CSET Social Science 114

The changing focus during the Renaissance when artists and scholars were less concerned with religion but centered their efforts on a better understanding of people and the world was called:

A) Realism B*) Hummanism C) Individualism D) Intellectualism

Which one of the following is not an important legacy of the Byzantine Empire?

A) It protected Western Europe from various attacks from the East by such groups as the Persians, Ottoman Turks and Barbarians B) It played a part in preserving the literature, philosophy and language of Ancient Greece C*) Its military organization was the foundation for modern armies D) It kept the legal traditions of Roman government collecting and organizing many ancient Roman laws

The Fertile Crescent was not bounded by:

A) Mediterranean Sea B) Arabian Desert C) Taurus Mountains D*) Ural Mountains

What was China's last imperial ruling dynasty who made an outstanding impression on Western nations?

A) Min B*) Manchu C) Han D) Chou

The English explorer who gave England its claim to North America was:

A) Raleigh B) Hawkins C) Drake D*) Cabot

Which of the following most influenced nation-building efforts on the Indian subcontinent during the decade. After the establishment of Indian independence in 1947?

A) Religious differences between Hindus and Muslims B) The U.S.-Soviet competition in the region C)Shortages of raw materials needed for industrial development D) Policies of the U.S. in the region

The belief that man was rationale and capable of creative thought was a philosophy of:

A) Rousseau B*) Immanuel Kant C) Montesquieu D) John Locke

The first ancient civilization to introduce and practice monotheism was the:

A) Sumerians B) Minoans C) Phoenicians D*) Hebrews

Development of a solar calendar, invention of the decimal system and contributions to the development of geometry and astronomy are all the legacy of:

A) The Babylonians B) The Persians C) The Sumerians D*) The Egyptians

An ancient Indian civilization known for its worshiping of the dead was the:

A) The Mayans B) The Atacamas C*) The Incas D) The Tarapacas

Which of the following breakthrough of the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenths centuries presented a major challenge to traditional religious conceptions in Europe?

A) The creation of instruments capable of viewing microscopic animals B*) The discovery that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun C) The formulation of an explanation for the workings of the human heart D) The development of a system for classifying plants and animals

Which of the following was the most frequent source of conflict between church and state in Europe throughout the Middle Ages?

A) The doctrine of divine right monarchy B) Church ownership of large estates C) The sale of indulgences by the church D*) The doctrine of papal supremacy

Which one of the following did not contribute to the early midevil European civilization?

A) The heritage from the classical cultures B) The Christian religion C) The influence of the German Barbarians D*) The spread of ideas through trade and commerce

The Roman Empire gave so much to the world, especially the western world. Of the legacies below, the most influential, effective and lasting is?

A) The language of Latin B*) Roman law, justice and political system C) Engineering and building D) The writings of its poets and historians

Which of the following map-making problems best explains why it is impossible to accurately portray the earth on a map?

A) The problem of choosing the map projection most appropriate for the needs of the map B) The problem of depicting sufficient detail within the limited confines of a map C) The problem of identifying the best map scale for displaying data accurately D*)The problem of correctly representing the earth's curved surface on a flat piece of flat paper

Which of the following played a major role in the spread of both communist and fascist ideologies in Europe between World War I and World War II?

A) The territorial provisions of the Treaty of Versailles B) The growth of capitalism in many parts of the continent C) The military policies of the League of Nations D*) The economic devastation caused by the Great Depression

In which of the following ways did urbanization in twentieth-century Latin America differ most from the earlier experience of Western Europe?

A) There were concerted efforts to coordinate developments between urban and rural areas in Latin America B*) Demographic growth preceded economic developments in many Latin American cities C) Transportation and economic links quickly developed between national metropolises and regional cities in Latin America D) There were clear functional differences among major cities in most Latin American countries

The early ancient civilizations developed systems of government:

A) To provide for defense against attack B) To regulate trade C*) To regulate and direct the economic activities of the people as the worked together in groups D) To decide on the boundaries of the planting seasons

What best describes the main function of monumental architecture in early Mesopotamia and ancient coastal Peru?

A) To serve a fortress for the protection of frontier areas B*)To provide a site for the performance of religious rituals C) To serve as a place of assembly for major civic functions D) To provide for the storage of grain and other foods

Which of the following best describes an important consequence of western European industrialization during the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) a contraction of the range of jobs open to women wage earners B) a decline in the average number of children in working-class families C*) a division for families between home life and work life D) a decline in the number of children working outside the household

Which of the following most influenced the emergence of a global economy during the final quarter of the twentieth century?

A) changing patterns of international population movement B*) advances in information technology C) changes in the international distribution of income D) increases in worker productivity

Use the map below of Europe between the ninth and eleventh centuries to answer the question that follows. The arrows on the map best illustrate:

A) major paths of population migration. B) major trade and travel routes. C) major paths of religious pilgrimage. D*) major routes of military invasion.

Which of the following breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries presented a major challenge to traditional religious conceptions in Europe?

A) the creation of instruments capable of viewing microscopic animals B*) the discovery that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun C) the formulation of an explanation for the workings of the human heart D) the development of a system for classifying plants and animals

Which of the following breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries presented a major challenge to traditional religious conceptions in Europe?

A) the creation of instruments capable of viewing microscopic animals B*)the discovery that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun C) the formulation of an explanation for the workings of the human heart D) the development of a system for classifying plants and animals

Which of the following was the most frequent source of conflict between church and state in Europe throughout the Middle Ages?

A) the doctrine of divine right monarchy B) church ownership of large estates C) the sale of indulgences by the church D*) the doctrine of papal supremacy

Which of the following map-making problems best explains why it is impossible to accurately portray the earth on a map?

A) the problem of choosing the map projection most appropriate to the needs of the map B) the problem of depicting sufficient detail within the limited confines of a map C) the problem of identifying the best map scale for displaying data accurately D*) the problem of correctly representing the earth's curved surface on a flat piece of paper

Which of the following played a major role in the spread of both communist and fascist ideologies in Europe between World War I and World War II?

A) the territorial provisions of the Treaty of Versailles B) the growth of capitalism in many parts of the continent C) the military policies of the League of Nations D*) the economic devastation caused by the Great Depression

Which of the following best describes the main function of monumental architecture in early Mesopotamia and ancient coastal Peru?

A) to serve as fortresses for the protection of frontier areas B*) to provide a site for the performance of religious rituals C) to serve as a place of assembly for major civic functions D) to provide for the storage of grain and other foods

In which of the following ways did urbanization in twentieth-century Latin America differ most from the earlier experience of Western Europe?

A)There were concerted efforts to coordinate development between urban and rural areas in Latin America. B*) Demographic growth preceded economic development in many Latin American cities. C) Transportation and economic links quickly developed between national metropolises and regional cities in Latin America. D) There were clear functional differences among major cities in most Latin American countries.

Which of the following is a consequence of fascist ideologies in Europe between World War I and World War II?

A)the territorial provisions of the Treaty of Versailles B) the growth of capitalism in many parts of the continent C) the military policies of the League of Nations D*) the economic devastation caused by the Great Depression

India's greatest ruler is considered to be:

A*) Akbar B) Asoka C) Babur D) Jahan

"Participant observation" is a method of study most closely associated with and used in:

A*) Anthropology B) Archeology C) Sociology D) Political Science

The chemical process of radiocarbon dating would be most useful and beneficial in the field of:

A*) Archeology B) Geography C) Sociology D) Anthropology

Who is the most important figure in the spread of Protestantism across Switzerland?

A*) Calvin B) Zwingli C) Munzer D) Leyden

Bathtubs, hot and cold running water, and sewage systems with flush toilets were developed by the:

A*) Minoans B) Mycenaeans C) Phoenicians D) Greeks

The major force in eighteenth century and nineteenth century politics was:

A*) Nationalism B) Revolution C) War D) Diplomacy

The Latin American revolutionaries of the early nineteenth century drew intellectual inspiration from the

A*) Political ideals of the enlightenment B) Collectivist traditions of European social revolutionaries C) Economic theories of mercantilism D) Millenialist beliefs of early modern religious radicals

Charlemagne's most important influence on Western civilization is seen today in:

A*) Respect for and encouragement of learning B) Strong military for defense C) The criminal justice system D) Cruel dictatorship

The study of people's culture would be part of all of the following except:

A*) Science B) Archeology C) History D) Anthropology

The Age of Exploration begun in the 1400's was led by:

A*) The Portuguese B) The Spanish C) The English D) The Dutch

Which ancient civilizations is credited with being the first to develop irrigation techniques through the use of canals, dikes and devices for raising waters?

A*) The Sumerians B) The Egyptians C) The Babylonians D) The Akkadians

Which of the following had the greatest influence on the outcome of World War II in Europe?

A*) The productive capacity of U.S. factories B) The military experience of Allied general officers C) The economic resources of the British Empire D) The strategic errors of the German high command

The "father of anatomy" is considered to be:

A*) Vesalius B) Servetus C) Galen D) Harvey

The Latin American revolutionaries of the early nineteenth century drew intellectual inspiration from the:

A*) political ideals of the Enlightenment. B) collectivist traditions of European social revolutionaries. C) economic theories of mercantilism. D) millenialist beliefs of early modern religious radicals.

Which of the following most influenced nation-building efforts on the Indian subcontinent during the decade after the establishment of Indian independence in 1947?

A*) religious differences between Hindus and Muslims B) U.S.-Soviet competition in the region C) shortages of raw materials needed for industrial development D) policies of the United Nations in the region

Which of the following had the greatest influence on the outcome of World War II in Europe?

A*) the productive capacity of U.S. factories B) the military experience of Allied general officers C) the economic resources of the British Empire D) the strategic errors of the German high command

Which of the following had the greatest influence on the outcome of World War II in Europe?

A*) the productive capacity of U.S. factories B) the military experience of Allied general officers C) the economic resources of the British Empire D.) the strategic errors of the German high command

The main source of wealth and power among the empires of West Africa between A.D. 400 and 1500 was control of:

A*) the trans-Saharan salt and gold trade. B) major coastal ports. C) regional building materials and energy sources. D) major ceremonial centers.

The main source of wealth and power among the empires of West Africa between A.D. 400 and 1500 was control of?

A*)The trans-Saharan salt and gold trade B) Major coastal ports C) Regional building materials and energy sources D) Major ceremonial centers

Describe and analyze the foundations of western political and philosophical thought in Ancient Greek, Roman and Judeo-Christian traditions.

Ancient Greece is often called the "Cradle of Western Civilization" because of its enormous influence on the Roman civilization and later all of Western culture. Rome contributed a republican form of government that it established in 509 BCE to limit how much power one person could have. Greece is often called the birthplace of democracy because the Athenian form of democracy with each citizen having an equal vote in his own government is a philosophy upon which all modern democracies are based. This is why many U.S. government buildings are built in the Greek architectural style. In philosophy, Aristotle developed an approach to learning that emphasized observation and thought, and Socrates and Plato contemplated the nature of being and the origins and ideals of government and political relations. Judaism and Christianity are two monotheistic religions that grew during the time of ancient civilizations. Along with Islam, these religions promoted the worship of one god. Judeo-Christian traditions created a powerful legacy of political and philosophical traditions, much of which survives to this day. The Israelite's was not the first ancient civilization to have a series of laws for its people, but their Ten Commandments were revolutionary because they applied to everyone. Similar to the Code of Hammurabi and Rome's Twelve Tables, the Ten Commandments provided a written record of laws, so all knew what was prohibited.

