CSET Multiple Subjects Subtest III

What are the 3 basic groups of temperament?

1. "easy" child: positive mood, easily adapts to new situations 2. "difficult" child: cries frequently, slow to accept change to new situations; has irregular daily routines 3. "slow to warm-up" child: shows slow adaptations to new situations, slowly accepts new situations when repeatedly exposed.

Name instructional programs that are effective in promoting a positive self-image.

Self-responsibility: promote responsibility for one's self. Goal-setting: set realistic, personal fitness goals Social interaction: encourage and praise others, accept individual differences Group interaction: how to work together, as a team

Chord

Several notes sounded together

Styles of Dance and Movement: Social Dance

Social dances -socializing is the main focus= dance partner is essential -can be competitive -i.e. hip-hop, line dance, ballroom, waltz, foxtrot, tango, and swing

What are the elements of dance?

Space, Time, Levels (dynamics), Force (energy)

Space

Space=within the boundaries of the composition -helps the composition look like it has form and gives the artwork a feeling of depth -artists use both pos and neg space to influence how an object might appear -neg space= the space between or around the object

Formula to calculate target heart rate (THR)

THR= (220-age) x (0.70 to 0.85) Max HR (MHR)= 220-age Lower limit threshold= 70% of your MHR Upper limit threshold= 85% of your MHR THR= 70%-85% of MHR Resting HR (RHR)= HR taken while standing (avg of 3 HR's taken before getting out of bed in the morning)

What are the 5 components of Physical Exercise?

*1. Flexibility* -movement in which joints and muscles move through a full range of motion -Being flexible helps to retain a full range of movement, prevent injury from fitness activities, and improve posture *2. Muscular strength* -amount of force exerted with muscles -muscular movements can be isometric with no visible movement (static) or isotonic with signs of movement (dynamic) *3. Endurance* -the ability to sustain physical effort for long periods of time -helps children perform fitness activities without excessive fatigue *4. Cardio-respiratory endurance (Aerobic)* -an efficient aerobic system may be the most important component of fitness -ability of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system to sustain work by delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body over time -if the child is having difficulty during aerobic fitness activity, the teacher should stop the activity when the child is out of breath= sign that the aerobic activity is causing the cardio-respiratory system to reach max O2 uptake. *5. Body composition* -the proportion of fat to lean body mass -measured by the thickness of skin folds -amount of fat in relation to % of non-fat in total body mass

What should all PE instruction should include?

*Establish a safe environment:* -equipment safety, safe class size, communication systems in place in case of emergency, sufficient supervision at all times; and psychological subjective environment (all students should feel physically, emotionally, and socially safe during the instructional process). *Include class management:* -promotes student engagement and maximizes instructional effectiveness *Employ effective teaching behaviors:* -i.e. plan for every lesson, use time effectively, provide effective practice, keep students engaged in mod-to-vigorous physical activity, apply motor learning concepts to instructional practices *Transfer learning:* -positive and negative transfers of learning -i.e. students are alerted to the differences between galloping and skipping at the time when the second skill is taught. *Encourage practice:* -distributed practice= over time -mass practice= completed in one instructional period -whole practice= practice the entire skill part practice= practice a skill in small units

Equilibrium

-A stable balance toward effective adaptations -3 phases 1)Children begin in a state of balance 2) thought changes and conflict emerges 3)through assimilation and accommodation, a more sophisticated mode of thought surfaces

Theatre Historical Timeline: Ancient Greek Theatre (600-400 B.C.)

-Amphitheatres (open-air, semicircular) -Playwrights: Sophocles (Oedipus, Antigone; tragedy: heroes glorified but with a tragic flaw, influence of gods) and Euripides -Thespis= 1st actor (thespians) -Dionysius Festivals (tragedies/comedies/satires); plots came from legends -Influence of central actors and dialogue; masks were used to show age and emotion -women barred from acting (but could spectate)

Art History Timeline: Classical (400 B.C.-A.D. 400)

-Ancient Greece and Rome -Art encompassed: architecture (e.g., Parthenon, Coliseum, aqueducts, vaults, and domes); sculpture (ideal form, beauty); pottery (black on white, Greek and Roman life); painting (murals, portraiture); frescoes (pigments with water) -Key characteristics: physical beauty; mathematical; definite proportion; celebrated great events

Perspective: Atmospheric or Aerial

-Atmospheric perspective is used to create depth and dimension -Artists use overlapping, color, size, and contrast to reproduce the effects of distant objects Example: Darker objects appear to be closer when using lighter and duller colors for distant objects. In a landscape, lighter objects lose focus and clarity as they appear farther away.

Balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical

-Balance is a sense of visual stability in a composition -It is the harmonious arrangement of elements in order to create a feeling of equilibrium -When a composition is symmetrical, it gives the feeling that weight is equally distributed ---This is called formal balance since this is a classical appearance of formality -When a composition is asymmetrical, there is a visual emphasis, or pull, to one side of the composition ---This is sometimes called informal balance Example: Think about a seesaw or scales. When the seesaw is equally weighted, it is symmetrical. When the seesaw is not weighted equally, it is asymmetrical.

Dance Historical Timeline: Early 20th century

-Ballet Russes (Russia)=revolutionary -revolutionary aspects of early modern dance: break from restrictive classical ballet and tutu; appreciated qualities of the individual; primitive expression and emotion; "new freedom" of movement -explosion of modern dance in early 20th century: ragtime jazz emerged, flapper era influenced fast-moving dances like the Charleston

Dance Historical Timeline: Middle Ages (500-1400)

The Church attempted to restrict pagan dance -pagan dance=fertility -folk dance evolved from earlier ritual dance Characteristics of folk dance -take the form of a circle -recreational aspects and basic steps such as running, walking, hopping, and skipping -all linked to culture, music, and the history of a group Current examples in the 20th century -polka, square dances -historic dances: Cossack dance of Russia, polonaise of Poland, Mexican el jarabe taptaio ("hat dance")

abstract dance

The art of pure movement. The choreography does not show a narrative story like other forms of dance.

Dance

The expression of movement -the organization of a series of rhythmic body movements with a beginning, middle, and end in sequential form

kinesthetic awareness

The sensory feeling and awareness of one's own body and muscles. Also called proprioception.

Music notation: note values

The specific duration of each note represented by a solid black or hollow oval shapes; can also have flags and stems

Elements of Theatre: Stage

The structure where all drama and theatre takes place.

Music notation: scale

The succession of notes arranged in ascending order; first 7 pitches in western music are named after the first 7 letters of the alphabet

Music notation: clef

The symbol at the beginning of each staff indicating the pitch or the range of sounds that should be played Treble - high range notes Bass - low range notes

insecure-disorganized attachment

The type of attachment indicated by the infant's confusion when the mother leaves and returns in the Ainsworth strange situation procedure. The infant acts disoriented, seems overwhelmed by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping with it. -infant demonstrates inability to manage their own emotions and behavior -children are often fearful of new situations -they lack the ability to tolerate change -often feel confused, misunderstood, or become easily frustrated

Elements of Theatre: Theatre

Theatre- the formal presentation of a scripted play. Organizational principles: -plot and conflict -setting -character -language -rhythm and unity

K-3 Basic Station Activity

Three rotating stations - one locomotor, one non-locomotor, one object manipulation -stations provide varied activities -rotate after 10 minutes 1. non-locomotor station (i.e. imitate objects that sway, yoga stretches) 2. locomotor station (i.e. jump rope, walk, run) 3. object manipulation station (i.e. play catch, boucs ball)

Jete (Leap)

Throwing step. A jump from one foot to the other; working leg stays straight as it brushes forward as the supporting leg pushes off to assume a split position in the air.

