreign shipments -availability of cheap labor

-completion of the transcontinental railroad

Sungs

-controlled Chinese civilization (AD 960-1279) -Advances in education, art, and science contributed to an improved way of life -Foreign trade allowed population in cities to grow and become sophisticated -Family was the focus of Chinese life -Women had lower status than men

The Great Compromise

-created a bicameral, or two-house, Congress to balance the interests and influence of large and small states

Accomplishments of the early Japanese

-developed their own language and sophisticated system of writing -developed literature and poetry -developed the shinto religion -placed great emphasis on love of nature, beauty, and good manners

Gold Rush

-discovered by Jams W. Marshall in 1848 -"gold fever" increased California population from 15K-380K in 13 years -California became the 31st state of the union -Compromise of 1850 led California to becoming a free state

Reasons for the protestant reformation

-dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones -humanism emphasized man's needs and concerns -the printing press allowed mass communication

General characteristics of Californian Indians prior to European contact

-diversity of dialects -largest concentration of Indians in North America (150K-300K) -Dwellings reflected climactic and geographic locations: Fram and plank houses in the north, brush shelters in the souther desert, earth houses along the coastal regions -groups not often warlike and weapons not sophisticated -acorns were a primary food source; involved drying, cracking, and leaching -transportation reflected geographic factors: balsa and raft-type boats in the south, plank canoes used in the north

Manifest Destiny

-encouraged US expansion to the Pacific -Texas was annexed to the US in 1837 -The Oregon territory was added to the US in 1846 and encouraged the settlement of the far west -the Mexican War (1848) added California and parts of the southwest to the United States

Industrial development in America

-encouraged by western expansion (Homestead Act 1862 and Transcontinental Railroad 1869) -Western industries based on mining, cattle, grain -inventions promoted rapid industrial growth; inventions were the result of increased diversity and access of natural resources that were accessed due to westward expansion -labor unions formed as a result of industrialization -rise of cities -Sherman (1890) and Clayton (1914) Antitrust Acts restricted the power of giant corporations -Workmen's compensation laws, child labor laws, and regulations on working conditions and minimum wages were part of the congressional reform movement to improve the plight of the working man

Constitution

-formed in 1789 -formed a government solving many problems -system created that divided federal and state power -separation of powers and checks and balances were included to limit the power of central government

The principal objective of Russia's desire to expand in the direction of the Ottoman Empire was to: -gain permanent access to the Mediterranean Sea -Gain control over the Caspian Sea -Prevent the formation of an Austro-Prussian military alliance -limit the influence of Islam and reestablish Christian rule

-gain permanent access to the Mediterranean Sea

Zimbabwe

-grew from an iron working settlement -constructed huge stone structures -economy based on gold trade

All of the following were necessary for the Industrial Revolution to begin in England except the: -existence of large quantities of coal and iron -rapid increase in the English middle class -large supply of cheap labor -growth of the canal system

-growth of the canal system

Pueblo Indians

-inhabited the southwest after the Anasazi and built extensive adobe cities

WWII in California

-manufacturing increased with airplanes, ships, and other war products -California became the defense center of the nation -Japanese relocated to inland detention camps (1942) -Defense contracts following the war fueled California's economic prosperity

Presidios and Pueblos

-military forts and small settlements -established around California (in valleys around the San Francisco Bay) by Spain in response to potential Russian, British, and American presences

The Whig Party

-opposed the democratic party's belief in states' rights and instead favored a strong national government

Colonial religion

-predominantly Protestant -decline of Puritanism led to greater religious tolerance

Hamilton's Financial Plan favored all of the following except: -Passing an excise tax on whiskey -protecting the agricultural interests of the south -favoring the industrial sector o the economy -establishing the national currency

-protecting the agricultural interests of the south

Russian exclusion along Northern American Coast

-renewed efforts for Spain to colonize California -Russia established Fort Ross (trading post) 80 miles north of San Francisco Bay in 1812

Drake (English explorer)

-sailed up the California Coast (1579) and claimed the land for England -forced Spain to colonize California

California Indigenous material belongings

-subsistence agriculture implements: mortar and pestle, metate, grinding slab, digging sticks -receptacles: baskets, pottery, wood, stone bowls -musical instruments: drum, rattle, flute, rasp, bow -money: clam disks and olivella shells

Confucius

-teachings influenced Chinese culture -wanted to improve society -taught that certain virtues are guidelines to happy life

The Viking (Norse) invaders pillaged the coasts of Europe in the eighteenth century