Describe an analyze the religious, social, economic and political structures of the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Kush, Greece, India, China, Rome and pre-Colombian America and describe and analyze their intellectual, ethical, scientific and artistic accomplishments and values

Ancient civilizations began from the cultures that developed to a greater degree and were considered advanced. Each had its own major accomplishments. Trade was important to these civilizations. Asia- The Sumerian, Amorite, Hittite, Assyrian, Chaldean and Persian civilizations controlled various areas of Mesopotamia at different times. Mesopotamia was arranged as city-states. Each Sumerian city-state had its own god. The city-state's leader doubled as the high priest. Subsequent cultures also had a handful of gods but they had more of a national worship structure, with high priests centered in the capital city who advised the supreme leader, usually a king. One of those city-states was Babylon. The Babylonians devised a famous Code of Hammurabi, the first written code of laws that would later from the basis of our modern laws. In addition to the Code of Hammurabi, other important things from cultures include: -The first know use of writing called cuneiform writing -Development of, the wheel and banking (Sumeria) -The first written set of laws (Code of Hammurabi) -The first epic story (Gilgamesh) -The first library dedicated to preserving knowledge (instituted by Assyrian leader Ashurbanipal) -The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (built by Chaldean Nebuchadenezzar) The Phoenicians were sea traders, but were best known for creating purple dye. They were proficient sailors who could navigate by stars. They devised the first known alphabet using symbols to represent single sounds. The Phoenicians were later assimilated into Greek civilization. Ancient Assyrians were warlike and aggressive, had a highly organized military, and used horse drawn chariots The Hebrew civilization was ruled by king. Also known as the ancient Israelite's, this civilization instituted monotheism, the worship of one God. The Old Testament and Judaism derive from this civilization The social and political conditions of the Indus Valley Civilization is believed to have been similar to Mesopotamia and Persia. There were kings, and a caste system would develop. Indus Valley cities were advance with underground drainage and homes with wells and bathrooms. The major religions of Hinduism and Buddhism both are believed to have developed in the Indus Valley. In India, industry and commerce developed along with extensive trading with the Near East. Indian goods found their way to western ports through trade with the ancient Mediterranean civilizations, including Rome. Outstanding advances in the fields of science and medicine were made. This civilization also developed the decimal system of the numbers 1-10. Early Chinese civilizations were organized into dynasties. The first three of these were the Zia, Shank and Zhou dynasties. Rulers may have been called kings in the beginning, but were later referred to as emperors. A class system developed. The Chinese studied nature and weather, stressed the importance of education, family, and a strong central government. The religions and philosophies of Confucianism and Taoism came from Chinese culture. Inventions include gunpowder, paper, printing, currency and the magnetic compass. China built the Great Wall and developed caravan routes across Central Asia for extensive trade. These routes are known as the Silk Road. They became proficient at producing beautiful artworks and exporting them, along with silk, to the rest of the world along the Silk Road. They developed a written language based on more than 3,000 symbols. Africa- Egyptian and Phoenician cities were powerful and regular trading partners of the various Mesopotamian cultures. Egypt- Significant contributions include the Great Pyramid at Giza, hieroglyphic writing, preservation of bodies after death, making paper from papyrus, creating a solar calendar; and laying the foundation for science and astronomy. The earliest historical record of Kush is from Egyptian sources. The region upstream from the first cataract of the Nile is described as wretched and characterized by life in fortified mud-brick villages that subsisted on hunting and fishing, herding cattle, and gathering grain. The Kush civilization appears to be the second-oldest in Africa after Egypt. They appear to have spoken Nilo-Saharan languages in the area called Nubia. The capital city was Kerma, a major trading center between between the northern and southern parts of Africa. Kushite society was organized on the Egyptian model. The Kushites adopted Egyptian royal titles and Egyptian architecture, but with smaller and steeper pyramids. In a magnificent irony of history the Kushites conquered Egypt in the eighth century, creating the twenty-fifth dynasty. The dynasty ended in the seventh century when Egypt was defeated. The Kushite Ruler was a female monarch elected from the royal family and ruled through a law of custom that was interpreted by priests. Descent was determined through the mother's line (as in Egypt). Their religion was polytheistic, including all of the primary Egyptian gods and regional gods derived from other African cultures. This civilization was strong through the first millennium BC, but it suffered about 300 years of gradual decline until it was conquered by the Nuba people. The civilizations in Africa south of the Sahara developed the refining and use of iron, especially for farm implements and later for weapons. Trading was overland, using camels who traveled to important seaports. Later on the Arab influence was extremely important, as was their later contact with Indians, Christian Nubians and Persians. Europe- The classical civilization of Greece was based on foundations already laid by such ancient groups as Egyptians, Phoenicians, Minoans and Mycenaeans. Extensive trading and colonization resulted in the spread of the Greek civilization. The Minoans had a system of writing using symbols to represent syllables in words. They built palaces with multiple levels containing many rooms, water, and sewage systems with flush toilets, bathtubs, hot and cold running water, and bright paintings on the walls. The Mycenaeans changed the Minoan writing system to aid their own language and used symbols to represent syllables. The modern Olympic Games came from the Ancient Greek civilization. Greek mythology, centered around a pantheon of gods and the mortals they interacted with, has been the source of inspiration for literature. The Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenicians, formed the basis for the Roman alphabet and our present-day alphabet. Greeks influenced drama, epic and lyric poetry, fables, myths centered on the many gods and goddesses, science, astronomy, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, art, architecture, and recording historical events. The works of the Greek epic poet Homer are considered the earliest in western literature. The works of the Greek epic Homer are considered the earliest in western literature. The tradition of the theater was born in Greece, with the plays of Aristophanes and others. Pythagoras and Euclid laid the foundation of geometry and Archimedes calculated the value of pi. Herodotus and Thucydides were the first to apply research and interpretation to written history. The Greeks were also noted for the arts and sculpting. Alexander the Great was the Macedonian king. He spent much of his rule conquering Europe, the Middle East and Egypt. He spread Greek/Macedonian ideas to the areas he conquered and shared Asian philosophies and ideas from the countries he conquered. The ancient civilization of Rome lasted approximately 1,000 years, including the periods of Republic and Empire, but it's lasting influence was much longer. The Romans spread and preserved the ideas of Ancient Greece and other culture groups. Their contributions and accomplishments are numerous but their greatest included language, engineering, building, law, government, roads, trade and the Pax Romana. The Pax Romania was the long period of peace enabling free travel and trade, spreading people, cultures, goods and ideas all over a vast area of the known world. Mesoamerica- The people who lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived had a thriving, connected society. Civilizations formed as knowledge as capabilities with agriculture grew. Religion was an important part of life with religious leaders having a great deal of power. In some civilizations, human sacrifice was part of the beliefs. Mesoamerican civilizations tended to evolve into empires, with the strongest city or tribe assuming control of the lives and resources of the rest of the nearby peoples. The most well-known empires of the Americas were the Aztec, Inca and Maya. Each had a central capital with an emperor. The empires traded among each other when they weren't at war. The Aztecs had access to large numbers of metals and jewels and created weapons and artwork. The Inca Empire stretched across the western coast of South America and was connected by a series of roads. A series of messengers ran along these roads, carrying news and instructions from the capital, Cusco. The Mayans are known for their famous pyramids, calandras and their language. In what would become the Southwest United States, ancient Pueblo people settled, building homes on the mesas and the cliffs. They practiced agriculture and engaged in trade. Some of their cities, such as Chaco, became quite large.

Analyze the impact of geography, including both human and physical features, on the development of medieval and early-modern Asian, African (including sub-Saharan), Middle Eastern, pre-Colombian American and European civilizations.

As civilizations developed through the Middle Ages and early-modern times, changes occurred in communication, exploration, politics, and businesses. Mountains and rivers had formed formidable boundaries for ancient civilizations. But when transportation began to expand it opened up the world. Especially in the deserts of northern Africa and the jungles of South America, people depended on rivers and lakes for their survival, both for drinking water and for growing crops. People also lived near waterways because they depended on those waterways for trade. The larger the boats, the more they could carry, which increased the efficiency of trade. Bigger and faster ships and advances in navigation allowed people to explore, trade and conquer new lands across oceans. Foods and spices that previously were nonexistent in the markets of Europe, because they would spoil before they ever reached their destination were increasingly for sale. Following the success of roads in the Roman Empire, more and more people built serviceable roads, making land-based trade easier and an alternative to water trading. In the Americas, some canoes were used along coastlines, but some empires were landlocked, so roads were necessary for trade. People began to move around more. And with the moving came the spreading of diseases such as the Black Plague. In Europe during this period, the castle was a dominant feature on the landscape throughout the country. Castles housed king, soldiers, retinues and barracks and peasants. They also served as watchtowers, guardhouses and barracks. In a way, the castle was the high ground. In battles of old, the army that held the high ground the advantage because its opponents would have to tire themselves out running uphill just to engage, while the high ground holders could pepper them with rocks, arrows, and other airborne weapons. Walled cities were popular as defensible positions throughout history, but they weren't as easy to create as castles were and they couldn't be as easily defended. By building castles, the people of these periods hanged their landscape to create and advantage. The landscapes of the world changed because people changed them. Where broad plains had been before, towns and villages, castles and fortifications, ports and trade centers dotted the landscape. The populations of the world continued to expand, with people always seeking to expand their living spaces and the demand for basic and exotic goods. As civilization spread outward form its beginnings in the Fertile Crescent, ancient Africa, and along the rivers Indus and Yangtze, the needs of mankind spread out with it.

Who were the Guptas and what did they accomplish?

Believers in science and mathematics. They invented the decimal system. They were the first to make cotton and created a high demand for Indian goods. The fall of the Guptas was brought about by Muslim conquest in the 11th century. Akbar the great, who was India's most successful ruler came to power and promised reforms.

Native South American tribes included all of the following except:

A) Aztec B) Inca C*) Minoans D) Maya

Identify features of the Mali empire

1200-1450. Access to gold. Capital was Timbuktu, which was a trading post on the trans-Saharan caravan route.

The Kingdom of Zimbabwe

1220-1450 was a kingdom in Southern Africa. It was a trading center and home to the largest stone dwellings of pre-colonial Africa

Describe the Age of Exploration

1500's Spread of Islam in the seventh century lead to the holy wars known as the Crusades. Crusades were a failure, however survivors brought back silks, spices, perfumes and foods. There was revival in Classical Greek art, architecture, literature, science, astronomy, and medicine. Ideas were aided by the invention of the printing press. New ways of trade with Asia. Arabs were trading, Chinese uses campuses in their navigation. Trade routes were difficult and slow. Prince Henry of Portugal encouraged, supported and financed seamen to find new routes to Asia (Bartholomeu Dias, Ferdinand Magellan, Christopher Columbus)

Using your knowledge of history, describe events, people and ideas behind the enlightenment.

A period of intense self-study that focused on ethics and logic over religion. Scientists and philosophers questioned cherished truths in order to discover how the world worked. Rene Descartes questioned the reality of thought and inspired thinkers after him. Immanuel Kant encouraged people to think about the world and analyze themselves. Rights of the individual more important than the rights of the aristocracy (Social contract). John Lockes' writing influenced thinkers to fight back against their governments when they oppressed these rights.

Which of the following best describes an important consequence of Western European industrialization during the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) A contraction of the range of jobs open to women wage earners B) A decline in the average number of children working-class families C*)A division for families between home life and work life D) A decline in the number of children working outside the household.

The world religion which includes a caste system is:

A) Buddhism B*) Hinduism C) Sikhism D) Jainism

Which of the following most influenced the emergence of a global economy during the final quarter of the twentieth century?

A) Changing patterns of international population movement B*) Advances in information technology C) Changes of international distribution of income D) Increases in worker productivity

The end of hunting, gathering, and fishing of prehistoric people was due to:

A) Domestication of animals B) Building crude huts and houses C*) Development of agriculture D) Organized government in villages

The principle of zero in mathematics is the discovery of the ancient civilization found in:

A) Egypt B) Persia C*) India D) Babylon

Which of the following was an example of a direct democracy?

A) Elected Representatives B*) Greek City-states C) The United States Senate D) The United States House of Representatives

The ideas and innovations of the period of the Renaissance were spread through European mainly by:

A) Extensive exploration B) Craft workers and their guilds C*)The invention of the printing press D)Increased travel and trade

Marxism believes which two groups are in continual conflict?

A) Farmers and landowners B) Kings and the nobility C*) Workers and owners D) Structure and superstructure

Studies in astronomy, skills in mapping and other contributions to geographic knowledge came from

A) Galileo B) Columbus C) Eratosthenes D*) Ptolemy

An early cultural group was so skillful in navigating on the seas that they were able to sail at night guided by the stars. They were the:

A) Greeks B) Persians C) Minoans D*) Phoenicians

The study of past human cultures based on physical artifacts is:

A) History B) Anthropology C) Cultural Geography D*) Archeology

The efforts of archaeologists to advance understanding of prehistory are based mainly on which of the following assumptions about ancient peoples and cultures?

A) Humans share a common ancestry with other primates. B) Language enables people to trans- mit culture from generation to generation. C*) Material remains reflect important aspects of human behavior. D) Most people rely on myth and legend to answer questions about themselves.

The efforts of archaeologists to advance understanding of prehistory are based mainly on which of the following assumptions about ancient peoples and cultures?

A) Humans share a common ancestry with other primates. B)Language enables people to trans- mit culture from generation to generation. C*)Material remains reflect important aspects of human behavior. D)Most people rely on myth and legend to answer questions about themselves.

The efforts of archaeologists to advance understanding of prehistory are based mainly on which of the following assumptions about ancient people's and cultures?

A) Humans share common ancestry with other primates B)Language enable people to transmit culture from generation to generation C*) Material remains reflect important aspects of human behavior D) Most people rely on myth and legend to answer questions about themselves

All of the following are accomplishments of the Renaissance except:

A) Investment of the printing press B) A rekindling of interest in the learning of classical Greece and Rome C) Growth in literature, philosophy and art D*) Better military tactics

Trace the decline of the Western Roman Empire and the development of the Byzantine Empire, and analyze the emergence of these two distinct European civilizations and their views on religion, culture, society and politics.