The element of music that is the unique tonal quality of a musical sound (it is the tone "color") is

Timbre ("tamb-er") -makes one instrument sound different from another -each instrument, due mainly to its manufacturer, has a different timbre or tone quality

The element of music that refers to the sound produced by an individual instrument or singer is

Tone

T/F: The piano is part of the percussion family

True

T/F: The natural patterns of movement in children and adolescents are different from those of adults.

True.

Pirouette

Whirl or spin. A complete turn of the body on one foot.

classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) / John Watson

a type of learned response; a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response -respond automatically because you formed an association between the stimulus and response.

What are the elements of theatre?

acting theatre drama improvisation scriptwriting technical support tools stage

Schemes/Schemas (Piaget)

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge, helps children understand experiences

Body Awareness

aka proprioception -how the body senses the parts of itself (i.e. hands, feet, arms, legs)

secure attachment style

an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked. -"I am safe and secure" -infants show little distress when separated -make appropriate eye contact, ask for help, can manage and express their feelings

Lyre

ancient harp

What are the principles of art?

balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, unity -perspective: linear -perspective: atmospheric or linear

Physical Development: Infancy

birth-2 years old; grow the fastest, boys and girls have about the same height and weight; girls growing only slightly slower than boys -protruding "potbelly" look

Physical development: Early Childhood

body growth slows and shape becomes more streamlined--arms and legs grow longer; new slender look -girls tend to have more fatty tissue than boys -boys and girls measure in weight and height somewhat equal -if anything, boys tend to slightly taller and heavier

Alignment

body placement (line) or stance of the dancer's body to increase body health and efficiency

The level of moral reasoning is dependent on how the child responds to ________ and __________.

challenges and experiences.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

children actively construct their knowledge through society . Language is an essential aspect of this development and that cognitive growth and language are socially based. -ZPD -Scaffolding -children actively construct knowledge through society

Animism

children believe that nonliving objects have lifelike qualities, i.e. imaginary friends (preoperational, age 2-4)

Casual Reasoning "Causality"

children believe their thoughts can cause actions, whether or not the experiences have a casual relationship. **casuality reasoning changes over time

Object Permanence (Piaget)

concept, gained in infancy (sensorimotor), that objects continue to exist even when they are hidden from view -begins about 8months old

Elements of Theatre: Technical Support Tools

costumes, sets, lights, props, makeup, and sound.

Elements of Theatre: Improvisation

creative, cooperative spontaneous and flexible response to changing and unexpected dramatic stimuli. Embraces problem-solving w/out preconception of how to perform, and allows anything within the environment to be used during the experience.

Extension (leg)

dancer's ability to raise and hold a leg in the air in a straightened position

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

The element of music that sounds loud (forte) or soft (quiet/piano) is

dynamics

chamber music

ensemble music for 1-20 players, with one player to a part

Allegro

fast tempo

Positions of the feet

first, second, third, fourth, fifth

The element of music where 2 or more notes played simultaneously that support the melody and give music texture or mood

harmony -group of notes played behind the melody. -can change how music sounds by changing its harmony

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. -until about age 5, young children cannot differentiate between their own perspectives and feelings and someone else's

Action

in a character-character interaction, the total array of purposeful activity, both external (physical) and internal (psychological), by which characters attempt to achieve their objectives

Antagonist

in traditional dramatic theory, an element, usually a character, that resists the protagonist. Conflict results from the efforts of the protagonist to achieve his or her objectives in spite of the obstacles introduced by the antagonist.

Sonata

instrumental genre in several movements for solo keyboard, or keyboard and another instrument, or small chamber ensemble

The confidence and competency gained through physical self-expression construct personal _______ meaning for children

internalized

Effective classroom fitness activities not only provide an opportunity for physical expression, but also provide children with the necessary _____ and _____ structures to create their self-image.

psychological; emotional

"Goodness of fit"

refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope (i..e a 4-yr old "difficult" child who is expected to sit still for a 5-hr plane ride)

Children who can securely ___________ often have a greater ability to successfully face challenges and master academic learning material.

self-regulate

As children acquire positive experiences, their view of ____ and their surrounding ______ is strengthened.

self; world

Element of Dance: Levels

series of horizontal planes rising one above the other from the performance surface through which dancers move (leaps, lifts, etc.) -direction -form and shape -level -range (wide/narrow, big/little) -pathway (floor, elevated, air patterns) -focus (gaze, floor, or away)

Physical fitness includes an activity with bodily movements that produce a contraction of _______ muscles and increase ______ through exercise, sports, dance, and other movement forms.

skeletal; energy

Adagio

slow tempo

Creative movement (improvisation movement)

spontaneous and imaginative dance movement with an emphasis on body mastery for expressive and communicative purposes -should be an integral part of elementary school dance instruction

The element of music that is the pace of the beat

tempo -measured by the number of beats per minute -metronome -it is an important component to change the expressiveness of character and mood of the musical composition

Syncopation

temporary irregularity in musical rhythm

Transitive Reference

the ability to draw conclusions about a relationship between 2 objects by knowing the relationship to a 3rd object (concrete operations) i.e. if A=B, and B=C, then A=C

choreography

the arrangement of dances for a performance

Texture

the element of art that refers to how things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched. Examples: collages

Space

the element of dance that refers to the immediate area surrounding the body. The general area where the dancer can move in direction, size, and place

Force

the energy that is released from the body (potential energy) causes a change in the body's physical motion (kinetic energy)

Barre

the horizontal pole used by a dancer to steady themselves

Element of Dance: Space

the immediate spherical area surrounding a dancer's body. Shapes their space as they move, change direction, etc. Can also refer to the dancer's performance location -locomotor: traveling through space -nonlocomotor: staying in one spot (i.e. stretch, twist) -combined locomotor, i.e. spinning, paddle

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects -when altering the appearance of an object, its basic properties do not change.

Plie

to bend the knees and straighten them again.

Element of Dance: Force/Energy

transformation and release of potential energy into kinetic energy. How dancers move. Types = sustained, collapsing, suspended, swinging, and percussive

Locomotor Skills: Galloping

-Galloping is a forward directional movement ---As the lead foot steps forward, the back foot steps up to meet the lead foot -Galloping movements can be taught by having the class hold hands and slide in a circle to a rhythmic beat ---Shift this movement into having the children face the direction of the movement while continuing to slide ---Alternate between large and small gallops

Art History Timeline: Early Middle Ages (500-1000)

-Greco-Roman influence; influence of religion; sacred art; spatially flat; illustrated "Book of Kells" -Romanesque architectural style: heavy walls, round, ribbed arches; transept and nave; grand

Metacognition

"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task -helps children plan their own problem-solving strategies -concrete operations

Piaget and Moral Development

-Believed morality is coupled with cognitive development in two different stages, morality of constraint (heteronomous) and morality of cooperation (autonomous) -Morality of constraint: Age 4-7 -Children see their moral world through the eyes of justice and rules, which are unchangeable -As children develop, they become more sophisticated and understand that rules are made up by people -Children understand that there are many variables when deciding what is right and wrong -New thinking moves them to the next stage of morality, age 10: morality of cooperation -Children view each dilemma and consider the consequences before making a moral decision (morality of cooperation)

Object Manipulation Skills: Catching

-Catching involves using the hands to stop and control a moving object -During the early stages of learning, it is more difficult for children to learn to catch than to throw because tracking the object requires mature hand-eye coordination -Children often fear being hit by the object, so early instruction can begin with beach balls, balloons, and fleece balls -As children develop gross and fine motor abilities, instruction should include reducing the size of the object to catch ---This helps children develop perceptual abilities -Instruction should include practice in catching balls that bounce up from the floor to teach rebound angles

Dance Historical Timeline: Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (AD 400)

-Characteristics: Circle form, use of imagery -Gender roles: war and hunting for men, seasons and planting for women --Early accompaniment: drums, harps, flutes, chants -Forms: --social dance: celebrated births, special events, rites of passage --ritual dance: maintained tradition, temple dances, hunting magic --fertility dance: marked the changing seasons, sought favor with gods -Historic evolution (use of dance movements) --Egypt: movements associated with gods/funerals --Greece: in-theater chorus; festival of Dionysius --Rome: pantomime/dance expression --India: formalized hand movements (i.e. Hindu dance) --Java: elaborate costumes, balance and moderation, and traditional dance --China: ceremonial dance with each character having specific hand movement, and war dancing --Japan: Kabuki (male only, still current)

How is understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development important to education?

