Cultural Anthropology

E. E. Evans-Pritchard worked with this cultural group found in Sudan, who were patrilineal.

Nuer

This is the residence pattern in which a couple generally resides with the husband's father's family after marriage.

Patrilocal

Marriages with one wife and multiple husbands are known as.

Polyandry

Plural marriages in which there are multiple wives or, in rarer cases, multiple husbands.

Polygamy

Marriages with one husband and multiple wives are known as.

Polygyny

In Dine society, children are "born for" their father's family but "born to" their mother's families, the clan to which they belong primarily. The term clan refers to:

A group of people who have a general notion of common descent that is not attached to a specific ancestor.

Which term refers to anthropology taking a broad view of the historical and cultural foundations of behavior rather than attributing differences to biology dismantling the concept of race

A) ethnology B) fieldwork C) holism D) inclusivity C) holism

All of the following are language universals EXCEPT

A)All human cultures have a human language and use it to communicate B)All human languages change over time, a reflection of the fact that all cultures are also constantly changing C)All languages have similar basic grammatical categories such as nouns and verbs D)Not all languages are symbolic systems D)Not all languages are symbolic systems

An anthropologist conducts ethnographic research on the lives of illegal immigrant families. How might the anthropologist justify publishing intimate and potentially incriminating details about the subjects?

A)All of the poor must be given an equal voice, and publishing ethnographic research is the most useful way to accomplish this. B)The researcher obtained informed consent and ensured the anonymity of the subjects. C)The anthropologist must publish the results to help stop illegal immigration. D)The anthropologist will violate the "do no harm" mandate unless the research is published. B)The researcher obtained informed consent and ensured the anonymity of the subjects.

This anthropologist developed the influential scheme for categorizing the political character (organization) of societies that included bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

A)Franz Boas B)Lewis Binford C)Elman Service D)Julian Steward C)Elman Service

This early anthropologist is known for his development of the concepts of cultural relativism and cultural determinism

A)Franz Boas B)Lewis Henry Morgan C)Edward Taylor D)Clifford Geertz A)Franz Boas

What is one key aspect in how we understand the idea of culture?

A)Humans inherit culture from their parents. B)The process of culture is unique to humans. C)Culture can only be learned through exposure to cultural institutions. D)Humans learn culture throughout their lives. D)Humans learn culture throughout their lives.

This anthropology returned to the Trobriand Islands to study the same culture as Malinowski and found that earlier anthropologists had witnessed only part of the culture because all cultures have gender divisions.

A)Margaret Mead B)Ruth Benedict C)Annette Weiner D)Edward Tylor C)Annette Weiner

Her work in Samoa helped to shake up long-held beliefs about alleged "biological" restrictions upon what women could and could not do.

A)Margaret Mead B)Ruth Benedict C)Annette Weiner D)Laura Nadar A)Margaret Mead

How might a sociolinguist explain "mock Spanish" terms such as el cheapo?

A)Mock Spanish makes fun of Spanish speakers while enhancing the status of English speakers. B)The use of these terms is completely acceptable among the ethnic groups from which the terms are drawn. C)It reflects the celebration of a specific cultural heritage. D)Linguistic boundaries should remain sharp and language use should be neatly ordered. A)Mock Spanish makes fun of Spanish speakers while enhancing the status of English speakers.

Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that the languages spoken in Europe—such as Latin, English, German, and Greek—are derived from an earlier language, which is called ________.

A)Proto-Indo-European B)Pre-Modern European C)Pan Archaic European D)Proto-Germanic A)Proto-Indo-European

This anthropologist's study of the Azande of the southern Sudan was meant to indicate why and how Azande beliefs in magic and witchcraft made perfect sense according to Azande premises (and to many peoples everywhere who wanted to understand human ills such as disease and death). They avoided ethnocentric notions like "they are ignorant primitives." Their point was that their beliefs made sense given their premises, and that they were as logical as any other people.

A)Ruth Benedict B)E. E. Evans-Pritchard C)Franz Boas D)Edward Taylor B)E. E. Evans-Pritchard

This is an approach developed in British anthropology that emphasized the ways that the parts of a society work together to support the functioning of the whole.

A)Structuralism B)functionalism C)Structural functionalism D)Area functionalism B)functionalism

This term, coined by Clifford Geertz, is used to describe a detailed description of the studied group that not only explains the behavior but also the context and interpretations of it.

A)Thick description B)Deep description C)Observed description D)Quantitative description A)Thick description

American women are far more likely than men to distinguish between colors like teal and turquoise, or magenta and purple. What is this an example of?

A)a biological difference between men and women B)the gendered focal vocabulary that exists within American culture C)the use of paralanguage that differentiates female culture from the dominant male culture D)the use of linguistic productivity and displacement B)the gendered focal vocabulary that exists within American culture

Because few children grow up learning to speak the Lakota language, efforts have been made to preserve language samples and artifacts in tribal areas. One of the major efforts in use today is:

A)a participatory social media platform built by LiveAndTell. B)replacing standard English with the Lakota language in local schools. C)the translation of the Christian Bible into the Lakota language by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. D)legislation making the Lakota language the official language in all tribal areas. A)a participatory social media platform built by LiveAndTell.