Byzantine Empire- The Roman Empire split in the early fourth century. The Eastern Roman empire was closer to Asia, farther away from Germany, and easier to defend. It assimilated many religions and traditions from the Middle East. The early religion of the Empire was one of many gods, representing the various parts of Nature and the skies. As Rome conquered various peoples with varied religions, the Empire assimilated the religions of those people. By the time that the Eastern Empire was created, it was a melting pot of faiths. Christianity began its dominance when Emperor Constantine made it the state religion in 312 CE. The more centralized Eastern Empire became the Byzantine Empire. Uniquely situated at the gateway to both West and East. Byzantium could control trade going in both directions. The Byzantines were more rigid in enforcing policies. The Byzantine and Saracenic (or Islamic) civilizations were both dominated by religion. The major contributions of the Saracens were in the areas of science and philosophy, including accomplishments in astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, art, trade and manufacturing, agriculture, and a marked influence on the Renaissance. The Byzantines (Christians) made important contributions in art and the preservation of Greek and Roman achievements including architecture, the Code of Justinian, and Roman law. Western Roman Empire- The Western Roman Empire was based more on Ancient Greece. It's decline resulted from a variety of factors, including the increasing sprawl of the Empire, Germanic and other "barbarian" foes, and dissatisfaction among the non-ruling classes.

French claims to North America

Champlain, Cartier, LaSalle, Frather Marquette, and Joliet. Dutch claims were based on Henry Hudson, John Cabot

Complete the exercise that follows. Confucianism and Taoism are the two main philosophical influences on the development of Chinese thought and civilization. Using your knowledge of world history: • discuss a shared feature of Taoism and Confucianism; and • analyze a major difference between the two philosophical traditions.

Confucianism and Taoism are both ancient Chinese philosophies. Taoism is a more mystical philosophy, emphasizing an individual's quest for harmony with the natural world and a peaceful acceptance of the world and oneself. It is not really concerned with social institutions but more with relinquishing concern with them, especially concerns with power, in favor of a purity of heart that makes one's actions one with the Tao. Confucianism on the other hand is about the social world and its traditions, such as respect for elders and ancestors. Its laws and rules, which permeate every social interaction, are seen as essential to social harmony. This worldliness is very unlike Taoism. But ultimately the sense of harmony is the goal of both philosophies. One is more worldly, one is more mystical, but they are more like aspects of a single understanding than like opposing viewpoints.

Describe the causes and effects of genocide in the 20th century, including but not limited to, the Armenian genocide, the Holocaust and post-World War II "ethnic cleansing".

Genocide is the extinction of one people by another. The first organized genocide was the 1900 Armenian genocide. The Turks organized the killing of more than one million Armenia people (half of population). Armenians were blamed for early defeats at the hands of Russia and its allies. Armenians were forcibly moved and kept in harsh conditions. A total of twenty-five concentration camps existed to hold Armenians. The Jewish Holocaust is another example also called the Final Solution. German doctors carried out experiments on Jewish prisoners, pursuing radical cures for diseases and more often tortured prisoners. Germans subjected Jewish prisoners to death marches from one location to another, involving miles of journey without food or sustenance. The number of Jews killed accounts to six million. The Holocaust didn't just kill Jews, but included Gypsies, communists, homosexuals and Jehovahs Witnesses, Catholics, psychiatric patients and common criminals. Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia occurred in Kosovo in the 1990's. The country had a majority population of Albania Muslims. The people with power, including government and military control were Serbs. In 1989, Serbian president Sloboadn Milosevic abrogated the constitutional monarchy of Kosovo. The Muslim Albanias were in control of sacred territory to the Serbs. People of Albania decent were expelled and records (archival birth records) burned, leaving them no way of returning. Growing tensions led to armed clashes in 1998 between Serbs and the Kosovo Liberation Army, which began killing Serbian police and politicians. After diplomatic relations broke down NATO responded with and 11 week bombing campaign that extended to Belgrade, Yugoslavia. the bombing campaign severely damaged Serbia infrastructure. NATO and Yugoslavia signed an accord in June 1999 outlining Serbian troop withdrawal and return of nearly 1,000,000 Albanian refugees. Kosovo is now its own country. The leaders of the genocide were convicted of their crimes. The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, leading to mass extermination of hundreds of thousands of Tutsis and moderate Hutu. During the Rwandan Civil War about 800,000 Tutsis and Hutus were slaughtered over 100 days. In the wake of the genocide, the United Nations drew criticism for its inaction. The United States, France declined to speak about the massacres. The genocide ended when Tutsi-dominated ruble overthrow of the Hutu government and seized power. Fearing retribution, hundreds of thousands of Hutu refugees fled to Zaire (Democratic Rep Congo). People who participated in the genocide hid among refugees, fueling the First and Second Congo Wars, which lasted from 1995 to 2014. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda tried perpetrators.

Analyze the international developments of the post- World War II era, including decolonization, nationalism, nation building, the development of international organizations, and global migration.

Decolonization refers to the period after World War II when many American and Asian colonies and protectorates gained independence from their colonizers. The independence of India and Pakistan from Britain in 1945 marked the beginning of an especially important period of decolonization that lasted through the 1960. Several British colonies in eastern Africa and French colonies in western Africa and Asia also formed independent countries during this period. Colonial powers had found it efficient to draw political boundaries across traditional ethnic and national lines, thereby dividing local populations and making them easier to control. With the yoke of colonialism removed, many new nations found themselves trying to reorganize into politically stable and economically viable units. The role of nationalism was important in this reorganization, as formerly divided peoples had opportunity to reunite. In nationalism, a nation is a well-defined group of people sharing a common identity. The process of organizing new nations for the remains of former colonies was called nation building. Nation building did not always result in the desired stability. Pakistan eventually spilt into Bangladesh and Pakistan along geographic and religious lines. Ethnic conflicts in newly formed African nations arose. As the United States and the dissent in postal-colonial nations such as Cuba, Vietnam and Korea, which became arenas for Cold War conflict. With the emergence of new independent nations, the role of international organizations, such as the newly formed United Nations, grew in importance. The United Nations deployed peacekeeping troops and imposed sanctions and restrictions on member states. The British Commonwealth and the French Union maintained connections between Britain and France and their former colonies. UNICEF formed to help vulnerable children. Global migration saw an increase in the years during and following World War II as many Jewish people left hostile climate under Nazi Germany for the United States and the new country of Israel. World War II left millions of people displaced and caused immense refugee populations.

Analyze the international developments of the post-World War II era, including decolonization, nationalism, nation building, the development of international organizations, and global migration.

Decolonization was a period after World War II when many African and Asia colonies gained independence from their colonizers. The independence of India and Pakistan from Britain in 1945 marked the beginning of a period that lasted through 1960. Several British colonies in Eastern Africa and French colonies in Western Africa and Asia formed independent countries during this period. Colonial powers drew political boundaries across traditional ethnic and national lines, thereby divining local populations (Skyes-Picot Agreement). Many nations found themselves trying to reorganize into stable units. Nation building did not always result in success. Pakistan split into Bangladesh. Ethnic conflicts in newly formed African nations arose. The United States and Soviet Union encouraged dissent in nations such as Cuba, Vietnam and Korea. The United Nations grew in in importance, by sending peacekeeping troops, imposing sanctions and restrictions on member states. UNICEF (Formed to help vulnerable children), World Bank and IMF were created. Jewish people migrated to America and other parts of the world, and now lived in Israel.

Describe the role and expansion of Christianity in medieval and early modern Europe and the Middle East.

Early modern Europe became a Christian continent with the fall of Rome. Christianity unified Europe, and the Church became very powerful. Roman Catholicism had the Pope as the leader. Other leaders within the Church, such as bishops, also retained a great degree of power. At times the Church battled for power with Kings. The church was the only place where people could be educated. The Bible and other books were hand-copied by monks in the monasteries. Cathedrals were built and were decorated with religious art. Christianity also encouraged knights to travel to the Holy Land (present day Israel) and battle Muslims for control of Jerusalem. These battles were known as the Crusades. On the march to Jerusalem, the Crusaders would massacre the inhabitants of Jewish villages they passed through. Large slaughters occurred in Speyer and Worms and other Rhineland towns. Violent conflicts took place, but it also exposed the Crusaders to other religions, cultures and new ideas.

Analyze and compare the development of feudalism as a social, political and economic system in Europe and Japan

Europe- During the Middle Ages, feudalism dominated the economic and social system in Europe. Feudalism began as a way to ensure that nobility could raise an army when needed. In exchange for the promise of loyalty and military service, lords would grant a section of land, called a fief, to a vassal, who took an oath of loyalty. The vassal was then entitled to work the land and benefit form its proceeds or to grant it in turn as a fief to another. At the top was the kings to whom all lands legally belonged. The king or ruler ensured loyalty among his advisers by giving the use of large sections of land which they in turn could grant as fiefs. Feudalism was a system of loyalty and production. The strong protected the weak who returned the service with farm labor, military service and loyalty. Improved tools and farming methods made life more bearable although most serfs never left the manor or traveled from their village during their lifetime. The lord's sole obligation to the serfs was to protect them so they could continue to work for him. This system would last for many centuries in Europe and Japan. In Russia feudalism lasted until 1860. Manorialism, which also arose during the Middle Ages, overlapped with feudalism. It was a system of economic, social, and political organization for a rural economy. Manors usually consisted of a large house for the lord and his family, surrounded by fields and a small village that supported the activities of the manor. The lord of the manor enjoyed rights over the peasants through serfdom. And the peasants through serfdom. And the peasants were dependent upon the lord and manor. Because land is a finite resource, and the population continued to grow, the manorial/feudal system became less effective as a system of economic organization. The end of the feudal manorial system was sealed by the outbreak and spread of the Black Death, which killed over one-third of the total population of Europe. Those who survived and had the skills in demand found freedom and an improved standard of living. With the increase in trade and travel, cities sprang up and began to grow. Craft workers in cities developed their skills to a high degree, eventually organizing guilds to protect the quality of the work and to regulate the buying and selling of their products. City government developed and flourished, centered around strong town councils. Wealthy businessmen who made up the rising middle class where active in city government and the people developed a renewed interest in life and learning. Japan-Feudalism developed in Japan at the same time but independent of Europe. In the twelfth century, Mongol invasions in Japan reframed from interacting with the West. This isolation, and thus the feudal system, lasted until the nineteenth century. From its beginnings, Japan had an imperial form of government with an emperor serving for life. Yet the emperor held little real power. The most powerful person was the chief general or shogun of the emperor. Kyoto, the capital, became one of the largest and most powerful cities in the world. Slowly, the rich landowners, the nobles, grew powerful. Eventually, they had more power than the emperor. Nobles who owned large amounts of land were called daimyos. They were of the highest social class and had peasants working for them. Diamyos developed their own armies, who battled the other armies of daimyos. A warrior class developed, and the warriors were known as samurai. The samurai code of honor was an exemplification of the overall Japanese belief that every man was a soldier and gentleman. Peasants served the samurai class. The main economic difference between imperial and feudal Japan was the money that continued to flow into the country from trade with China, Korea and other Asian countries went into the pockets of the daimyos.

Analyze the political and religious transformations caused by the Reformation and their impact on Europe.

Following the Renaissance was the Reformation, which began in Germany but quickly spread throughout Europe. The Reformation came about due to dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church. The Reformation period consisted of two phases: the Protestant Reformation or Revolution and the Catholic Reformation. Protestant Reformation- The Protestant Reformation started because of religious, political and economic reasons. The religious reasons stemmed from abuses in the Catholic Church: fraudulent clergy with scandalous lifestyles, the sale of religious offices, indulgences (the idea that you could purchase a remission of sin), and general corruption. The political reasons for the Protestant Reformation came from the increase in the power of rulers who were considered absolute monarchies, who desired power and control over the Church. The growth of nationalism or patriotic pride in one's own country was another contributing factor. Economic reasons included the greed of ruling monarchs to possess and control all lands and wealth of the Church, the deep animosity against the burdensome papal taxation, the rise of the affluent middle class and its clashing with medieval Church ideas, and the increase of an active system of intense capitalism. The Protestant Revolution began in Germany with the revolt of Martin Luther against Church abuses. It spread to Switzerland where it was led by John Calvin. They called for a reform of religion, which led to the development of Protestantism. It gathered momentum in England when the Church refused King Henry VII'S request for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In 1534, the Anglican Church was born with the king as its leader. Catholic Reformation-The Catholic Reformation was undertaken by the Church to slow or stop the Protestant Revolution. The major efforts to this end were the Council of Trent where Catholics tried unsuccessfully to bring Protestants back to the Church and founded the Jesuit order. Six major results of the Reformation included: 1) More opportunities for education 2) Limited power and control of rulers 3) Increase in religious wars 4) Increase in fanaticism and persecution.

Describe the Native Puebloans and their culture and environment?

From 100 C.E. To 1600 C.E. The Pueblonians lived in a community where their ruler was a high priest. Communities contained large family clans and lineage was matrilineal

Analyze the emergence of a global economy and its impact on the environment, epidemiology and demographics and the development and impact of the information, technology and communications revolutions.