-Children are active learners and are actively moving through operational stages -There are predictable and orderly developmental accomplishments -At each stage, children form a new way to operate and adapt to the world -Teachers can avoid presenting material in the classroom that is beyond the child's cognitive ability

Line

-Continuous mark that can change direction, length, and width. -Lines joined together form a shape -Their possibilities are endless -Horizontal lines= state of rest, continuity, and stability since objects parallel to the earth are often at rest; also gives a sense of space -Vertical lines= communicate sense of strength, rigidity, or height--often used to suggest spirituality, or reaching towards the sky -Diagonal lines= communicate an opposition or movement -Curved lines= sensual or softening quality i.e. Vertical lines and horizontal lines in American Gothic (1930) by Grant Wood (pg. 437)

Dance Historical Timeline: Renaissance (1400-1600)

-Dancing evolved from pageants and processions of the period -Ballet developed in France (1500s) and moved to Italy-->court dancing in Europe; patronage of the Medicis; steps were slow (adagio) and fast (allegro); lack of spontaneity (defined steps) -Music developed to accompany specific, technical ballet steps--theatrical art form developed (music, costumes, setting, plot, and themes such as Greek and Roman mythology and history=Julius Caesar)==Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet -Minuet developed at the end of the period

Framework for dance activity instruction

-Determine appropriate age-related expectations for a safe, enjoyable classroom activity -Determine the physical abilities, as well as gender-specific and special needs of students -Provide students with research and learning opportunities for cross-disciplines -Begin with a warm-up and end with a cool-down; exercises should include steps to be used in the dance activity -Separate the dance into the steps. Begin by teaching the steps, describing and demonstrating each separately. Steps are done slowly at first, using counts, and then at the proper tempo. -Teach one part of the basic step pattern at a time; when two parts have been learned, combine them to establish continuity of the dance -Explain the floor pattern. Have the dancers walk through the floor pattern. Then combine the steps with the floor pattern, first without music, and then with music (remember that not all dances have a set floor pattern). -Use key words and counts to cue the steps and directional changes, and to alert students (e.g., "ready"); this helps students keep the main rhythmic pattern and encourages them to gain a sense of the whole -Encourage vigorous activity so that students become involved in the experience and have little time to worry about things such as who their partner is -Encourage opportunities for different dance experiences such as solo, line, circle, scatter, or group formations of three and four. This dispels the idea that one must have a partner to dance. Restrict choice when partners are needed (e.g., ask students to dance with the person standing opposite, or the person closest). Encourage frequent and rapid change of partner. -Provide an opportunity for students to refine their skill level; once the whole dance has been learned, repeat several times to increase fluency and enjoyment -If the dance is to be performed in a formal or public setting, allow opportunities for all students to perform, not just the most able dancers -Provide opportunities for interpretation of dance -Provide a classroom dance program that includes different styles of dance from a cultural and historical context

Art History Timeline: Byzantine (400-1400)

-Eastern Roman Empire -Key characteristics: religious imagery; mosaics (flat, two-dimensional); icons; elongated bodies; stylized background; gold leaf; mosaics decorated churches; triptych (three panels)

Dance Historical Timeline: 18th and 19th Centuries

-Formal dancing spread to the continent; expansion of professional dancing masters; professional choreography at the Paris Opera (opera and dance); costuming; intro of the waltz (1-2-3) rhythm; court dance -Ballet developed throughout Europe= pointe footwork and the heel-less shoe -Era of Romanticism (early 1800s): cont'd evolution fo ballet; emphasis on emotions and fantasy; evolution of "lightness in flight" -Focus on the ballerina; male dancer was secondary

Art History Timeline: Baroque (1600-1750)

-Foundations in Italy and Germany but with regional differences (e.g. Rembrandt); influenced by Scientific Revolution (Newton, Galileo); Age of Enlightenment; Counter-Reformation (against Protestantism—paintings of faith/martyrdom); Age of Absolute Monarchs (Louis XIV) -Characteristics (diversified stylistically but often very grand): complex style; appeal to senses/spectator involvement/drama; strong emotion; emphasis on depth/space; genre scenes (landscapes without people); movement with grandeur -Rococo (1750s-1800s): Influenced by the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution (drastic societal changes); Salons; carefree lifestyle/high fashion; moved away from Baroque heroic subjects and dark color; moved to more delicate/pale colors; theme of romantic love -Revolt against Rococo: movement toward naturalism and Romanticism (1850s) (beauty of nature—senses over intellect); love of ruins and exotic cultures; new sense of nationalism; uniqueness, not conformity (e.g., Goya)

Dance Historical Timeline: Late 20th century

-Growth of contemporary dance -post-modernism in the 1960s -movement toward simplicity and a less sophisticated technique; frequent rejection of costumes and stories Other directions post-1960s -more eclectic -all-male groups -ballet and ethnic used in the same performance -intense theatrical effects in lighting, costumes, and sets Martha Graham and psychodrama -intense movement often depicting pain, fear, and love -dance forms "sculptured" by human body positions -contraction and release of the torso -"fall and recover" -angular gestures -schools and dance companies George Balanchine (director of NYC Ballet) and modern American ballet -lean body types, the importance of female dancer -Broadway and Hollywood shows Social Dance and mass culture -rock n' roll; MTV; hip-hop; ballroom dancing (tango)

Theatre Historical Timeline: Restoration England: 1660s

-In 1642, Parliament closed theatres in England; these closings allowed French ascendancy in theatre mechanics -Theatre architecture: France introduced new technology for scenery and set changes; artificial lighting; theatres began to be roofed in; drama moved indoors, and the stage was raised above the audience -Proscenium stage architecture/royal theatre (enclosed/arches); scene changes slid by on panels -Baroque period: French playwrights Racine and Molière influenced theatre -Women began to appear onstage in the roles of boys and young men

Aristotelian theatre

-In general, the traditional theatre thought to be espoused by Aristotle -It includes clear, simple plotting; strong (but not necessarily complicated) characters; high levels of intellectual content; and a minimum of spectacle -In the Renaissance, other criteria were added to these, some native to Aristotle, some imposed through fancied symmetry: ---Plays should include the 3 unities (unity of one main action, unity of one physical space, and unity of time) ---Plays should be written in five acts ---Plays should avoid violence ---Plays should not mix comedy and tragedy

Theatre Historical Timeline: Nineteenth Century (1800s)

-Industrial Revolution change the way people lived. -Technology change the theater (gas lighting was changed to electrical; mechanisms were created for changing scenery). - Growth of melodrama. -Actor predominated over the author. -Nineteenth century in the United States: playhouses in major cities, resident companies, touring actors, influence of melodrama, minstrels -Late 1880s to 1920s in the United States; Golden Age of American theater; mass appeal; more sophisticated plots and staging; moving away from hero to character; vaudeville.