-the Danes were responsible for the major invasion of england -Alfred the Great (AD 871-99) established the English kingdom after stemming the Danish invasion -In France, the Carolingian king was forced to cede Normandy to the Vikings

Which of the following had the most revolutionary impact on the economic development of the American West during the nineteenth century -the long drive -the invention of barbed wire -the refrigerated railroad car -the steamboat

-the invention of barbed wire

Hamilton's financial plan

-the national government paid back the state, national, and foreign debts to demonstrate the credibility of the new government -the national government encouraged American business expansion by passing excise taxes and a tariff -the national government raised revenue by initiating a tax on domestic whiskey -the national government authorized the use of coins and paper money to encourage the growth of commerce -the national government encouraged the development of a national bank to facilitate the expansion of business -led to the development of political parties: the federalists and the anti-federalists

John C. Calhoun proposed the Doctrine of Nullification in opposition to the high protective tariff passed by Congress in 1832. The doctrine threatened the stability of the new nation. According to the Doctrine of Nullification, the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional rested with: -the state legislature -the president -the Supreme Court -Congress

-the state legislature

Mughuls

-united and ruled most of India. -After Babur invaded India, Akbar became main ruler of this kind. -builders of Taj Mahal, but empire declined quickly (by 1750).

The Hopewell people

-were skilled farmers - flourished in the Ohio & Mississippi Valleys (200BC to 400AD).

Adam Smith

-wrote the wealth of nations in 1776 -advocated manufacturing as the true source of a nation's wealth

Rivers in Africa

1. Nile 2. Congo 3. Niger 4. Zambezi -Important to the economic history

when did India's caste system originate

1500 B.C.

Stamp Act

1765; background cause of the American revolution

Boston Massacre

1770; background cause of the American revolution

Boston Tea Party

1773- protest against British taxation that was designed to punish colonists; known as the intolerable acts

The first continental congress

1774; met to protest the intolerable acts

Sons of liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

The Age of reason

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions; government defined by Voltaire, Montisquieu, Locke, and Rousseau.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land; government system of the middle ages

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements; stressed the importance of the individual

Code of Hammurabi

A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. Babylonians conquered Sumer, establishing a new empire (2300-1750 BC)

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC)

King of Macedonia Established the Hellenistic age (the fusion of Greek culture with the east) Conquered Persia, Asia Minor, and Egypt and established a world empire Bureaucracy replaced the polis (city state) as the form of government

Achievements of Mesopotamian Civilization

Large scale irrigation projects Advanced system of mathematics Invention of the wheel Ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury Sargon established the first empire

3 branches of government

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

The French aided the US in the American revolution in order to:

Limit England's power and expansion, and weaken their military

Islamic main principle

Living by the five pillars and submitting to god

Mendez v. Westminster

Made it illegal to segregate Mexican American children in California schools

The English colonies founded as a result of religious persecution include:

Maryland, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania

Aegean Civilizations

Minoans and Myceneans

The Code of Napoleon

Modernized fresh law (equality before the law)

Greek Geography

Mountains separated by deep valleys Led to a scarcity of good agricultural land that encouraged seafaring in eastern Greece The southern mainland had adequate agricultural resources and relied on farming

Arabs conquered

Much of the Byzantine and Persian empires, including North Africa, and Spain

Greek- Organized warfare

Mycenae, Sparta, Phalanx

Aegan Civilization

Mycenaeans, Crete, Troy

Egypt

Northeastern Africa Banks of Nile river and Mediterranean and red seas Developed: complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance, writing, engineering and building, mathematics

Arab influence in

Northern Africa

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank by: taxing whiskey, favoring the industrial sector of the economy, and establishing a national currency

the old immigration

People who came from Northern and Western Europe 1840-1880 to settle in North America

The greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world due to extensive trade networks throughout the mediterranean as well as different trade networks with Tyre and Sidon

Phoenicians

Small civilizations in the Near East

Phoenicians Lydians Israelites

In Egypt, the Nile's annual floods were:

Predictable

Ronald Reagan

President from claifornia

What are the 4 distinct gross in India's caste system

Priests and teachers; rulers and warriors, merchants and artisans, peasants and servants, untouchables

Pennsylvanian colony religion:

Quakers

Renaissance

Rebirth of Classical Greek and roman culture -Emphasis on humanism -Secularism -Realism and formalism

African culture focused on

Religion, politics, and law

The age of Pericles (460-429 BC)

Represented the zenith of Athenian society and the height of its democracy

Pax Romana

Roman Peace Two centuries without a major war (27BC-AD 180)