Globalism is defined as the principle of independence of all the worlds nations and their peoples. Many organizations have been set up to promote and encourage economic progress among nations. When trade tariffs are eliminated, trade is stimulated resulting in increased productivity and economic progress. International system of banking and finance have been devised to assist governments and business in setting currency exchange policies and guidelines. The global economy had is origins in the early twentieth century when transportation expanded. Trucks, trains and ships carry cargo all over the world. The introduction of the airplane made a significant impact on globalism. As technology improved, trade routes got longer and demand for things overseas grew. Globalization also brought financial and cultural exchange on a worldwide scale. Not only goods but also belief systems, custom as and practices are bring exchanged. Immigration between countries continued to climb, which can created problems if resources are lacking. Nonrenewable resources, like coal and oil, became apparent. Globalization had brought about vaccines and other cures for diseases. Shipping became quicker and spread of disease quick.

Who is Akbar the Great and what is he know for?

Grandson of Tamerlane who founded the Mogul Dynasty. Akbar is considered to be the greatest Mogul. He believed in religious freedom and attempted to balance all religions by creating his own in 1582 called Dīn-i Ilāhī. He allowed the construction of mosques and Hinduism continued as a minority religion.

Analyze the origins and course of World War I and its effects on Europe and the rest of the world, including its impact on science, technology, the arts, politics, society, economics and geography.

Imperialistic colonization for industrial raw materials, military build-up (Germany) and diplomatic military alliances were among factors that led to World War I. The spark of conflict occurred when a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Ferdinand (heir to to Austria-Hungarian Empire) and his wife as they visited the Balkan city of Sarajevo. The assassin belonged to a Serbian independence movement. War began as few weeks later. Eventually nearly 30 nations were involved, and the war didn't end until 1918. World War 1 introduced the use of tanks, airplanes, machine guns, submarines, poison gas and flamethrowers. Fighting on the western front characterized by a series of trenches that were used through the war. After WWI, poison gas would be outlawed by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. At the Paris Peace Conference, Germany was subjected to harsh reparations, and required to pay the other countries for damages from the war. Germany's arms and territorials were taken away. In America, President Wilson lost in his efforts to get the U.S. Senate to approve the peace treaty, which would have made the U.S. a member of the League of Nations. There were 32 nations involved in the war, not including colonies and territories. It began July 28, 1914 and ended November 11, 1918 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Economically, the war cost a total of $337 billion. Inflation was high, and a huge war debt led to loss of markets, goods, jobs and factories. Politically, old empires collapsed, and new boundaries were drawn. New, independent nations were formed and some predominately ethic areas came under control of nations of different cultural backgrounds. Some national boundary changes overlapped and created tensions and hard feelings as well as political and economic confusion. Nationalism increased, and Communists seized power in Russia. Socially, total populations decreased resulting in millions of displaced persons. Villages and farms were destroyed. There was less rigid social distinction and old beliefs and values were questioned. The peace settlement, the Versailles Treaty, established the League of Nations to ensure peace. With the United States refusal to join, the League of Nations did not have enough power to be successful.

Provide examples of Muslim conquests?

In Egypt, a descendant of Mohammed's daughter (Fatima) founded the caliphate of Cairo. From 945 to 1055 the caliphs of Baghdad were completely dominated by a Persian Dynasty of emirs until they were conquered by the Seljuk Turks who had come from central Asia and adopted Islam with financial zeal. The Turkish emirs and sultans ruled for 200 years, reviving the political strength of the empire for a time. It was the Turkish emirs who dealt with crusaders. In less than 100 years. Muslim armies repeatedly marched north in an effort to spread their religion and influence in Europe. They reached as far as Spain, however they controlled Palestine and Jerusalem, considered the Holy Land. In a series of campaigns and battles that have been collectively called the Crusades, European armies sailed and marched to the Holy Land in attempts to return the Holy Land to European hands.

Analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious and social structures of India between 500 and the end of the 18th century

India- Between the fourth and ninth centuries, Asia was an area of empires ruled by religion, kings and emperors, wars and contact with other cultures. During this period, India was recovering for the invasion of Alexander the Great. Chandragupta Maurya conquered most of what we call India and began one of the country's most successful dynasties. His grandson, Asoka, was a more peaceful ruler but still powerful. He was also a great believer in the practices and power of Buddhism, sending missionaries through the Asia to preach the ways of the Buddha. Succeeding the Mauryas were the Guptas, who ruled India for a longer period of time and brought prosperity and international recognition to its people. The Guptas were great believers in science and mathematics, especially the uses of production of goods. They invented the decimal system and had a concept of zero, two things that put them ahead of the rest of the world on the mathematics timeline. They were the first to make cotton and calico, and their medical practices were much more advanced than those in Europe and everywhere in Asia. These inventions and innovators created a high demand for Indian goods throughout Asia and Europe. The idea of a united India continued after the Gupta Dynasty ended. The invading Muslims took over in the eleventh century, ruling the country for hundreds of years through a series of sultanates. The most famous Muslim leader of India was Tamerlane, who founded the Mogul Dynasty and began a series of conquests that expanded the broadest of India. Tamerlane's grandson Akbar is considered the greatest Mogul. He believed in freedom of religion and is perhaps best known for the series of buildings that he had built, including mosques, places, forts and tombs. During the years Muslims ruled India, Hinduism continued to be respected, but became a minority religion. Buddhism however, died out almost entirely for its country of origin. The imposing mountains in north India served as a deterrent to Chinese expansion. India was more vulnerable to invaders who came from the west of by sea for the south. The Indian people were also vulnerable to the powerful monsoons, which came driving up from the south a few times every year bringing howling winds and devastation in their wake. China- China was a country ruled by dynasties controlling various parts of what is now China and Tibet. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was an age of reform and invented the idea of a civil service and block printing. Next was the Song Dynasty (960-1279), which produced some of the world's greatest paintings and porcelain pottery. Buddhism declined, but Confucianism rose. Large cities developed and inventions included gunpowder. However, the Song Dynasty failed to unify China. This would prove instrumental in the takeover of China by Mongals, led by Genghis Khan and his most famous grandson, Kublai. Ghengas Khan is known as a conqueror and Kublai is known was a uniter. Both extended the borders of their empire and at its height, the Mongol Empire was the largest the world has ever seen, encompassing all of China, Russia, Persia, and Central Asia. Following Kublai Khan's death in 1294, the Mongols began to lose control of China. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) ruled successfully, focusing on isolation as did the Qing Dynasty (also called the Manchu Dynasty) that followed. As a result, China at the end of the eighteenth century knew very little of the outside world, and vice versa. The Ming Dynasty focused on undoing the damage from the Mongolia invasion, although they kept the trade. They also concentrated on growing agriculture and the arts. Artists created beautiful porcelain pottery, but not much of it saw its way into the outside world until much later. The Qing Dynasty (formed 1636; ruled 1644-1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. Achievements focused on learning, farming and road-building in order to keep up with and expanding population. Confucianism, Taoism and ancestor worship- the staples of Chinese society for hundreds of years- continued to flourish during this time. Japan- Japan developed independently and tried to keep itself that way for hundreds of years. Early Japanese society focused on the emperor and the farm, in that order. Japan was influenced early by China, from which it borrowed many things, including religion (buddhism), a system of writing, colander and even more fashion. The Sea of Japan protected Japan from more Chinese and Mongol invasions; including the famous Mongol invasion that was blown back by a typhoon known as the "divine wind." The power of the emperor declined as it was usurped by the era of the daimyo and soldiers, known as samurai. Japan flourished economically and culturally during these years, although the policy of isolation kept the world from knowing such things. Buddhism as local religions were joined by Christianity in the sixteenth century. It wasn't until the mid-nineteenth century that Japan became a world power. Africa- The Sahara desert and other inhospitable lands restricted African settlements to a few select areas outside of Egypt and northern coastal Africa. Islam had already spread into theses areas, and Islamic traders spread the religion through their travels, primarily along the coast of West Africa. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe (1220-1450) was a kingdom in Southern Africa. It's capital, Great Zimbabwe, was a successful trade center. The city is the site of the largest stone dwellings in a pre-colonial Southern Africa. More successful was Ghana, a Muslim-influenced kingdom that arose in West Africa during the ninth century and lasted for nearly 300 years. Ghanaians had large farms and raised elephants. They traded with people from Europe and the Middle East. Ghana along with it's neighbor, Mali (1200-1450) had much gold, drawing Islamic traders. The Mali trade center Timbuktu grew as a trading post on the trans-Saharan caravan route. The succeeding civilization of the Songhai in Mali had relative success in maintaining of trade.

Analyze the religious and secular contributions of Islam to European, African and Asian civilizations and the impact of medieval Muslim civilizations on Asia, Africa and Europe between the beginning of the 7th century and the end of the 18th century.

Islam's religious, economic and cultural contributions to Europe, Africa and Asia are many and varied. Theology, philosophy and the law were important subjects in Islam. The works of the Greek and Hellenistic philosophers were translated into Arabic and interpreted with commentaries. These were later passed on to Christian societies and schools in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The basis of Muslim philosophy was Aristocracies and Neo-platonic ideas. Which were essentially. The Muslim world was also interested in natural science. The works of Galen and Hippocrates were translated into Arabic and the adopted the work of the Greeks in the other sciences and modified and supplemented them with their own discoveries. The Muslim doctor Al-Razi was one of the most well-known physicians in the world and was the author of a medical encyclopedia and a handbook for smallpox and measles. The Muslims adopted the heritage of Greek mathematics and borrowed a system of numerals from India, laying a foundation for modern arthritic, geometry, trigonometry and algebra. Their art and architecture tended to be mostly uniform in style, allowing for some regional modification. They borrowed from Byzantine, Persian and other sources. The floor plan of the mosques was generally based on Mohammed's house at Medina. The notable unique element was the tall minaret from which the faithful were called to prayer. Interior decoration was in the style now called arabesque Mohammed banned paintings or other images of living creatures. These continued to be absent from mosques, although they occasionally appeared in book illustration and secular contexts. Their skilled craftsmen produced the fines art and jewelry , ceramics, carpets, and carved ivory. The Muslims produced sophisticated literature in prose and poetry. Little of their poetry or prose, however was carried down by Western culture. The best-known works of this period are the short stories known as the Arabian Nights and the poems of Oman Khayyam. The Muslim religion was important to the poor residents of Arabia and Northern Africa, who were starving and had little hope for a better life. One major contribution from Muslim culture was to improve methods of irrigation. As a result, more food became available. The existing canals of the Middle East were extended, bringing much-needed resources to people living in the arid areas of the Arabian Peninsula. Muslim trade centers and goods became known in other parts of the world. Goods were distributed by boats, Arabian horses and camels , the ships of the desert. Muslim merchants made a name for themselves with their shrewd business practices. They were some of the first businessmen to take checks and give receipts. We can trace the terms bazaar, tariff and caravan to them.

Analyze the economic, political, social and geographic factors contributing to the emergence of 19th-century imperialism and evaluate its impact on Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, Latin America and the Philippines.

Land signified power during the 19th century, and European nations wanted more. By the 19th century European imperialism was also fueled by the urgent demand for the raw materials needed for the Industrial Revolution. One of the main places for European imperialist expansion was Africa. Britain, France, Germany and Belgium claimed countries in Africa. The resources, including people, were the shipped back to the mainland and claimed as colonial gains. The Europeans reasons that they were educating "savages." Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam, was another area of French expansion. India and China were colonized by Great Britain. Yet clashes with the Chinese dynasties led to British taking over the Hong Kong territory instead. Great Britain, France and Spain occupied countries in Latin America, including the Caribbean Islands. Spain seized the rich lands of the Philippines. The time from 1830 to 1914 was characterized by the extraordinary growth and spread of patriotic pride in a nation along with intense, widespread imperialism.