Art History Timeline: Impressionism (1860s-1900): Origin of Modern Art

-Influenced by science (principles of harmony; the contrast of colors; the reaction of the eye in viewing composition); concern for light and color on the object -Experience of the fleeting moment: new techniques allowed for painting outside; rejected themes of the French Salon (not grand subjects but daily life); emphasis on primary colors and small brushstrokes; side-by-side placement of primary colors (optimal mixing); little white or black. -Manet; Monet; Renoir; Cassatt; Degas -Sculpture: Rodin—rebel against the perfect body type ("David"); rough-hewn -Neo-Impressionism (Pointillism); tiny dots of primary colors to produce secondary colors; colors placed in scientifically measured dots (e.g., Georges Seurat)

Locomotor skills: Jumping

-Jumping creates activity-specific muscle strength and agility -Jumping requires the body to leap with both feet and to land with both feet ---Arms can be used to create an upward momentum and then to create a downward motion that helps balance the landing ---Knees bend at the landing to act as shock absorbers ---The order of impact is usually the balls of the feet followed by heels ---Ask children to "jump and touch the ceiling" -Jumping incorporated into primary-grade activities helps children create patterns (e.g. jumping like a kangaroo, a frog, and a rabbit) -Jumping incorporated into upper-level grades can be used in combination with sports and athletic activities (e.g. warm-up activities, gymnastics, basketball, etc.)

Object Manipulation Skills: Kicking

-Kicking is a striking action performed by the feet -Types of kicking: ---Punt kicking is described as the ball being dropped from the hands and kicked before it touches the ground ---Place kicking is described as placing the ball on the ground and kicking it from the stationary position ---Soccer kicking is a form of kicking that requires an extension of the hip to increase the range of motion -Instruction should include reducing the size of the projectile object as skill levels develop

Theatre Historical Timeline: Roman Theatre (300 BC - AD 500)

-Latin versions of Greek plays, less influenced by religion -intro of subplot -women were allowed minor parts -spectacles of the Coliseum -Mass appeal/impressive theatres -Raised stage - built at ground level with a raised seating area -by later Roman period, Christians disapproved of low comedy and pagan rituals

Perspective: Linear

-Linear perspective is a technique for representing three-dimensional objects on a flat surface -During the Renaissance, artists invented this technique based upon math principles in order to give paintings a realistic appearance -The technique shows that when converging lines meet at a single vanishing point, the human eye perceives objects at a distance -When our eyes focus on the vanishing point, all shapes and objects become smaller, giving us the illusion of depth and distance -Larger objects appear closer, and smaller objects appear more distant -The lines of buildings and objects are slanted to make them appear at a distance Example: In the Basilica di San Lorenzo (San Lorenzo Church) in Florence, Italy, notice that the design of this church was influenced by perspective. Notice the vanishing point at the end of the alter.

Give examples of simple sing-along dances for primary school children

-London bridge -Hokey Pokey -Ring around the Rosie -Skip to my Lou -Pop goes the Weasel

Nonlocomotor Skills: Stretching

-The most valuable of all nonlocomotor movements -Its movement carries body parts away from the body's center core and moves joints and muscles through a range of movements -All physical education activities should begin with a stretching warm-up exercise -Teachers should understand that some discomfort is normal, but stretching is necessary for maintaining and increasing flexibility -Ask children to stretch as far as is comfortably possible while keeping their movement smooth

Arena staging

-The physical configuration of audience and actor in which the audience essentially surrounds the playing area -It is also known as "theatre in the round"

Song form

-The structure of a song in which the first section of a simple ternary form is repeated—for example, AABA ---A simple ternary form is music in three sections, with the third generally an exact repetition of the first, ABA

Basic concepts of biomechanics that affect movement (i.e. how the body moves and how such movement is influenced by gravity, friction, and the laws of motion)

-Motion: the force of energy in the body causes a change in physical motion --Newton's 1st law: when an object is in motion, it will remain in motion until there is an outside force that acts upon it ---i.e. basketball is thrown at a basket: ball thrown with too little strength=effects of gravity will overcome velocity of the ball and it will fall short of the basket --Newton's 2nd law: there is a relationship between an object's mass, acceleration, and applied force. ---trying to throw a basketball into a basket while sitting in a chair vs. while standing up --Newton's 3rd law: if one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force on the first object but in the opposite direction; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction ---i.e. when a bat hits a baseball, the force with which the bat hits the ball (and angle) causes the ball to move in an equal and opposite force and direction. --Gravity: center of the human body= "center of gravity" --Friction: the resistance of motion of 2 moving objects ---i.e. ball rolling across grass is slower vs. ball rolling across asphalt

Nonlocomotor Skills

-Often referred to as static movements -Passive movements performed while standing in place -Important skills that lead to effective body management such as body control, flexibility, and balance -The range of movement is around the body's joints and surrounding muscles -These movements are often used in activity warm-up exercises -Stretching -Twisting -Pushing -Often used in activity-movement exercises Static balancing and object manipulation (i.e. catching)

Theater Historical Timeline: Elizabethan Theatre

-Playwrights included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson -Theatre was supported by Queen Elizabeth; patronage; raucous, open-air theatre; language of the educated; satire -William Shakespeare (late 1500s and early 1600s) write comedies, histories, and tragedies; Globe Theatre (open-air)

Nonlocomotor skills: Pushing

-Pushing is a controlled, forceful action performed against an object ---It moves the body away from the object while applying force -Pushing should exert force with steady, even, and controlled effort ---The student accomplishes this action by broadening and supporting the base of the body while placing the body in a forward stride position -The line of force is directed toward a specific target -Teachers should instruct students to maintain a reasonable alignment in their back as the body builds up force for the push

Renaissance (1400-1600)

-Rebirth of Greco-Roman classical forms; development of cities (Florence, Venice, etc.); art patronage: church or court/private collectors (Medicis); Humanism (individuality and self-worth); sculpture ("David"—life from marble); art and architecture (Sistine Chapel—perspective; anatomy; emotion; oil painting techniques) -Art influenced by religion (pyramidal structure); Raphael—unity of subject, style, and technique ("Madonna and Child"); Humanism; depictions of the natural world; study of light and perspective; complex and crowded space -New technology: printing press; use of oils—lasting (egg tempera used previously); landscapes -Drawings: Michelangelo's studies -Influence of Northern Europe/Flemish: surface details; realistic light; religious; portraits

Contrast

-Represents 2 things that are opposite -Used to help a composition depict 2 dramatic differences -helps to make objects become apparent to the viewer -Contrasts can be heavy&light, curved/straight, or positive&negative

classical dance (ballet)

-Romantic ballet -style of dance taught in the original academies that started during the Renaissance -also refers to the supreme ballets created during the days of Imperial Russia, such as Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker and Swan Lake

What are the elements of movement?

-Shape -Space -Time -Force -Flow -Rhythm See page 413

Shape (form and contour)

-Shape and form help to define objects on a piece of art -Shapes are often defined by a continuous line that meets to create a closed shape -Artists use contour line to create dimension -Shapes have two dimensions, height and width; and form has three dimensions, height, weight, and depth -Geometric shapes (e.g., circles, squares, etc.) have uniform measures, but natural, organic shapes are related to things that appear in the natural world (e.g., plants and animals) -Repeated shapes and forms create patterns Example: This painting of a woman bathing a child by Mary Cassatt (1893), The Bath, is a good example of the use of form. Inspired by the work of Edgar Degas and Japanese prints, this artist uses bold circular contour shapes of figures, a basin, and a pitcher. Notice the rounded, natural forms created to illustrate clear, crisp, lively patterns.