Rome after the Punic Wars with Carthage (146 BC)

Rome emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Rome incorporated Greek culture into its empire Roman expansion resulted in a world republic

Roman Law

Rule of law/Equality before the law Civil and contract law codes

Israelites

Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (1030-1010 BC) After death of Solomon (922 BC) the Hebrews were divided into 2 kingdoms (Israel and Judah) Disunity and conquest resulted in destruction of Israel (722 BC) and Judah (586 BC) The revolt of Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (AD70) and forced dispersal of Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora)

India

Southern Asia Indus and Ganges rivers and Arabian Sea Developed: urban culture, planned cities, metallurgy, measurement

Against expanding federal power

Southern states/ antifederalist

Mesopotamia

Southwest Asia Tigris and Euphrates rivers Developed: writing, organized government, written law code, systematized religion, astronomy, astrology

During early colonization, Spain controlled:

Southwest of North America and Florida, South America

Egypt established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 BC)

Spared from political disruption due to defensible borders Located in Mesopotamia Significant aspects of civilization: dominated by concerns for afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh; medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions; invented hieroglyphic writing system; commerce flourished through Arabia, india, and africa; agriculture as the basis for economy; architecture reflected building and engineering feats as well as mathematical precision; annual flooding in the Nile was the basis for the sustained economy

The Roman Republic (509-527 BC)

Started after Etruscan control was overthrown Roman society divided into the patrician (properties class), plebeians (main body of roman citizens), and slaves

The first civilization in Mesopotamia; used the tigris and Euphrates river for trade

Sumerians

During early colonization, England controlled:

The Atlantic coast of North America below Canada; set up the 13 colonies

Parliament is made up of

The House of the Lords (titled nobility) The House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)

The earliest Indian civilization, the Harappa culture, developed around:

The Indus River Valley in 2500 B.C.

During early colonization, France controlled:

The Mississippi River region and Louisiana Territory, the Great Lakes, and canada

Absolutism

The absolute rule of monarchs with unlimited power; evolved from limited power of the ruling class during the Middle Ages

Main principles of Confucianism

The belief that human conduct is based on social property, respect for one's ancestors and their families, and reverence for past traditions

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle; accumulation of wealth is equal to survival/ successful adaptation

Phoenicians

The first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world Peaked in 1000 BC Invented the first true alphabet Dominated Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye

The great basin

The land between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada

Isaac Newton

The most influential scientist of the Enlightenment; credited with discovering theory of gravity and the 3 laws of motion

Judicial review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional; the power of the federal courts to interpret the Constitution and to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional; establishes checks and balances

Greek Art

Theater Sculpture Decorative pottery

Ottoman Empire was located centrally within

Turkey; located with borders to the Mediterranean sea and the black sea

The development of abolitionists thought was a result of many factors. Which of the following had the most profound effect on the national antislavery movement prior to the Civil War? -The red Badge of Courage -The Red Scott Decision -Uncle Tom's Cabin -"John Brown's Body"

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Athens

World commercial center Cosmopolitan city

Federalism

a system based on written constitution in which state and federal governments have distinct functions

Bill of Rights

added to protect the rights of individuals and safeguard the sovereignty of the states over their own affairs (Tenth amendment)

Senate

all states granted two senators

In the Middle Ages, the church owned how much of Europe's land

approximately 1/3

California indians pre-european contact

approximately 300,000; hunter/gatherer societies

The industrial revolution

began in England due to favorable geographic/social conditions such as an abundance of coal and iron, rivers, labor force, and money

Copernicus theory

believed the sun was the center of the solar system and that earth moved around it

Alien land act

bill passed by California legislature in 1913 that declared aliens who were ineligible for citizenship (immigrants from Asia) were also ineligible to own land

De jure

by law

Greek Architecture

collums and colonades Parthenon

Assyrians

created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons. Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways.

The Peloponnesian war (431-404 BC)

devastated both Sparta and Athens. Sparta was victorious but unable to unite the Greek city-states; Greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliances;

Mesopotamia was not well protected from enemies due to the

flat plains

Ptolemy's theory of the universe

geocentric; earth is the center

During the hellenistic age, economics

grew and expanded

Andrew Johnson

impeached; 17th president of the US`

The greatest percentage increase in migration to California happened

in 1940-1950 post WWII

De facto

in reality

The Ganges river is located in

india

A power NOT written into the constitution, but exercised by the Supreme Court as early as 1803 is:

judicial review

Russia's country is

landlocked

Egypt was well protected from enemies due to

natural barriers such as the desert and sea in addition to isolation from other civilization

In ancient Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq), annual floods were:

often unpredictable and destructive

California tree

redwood

The French Renaissance

reflected democratic realism

House of Representatives

representatives apportioned based on the size of their population

stamp act congress

sent a petition to king George III

Federal system

shared between the central government and the states

Mesopotamia's succession of political power

sumer, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, etc.

