CSULB BME 100 Final Study Guide

Cancer

Disease in which abnormal cells divide without control, and are able to invade other tissues

[T/F] According to the class, most bioelectric signals are mostly noise free.

False

[T/F] Cardiovascular system include systematic circulation and lymphatic circulation.

False

[T/F] According to how to read research papers algorithm (presented in the class) we look for the main claim in the figures.

False

[T/F] According to the class lecture, DNA are the simplest unit of living matter.

False

[T/F] According to the class slides on Bioethics, Biomedical Engineers do not have any responsibility to anticipate consequences of their designs for medical applications.

False

[T/F] According to the class slides on processing of an EKG (ECG) signal, digitization occurs after noise removal.

False

[T/F] According to the class slides, Peer-reviewed work is always correct. This is because it has met the standard of science.

False

[T/F] Actin is also described as the thin filament, and troponin is described as the thick filament. Ca ions and ATP together facilitate the attachment of Actin to Troponin.

False

[T/F] Actuator is part of an instrument that detects a signal.

False

[T/F] After a scientific research passes through peer review it is never necessary to try to replicate its results.

False

[T/F] An oncogene is a gene that always causes cancer.

False

[T/F] Antibodies is another word for describing antibiotics. These are small molecules that can serve as anti microbial agents.

False

[T/F] CT scan uses a series of MRI images to create a 3D image.

False

[T/F] Dominant forces on fluids in microscale is consistent (i.e., the same as) with the forces in macroscale.

False

[T/F] 4 basic classes of materials are: Metals, Ceramics (glasses),Polymers, and Composites

True

[T/F] A water droplet's contact angle on a super hydrophilic material is smaller than a water droplet's (same size) contact a smaller contact angle than a super hydrophobic material

True

[T/F] According to the slides, tissue engineering's progress has been enabled by: engineering cells, engineering tissue architectures, and engineering of materials.

True

[T/F] Chemical complementarity and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions are two types of interactions that describe the interactions of biological materials.

True

[T/F] Even if you are unfamiliar with the topic or the scientists who authored a particular study, you can trust peer-reviewed work to meet certain standards of scientific quality.

True

[T/F] Pluripotent stem cells are more "stem" (i.e., they can differentiate into more cell types) than multipotent stem cells.

True

Carcinorma

Skin or cover organs

In-vivo

The term ---- means inside of the body of a whole living organism.

Homeostasis

--- is defined as any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.

Organoids

----- are simplified 3D models of organs that can be cultured in vitro. They are minimal models that have realistic micro-anatomies. In practice, they are small volumes of Extra-cellular-matrix (ECM) that are cellularized with cells of interest. They are kept alive via bioreactors.

malignant tumor

A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that controls all of the processes that occur in the cell

tissue engineering

A multidisciplinary field involving biology with engineering to create tissues or cellular products outside the body (ex vivo) or use the gained knowledge to better manage the repair of tissues within the body (in vivo).

benign tumor

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)

An imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Tissue

An organization of many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substance between them

Organ

An organization of several different kinds of tissues arranges together to perform a special function

System

An organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged together to perform complex functions for the body

Biomechanics

Application of mechanical laws (forces, torque, flow, transport, strength of materials) to biological systems (cells, organs, human body, or other living creators).

informed consent

Consent to treatment based on a proper understanding of the facts.

[T/F] Electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity of the heart. Therefore we expect that the units on an Electrocardiogram diagram are Voltage (Ohm) vs Time (seconds, or min).

False

[T/F] Endothelial cells line surfaces in the body.

False

[T/F] Given that EEG, EMG, and EKG measure electrical activity (i.e., electric potential) of various organs, the plots from these instruments will have the units of current (mA) vs time (units seconds).

False

[T/F] Given that most molecules, (particularly macro-molecules: peptides and polypeptides) have a short in vivo half-lives. Therefore they do not require additional delivery mechanisms.

False

[T/F] Human biomechanics only apply to the skeletomuscular systems.

False

[T/F] Hydrophobic material and water form a small (0-10 degrees) contact angle.

False

[T/F] Imagine a tube with a circular cross section. If the radius of the tube is 1/2, the resistance of the tube is increased by a factor of 4.

False

[T/F] It is acceptable and fine for researchers (for example you in this course) to use the results published in a "Predatory journal". The name only implies that the journals charge extra fees from the scientists to publish their work.

False

[T/F] Naturally occurring materials (e.g., collagen, gelatin, or Fibrin) can not be used as part of a biomedical device.