Locomotor Skills: Skipping

-Skipping is a series of step-hops completed with alternate feet -Primary school children love to skip ---To help them learn to skip, have them take a small step and a small hop on the same foot and then ask them to shift to the other foot ---Set a goal of smoothness and rhythm, rather than speed and distance

Locomotor Skills: Sliding

-Sliding is accomplished by movement on one side of the body ---It is a one-count movement; as the leading foot steps to the side, the other foot quickly follows -Sliding is done on the balls of the feet while shifting weight from the leading foot to the trailing foot -Teachers should have the children change direction so both sides of the body can practice -Sliding should be performed in a smooth and controlled manner, without bouncing

Theatre Historical Timeline: Twentieth Century (1900s)

-Social upheaval from World Wars I and II. -Early twentieth century: new movements such as realism, naturalism, symbolism, and impressionism (meaning of the average man; actors portrayed likeness to life; ordinary life on stage). -Commercial theaters (musical Oklahoma!, opera Porgy and Bess, and musical The Phantom of the Opera) -Serious drama. (Playwrights Arthur Miller and Tenessee Williams) -Comedy. (playwright and screenwriter Neil Simon) -Actor's Studio. (Eliza Kazan and Lee Strasberg) -Experimental theater against naturalism. -Community theater and ensemble theater group.

Object Manipulation Skills: Striking

-Striking takes place when an object is hit with an implement such as a bat, a racket, or the hand -Striking involves movement of the body to create the force necessary for the maximum speed of the object -Instruction should include practice on stationary objects in primary grades before children can progress to moving objects ---Example: T-ball, in which the ball is placed on a "T" stand and struck

Object manipulation skills: Throwing

-Throwing requires an object to be propelled into space ---Movement force originates from flexing the hip and moving the shoulder forward while extending the elbow ---With the coordinated body movement, the object accelerates into space with greater speed and velocity -Primary school children need to proceed through preliminary stages of tossing (e.g. beanbags) before entering the stages of throwing a ball with accuracy ---In time and with practice, most children will develop a throwing skill pattern during grades 3 to 5 -Teachers should allow children to practice throwing a variety of objects that have varying weight and size ---This helps the child to understand how different objects can travel at different velocities

Nonlocomotor skills: Twisting

-Twisting is the rotation of a body part around its own long axis, such as turning the head on its neck or wrapping the arms around the body -Twisting is different from turning in that twisting involves movement around a body part, and the focal point of turning is on the space where the body is moving -Twisting instruction should include asking children to twist as fully as is comfortably possible, and then to twist in the opposite direction while holding the supporting body parts steady

Locomotor Skills

-basic movement skills that are performed in different directions and at different speeds. -skills used to move around, such as walking, running, climbing, skipping, jumping, leaping, galloping, and sliding -Dynamic movements -foundation of gross motor coordination

Styles of dance and movement: modern dance

-born in 20th century as a result of dancers resisting the rigid structure of classical ballet dance -based upon the subjective interpretation of internalized feelings, emotions, and moods -often unstructured -encourages free-style dance -this style of dance is useful in school setting, as it provides dance opportunities for all ability levels in the classroom. And, it encourages students to express feelings and emotions through movement.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages (pg 388)

-early childhood experiences help to permanently shape personality -personality develops through a series of conflicts that are influenced by society during age-related time periods -it is life-long -goal: create equilibrium between society and ourselves 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years) 5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)

Music History Timeline: Modern Era (1900s)

-evolution in the musical world, rebellion; unique sounds; difficult to quantify; nationalism; folk idiom was prevalent (i.e. Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody) ; widening gap between "art" and popular music (the Beatles) -technology allowed for mass appeal and a new direction in music making (computer music; sound recordings) -Puccini (Italian) and his operas Madama Butterfly; Debussy and Impressionism; Stravinsky; post-Romanticism, and his ballet The Rite of Spring; Rachaminoff (Russian) -Influence of blues (sorrowful black folk music) and jazz (roots in African rhythms and harmonies) -Rock n' roll, R&B, country, folk, and hip-hop

Pattern

-objects in a composition that are repeated. -created by repeating shapes, colors, or lines -i.e. French impressionist Claude Monet uses patterns of water lilies floating on a pond in "Water Lillies" (1914)

Dance Interpretation Guidelines // Students should analyze dance based on...

-origin and purpose of dance (i.e. ceremonial, social, ritual, etc.) -geographic location and climate of country -rituals, customs, beliefs of culture -historical influences -symbolism, analogies, metaphors

Italian terms that define tempo

-presto: very fast -allegro: fast -moderato: moderate -adagio: slow -largo: very slow

Theatre Historical Timeline: Renaissance and Reformation Theatre (1400-1600)

-rebirth of classical Greek and Roman art, culture, and literature -theatre reemerged with professional actors and set design -open stages, "apron stages", to proscenium arch (framed and divided stage from the audience; painted sets and scenery) -emphasis was on the performer -Protestant Reformation (moved away from Catholic teachings) led to secular works; Commedia dell'arte (improv; acting groups; situational comedy) -state licensed official theatre companies

B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

-rewards/punishments -associative learning process helps children to associate their actions with a positive or negative consequence -Behavior that is reinforced (rewarded) will tend to be strengthened; conversely, behavior that it not reinforces will tend to be eliminated or extinguished.

Describe critical elements of basic movement skills

-stepping in opposition when throwing and/or -following through when kicking a ball

Unity

-the sense that all components of a composition belong together. -the intention of every successful artist is to master unity -Unity creates a sense that the artwork is self-contained and has life of its own, whole and complete

Theatre Historical Timeline: Medieval Theatre (500-1400)

-theatre buildings not permitted; minstrels, traveling groups, and jugglers from Greek-Roman period; open stage areas -church/liturgical dramas' written in Latin/Bible stories; intended to educate regarding religious events, not to entertain -dramatic form to illustrate religious holidays to an illiterate populace; "Everyman"; allegory -Genres: passion play, miracle play, and morality play with themes of religious loyalty -theatre groups evolved into town guilds

List the influences on a development

1) Prenatal influences 2) Nutrition and obesity --children in the US consume excess amounts of fat and sugar -causes of obesity range from genetics and environment to lack of exercise and emotional eating 3) Child abuse and neglect -some causes: lack of parenting skills -economic stressors -lack of education -adults repeating generational family abuse

List the 4 categories child abuse can be classified as

1) physical abuse 2) physical neglect 3) sexual abuse 4) emotional maltreatment

List the prenatal influences on development

1) prenatal influences: --teratogens can cause abnormalities (alcohol-->FAS; nicotine-->poor respiratory function; drugs-->birth defects, LD's) 2) mother's age (older women and adolescent women are at risk for birth complications) 3) mother's nutritional care during pregnancy

What types of skills can children cultivate through the appreciation of music?

1. Auditory skills -hear the sounds of music and be able to reproduce the tones of music in their minds when no sound is actually being produced 2. Translative skills -reading and writing music=develop cognitive associations of meaning--experience with sound helps children link visual symbols of music notation with sound 3. Creative skills -creating music -perform both improvised and written music 4. Performing skills a. Singing b. playing instruments c. body movement d. conducting: fosters sensitivity to musical expression e. musical analysis

What are the 4 assumptions of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Children are organically inspired to think, learn, and comprehend 2. Children see the world differently than adults 3. Children's knowledge is ordered into mental structures called "schemas" 4. All learning consists of assimilation and accommodation

What components are important to keep in mind when analyzing dramatic work?