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

The scientific revolution began in

the 16th century

The south lost control of the house of representatives in

the 1830s

When did Confucius live

the 5th and 6th centuries BC

Russia wanted to expand in the direction of the Ottoman Empire to gain access to:

the Black Sea to build a port; the Mediterranean Sea

During early colonization, the Netherlands controlled

the Hudson River valley (very small area)

Calvinism

the doctrines and teachings of John Calvin or his followers -Predestination was central -became a revolutionary anti-Catholic movement

Adam Smith

the father of modern economics; theorized that the laws of the marketplace, and not government regulations, dictate national economies

Doctrine of Nullification

the power to declare an act of congress unconstitutional rested with the state legislature

Jewish Diaspora

the scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 and resulting statehood in 1850 changed the political landscape of the US primarily because:

there was a temporary resolution to the free state/slave state controversy

Northeast anti war of 1812 because

they viewed the war as a land grab by western war hawks who wanted to obtain Canada for the US

How did the kinds of Mesopotamia rule

through the privileged class of novels and priests; a beurocratically administered state

How did the pharoh of Egypt rule

through the privileged class of novels and priests; a beurocratically administered state

The legal basis on which the US obtained California from Mexico in 1848 was:

treaty

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict by strongly promoting anti-slavery views

The Battle of Tours

AD 732 -Resulted in Franks halting Muslim expansion in Europe -Muslim Spain lasted fro AD 711-1031

The Treaty of Verdun

AD 843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

Native Americans in California used what as their most important food source?

Acorn nuts

Which of the following was the most important food for Indians occupying the foothill regions of California prior to historic contact? -Yucca plants -Fish and large game -Seeds and berries -Acorn nuts

Acorn nuts

During the Middle Ages, within Europe the church

Acted as the preserves of civilization in both political and religious life

The Muslim empire was ruled by:

Arab caliphs

Empire originated in the highland region of the upper tigris river but grew to encompass the entire area of the Fertile Crescent; warrior nation who terrorized conquered people

Assyrians

Greek civilization dominated by:

Athens and Sparta

Buddhism main principle

Attaining enlightenment and reaching Nirvana; based on the 4 main truths and the path to enlightenment

The Progressive Movement in California

Attempted to protect the working class from the monopolistic control of big business, especially the railroad industry; Aim of the Progressives was to bring government closer to the people; The Progressive Party in California was nativist and strongly anti-Asian

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president

Rome fell in 476 AD

Barbarian invasion by the Goths, Vandals, and Huns Eastern Roman Empire at Constantinople remained intact; Byzantium survived until 1453

Roman government

Based on consuls, the Senate, and the Centurial Assembly

Roman army

Became the most powerful military organization in the world

Basic Doctrines of Christianity

Begins with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden) Emphasized the only Bible as in the word of God, the sacraments as the instruments of God's grace, and the importance of a moral life for salvation Paul the Apostle was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman Empire St. Augustine (AD 354-430) became the first great Christian philosopher, he wrote Confessions and City of God

Hinduism main principle

Believing that all living organisms continue eternally in cycles of birth, death, and rebirth

Ionia

Birthplace of Hellenic civilization

Hindu supreme being

Brahman

Texas was acquired by the US

By annexation in 1845

The Octopus

By frank Norris; about railroad monopolies

Economic and political decline due to repeated civil wars in the Roman Republic

Caesar assassinated in 44 BC Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire (27 BC)

California bird

California Valley Quail

Economic systems that facilitates social darwinism

Capitalism

Maryland colony religion:

Catholic

Many native California tribes were regionally located. However, the majority of native Californians lived in or near the:

Central Valley and the western slopes of the Sierra nevada

Babylonian Achievement

Centralized government Advancements in algebra and geometry

the yellow river is located in

China

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 in Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Near East

Comprised the Tigris & Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and The Nile Valley. They had the first system of independent states and writing. Architectural achievements are the ziggurat & pyramid. the first codification of law. the first lasting monotheism.