Describe and analyze the impact of human interaction with the physical environment (e.g., climate, landforms, soils, water) on the development of the ancient cultures of the Fertile Crescent (e.g., Sumerian, Babylonian, Hebrew), Persia Egypt, Kush, Greece, India, China, Rome and pre-Colombian America

Many of the earliest known civilizations were river-valley civilizations and are known as fluvial civilizations. Geography and the physical environment played a critical role in the rise and survival of both these civilization. Rivers provided a source of water that would sustain both human and animal life. Hunters had access to a variety of animals, initially to provide food. Parts of the animals: hides, bones, antler could be used for clothing, tools and art. Some animals began to be herded and husbanded to provide stable supply of food and animal products. Rivers in these regions overflowed their banks each years, leaving behind a deposit of very rich soil. Early people in these areas began to experiment with growing crops rather than gathering food because of the fertile and available water. They developed systems of irrigation that channeled water to the crops without significant human effort on continuing basis. Asia- One of the earliest civilization developed in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley of Mesopotamia (mainly modern Iraq) between 4000 BCE and 3000 BCE. Mesopotamia, located the Tigris and Euphrates, meant "land between the rivers." Mesopotamia was bounded on the West by the Mediterranean Sea, on the South by the Arabian Desert, on the north by the Taurus Mountains, and on the east by the Zagros Mountains. Mesopotamia had a nickname, the "Fertile Crescent" was applied by the famous historian and Egyptologist James Breasted to the part of the Near East that extended from the Persian Gulf to the Saint Peninsula. East of the Zargos Mountains, another culture developed in what would later become Iran. This civilization was called Persia or the Achaemenid Empire. The Caspian Sea was to the north and the Persian Gulf to the South. It was also a fertile land. The many tribes of Persia were semi-nomadic and may have herded livestock. They eventually built homes, first from available mud and later stone. Also between 4000 BCE and 3000 BCE, another civilization began around the Indus River of today's northern India. Farming settlements began in the Indus Valley. Many of the earliest known civilizations were river-valley civilizations and are known as fluvial civilizations. Geography and the physical environment played a critically role in rise and the survival of both of these civilization. Chinese culture developed around the same time. The first people settled around the Yellow River. Villages were created. The culture was successful in agriculture. They raised silkworms, which allowed them to produce silk for clothing. The use of crop rotation and terrace farming proved useful and they became proficient in the growing of rice. This early culture made tools and weapons from copper Africa- Another ancient culture was Egypt, which developed south of the Mediterranean Sea. This North African culture is dominated by the largest hot desert in the world, the Sahara. People settled around the Nile, one of the largest rivers in the world. The Nile River would flood the valley from July to September, leaving behind a lawyer of alluvial soil good for agriculture. Due to limited rainfall, they developed irrigation techniques that allowed them to grow food like barley, lentils, and figs. Other important crops were capris for making paper, ropes and vegetables. Date palms were an important crop for trade as well. Europe- The earliest cultures in Europe were the Greek, Roman and Macedonian cultures. In Greece, settlement is believed to have started on Crete, the largest of the Greek Islands. Surrounded by mountains, inland rivers provided water needed for agriculture around 2500 BCE. Other groups developed, most notability the Minoans and Mycenaean. The Macedonian culture began in river valleys near the Balkan Mountains around 700 BCE. Roman culture started around the same time near the Tiber River. Mesoamerica-Mesoamerica was a region in the Americas including the southern half of Mexico and Central America. This is where pre-Colombian cultures began around 2500 BCE. Unlike the other ancient civilizations, this area didn't originate in river valleys. This is most likely due to the region's moderate rainfall. There were highlands and lowlands bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Mexico) to the east. Development began in the lowlands were the soil was most fertile. Around 500 BCE, corn or maize was domesticated.

Ghana's Kingdom

Muslin Kingdom that started during the ninth century. This kingdom lasted for 300 years. People had large farms and raised cattle and elephants. Trade was common with people from Europe and the Middle East, as well as neighbors Mali.

Describe and analyze the emergence of nationalism in the 18th and 19th centuries and its impact on Western African and Asian societies.

Nationalism is loyalty to a nation, but also political ideology that has political, economic and social effects. Nationalism led Germany and Russia to expand into other countries, as well as other European nations. Expansion into Africa and Asia, brought goods, trade, cheap labor. In Africa people suffered. In Asia people of India and Southeast Asia suffered a great deal at the hands of the Europeans. In America westward expansion led to war with Mexico to claim land America believed it owned. Colonial expansion hurt Europeans as it caused World War I.

Describe and analyze the emergence of nationalism in the 18th and 19th centuries and its impact on Western, African and Asian societies.

Nationalism is loyalty to a nation, but it's also a political ideology that has political, economic and social effects. During the eighteenth and especially the nineteenth centuries, nationalism emerged as a powerful force in Europe and the United States. Taken to the extreme, countries can use nationalism as a right to impose its rules and values on other countries. Nationalism led to countries like Germany and Russia to expand into nearby countries. Other European countries began to expand into Africa, and Asia and benefit from, sources of goods, trade and cheap labor. Africa, especially, suffered at the hands of European imperialists. Asia, too, suffered colonial expansion, most notably in India and Southeast Asia. And in the United States, nationalism led to Westward Expansion and a war with Mexico to claim land America believed it was entitled to. Colonial expansion would come back to haunt the European imperialists as colonial skirmishes spilled over into alliances that dragged the European powers into World War 1.

Describe what is known of the early physical and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution, explaining how the methods of archaeology contribute to the understanding.

Prehistory is the earliest time of human existence. Human ancestors are believed to have developed 4-6 million years ago, yet the earliest written records only go back about 4,500 years ago. We have this knowledge of prehistory from anthropology and archaeology. Anthropology- is the scientific study of human culture and humanity. Anthropologists study different groups and how they relate to other cultures. Through cross-cultural and comparative research, anthropologists can find patterns of behavior, similarities and differences. While anthropologists often study and lean about people and cultures by living among them and observing, paleo-anthropologists look at artifacts to understand early human culture. Archaeology- is the scientific study of past human cultures by studying the remains they left behind-objects such as pottery, bones, buildings, tools, and artwork. Archaeologists locate and examine evidence to help explain the way people lived in past times. They use special equipment and techniques to gather evidence. Archaeologists survey sites and make detailed description of the site with notes, maps, photographs and artifacts from the surface. Excavation is used to find physical evidence below the surface. Evidence is preserved for eventual classification, dating and evaluation. Sources of knowledge about early times come from: -Bones from burial pits -Fossils found in rock deposits -Artifacts, such as tools, pottery and cave paintings -Studies of living primates Archaeological and anthropological research tells us that the earliest humans developed in Africa between 2 to 6 million years ago. Homo sapiens evolved from these early humans around 2 million years ago. Some migrated first into Asia and later into Europe. Further understanding of prehistory is helpful by classifying it into archaeological periods. Paleolithic Age (early human history 10,000 BCE)- The earliest period of human history is the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Age. It is known as the Stone Age because tools were made from chipped stone. They used hatchets, awls, needles and cutting tools. Paleolithic humans demonstrated great adaptability living in nomadic hunter-gatherer societies. It's not clear when language began to develop, but there was likely communication even before language as we know it developed. They left behind cave paintings, but the purpose of those paintings isn't known. Neolithic Age (10,000 BCE- 3,000 BCE)- Artifacts of the New Stone Age or Neolithic Age included polished stone tools, domesticated animals, the wheel, and the first appearance of agriculture. Pottery and textiles have been found dating to the end of the New Stone Age. These artifacts suggest that humans of this age had begun to form small communities with dwellings Bronze Age (3300 BCE-1,300 BCE)- The Bronze Age is identified by the first uses of metal to make tools and weapons. It was also concurrent with establishment of what are believed to be the first civilizations. By 400 BCE, humans lived in villages, engaged in animal husbandry, grew grains, sailed in boat's and practiced religions. Earliest civilizations arose in the fertile river valley of the Nile, Mesopotamia, the Indus and the Hwang Ho. Iron Age (1,300 BCE- 900 BCE)- The Iron Age, followed on the heels of the Bronze Age and was characterized by the use and working of iron for various applications. It is generally believed that prerequisites of civilization include the following. -Use of metals rather than stone for tools and weapons -A system of writing -Agriculture -Shared religions and philosophies -Labor or social class divisions -Political organizations -Pursuit of knowledge and artistic expression

Analyze the historical developments of the Scientific Revolution and the ideas of the enlightenment and their effects on social, religious, political, economic institutions.

Scientific Revolution-The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were two of the most important movements in the history of civilization, resulting in a new sense of self-examination and a wider view of the world than ever before. The Scientific Revolution was a shift in focus from belief to evidence. Scientists and philosophers wanted proof, not just to have faith in what people had always said. Theories and beliefs had to be proven with evidence, and the Scientific Method was born. A Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus, launched the Scientific Revolution when he argued that the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the solar system and that other planets revolved around the Sun, not the Earth. This flew in the face of established doctrine. Copernicus crystallized a lifetime of observations into a book that was published around the time of his death. Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe was the first to catalog his observations of the night sky. Building on Brahe's data, German scientist Johannes Kepler instituted his theory of planetary movement and his famous Laws of Planetary Movement. Using Brahe's data, Kepler confirmed Copernicus's observation that the Earth revolved around the sun. The most famous defender of this idea was Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist who conducted many famous experiments in pursuit of science. He is best known, however, for his defense of heliocentric (sun-centered) idea. he wrote a book comparing the two theories based on his own observations with the relatively new invention-the telescope. He observed for of Jupiter's moons revolving around Jupiter. They certainly did not revolve around the Earth, so why should anything else? The Church was still powerful enough to place Galileo under house arrest. Galileo died under house arrest, but his ideas didn't die with him. Picking up the baton was an English scientist named Isaac Newton, who became perhaps the most famous scientist of all. He is known as the discoverer of gravity and a pioneering voice in the study of optics (light), calculus, and physics. Newton proved the idea of a mechanistic view of the world. Enlightenment- The Scientific Revolution and Reformation naturally led to the Enlightenment, a period of intense self-study that focused on ethics and logic over religion. Scientists and philosophers questioned cherished truths and widely held beliefs in an attempt to discover why the world worked. "I think, therefore I am" ("Cognito ergo sum" in Latin) was a famous saying from the Enlightenment. It was uttered by Rene Descartes, a French scientist-philosopher whose dedication to logic and the rigid rules of observation were a blueprint for the thinkers who came after him. Another of the giants of the ear was Scotland's David Hume. A pioneer of the doctrine of empiricism and was a proponent of skepticism. He was naturally suspicious of things that other people told him to be true and constantly set out to discover the truth for himself. These two related ideas influenced a great many thinkers after Hume, and his many writings continue to inspire philosophers to this day. Immanuel Kant of Germany was a philosopher who took a definitely scientific view of the world. He wrote the movement's most famous essay, "Answering the Question: What is the Enlightenment?" For Kant, the human being was a rational being capable of hugely creative thought and intense self-evaluation. He encouraged all to examine themselves and the world around them. He believed that the source of morality lay not in the nature of the grace of God but in the human soul itself. He believed that man believed in God for practical, not religious or mystical reasons. Talk expanded to the rights of the individual as being more important than the aristocracy, which set the stage for the French and American revolutions. A popular idea for the Enlightenment was the social contract, the belief government existed because of the people. The people had an agreement with the government that they would submit to it as long as it protected them and didn't encroach on basic human rights. This idea was first introduced by the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, but was adopted and explored by England's John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. John Locke was one of the most influential political writers of the seventeenth century. He put great emphasis on human rights and believed that when government violated those rights people should rebel. He wrote "Two Treaties of Government" in 1689. The book influenced political thought in the American colonies and helped shape the new U.S. government.

Analyze the conflict between fascist and Marxist/Communist ideologies, and the rise, goals and policies of dictatorships and totalitarian governments between the two wars.