1. Intent - objective, theme, purpose, or basic idea of a work of drama 2. Structure - interaction of all elements 3. Effectiveness - the degree to which a dramatic work succeeds ; also the evaluation of a work's success in such things as entertaining, informing, illuminating, persuading, inspiring, amusing, engaging, shocking, and instilling awe. 4. Worth - involves a value judgement; includes assessment of the knowledge, insight, wisdom, or feeling imparted by a work.

Name exercises that encourage children to become aware of their physical body

1. Shape -the body can form different shapes, i.e. "stand like a pole" or "allow your body to be side or tall" 2. Balance -i.e. "balance on one foot; "balance on your hands while stretching your body"; "form a tripod with your body" 3. Quality -i.e. concepts of speed, contrast, force, and relaxation. i.e. "how fast or how slow cab you move?"; "tense one part of your body and then relax another part of your body" 4. Space -concept of sharing space with others -i.e. "run in a zigzag fashion without bumping into others"; "do warm-up exercises one arm's length apart" 5. Exploration -concept of moving over, under, around, and through, and leading with certain body parts -i.e. "make a bridge with a partner and then have a third person go under the bridge"; "lead with your head when walking"

Symphony orchestras traditionally have 4 categories/families, which are..

1. String 2. Woodwind 3. Brass 4. Percussion

Name 3 things that influence social development in P.E. in the elementary school setting

1. Team activities -group social dynamics -encourage interpersonal strategies for teamwork -i.e. turn taking, accept physical strengths and limitations of others, motivate others 2. Self-responsibility -learn to accept personal responsibility without blaming others -i.e. responding respectfully to winning/losing 3. Social interaction -learn to be empathetic towards others as they respect individual differences -i.e. include others in activities and motivating others to achieve success.

What 5 components of fitness activity needs to be included when planning a grade-related physical activity?

1. Warm-up activity: warm up muscles to be used during physical activity (i.e. light aerobics, calisthenics) 2. Instructional components: provide students with step-by-step instruction as stated in the components of fitness, the FITT model, and the guidelines for developing a lesson. 3. Physical activity: provides students with a targeted activity (i.e. dribbling a basketball)along with modeling the activity and verbal cues. In K-3: noncompetitive; in grades 4-9, activities should be related to sports. All activities should be: -safe -enjoyable (promoting self-image) -inclusive (active for all students) -developmentally appropriate 4. Cool-down exercises: essential to preventing injuries as are warm-up activities 5. Discussion and evaluation: provide students with needed feedback on activities that include proper body mechanics, sportsmanship, learning objectives, and social aspects of the activity.

Piaget's Cognitive Learning Process

1. all thinking begins at a balanced mental state of equilibrium 2. child receives new information 3. (A) child adapts new information assimilation (incorporating new information with existing schemes) 3. (B) Child adapts new information accommodation (adjusting existing scheme to fit the new experience) 4. New thought (schema) is formed

4 Types of play

1. functional- involves simple repetitive muscular movement --infancy 2. constructive- use of objects or materials to make something --Toddler and PreK 3. pretend(dramatic)- involves imaginary people or situations -PreK 4. formal- formal games with rules and procedures --rough and tumble play (tag, chasing, wrestling) --games with rules play (turns into organized sports after about age 12)

What are the three main qualities of color?

1. hue: a particular point on the color spectrum; the characteristic feature by which we distinguish one color from another. 2. value: dark from light (ranges from white to black)--used to create mood 3. intensity: bright from dull

Under California law, abuse inclues

1. if a child is physically injured by other than accidental means 2. if a child is subjected to willful cruelty or unjustifiable punishment 3. if a child is abused or exploited sexually 4. if a child is neglected by a partner or caretaker who fails to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision

List common signs of abuse that teachers should be aware of

1. physical abuse--bruises, sores, burns with a child's vague or reluctant response about where they originated 2. neglect--poor hygiene (soiled clothes, dirty hair, or body odor), or poor nutrition (excessive hunger or weight loss) 3. sexual abuse--age-inappropriate sexual behavior or knowledge, difficulty walking or sitting, sudden onset of wetting, or inflicted self-harm

Play can help children do many things. Name 4 of them

1. release physical energy 2. gain mastery over their bodies 3. acquire new motor skills 4. try out new social rules

Theatre Historical Timeline: Eighteenth Century (1700s)

Changes in economics, society, and ruling powers, determined the direction of playwrights. -Acting began to more closely mimic life. -Art of acting became prominent. -Plays more often deal with ordinary people. -Commercial theater evolved.

Art History Timeline: Post-Impressionism (1880s-1900)

Characteristics: -paint indoors or outside; emotions through the use of color/swirling color/thick applications; complementary colors; new subject matter: away from the narrow spectrum of viewing (i.e. "Starry Night"; primitive art of the South Pacific) Examples: van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne Watercolor (transparent); overpainting

Name and describe Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor: infancy -B-2years *infant's physical response to immediate surroundings -infant knows the world through movement and sensations -object permanence -organizes thoughts by schema -infants are at the center of their universe 2. preoperational: early childhood -2-7yrs *Egocentric--focus on symbolic thought and imagination -begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pics to represent objects -tend to be egocentric -casual reasoning (believe his thoughts can cause an actions) -centration (can only focus on one piece of info at a time) -5-7yrs: no longer egocentric; period of fast-mapping; lots of "why" questions; understands conservation -BOUNDLESS IMAGINATION 3. concrete operational: middle childhood -7-11yrs *mastery of conservation--child begins to think logically -classification skills -fully understands conservation -inductive reasoning (instead of intuitively) -can perform seriation -older middle child: transitive inference -metacognition ability 4. formal operational: adolescence -12-18yrs *thinking based on abstract principles -teen now capable of abstract reasoning -hypothetical deductive reasoning -higher level of moral reasoning

physical development in adolescence

12-18 years old; puberty and growth spurts; around 12 years old girls taller, weight 3 lbs more; around 12-14 years old boys exceed in growth; by 18 years boys are 4 inches taller, 20 lbs heavier; boys tend to be clumsy due to fast growth -period in which teens show considerable interest in body image

Aerobic activity should include a ____-minute activity at your target ___ ____.

20 heart rate

What is the recommended daily amount of physical activity for children?

60 minutes/day.

Physical development: Middle Childhood

7-11 years old; grow 2 inches per year till 11 years old; significant changes; differences in fine and gross motor skills; boy's leg and arm muscles tend to be stronger in coordination -> helping jump farther, run faster, catch, throw, and kick balls farther; handwriting instead of printing; girls have edge on fine motor skill abilities -> coordinated hand-manipulated skills

Irreversibility (Piaget)

A characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

Centration (Piaget)

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose, but ignores his/her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of ____. the act of focusing on one aspect of something while disregarding all other. It is a key factor in the preoperational stage.

Movement

A large section of a lengthy composition

Music notation: Measure and bar lines

A measure contains a set number of beats as determined by the time signature

Music notation: staff

A set of 5 horizontal lines and 4 spaces where notes are positioned; the higher the note on a staff, the higher the pitch

Modern dance (contemporary dance)

A type of expressive dance that started in the 1900s as a rebellion against the rigid rules that were characteristic of formal dance. Dancers are often barefoot and movements draw from the elements of ballet and jazz dance.

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. i.e. all of the balls on the school playground are round. By developing mental schema, a child may reason inductively that all balls are round. Not true since a football is not round.