False

[T/F] Physical microenvironment can not be engineered or modified to direct the behavior of cells.

False

[T/F] RNA polymerase (RNAP) turns RNA into DNA. This process is called translation.

False

[T/F] Reynolds number has the same units as viscosity.

False

[T/F] Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to flow rate. Therefore as Reynolds number increases the flow becomes turbulent.

False

[T/F] The lymphatic system also removes excess lymph fluid from bodily tissues, and returns it to the digestive system.

False

[T/F] There is no drastic change in causes of death from 1900 to 2010.

False

[T/F] Ultrasound used ionizing radiation to enable imaging of biological samples (e.g., tissues)

False

[T/F] While important for medicine, invention of penicillin or insulin has nothing to do with biomedical engineering.

False

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Laminar

For microfluidic systems, Reynolds number (Re) is almost always in the --- regime, allowing for highly predictable fluid dynamics.

Newton's Second Law

Force = mass x acceleration

While lungs are are contained in space of approx. 4L but present a surface area of approx. 85 m^2 for gas exchange. This is achieved by the lung's -----.

Highly branched structure

William Harvey

In 1628, ---- became the first person to accurately describe the function of the heart and the circulation of blood around the body

Roentgen

In 1895, --- discovered X-rays

Einthoven

In 1924, --- was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for the invention of electrocardiograph (ECG)

Hounsfield

Invented the CT scanner in 1972

Capillary forces

Move fluid from interstitial compartment into capillaries

Microfluidics

Sciences and technologies that enable fine spatiotemporal (i.e., space and time) manipulation of small (i.e., pico - nanoliter) volume of fluids.

Ultrasound

Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz.

Sensor

The part of an instrument that detects an input is called a ----.

laminar flow

The movement of water particles in straight-line paths that are parallel to the channel. The water particles move downstream without mixing. (Can be mixed but its difficult)

Cell

The simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce itself

[T/F] Proteins are the molecular machinery that play various functions in the living systems. The unique folded structure (i.e., 3D structure) of proteins plays an important role in their function.

True

[T/F] Pub med and Google scholar are good resources for finding research papers.

True

[T/F] There exists a "connection" between the gut microbiome and the brain. For example, majority of serotonin (a key messenger molecule for nerve cells) is created in the gut by microbes

True

Angiogenesis

Tumors recruit new blood vessels to continue their growth. This formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels is called ----.

Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell

Two scientists who proposed the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance, which eventually led to the development of the MRI.

turbulant flow

When the blood flow pattern is random and chaotic, with particles moving at different speeds in many different directions (eddies) yet still maintaining a forward motion.

Reynolds number

a dimensionless quantity that describes the ratio of inertial force to viscous force in a fluid.

Biomedical Engineering

a discipline that advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, and improves human health through cross-disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice.

Torque

a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes the object to rotate

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream (detection of gamma rays by radioactive tracer)

Sampling of a signal is used to turn the biosignal into a ---- form. This is typically the ---- step in signal processing. a. Digital, first b. Digital, last c. Analog, first d. Analog, last

a. Digital, first

According to Week 4's content, which statement is FALSE? a. Drawing a black box diagram is an example of standardization b. Microscopes are an example of a bio-instrumentation c. Standardization is used to enable division of labor d. Abstraction is used as a tool for dealing with complexity

a. Drawing a black box diagram is an example of standardization

Please select the false statement: a. Extracellular matrix (ECM) only provides structural support for a given tissue b. Cell microenvironment includes both chemical and physical components c. Cells are the basic building block of tissues d. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have largely become interchangangable terms. (In our class they mean the same thing)

a. Extracellular matrix (ECM) only provides structural support for a given tissue

According to class slides (see slide 21). The common theme in preventing cancer are ---- and ----. a. Limiting exposures to risk factors, early diagnosis b. early diagnosis, better treatments (chemotherapies, better surgery). c. Limiting exposures to risk factors, better treatments (chemotherapies, better surgery, etc). d. None of the above

a. Limiting exposures to risk factors, early diagnosis

Which one is not an advantage of the microfluidic system? a. Smaller volume therefore slower reactions. b. Higher throughput of experiments. c. Smaller volume therefore conservation of samples. d. Laminar flow profiles and fine control over fluids in space and time.

a. Smaller volume therefore slower reactions.