Socialism and communism have sometimes been interchangeable. It's true that they are economic and political philosophies. Socialism began as a working class movement that suggested the state should be actively distributing wealth to all citizens. Communism is a branch of socialism in which the community as a whole owns all property (totalitarian state). In practice this has translated to ownership by a totalitarian state. The roots of socialism can be traced to the 19th century when Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto, which said that true freedom and equality came from social control of a country's resources. As time passed, socialism would split into different branches. The believers who gathered around Marx believed in what he called Scientific Socialism Communism has a more rigid ideology. It's bible, Das Kapital, sees Communism emerging as a result of almost cosmic laws. Modern socialism sees change in human society and hopes for improvement, but there is no unchanging millennium at the end of the road. Communism is sure that it will achieve the perfect state and in this certainly it is willing to use any and all means to bring it about. In Russia, it focused on the industrial worker and on state domination over the means of production. Communists believe that revolution is inevitable and work toward it by emphasizing class antagonisms. Socialism seeks change but insists on the use of democratic procedures within the existing social order of a given society. Socialism is confident only that the human condition is always changing and makes no easy approximation between ends and means. It does not justify brutalities. This tendency was found in the Utopian-Socialists of the early nineteenth century, whose basic aim was the repudiation of the private property system with its economic inefficiency and social injustice. Like Marx, they envisioned industrial capitalism as becoming more and more inhumane and oppressive. They could not imagine the mass of workers prospering in such system. Yet the workers soon developed their own powerful organizations and institutions. They began to bend the economic system to their own benefit. A split did occur- first, between those rejected the earlier Utopian ideas as being impractical and second, between those who believed the newfound political awareness of the working class was the key to organizing a realistic revolution. The next split would occur between those who believed in the absolute inevitability of the coming revolution (the Revolutionary Socialists or as they came to be known, the communists), and those Democratic-Socialists who while accepting the basic idea that current capitalist system could not last, saw in the growing political awareness of the working class the beginnings of an ability to effect peaceful and gradual change change in social order. The decade following World War I saw tremendous growth in socialism. Economic planning and the nationalization of industry was undertaken in many countries. This political balance left most industrialized countries with a mixed socialist-capitalist economy. The consequences of World War II, particularly the independence of former European colonies, has opened vast new areas for the attempted development of socialist forms. Most have tried to aspire to the democratic type but very few have succeeded except where democratic traditions were strong. Socialism, although concentrating on economic relationships, always consider itself a complete approach to human society. In effect, a new belief system and thus a world rather than a national movement. In this respect as well, it owes much to Great Britain for it was in London in 1864 that the first Socialist International was organized by Karl Marx. The radical leftist organization died off much after limping along for twelve years, by which time its headquarters had moved to New York. After the passage of about another twelve years, the Second Socialist International met in Paris to celebrate the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille in the French Revolution. By this time, serious factions were developing. There were Anarchists, who wanted to tear down everything, Communists who wanted to tear down the established order and build another in its place, and the Democratic-Socialist majority who favored peaceful political action. Struggling for international peace and cohesion right up to the First World War, socialism would remain largely ineffectual at this critical international time. Peace brought them all together again in Bern, Switzerland, but by this tie the Soviet Union had been created and the Russian Communists refused to attend the meeting on the grounds that the Second Socialist International opposed the type of dictatorship it saw as necessary in order to achieve revolution. Thus the Communist International was created in direct opposition to the Socialist International. The socialists went on to advocate the "triumph of democracy, firmly rooted in the principles of liberty" with the objective of maintaining the peace. Fascism was a system of government that used authoritarian rule. Oppressing dissent was believed to benefit the nation, and fascism can be compared to an extreme form of nationalism. Fascism has several characteristics: -An origin at the time of serious economic disruption and or rapid social change. -A philosophy that rejects democratic and humanitarian ideals and glorifies the absolute sovereignty of the state. -An aggressive nationalism that calls for the mobilization and regimentation of every aspect of society -The simulation of mass popular support accomplished by outlawing all but a single political party and by using suppression, censorship and propaganda. -A program of vigorous action including economic reconstruction, industrialization, pursuit of economic self-sufficiency. Fascism has always declared itself the uncompromising enemy of communism, however fascist actions have much in common with communism. Many of the methods of organization and propaganda used by fascists were taken from the experience of ear, secretly Russian communists, along with the belief in a single strong political party, secret police, etc. Two of the main people to head fascist governments between the world wars were Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. The governments in Italy and Germany turned into totalitarian governments and dictatorships. In theory, at least, the chief distinction between fascism and communism is that fascism is nationalist, exalting the interests of the state and glorifying worldwide class warfare. In practice, however, this fundamental distinction loses some of its validity because in its heyday, fascism was also an internationalist movement.

Describe and evaluate the significance of the "Age of Exploration," and the main ideas of the Enlightenment and their influences on social, political, religious and economic thought and practice.

The Age of Exploration (also known as the Age of Discovery) began in the mid 1500's, but had its beginnings centuries before exploration actually took place. The rise and spread of Islam in the seventeenth century and its subsequent control over Jerusalem led to the holy wars known as the Crusades. Although the Crusades were not a success, those who survived and returned to their homes in Western Europe brought new products such as silks, spices, perfumes, new and different foods. The revival of interest in classical Greek art, architecture, literature, science, astronomy, medicine during the Renaissance increased trade between Europe and Asia. Ideas and new ways of looking at the world from the Enlightenment were aided by the invention of the printing press, which spread those ideas and knowledge. People wanted to see and experience the world. For centuries, various mapmakers made maps and charts to describe the world. This also stimulated curiosity. At the same time, the Chinese were using the magnetic compass in their ships. Pacific Islanders were going from island to island, covering thousands of miles in open canoes navigating by the sun and stars. Arab traders were sailing the Indian Ocean in their dhows. Trade routes between Europe and Asia Trade between Europe and Asia were slow and difficult. It took months and even years for the exotic luxuries of Asia to reach the markets of Western Europe. Initially, they were controlled by the Italian merchants in Genoa and Venice. The Vivaldo brothers and Marco Polo wrote of their travels, fascinating experiences and new information about exotic lands, people, customs and desired foods and goods, such as spices and silks. Other countries began looking for cheaper travel and shorter travel routes. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal encouraged, supported and financed Portuguese's seamen who led in the search for an all-water route to Asia. A shipyard was built and a navigation was taught. New sailing ships were built that could carry the seamen safely on the ocean waters. The Portuguese experimented with new maps, navigational methods and instruments> New instruments like astrolabe and the compass enabled sailors to determine direction, latitude and longitude for exact locations. Prince Henry died in 1460, but the Portuguese continued exploring Africa's west coastline. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias and his men were the first to sail around Africa's Cape of Cape Hope. The Portuguese were successful in researching India ten years later when Vasco de Gama and his men continued the route of Diaz. They rounded Africa's Cape of Good Hope, sailed across the Indian Ocean, and reached India's port of Calicut (Calcutta), proving Asia could be reached from Europe by Sea. Another Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, is credited with the first circumnavigation of the earth. Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, has been credited with the discovery of America although he never set foot on its soil and America was already inhibited by Native Americans. Other Spanish and Portuguese explorers made their marks in parts of the Americas. The British and French followed. European countries claimed the lands by establishing colonies. France's claims to North America were the result of the efforts of such men as Champlain, Cartier, La Salle, Father Marquette and Joliet. Dutch claims were based on the work of Henry Hudson. John Cabot gave England its stake in North America. Other English explorers included John Hawkins, Sir Francis Drake, and the half-brothers Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert. The Norseman led by Eric the Red and later, his son Leif the Lucky, were the first Europeans in the New World The Age of Exploration and the colonization of the New World allowed people suffering from poverty and persecution places to start new and better lives. The Age of Exploration led to the development of better maps and charts, which improved navigational instruments. It led to increased knowledge, great wealth and new different foods and items not previously known in Europe. It was also proof that Asia could be reached by sea and that the earth was round. With the increase in trade and travel, cities began to grow. Craft workers developed their skills to a high degree, eventually organizing guilds to protect the quality of the work and regulate the buying and selling of their products. City governments developed and flourished.

Compare and contrast the American Revolution and the French Revolution and their enduring worldwide effects on political expectations for self-government and individual liberty.

The American Revolution and the French Revolution were similar yet different. In addition to both occurring in the last half of the 18th century, both promoted the liberty of the common people and a republican government. They were influenced by new political ideology from the Enlightenment. And both are considered turning important turning points in history. Several important differences need to be emphasized 1) The American colonists were striking back against unwanted taxation and other government interference. The French people, many who didn't have enough to eat, were striking back against an autocratic regime. 2) The American Revolution involved years of battles, skirmishes and stalemates. The French Revolution was a bloody to a degree but mainly overthrow of society and its outdated traditions. 3) The American Revolution resulted in representative government and French Revolution resulted briefly in five republics plus a consulship emperor, and monarchy again. After more than one hundred years of mostly self-government, many colonists resented the increased British control and policies like taxation without representation. The American Revolution resulted in the American colonists achieving independence from Great Britain. The French Revolution was a revolution of social classes within a single country. The middle and lower classes revolted against the political and economic excesses of the rulers and nobility. Conditions that led to revolt included extreme taxation, inflation, lack of food, and the disregarded of the rulers, nobility and Church toward the people. It ended with the establishment of the first in a series of French Republics.

Analyze the Cold War from its origins in the post-World War II 1940's to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, including its impact on social, cultural, political, economic, technological and geographic developments in the world.

The Cold War was an ideological struggle between proponents of democracy and communism. The main players of the conflict, being the United States and Soviets, however other countries were involved. No large scale fighting took place between the two nations, however proxy wars were fought. The United States and Soviets embarked on an arsenal buildup of atomic and hydrogen bombs as well as other weapons. Both nations had the capability of destroying each other. In 1946 Josef Stalin stated that capitalism and its development made international peace impossible. George F. Kennan, proposed the idea of containment. Containment would limit the extension efforts of Soviet policies. After the Soviets invaded Iran, Greece and Turkey, President Truman adopted the Truman Doctrine, which committed the United States to intervention to contain the spread of communism through the world. The Soviets were opposed to to German unification and in April 1948 took serious action to stop of force the Allies to give up control of West Berlin to the Soviets. The Soviets blocked all road traffic from West Germany to West Berlin. The Berlin airlift was a method the United States and European powers got supplies to West Germany. This forced the Soviets to lift the blockade and permit traffic access to the city. The Soviets kept a tight grip on all client countries, particularly Eastern European countries. The Warsaw Pact, where western nations responded with military organization. North American Treaty Organization (NATO) was created. Asia was a prime battleground, because the Soviets controlled China, North Korea, North Vietnam. The United States had allies in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and South Vietnam. The Cold War continued until 1991. When the Soviet Union collapsed Eastern European countries saw their communist governments overthrown. The Iron Curtain fell as well as the Berlin Wall in 1989 after being built in 1961.

Describe features of the Incan Empire

The Incan empire stretched across a vast period of territory from the west coast of South America. Roads were connected to allow messengers to carry news and orders from the capitol. The Incan people developed a way of keeping records through quipu (a string- based device) for record keeping. Incan people worshiped the dead, ancestors and nature, while also practicing intricate rituals.

Describe and analyze the foundations of Asian political and philosophical thought found in ancient Chinese and Indian traditions (e.g., Legalism, Taoism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism).

The Indus Valley civilization (India and Pakistan) is where Hinduism developed. It was begun by people known as Aryans (not related to the 20th century Aryans) culture with the culture of the Dravidians, the natives they conquered. Today, Hinduism continues to be a polytheistic religion with many sects and promotes the belief in reincarnation. Through forbidden today by law, a prominent feature of Hinduism in the past was a rigid adherence to a caste system. Buddhism developed in India from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama around 500 BCE. Spreading throughout Asia, Buddhism stressed being free of suffering. This religion opposed the worship of numerous deities, the Hindu caste system, and the supernatural. Confucianism is based on the teaching of Chinese philosopher Confucius. There is no clergy, no organization, and no belief in a deity or in life after death. Confucianism is a social and political philosophy more than a religion. It teachers all followers to make the effort to achieve the two goals of happiness and immortality. Practices and ceremonies include meditation, prayer, magic, reciting, scriptures, special diets, breath control, beliefs in witchcraft, fortune telling, astrology, and communicating with the spirits of the dead. Legalism was a classical school of though in Chinese philosophy during the Warring States (5th-3rd century BCE) period. It was based on the need for political reform, and its principles were used by China's first emperor. It focused on achieving order and remains influential today. Shinto is the native religion of Japan based on both good and bad spirits living in animals, trees, and mountains. According to its mythology, deities created Japan and its people. The first emperor was believed to be the grandson of the sun goddess. Shinto was strongly influenced by Buddhism, which became the state religion around 580 CE.

Analyze the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution, including it's impact on science, technology and society.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18th century and eventually inventions, spread through Western Europe. Steam and coal-powered machinery led to accelerated growth of manufacturing industry. Peoples' lives changed drastically as a largely agricultural society changed to an industrial one. Industrialization fueled colonization as industrialized nations seized raw materials from Africa and Asia to feed industry. The Industrial Revolution was a transition from agrarian, handcraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Industrial changes led to new building material, energy sources, inventions, and advances in transportation and communication. The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830 and then spred to Belgium and France. Once Germany, the United States, and Japan achieved industrial power, they advanced beyond Great Britain's initial successes. Eastern European countries lagged into the 20th century, and finally to China and India. Symbolic of the Industrial revolution was the use of coal as a source of energy. The conversion of coal to a high carbon fuel called coke made cheaper iron ore smelting possible and simultaneously produced gas lighting. Coal-fueled boilers provided steam-power for factory machinery and locomotives. This allowed goods like cotton textiles to be made cheaply in large quantities, thus increasing availability. Social changes occurred with industrialization. Many new jobs were created between the later 18th and the mid-19th century, but they were mainly in cities. 14 million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1860 and 1900. Urban areas grew rapidly leading to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions. Industrialization led to economic, political and social changes. Wealthy industrialists grew richer while the workers labored in factories with dangerous conditions and for low pay. Labor movements formed to argue for better working conditions and an end to child labor. Industrialization also allowed the countries to be more accessible through transportation options like railroads and steamboats and communication from telegraphs.

Describe the Iroquois Confederacy?

The League of Five Nations included Native Americans of the Northeast (Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca). This has been described as a League of Nations cooperating organization. This group agreed on laws and customs of Confederacy. The Book of Great Law is a defining document like that of a UN charter.

What was the most advanced Native American civilization?

The Mayans are considered to be the most advanced. Mayan worship resembled the practices of the Aztec and Inca. Humans sacrifices were rare. Trade with neighbors was common and systems of glyph's and pictographs were developed. Mayan calendars were the most accurate.

Explain and evaluate the strategic importance of the Middle East and the volatile political relations within the region.