Music notation: time signature or meter

A way to measure rhythmic units; it is noted at the beginning of a composition and looks like a fraction; the top # denotes the # of beats in a measure, the bottom # denotes what type of note will receive the beat

Elements of Theatre: Acting

Acting is the development and communication of characters in formal or informal productions or improvisations. sensory elements - movement, sound, spectacle expressive qualities - mood, emotion, ideas, dynamics

What are assimilation and accommodation?

Adapting info--> assimilation --> accommodation -Assimilation: the way children interpret new info with existing schemes in order to form a new cognitive structure; fit new knowledge into a template of existing schemes --i.e. child calls a lion "doggie" because the child only knows of 1 type of 4-legged animal -Accommodation: children take existing schemes and adjust them to fit their experience

Symphony

An elaborate musical composition for full orchestra, typically in four movements, at least one of which is traditionally in sonata form.

Seriation

Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume. (concrete operations)

Identify the sequential development of fine and gross motor skills in children and YA.

As children change in size and proportion, they begin to perform higher-level skills and activities. The average physical changes that occur in children are represented by periods of: 1. Rapid growth from infancy to childhood 2. Slow, steady growth in middle childhood 3. Rapid growth spurts during puberty 4. Gradual, measured, slow growth during adolescence

Children adjust to new information about their environment in order to function more effectively. They do so through ______ and ________.

Assimilation and accomodation.

John Bowlby

Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver.

En pointe

Ballet poisiton

Attitude (Dance)

Ballet pose modeled after the statue of the winged Mercury by Giovanni Bologna

Elements of Theatre: Scriptwriting

Based on culture, imagination, literature, and personal life experiences. Can be applied across different forms of media and settings such as theatre, film, TV.

Changes in _____ ______ have an important influence on how movement skills and fitness activities are performed.

Body proportions i.e. rapid changes in the length of a child's legs can affect movement activities that require running.

What does Piaget's theory propose?

Cognitive development begins with a child's innate ability to adapt to the environment, and that development is a result of the child's interface with the physical world, social experiences, and physical maturation. Children actively move through new life experiences and form new ways to modify and adapt to the world The child's mind seeks to find a state of equilibrium while moving through each stage of operation.

Color

Color is visible light reflected off objects -Color can be used in a composition to create a symbolic representation of mood and emotion -i.e. warm colors' feelings vs. cool colors feelings

Consonance

Combination of tones that produces a quality of relaxation

Object Manipulation Skills

Complex motor patterns that are basic to specialized sports and performed with an object. Ex- throwing, catching, kicking, striking -performed with some kind of object (i.e. a ball or bat) -requires hand-eye or foot-eye coordination

How can you check your heart rate?

Count the beats for 10secs (use index finger, not your thumb) and multiply the number of beats by 6 to equal your HR/minute. HR/minute= (#beats for 10 secs)x6

Styles of Dance Movement: Ethnic and Cultural Dance

Cultural dances -carry important historical significance from ancient civilizations -i.e. Chinese ribbon dance, Polish polonaise, clogging (Wales), pavane, minuet, Charleston, disco Religious/ceremonial dance -dance was created and performed in celebrations, rituals, and rites of passage -i.e. Native Americans have expressed mourning the spirit in dance movement

arabesque in ballet

Dance pose

Elevation

Dancer's ability to jump high in the air and give the appearance of remaining suspended at the apex of the jump long enough to perform various movements or poses.

T/F: Boys and girls grow at the same rate.

False

****Theatre Glossary, pgs 430-434

Familiarize with terms on page 430-434

Art History Timeline: Twentieth Century (1900s)

Fauvism (early 1900s--"Wild Animals"): influenced by early tech of the early 1900s; expansion of color--right from the tube in assertive brush strokes; discord of color; non-Western themes (i.e. Matisse) Cubism (early 20th c.)= trad. subject matter portrayed by overlapping geometric forms (reduced to cubes); fragmentation of form; influenced by African tribal arts; masks and sculpture; move toward abstract art (explore space and color); multiples images of one subject on a 2D surface. Examples: Picasso, Braque, development of collages; "found" sculpture Surrealism (1920s)=metaphysical painting; evolved from Dada art (reaction against commonplace and WWI); workings of the subconscious mind (Freud) through fantastic imagery. Ex: Salvador Dali; Chagall--distorted everydayobjects Abstract Impressionism (1950s): "dribbles, splatters, splashes"; everyday objects to apply art (i.e. brooms); influenced by Navajo paintings; Ex: Pollock, de Kooning, and Kadinsky "Pop" Art/Popular Art: "Why is it art?" reaction against abstract painting (soup cans; comics); Warhol; Lichenstein (iconic art); acrylics American regional Art (from 1930s/rural art): everyday life; expanded on landscape painting of the 1870s: Grant Wood ("American Gothic")

Styles Of Dance and Movement: Folk Dance

Folk dance -form of cultural dance -originated from medieval times when townspeople danced to celebrate -4 factors of authentic folk dance in its purest form: 1. Dance movements predates 1800s 2. Dance is performed by peasants or royalty 3. Choreography is derived from tradition 4. There is no teacher -variations of traditional folk dance include square dancing and barn dancing Play and sing with movement -London Bridge, Ring around the Rosie, Pop goes the Weasel Maypole Dance -danced in May Day in various European nations -taught in American schools

body movement

Foundation for dance -includes locomotor and non-locomotor

What are the FITT guidelines?

Frequency - how often the activity occurs Intensity - difficulty of the activity (ALWAYS monitor cardio-respiratory exertion) Time - duration of the activity; min= 8-10 minutes but ideally aerobic activity should be at least 20 minutes during a 1-hour activity Type - what kind of activity/mode of the activity All activities should include a warm-up, strength development, aerobic activity, and a cool-down.

Lied

German art song

Art History Timeline: Later Middle Ages (1000-1400)

Gothic art - religious--Church was almost the sole patron of the arts; flat, shape of human body Gothic architecture (1200) - Christianity, Age of Chivalry; the rapid growth of commerce; led to the proliferation of majestic cathedrals (Notre Dame, Chartres, Cologne stained glass, flying buttress Frescoes (egg tempera as binder, veg oil); illuminated manuscripta

grand jete en tournant (tour jete)

Grand, broad ballet leap where the dancer's body turns halfway in midair so the dancer lands facing the direction in which the movement started. Movement is like scissors.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

His theory is similar to Piaget's theory, but he focuses on one aspect of cognition - Moral decision-making. How people come to judge situations as right or wrong using three stages of development Stages of Moral Development 1st Preconventional level: 4-10years -children obey because adults tell them to obey -morality judges based on consequences -reward good behavior, punish bad behavior 2nd Conventional level: 10-13yrs -more concerned about the opinions of their peers -want to please and help others -develop their own internal idea of what it means to be a good person 3rd Postconventional level: 13yrs-adult -individuals look within themselves for the answers to their moral questions rather basing moral decisions on external sources of authority -Many people never enter into this level of moral development

Music History Timeline: Classical Era (1750-1820)

Historical Themes: -Industrial Revolution; Age of Reason and Enlightenment; Age of Revolution; revolutionary music -orchestra gained in importance: increasing use of flutes and oboes; string and wind sections developed; development of the piano; ROCOCO STYLE (highly ornamented) -Elegance and courtly grace (i.e. minuet developed as a dance style) Classical style: -homophony; simpler textures and melodies; string quartet; Haydn the "father" of the string quartet; orchestral symphony (origins in opera overture, 4 movements); opera, concerto -creative impulses of giants: HAYDN, MOZART, BEETHOVEN