According to the in-class discussion. The dimensions of the x-axis in an ECG diagram are ---- which is measured in ---- a. Time, Seconds b. Electric potential, Ohms c. Electric potential, Volt d. Resistance, Ohm

a. Time, Seconds

Select the True statement: a. Torque is a vector quantity. It is the measure of which a Force will cause an object to rotate. b. In Newton's law: F=ma; m represent momentum c. Force is a scalar quantity. And to calculate sum of forces we can sum all the forces together. For example, Ftotal = Fx+FY+FZ d. Biomechanics is only interested in Forces acting on the body

a. Torque is a vector quantity. It is the measure of which a Force will cause an object to rotate.

According to the week-3 material: We look for a paper's ---- in the abstract. And the main evidence in the ----. a. figures, conclusion b. abstract, figures c. conclusion, figures d. abstract, conclusion

a. figures, conclusion d. abstract, conclusion

Tumor

abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should

Biosignal

all living things, from cells to organisms, deliver signals of biological origin can be electric (i.e. depolarization of a nerve cell or heart muscle), mechanical (i.e. sound generated by heart valves) or chemical (i.e. PC02 in the blood) and are of interest for diagnosis, patient monitoring, and biomedical research may be captured electronically

Bioinstrumentation

application of biomedical engineering, which focuses on the devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and treat biological systems

The origin cell type of Carcinoma (skin cancer) is ----.The origin cell type of Sarcoma (cancer of connective or supportive tissue ) is ----. a. Mesenchymal Mesenchymal b. Epithelial Mesenchymal c. Epithelial Epithelial d. Mesenchymal Hematopoietic

b. Epithelial Mesenchymal

Which is not among the key characteristics of cancer cells? a. Uncontrolled cell growth b. controlled cell death c. Limitless expansion d. Invade nearby tissues

b. controlled cell death

There are 3 ______ bonds between G-C in the complimentary base pairs between Nucleotides in the DNA ; and 2 ______ bonds between A-T. Therefore G-C are a ______ pair than A-T bonds. a. covalent, covalent, weaker b. hydrogen, hydrogen, stronger c. hydrogen, covalent, stronger d. covalent, covalent, stronger

b. hydrogen, hydrogen, stronger

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

You may recall from physics that electro-magnetic waves (light, X-rays, etc) have a frequency. Energy (E) of a radiation can be described by the following simple equation E=hν . Where h is a constant (6.63 X 10-34 J.s) and ν is the frequency of a given electro-magnetic wave. Given the above select the False statement. a. The ratio of energy to frequency is a constant b. As the frequency increases the Energy of the radiation increases c. Given that X-ray has a higher energy than the red light; X-ray must have a shorter frequency than red light. d. frequency should have the units of (1/s) or dimension of (1/time)

c. Given that X-ray has a higher energy than the red light; X-ray must have a shorter frequency than red light.

Take a look at the graph for Stress vs Strain. Then select the True statement: a. σ=E∆L describes the Stress vs Strain behavior of the material. (Where E is the young's modules of a material). b. Stress (σ=F/A) has the units of Newtons (N) c. Thinking about a stress vs strain curve, behavior of materials can be divided into: 1. Elastic region and 2. Plastic region d. Strain has the dimension of length, and can be measured in cm

c. Thinking about a stress vs strain curve, behavior of materials can be divided into: 1. Elastic region and 2. Plastic region

Which is not considered a Biomedical engineering (BME) topic according to our class slides? a. Sequencing of genomic DNA b. Prosthetic devices and artificial limbs c. Tissue engineering d. All are considered BME topics

d. All are considered BME topics

Watch the video: "Muscle Contraction - Cross Bridge" from the biomechanics content. Which statement is False a. A sarcomere is the smallest functional unit of muscle tissue. b. Sarcomere is composed of many parallel overlapping thin filaments and thick filaments. c. The muscle contracts when the filaments slide past each other resulting in shortening of the sarcomere and thus the muscle. d. All statements are true

d. All statements are true

Think back to the video, "The immune systems explained". Which statement is False: a. Macrophages are described as "guard cells", that fight bacterial infection by each "eating up to 100" bacteria b. Macrophages recruit neutrophils if additional support is required c. Dendritic cells can activate helper t-cells, and in turn t-cells can activate b-cells d. B-cells are described as factories that create and release proteins known as antibiotics. Antibiotics get attached to the surface of bacteria. e. Memory helper t-cells and Memory b-cells remain in the body to combat the future similar infections f. All statements are true

d. B-cells are described as factories that create and release proteins known as antibiotics. Antibiotics get attached to the surface of bacteria.

interfacial tension

force per unit length existing at the interface between two immiscible liquid phases

surface tension

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface

Standardization

the process of making something conform to a standard.