The Middle East is defined by its name and geographic position. From the beginning of civilization, the Middle East has been a destination attackers, adventure-seekers and those starving for food and other access to resources (Iron to oil). Saudi's Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait Qatar, Dubai and United Arab Emirates are all oil rich. A majority of these nations would be helpless without oil production. These countries, despite similarities have vast differences. Iran and Iraq fought a devastation war in the 1980's. The Iranian Revolution in 1979 transformed a constitutional monarchy led by the Shah into an Islamic populist theocratic republic. The new leader was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomenini. In the first stage of the revolution religious, liberal and leftist groups and those who sought a limitation on the Shah's power. The Shah was said to be a puppet of the U.S. government. In 1978 a series of protests escalated until two million people gathered in Tehran. The revolution accomplished certain goals: reduction of foreign influence and a more even distribution of the nations wealth. It did not change repressive policies toward women, restoring policies of oppression. Religious oppression of Bahrain faith. The Iranian forces found themselves isolated from the rest of the world, being rejected from capitalist and communist countries. The isolation allowed the county to develop without outside aid or interference. In Iraq a large percentage of people were Kurdish. Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons on the Kurds. The Sunnis and Shiites agree on very little outside of he basics of the Islamic faith. Religious conflict between Israelite's and Palestinians continues as a centuries-old fight over religion and geography. The conflict goes back to the beginning of Islam, in the seventh century fighting the Holy Land and later the Crusades. In 1917 a plan proposed an Arab and Jewish state. Israel defeated armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia with U.S. support. In 1988 the Arab population of the West Bank and Gaza Strip formed the state of Palestine (known as a two state solution). In response to 9/11 attacks in 2001, Afghanistan was invaded. Afghanistan at the time, was ruled by the Taliban, who protected Osama bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda network. America forced the Taliban to retreat and diplomatic and economic agents have attempted to rebuild Afghanistan to a stable democracy. In 2003 America invaded Iraq and deposed Saddam Hussein.

What is one of the earliest known civilizations of the Americas?

The Olmecs lived from 1200 BCE to 400 BCE in what is now Southern Mexico and Central America. There is not a lot known about the Olmecs.

Describe the Song Dynasty?

The Song Dynasty ruled from 960-1279. This period produced great paintings and porcelain pottery. Gunpowder was developed during the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty failed to unify China

Describe key features of the Tang Dynasty in China?

The Tang Dynasty ruled from 618-907. The Tang Dynasty is known for creating an age of reform by creating the idea of a civil service exam for government positions.

Describe and analyze the importance and patterns of expansion and contraction of empires, religions, and trade that influenced various regional cultures through the decline of the Roman Empire.

The first empire in history is believed to be Mesopotamia, started by the Akkadians, led by Sargon, conqueror of Sumeria. He was succeeded by other leaders of other sects, such as the Amorite leader Hammurabi, for whom the famous code is named. Another leader was Nebuchadnezzar, leader of the Chaldeans, who built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. He is also known for the capture of and transport of the ancient Israelite's, known as the Babylonian captivity. Other rulers of the Fertile Crescent include the warrior-tribes the Hittites and the Assyrians. The Middle East empire-building phase didn't really begin until Darius the Great came into the scene. The Persian Empire began under the rule of Cyrus the Great, who began conquering other lands. A later emperor, Darius expanded the Persian Empire, until it stretched for Egypt to the boundaries of India. The Egyptian empire covered north Africa. Because of Egyptian goods and trade centers, other rulers often tried to take over Egypt. As the Persian Empire grew, it set Greece as a goal. The Greeks referred to these battles as the Persian Wars. Specific battles were at Marathon, which the Greeks won despite being vastly outnumbered. Thermopylae, where a valiant group of Spartans held off thousands of Persian warriors for several days. Salamis, a naval battle that the Greeks won despite being outnumbered and these victories convinced the Persians not to attempt another invasion of Greece, but it didn't mean the end of the Persian Empire. No one could match the Macedonian general and leader known as Alexander the Great, who conquered both Greece and Persia, eventually adding Egypt, Phoenicia and part of India to his empire. This empire more than any other resulted in cultural exchange that was known as Hellenization. It brought the Greek enlightened way of life to the Eastern civilizations while also bringing the exotic goods and customs of the East to Greece. Rome was a later, perhaps the most successful of the ancient empires, building itself from the western coast of Italy to a worldwide empire stretching from Scotland to the Middle East. Building the principles of Hellenization, Rome imported and exported goods and customs, melding the production capabilities and the belief systems of all it conquered into a heterogeneous yet distinctly Roman Civilization. Trade, religion, science, political structure all expanded in the Roman Empire. The official end of the Roman Empire came when Germanic tribes conquered most of Europe. The five major tribes were the Visigoths, Ostrogoth's, Vandals, Saxons and Franks. In later years, the Franks successfully stopped the Muslim invasion of southern Europe by defeating them under the leadership of Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732 CE. Thirty-six years later in 768 CE, his grandson, Charlemagne, became King of Franks. Charlemagne was a man of war, yet respected and encouraged learning. He made great efforts to rule fairly and ensure just treatment for his people.

Read the two passages below; then complete the exercise that follows. French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) • Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. • Liberty consists in the ability to do whatever does not harm another; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to other members of society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. • Law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to take part, in person or by their representatives, in its formation. It must be the same for all whether it protects or penalizes. All citizens being equal in its eyes are equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. Prussian General Code (1791) • The rights of a man arise from his birth, from his estate, and from actions and arrangements with which the laws have associated a certain determinate effect. • Persons to whom, by their birth, destination or principal occupation, equal rights are ascribed in civil society, make up together an estate of the state. • The nobility, as the first estate in the state, most especially bears the obligation, by its distinctive destination, to maintain the defense of the state. . . . • Only the nobleman has the right to possess noble property. • Persons of the burgher [middle-class] estate cannot own noble property except by permission of the sovereign. • Noblemen shall normally engage in no burgher livelihood or occupation. Using the information presented in the two passages and your knowledge of world history, analyze the historical factors and events that shaped the development of the views expressed in the passages above.

The government of France prior to the Revolution was autocratic and based on the theory of the divine right of kings. This system crushed the masses of the people under an economic weight of endless wars and governmental excesses coupled with political inequality. Opposition to this theory of the monarchy and the prevailing system came from a group of intellectuals in the Enlightenment. Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu believed that people had basic rights upon which government should be based. The example of the American Revolution and the ideas of Americans such as Thomas Paine were also influential. It took the violence of the Revolution to loosen the grip of the old system and allow the thoughts of the Enlightenment to shape a new code. The Declaration reflects the desire to radically change the system of government and in so doing recognize the rights of the average citizen. The Prussian General Code, drawn up at approximately the same time, was in fact a statement of support for the type of government that had existed in France prior to the Revolution. Its aim was to preserve the existing social order, in which people were born to particular estates with particular roles in the hierarchy. These roles were not to be blurred, as for instance by the participation of any nobleman in commercial activity. The nobility were the first estate because of their obligation to maintain the defense of the state. Their land-owning privileges were their reward. This code was in part drawn up in fear that the new French ideas might spread to Prussia. But it was also intended to preserve Prussian power in the wake of the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of Westphalia that had weakened Germany, by guaranteeing the privileges and loyalty of the nobility who were essential to the country's military strength.

Compare and contrast the geographic, political, economic, religious and social structures of pre-Colombian American civilizations in North and South America between 500 and the end of the 18th century.

The indigenous people of the Americas shared some ways of life like living off the lands, deep spiritual practices, and a respect for nature. In general, North American tribes were distinct units with various political, social and economic structures that depended upon geography and the number and origin of visitors from overseas. North America- The North American landscape was hospitable to settlement and exploration. The North American continent, especially in what is now the United States, had a few mountain ranges and a handful of wide rivers but nothing like South America's dense jungles or the high mountains of the Andes. The area that is now Canada was cold but otherwise conductive to settlement. As a result, the Native Americans in the north areas of the Americas were more spread out and their cultures more diverse than their South American counterparts. In North America, the Ancestral Pueblo dominated the American Southwest (from 100 CE-1600 CE). The Puebloans lived in distinct communities , each with its own ruler. often a priest of some kind. Each community contained many clans of family groups. Lineage was often matrilineal. In some civilizations like those at Chaco and Mesa Verde, cities and trade routes. Pueblo descendants continue living today, primarily in New Mexico and Arizona. One of the representative governments in the world is the Iroquois Confederacy, also known as the League of Five Nations. Around 1450, five Native American tribes of the Northeast (Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca) decided to join together to establish peace and cooperation. A council of 50 chiefs was elected by the clan mothers. This group agreed on laws and customs of the Confederacy, called the Book of Great Law. They also made decisions on how to deal with outside tribe or European groups who came to America. Each year, the tribal representatives met to restate laws and settle differences. In the early 18th century, a sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined the confederacy. Some historians believed the Iroquois Confederacy was a model when the new government of the United States formed in the late 18th century. For the North Americans, life was about finding food. People were first hunters and gatherers. Depending on the geographical location, native people hunted buffalo, deer and smaller mammals for food and often clothing, tools, or shelters. Some tribes began growing food and established semi-permanent communities. They grew such crops as maize or corn, plus squash, pumpkins and beans. The only domesticated animal in early years were dogs. After the Spanish brought horses to the Americas, Plains people began to domesticate horses. Native Americans who lived in the wilds of Canada and along the Pacific coast lived off the land and the nearby water. Fishing was a source of food and trade. Religion or a strong spiritual life was common for most tribes. Many tribes had legends and myths that explained the creation of the world. But unlike Europe and Asia, religion was rarely used as a reason to go to war. The native people north of Mexico varied widely in customs, housing, dress and religion. Among the native peoples of North America there were at least 200 languages and 1500 dialects. Communication was achieved through similarities in dialects and non-verbal communication. Mexico- The earliest known civilizations in the Americas existed in Mexico and Central America. The earliest known culture was the Olmecs (1200 BCE-400 BCE) in what is now Mexico. We know little of their existence except a series of huge carved figures. It's believed that civilizations of the southern half of Mexico and Central American came from the Olmecs. The largest and most successful civilization in Mexico were the Aztecs. The Aztecs had access to large amounts of metals and jewels, which they used to make weapons and jewelry. They also traded with other groups. When they weren't trading, they conquered neighboring tribes, which increased the size and riches of the civilization. Aztecs were a polytheistic group who believed that the gods demanded human sacrifice in order to continue to smile on the Aztecs. The center of Aztec society was the great city-state of Tenochtitlan, built on an island in a lake, and which is today Mexico City. Tenochtitlan, built on a island in a lake, and which is today Mexico City. Tenochtitlan boasted a population of 300,000 at the time of the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. It was known for its canals and its pyramids, none of which survive today. The Aztec had many enemies, some of whom helped Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez conqueror of the Aztec empire in 1519. Central America- The most advanced Native American civilization was likely the Mayan from Central America. Mayan worship resembled the practices of Aztec and Inca, although human sacrifices were rare. The Mayans also traded heavily with their neighbors. They developed the most sophisticated writing system of glyphs or pictographs in the Americas. In recent years, archeologists have had success deciphering it. The Mayans also built huge pyramids and other stone figures and sculptures, mostly of the gods the worshiped. The Mayans are known for their calendars and for mathematics. The Mayan calendars were the most accurate on the planet until the sixteenth century. They may have been the first civilization to use zero. South America- The Inca Empire stretched across a vast period of territory down the western coast of South America. The empire was connected by a series of roads. Messengers used theses roads to carry news and orders from the capital, Cusco. The Incas are known for inventing the quipu, a string-based device that provided them with a method of keeping records. The Inca Empire, like the Aztec Empire, was a centralized state with all income going to the sate coffers and all trade going through the emperor. The Incas worshiped the dead, ancestors and nature and often took part in intricate rituals.

Describe the emergence and origins of new theories regarding politics, economics, literature, and the arts in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.