Roman Engineering and Architecture

Concrete, arc, roman roads, aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings

Hittites (2000-1200 BC)

Conquered much of Asia Minor and northern Mesopotamia Contributed iron smelting, revolutionizing warfare

Barbed wire

Created by J.F. Glidden in 1874; Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier.

The 1947 US District Court decisions in Mendez v Westminster School District of Orang County, California, paved the way for the 1954 historic Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision. What id the Mendez decision resolve? -De facto segregation in California public education for African-Americans, Asians, and Mexican Americans -De jure segregation in California public education for Mexican-Americans -Racial equality in California public education for African American, Asians, \and Mexican-Americans -Equity in funding for California public schools for African-Americans, Asians, and Mexican-Americans

De jure segregation in California public education for Mexican-Americans

Greek government

Democracy (Athens) Oligarchy (Sparta) Bureaucracy (Alexander the Great)

Dredd Scott Decision

Determined that slaves were property and could not become free by moving to a free state or territory; prohibited slaves from suing the federal government as they were not "citizens"; overturned by the 14th amendment

Sparta

Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its agricultural state

The English Renaissance

Did not flower until the Elizabethan Age

Conflict between Athens and Sparta

Dominated Greek politics after the Persians were defeated

China

East Asia Yellow river Developed: writing, commerce, government

What did Confucius philosophize about

Education, society, and government

Nile valley developed by

Egyptian civilization

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) Split Rome into the western and eastern empires Goths, Vandals, and Huns devastated Rome and it fell in AD 476 Eastern Rome and Constantinople remained intact; Byzantinium survived until 1453

John locke

English philosopher; believed people made a contract with their government to protect their natural rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)

Direct democracy

Established in Athens (506 BC)

Amendments

Established process for amendment that required three-fourths approval of the states and two-thirds of each house of congress

Separation of Powers

Executive, Legislative, Judicial

Rhode Island colony religion:

Extensive freedom for all religions

Foreign Policy

Federalists -pro-england -conservative -constitutional monarchy Anti-federalists -pro-france -revolutionary -republicanism

Foundations of the Nation

Federalists: -expansion and growth -banking -investment in business -manufacturing Anti-Federalists: -Focus on yeoman farmers as the foundation of republicanism (Sovereignty of the people)

Constitutional Powers

Federalists: -loose constructionism -authority for government to do whatever "necessary and proper" according to the constitution -centralized authority in the national government Anti-federalists (democratic-republicans): -strict constructionism -avoid tyranny by exercising only those powers expressly stated in the constitution -decentralized authority to the states

Contributions of the Greek world

Founded major philosophical schools, established basis for the scientific method, perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce Established democracy and a system of law to improve society Architecture, sculpture, art, literature, and performing arts

Which of the following is the least likely reason the French aided the English colonies during the American Revolution? -France agreed with the ideals set forth in the declaration of independence -France viewed the revolution as a means to gain territory at the expense of britain -France wanted to limit the economic growth of England -France and England were already at war on the European continent

France agreed with the ideals set forth in the declaration of independence

The last of the original 13 colonies was:

Georgia

Which of the following English colonies was not founded as a result of religious persecution? -Maryland -Rhode Island -Pennsylvania -Georgia

Georgia

Famous West African Empires

Ghana Mali Songhai

Why was California a free state

Gold miners were worried that southern slave owners would use slaves to collect gold during the gold rush

California flower

Golden poppy

California freshwater fish

Golden trout

Mycenaeans

Greek civilization (2000-1150 BC) Developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare Dorians conquered the Peloponnesus and ushered in a dark age characterized by violence and instability (1150-800 BC)

Minoan

Greek civilization of Crete (4000-1400 BC) Prosperity from extensive commercw

The Norman Conquest

Had a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England

the Federalists

Hamilton and Adams

Greek history

Herdotous (the Persian Wars) Thucydides (the Peloponnesian War)

What religious teachings formed the caste system

Hinduism

Roman Culture

History Literature: Virgil (Aeneid) Ovid (Metamorphoses) Rhetoric

The new immigration

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries and Asia arriving in the late 1800s

The English Parliament was firmly established

In the 14th century

Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Roman Period)

Individual conviction in one's beliefs (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period The efficiency and organization of the early church administration Doctrines that stressed equality and immortality The conversion of Constantine to Christianity (AD 313) The establishment of Christianity as the official Roman religion (AD 380) The establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating

Galileo Galilei

Invented the telescope and proved Copernicus's heliocentric theory correct

Georgia was founded by

James Oglethorpe

The Antifederalists

Jefferson and madison

Influence on both the US declaration of Independence and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

John Locke