Music History Timeline: Romantic Period (1820-1900)

Historical themes: -Rise of European nationalism; new social orders; intense emotion in arts (Goya); Poe in literature; "Romanticism" derived from concepts of heroes, love, and chivalry associated with the middle ages; visual arts, poetry, drama, and nature as themes -Composers: Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, and Schumann--style was expressive, melody was prominent, and folk music was used to express cultural identity Opera -Verdi (Italy), Wagner (Germany); themes from literature and folktale, very popular Genres: -symphonic poem and concert overture ( William Tell --Rossini) -Emphasis on the sonata and symphony -included introduction of dissonance to create emotion; featuring virtuoso performers

music history timeline: renaissance era (1400-1600)

Historical themes: -end of feudalism; new concept of humanism; the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture and ideals; art and music for their own sake; scientific advances; the age of the patronage Instrumental dance music developed -music and dance were connected; new instruments included: keyboard (clavichord) and the lute; the printing press preserved and extended music Music styles/elements -polyphonic emphasis on harmony; sacred (liturgical, such as in masses); secular (madrigals/songs)

Music history timeline: middle ages/ medieval (500-1400)

Historical themes: -spread of Christianity; development in Europe; the Crusades; the rise of universities; the influence of Islam; the longest period Music styles/elements: -Church dominated society for most of the era (900 years) -sacred music was the most prevalent (liturgical) -Gregorian chant -official music of the Roman church: monophonic style -Polyphonic style appeared at the end of the 12th century, as did notation and the chromatic scale -most composers were anonymous -secular song developed by the end of the 12th century -popular songs not bound by the traditions of the church

Play is a social activity children engage in just for...

ITS OWN SAKE it is critical to cognitive advancement in children.

What is the difference between the purposes of body awareness activities in the early grades (K-2) vs the upper-elementary and middle grades?

In K-2, teachers help students become aware of space, basic movement, effort, and cooperative activities. In Grades 3-9, the fundamental movement skills developed earlier are applied as activity-specific motor skills in a wide variety of settings.

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Learning occurs when we observe other people and model their behavior -imitation and rehearsing are powerful tools for learning. -learning through observation -Bobo doll experiment: aggressive models encourage aggressiveness in children

Element of Dance: Time

Measured in meter or less formally by body rhythm (heartbeat, breath or human emotion). Duration = how long. Rhythm - regular or irregular patterns tempo = fast or slow speed phrasing = arrangement of units into patterns, accent = emphasis. beat=even or uneven Meter= 2/4 or 3/4 time, etc. syncopation= rhythmic pattern produced when a deliberate pattern is upset rhapsodic patterns= non-metric (i.e. breath, water, wind)

Describe the influence of growth spurts (changes in height and weight) and body type on movement and coordination.

Peak growth spurt -for boys: age 13-15; as much as 3.5 inches/year -for girls: age 11-13; as much as 3 inches/year Peak growth spurts also coincide with puberty and additional physical changes (i.e. girls=broader hips; boys=broader shoulders) **Going through puberty can have a significant impact on athletic performance in both positive and negative ways. While increases in body size, hormones, and muscle strength can improve athletic performance, there may be a temporary decline in balance skills and body control during the AGS. Quick increases in height and weight affect the body's center of gravity. Sometimes, the brain has to adjust to this higher observation point, and a teen may seem a bit "clumsy." This phase especially noticeable in sports that require good balance and body control (e.g. figure skating, diving, gymnastics, basketball). In addition, longer arms and legs can affect throwing any type of ball, hitting with a bat or racquet, catching with a glove or lacrosse stick, swimming, and jumping. Coaches and trainers that are aware of the AGS can help reduce athletic awkwardness by incorporating specific aspects of training into practices and training sessions.

Elements of Theatre: Drama

Performed live, explores the human condition, collaborative, and communal

What are the theories that influence a child's cognitive development from Birth through adolescence?

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development and multi-theoretical perspectives of language, intelligence, and children with special needs.

symbolic function substage

Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between about 2 and 4 years of age).

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems i.e. Tommy infers that short students do not get selected for the school basketball team. Since Tommy is short, he deduces that he will not be selected.

Music History Timeline: Baroque Era (1600-1750)

Pic: Rubens Historical themes: -importance and scientific investigation; New World exploration and empire; ornate and extravagant painters (i.e. Rubens and El Greco); composers: HANDEL AND BACH (and Monteverdi Musical styles/elements: -heavily ornate style; counterpoint (fugue); melodic line; emphasis on contrast and volume; imitative polyphony; homophonic style. Secular music advances; court composers; keyboard music for the harpsichord and organ Developments: -opera, orchestra, ballet, and sonata

Fugue

Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint. Bach, Beethoven

Hue order

Primary - red, yellow, blue (only colors that can be mixed to create secondary colors Secondary - Orange, green, violet (mix two primary colors) Tertiary - mix secondary colors, variation of secondary Complimentary colors - pairs on the opposite side of the color wheel -- no common characteristic (purple opposite of yellow) Used to create contrast.

The element of music that organizes movement in time is / is the pattern of musical movement through time

Rhythm -its what makes music move and flow

passe (ballet)

a "passing movement" position in which the foot passes from front to back, or vice versa.

Opus

a creative work, especially a numbered composition

pas de deux

a dance for two people

Spotting

a dancer's focus on a specific point in the room while turning in order to maintain balance and control. -the head is the last to leave the turn and the first to arrive as the body completes the turn

Opera

a dramatic work (either tragic or comic) in one or more acts, set to music for singers and instrumentalists.

dissonance

a harsh and disagreeable combination, especially of sounds

Rondo

a musical form with a recurring leading theme often found in the final movement of a sonata or concerto; it alternates with secondary themes -simple rondo: ABABA -2nd rondo: ABACA -3rd rondo: ABACABA

insecure-avoidant attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return -may act as if teachers or peers do not care about them -may exhibit disruptive or noncompliant behavior -may avoid playing with other children and become anxious when someone gets too close

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion -infant may exhibit unpredictable responses -infants can become "preoccupied" with their parents whereabouts and cry or kick (resisting) upon the parent's return -child may feel skeptical about trying new things or feel that others are unreliable -child may become demanding, impulsive, and resort to creative distractions to seek attention

Motif

a recurring group of notes, such as 4 notes played at the beginning of (and restated throughout) Beethoven's 5th Symphony

promenade

a stroll or a walk; an area used for walking -an adagio movement -basic move for square dance and English country dance

intelligence

a trait that is inferred on the basis of observable behavior it is also an individual's general mental abilities (g factor): reasoning, problem solving, knowledge, memory, and successful adaptation to the environment

Transductive Reasoning Piaget

is the primary form of reasoning used during the preoperational stage of development. This stage occurs approximately from the ages of 2-7. "If A causes B today, then A always causes B." As such it based on a generalization from instance to instance, so it is neither deductive or inductive in logical terms i.e. Bill was mean to his little sister. His sister got sick. Bill reasoned that he made his sister sick.

What are the elements of art?

line, shape, form, space, color, value, texture

Teachers are _____ ______ of child abuse

mandated reporters

What are the elements of music?

melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, timbre, texture, and form

Oratorio

musical composition, usually on a religious theme, for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra

Lift

part of pas de deux in which one dancer lifts the other off the ground

According to Bowlby, attachment is the core to ____ and influences the emotional wellbeing of all future relationships.

personality development

Temperament influence ______ ______.

personality development -temperament also influences the way a child shows emotional responses.

Questions to ask when analyzing art

pg 439-440