The overriding theme of life during the eighteenth centuries was progress. Technological advancements brought about changes in all aspects of life. Businesses presented opportunities. New ways of thinking impacted politics and the arts. Mark Twain coined the term, Guided Age, to describe the social problems beneath a layer of gold. The driving forces in politics in the eighteenth century were nationalism and liberalism. Liberalism is the belief that government should support rapid social changes in order to correct social and economic inequalities. Nationalism is an ideology that promotes the welfare of the nation-state over all other considerations, even to the detriment of other peoples. The eighteenth century ended with the American and French Revolutions, which overthrew monarchies in favor of representative governments. These two driving forces dominated the political landscape of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with nearly the entire map of Europe being rewritten in a wake of nationalist fervor. Communism was a major political and economic ideology adopted by the Soviet Union plus China, North Korea, and Vietnam. In communism, society was to be classless with private ownership replaced with public ownership. Communist states controlled most aspect of society, including religion and economics. The government owned factories, ports, machines and ships. This kind of economic theory was in stark contrast to the famous laissez faire policy that occupied much of the Western nations during the 1700s, 1800s and 1900s. Another impetus that drove many political actions during this time was colonization. European powers carved up Africa in the search of greater resources. Asia fell under the yoke of European occupation, as did Central and South America. The United States and Russia became involved in a ongoing struggle that culminated in the Cold War. Differences in political ideology along with the effects of colonialism led to nearly every major war during these 200 years. Progress also touched the worlds of literature and art. The main development in the nineteenth century was Romanticism, an emphasis on emotion and the imagination that was direct reaction to the logic and reason stressed in the Age of Enlightenment. Famous Romantic authors included John Keats, William Wordsworth, Victor Hugo, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The horrors of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to the famous realists Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dosteovsky, Leo Tolstoy and Mark Twain, who described life as they saw it, for better or for worse. Twentieth centuries authors stressed individual action and responsibility. The giants of the 1900s include: James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemmingway, William Faulkner and George Orwell, all of whom expressed distrust at the power of machines and weapons and most of modern society. The most famous artistic movement of the 1800s was Impressionism. The idea was to present an impression of a movement in time on canvas. Famous impressionists include: Monet, Degas, van Gogh, Manet, Cezanne and Renoir. Pablo Picasso, the young Spanish painter revolutionized art in the early twentieth century with cubism, which exaggerated perspective and people and things in a way never before seen. A Russian painter. Vasili Kandinski, created what is believed to be the first completely abstract painting. Following Cubism, a variety of art movements emphasizing different things. Surrealism aimed to depict the subconscious mind on canvas. Dadaism, explored formlessness and mocked the materialistic. Pop art, made famous by Andy Warhol, celebrated popular culture.

What are the five basic principles or Pillars of Islam?

The prophet Mohammed was born in 570 CE in a small Arabian town called Mecca near the Red Sea. Arabia was a vast desert of rock and sand, except the coastal areas on the Red Sea. It had been populated by nomadic wanderers called Bedouins, who lived in scattered tribes near oases where they watered their hearts. The family or tribe was the social and political unit under the authority of the head of the family. Religion was mainly superstitions paganism and idolatry. There was regular contact with Christians and Jews through the trade interactions but the idea of monotheism was foreign. The most important of these was a small square temple called the Kaaba (cube), located in the town of Mecca. Arabs made annual pilgrimages to Mecca during the sacred months when warfare was prohibited. For this reason, Mecca was considered the center of the Arab religion. In 610, Mohammed began teaching and speaking publicly about the world of God, heard from the Angel Gabriel. Mohammed called his new religion Islam (submission to the will of god) and his followers were called Muslims (those who submit). When Muslims began to make the faith public, they were met with opposition and persecution from other polytheist Arabians. Islam slowly gained, and the persecutions became more severe around Mecca. In 622, Mohammed and his close followers fled the city and found refuge in Medina to the North. His flight is called Hegira. This event marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. Mohammed took advantage of the ongoing feuds between Jews and Arabs in the city and became a leader in Medina. In the early years of Islam, religious leaders worked closely together. As time passed, their roles became more separate. Followers of Islam grew, and in 630, they followed Mohammed to Mecca. Mecca was made the religious center of Islam, toward which all Muslims turn to pray. Medina remained the political capital. After Mohammed's death in 632, his followers gathered all writings based on divine revelations (surahs) delivered by the Angel Gabriel. These were published in a book called the Qur'an. This is considered the holy scripture of Islam. Islam has five basic principles, known as the Pillars of Islam. 1) The oneness with Allah (Mohammed is prophet of Allah) 2) One should pray five times a day 3) Charity 4) Fasting (Ramadan) 5) Pilgrimage to Mecca (If possible) Mohammed drew upon upon Christianity, Judaism and Arab paganism. The resulting doctrine was a mixture of ideas that term-14is original when taken as a whole.

Describe the emergence and origins of new theories regarding politics, economics, literature, and the arts in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.

The theme of life during the eighteenth and twentieth centuries was progress Technological advancements brought changes in all aspects of life. New ways of thinking and business opportunities. Mark Twain coined the term "Guided Age" to describe the problems beneath. Nationalism was the problem of politics. liberalism attempted to correct social and economic liberties. 18th century ended with American and French revolutions. Maps of Europe redrawn due to nationalistic ideas. Communism adopted by the Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Vietnam. Society was classless with private ownership replaced with public ownership. State controlled almost every aspect of society (religion and economics). Government owned factories, ports machines and ships. This economic idea was a contrast to laissez faire. Colonization drove political action, as European powers carved up Africa and Asia. The United States and Russia became involved in a Cold War. Progress was a theme in literature and art. John Keats, William Wordsworth, Victor Hugo. Horrors of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to realists (Charles Dickens, Leo Tolstoy and Mark Twain). Twentieth century authors stressed individual action and responsibility and distrust at the power of machines (John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, George Orwell). The artistic movement of the 1880's was Impressionism. To present a moment in time on canvas (Monet and Van Gogh). Picasso was a painter who revolutionized art in the early twentieth century with cubism. Pop art made famous by Andy Warhol.

Analyze the art, music, science and technology of the Renaissance and the impact through Europe

The word Renaissance literally means "rebirth" and followed the Middle Ages, which some began referring to as the Dark Ages. The Renaissance signaled a rekindling of interest in classical Greek and Roman civilizations. The feudal system declined and was replaced by a focus on artistic and intellectual development. Philosophy, it was a time that put humans at the center instead of religion. It was a cultural revolution, and in the areas of art, literature, music and science, the world changed for the better. The Renaissance is believed to have started in Florence. The Medici family is sometimes referred to as the Godfathers of the Renaissance because they encouraged great artists and thinkers. Education, especially for some of the merchants, required reading, writing, math, the study of law, and the writings of classical Greek and Roman writers. Renaissance artists had a lasting impact in Western culture, including Giotto and his development of perspective in painting; Leonardo da Vinci who was a scientist and inventor; Michelangelo who was a sculptor, painter and architect. Other artists include Raphael, Donatello, Titan, and Tintoretto. All of these men pioneered a new method of painting and sculpture-portraying real events and real people as they really looked, not as artists imagined them to be. One need look no further than Michelangelo's David to illustrate this. Attention was also on literature during the Renaissance. Humanists, a group that included Petrarch, Boccaccio, Erasmus, and Sir Thomas More, advanced the idea of human life on earth and the opportunities it can bring, rather than a constant focus on heaven and its rewards. The monumental works of Shakespeare, Dante and Cervantes found their origins in these ideas as well as the ones that drove the painters and sculptors. These works became even more available and popular with the invention of the printing press, which occurred during Renaissance. In Germany, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press with movable type facilitated the rapid spread of Renaissance ideas, writings and innovations, thus ensuring the enlightenment of most of Western Europe. Contributions were also made by Durer and Holbein in art and by Paracelsus in science and medicine. The Renaissance also altered music. Music was still composed for the church, but the style expanded, and secular music began to be composed as well. Composers often had patrons who supported them. Science advance considerably during the Renaissance, especially in the area of physics and astronomy. Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo lead a Scientific Revolution in proving that the earth was round , a revelation to medieval and church view of a geocentric universe. Galileo was charged with hearsay and sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. Political philosophy --the writings of Machiavelli Medicine-the work of Brussels-born Andrea Verslius earned him title of "father of anatomy" and had a profound influence on Spaniard Michael Servetus and Englishmen William Harvey. The Renaissance ushered in a time of curiosity and learning that expanded people's world view and encouraged exploration. The work of geographers, astronomers and mapmakers studied and applied the work of such men as Hipparchus of Greece, Ptolemy of Egypt, Tycho Brahe of Denmark and Fra Mauro of Italy.

Who were the Aztecs

They were the largest and most successful civilization in Mexico. The Aztecs had access to vast amounts of metals, jewels which were used to make weapons and jewelry. They conquered tribes and traded with some, which increased their wealth. They were polytheistic and believed that gods demanded sacrifice. The capital was the great Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). The population was estimated to 300,000. There were pyramids, however the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the 1500's led to a conquer and destruction.]

Compare and contrast the social, political and economic factors that influenced the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917.

Until the beginning of the twentieth century Russia was ruled by Czars, who were autocratic rulers of Russia before 1917. Russian society was feudalistic and structured in three levels (1. Czar 2. Rich nobility (who owned land and government positions 3. Peasants). Several unsuccessful attempts to revolutionize occurred during the 19th century, however they were suppressed. The two revolutions had different results. Discontent with the social structure, living conditions facing the peasant class were among the causes of the 1905 revolution. The 1905 revolution was also driven by the inflation of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) that led to inflation and starving. Troops were killed in battles due to poor leadership, lack of training and inferior weaponry. Czar Nicholas II refused to end the war despite losses. By 1905 he lost Port Arthur ensuring Japanese's victory. Protests of 150,000 peasants occurred. Peasants demanded better working conditions and pay. Place guard opened fire on the crowd. This event was known as Bloody Sunday Massacre and broke the people's trust in the Czar. The economy was stuck to a halt and forced the Czar to sign the October Manifesto giving parliament limited legislative power. In 1917 the violation of the October Manifesto caused hardships for the peasants. WWII led to a loss of life and surge in pricing. Pensants could not afford to buy bread. Workers in Petrograd went on strike in 1917 over the need for food. The workers created their own government called Soviet's. Parliament controlled by nobles lost control when they failed to meet the demands of workers. The most significant difference between the 1905 and 1917 revolutions were the formation of political parties and use of propaganda. Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky won support of the peasants. Lenin and the Bolshevik Party gained control of the Red Guard and overthrew the provisional government, establishing a communist state.

Analyze the origins, course and consequences of World War I, including the human cost of the war (e.g., Holocaust), the resulting redrawing of boundaries, and the movement of peoples in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East.

World War I damaged European economies of both sides of the war, leaving them with substantial debt. People belonging to those countries, had difficulty finding jobs. Japan and Italy had few resources for the population growth they experienced. Germany suffered from inflation, which whipped out the savings of German people. The German recovery was ended due to the Great Depression. Mass unemployment, poverty weakened democratic governments. Nationalism the chief cause of World War I grew stronger after the war ended in 1918. Political and social unrest fueled nationalism, which became an avenue for gaining political office. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin gained power. In Italy Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party also gained control. World War I allowed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party to gain control. Fascism relies on aggressive territorial expansion. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, having complete control by that same year. Italy and Germany participated in the Spanish Civil War, using it as a means to test tactics for a future second Great War. Germans directly violated World War I peace treaty terms to build-up its military. Hitler sent troops to the Rhineland in 1936, invaded Austria in 1938 and united it with Germany in 1938. He seized control of the Sudetenland (West Czechoslovakia) completely by 1939. European leaders preferred to not embark on another war, the used a policy of Appeasement. World War II began as Hitler invaded Poland. The Germans took Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands and France. The Germans used the blitzkrieg (a shock tactic), which used superior weaponry and constant aerial assault to paralyze enemy communication and tactics. France fell in 1940 and was divided into two zones. One zone under German military occupation and another controlled by the Vichy led by Philippe Petain. Germany occupied the whole of France in 1942. Hitler turned attention to England. He ordered a series of bombings by the Luftwaffe (Air Force), to attack British ports, and Royal Air Force bases. This was known as the London Blitz. The British were able to repeal the attacks, forcing the Germans to abandon invasion plans. After success in North Africa and Italy and following D-Day Invasion, Allied Forces faced a campaign across Europe. The Battle of the Bulge (Battle of the Ardennes) was fought December 16, 1944- January 28, 1945. This battle was the German counteroffensive. The goal was to cut the Allied forces in half and retake the port of Antwerp, Belgium. All momentum was stopped by the Allies by Christmas. The Allied Forces imitated bombing raids deep into German territory. They launched attack's from beast in England. German factories and cities were the main targets. Germany was reduced to rubble by wars end. Germany was divided into four zones (Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States). Nazi leaders were brought to trail at Nuremberg for their war crimes. In the Pacific theater, Japanese forces seized Manchuria (which contained resources). In 1937 Japan attacked the rest of China controlling the east by 1938. Japan also brutally occupied Korea. On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Consequences for the war included death and destruction. The Nazi regime launched a Holocaust, which killed six million Jewish people. Millions of others, including homosexuals, Soviet citizens. Millions died of famine (China and Soviet Union). World War II caused more devastation than any other war. While the Axis powers were defeated, Great Britain and France were seriously weakened. The Soviet Union and the United States became the world's leading powers. America's Marshall Plan helped nations of Western Europe get back on their feet. Although allies during the war, The diplomacy between the Soviets and the United States fell apart as communism spread in Europe and Asia. In Europe communism spread to Lithuania, Latvia, parts of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Romania, Hungary and North Korea. China fell to Mao Zedong's Communist forces in 1949. Until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of Communist governments in Eastern Europe. They were locked in a Cold War, which the possibility of devastating nuclear war loomed. A successor to the League of Nations, called the United Nations, began as had been agreed during war conferences. It brought nations and the world together to resolve problems it could.