The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is referred to as what?

A)agency B)coercion C)domination D)hegemony D)hegemony

This is an academic word that is similar to the concept of free will.

A)agency B)holism C)rapport D)ethnographic A)agency

In many, if not most, societies, the status of these individuals is relatively low.

A)all children, regardless of sex/gender B)males C)only male children D)females D)females

This unit of political organization consists of only a few families and no formal leadership position

A)band B)tribe C)chiefdom D)state A)band

This unit of political organization are organized around family ties and have a fluid system of temporary leadership.

A)band B)tribe C)chiefdom D)state B)tribe

This unit of political organization is large and has a leader in a formal position of power determined by heredity.

A)band B)tribe C)chiefdom D)state C)chiefdom

This unit of political organization has a central government, formal laws, and a standing military force.

A)band B)tribe C)chiefdom D)state D)state

Anthropology departments commonly organize their curriculum around courses taught about Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, China, Latin America, Europe, and so forth. The organizing concept behind this is

A)core specific studies B)time specific studies C)spatial studies D)area studies D)area studies

This is the idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their own culture and not our own. It is the most important concept in cultural anthropology.

A)cultural relativism B)ethnocentrism C)functionalism D)structuralism A)cultural relativism

Using one's own culture to evaluate and judge the practices and ideas of others is called this.

A)cultural relativism B)ethnocentrism C)holism B)ethnocentrism

This is a hallmark of the four-field approach to anthropology:

A)deep description. B)polyvocality. C)holistic perspective. D)reflexivity. C)holistic perspective.

It is easy to view digital technology as groundbreaking and found virtually everywhere, yet 85 percent of the world's population is still left out of this digital revolution. We call this the

A)digital revolution B)digital divide C)digital inequality D)digital stratification B)digital divide

This term describes all forms of human body language, including gestures, body position and movement, facial expressions, and eye contact.

A)displacement B)morphology C)kinesics D)proxemics C)kinesics

This is the study of the social use of space, specifically the distance an individual tries to maintain around himself in interactions with others.

A)displacement B)morphology C)kinesics D)proxemics D)proxemics

Band societies tend to be relatively equal with little or no difference in status or power between individuals. We can say that they are this type of group.

A)egalitarian B)ranked C)stratified D)caste A)egalitarian

When there is substantial differences in wealth and social status based on relationship to the group's leader, we can say that they are this type of group.

A)egalitarian B)ranked C)stratified D)caste B)ranked

When there are large differences in wealth, status, and power based on unequal access to resources, we can say that they are this type of group.

A)egalitarian B)ranked C)stratified D)caste C)stratified

When one's position is determined by birth and remains fixed for life, we can say that they are this type of group.

A)egalitarian B)ranked C)stratified D)caste D)caste

This refers to the human capacity to learn any language or culture.

A)ethnocentrism B)cultural relativism C)plasticity D)specificity C)plasticity

In the course of participant observation, anthropologists are often called on to do things that they might not ordinarily do. What allows them to develop a keen understanding of beliefs and practices of others as they conduct fieldwork?

A)ethnographic practice B)cultural relativism C)cultural reflexivity D)cultural ethnology B)cultural relativism

Cultural anthropologists like to hang out with the people they are studying and ask lots of questions as the people work, celebrate, dance, or play games. What is the term used for this process?

A)ethnology B)participant observation C)cultural anthropology D)cognitive anthropology B)participant observation

In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy?

A)four-field approach B)cultural evolution C)physical anthropology D)ethnobiology A)four-field approach

Members of the civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, and marches to oppose inequality. Their actions eventually resulted in the Civil Rights Act, which eliminated much of the legal inequality in the country. What is this is an example of?

A)framing process B)public enterprise C)social movements D)rights initiative C)social movements

This field studies how languages change, how they eventually become new languages, and, when possible, why they change.

A)historical linguistics B)structural linguistics C)theoretical linguistics D)predictive linguistics A)historical linguistics

What do we call the belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural and the practices of other people are abnormal and unnatural?

A)holism B)relativism C)"walking in their shoes" D)ethnocentrism D)ethnocentrism

This is the process through which ethnographers participated in the daily lives of the people they studied, learned their languages, and became immersed in the ordinary workings of other's societies. It was made popular by this anthropologist.

A)holism, Edward Taylor B)participant observation, Edward Taylor C)holism, Bronislaw Malinowski D)participant observation, Bronislaw Malinowski D)participant observation, Bronislaw Malinowski

Archaeology, the study of cultures in the human past, focuses on what?

A)human adaptation to the environment in the past B) human evolution from the fossil record C) any human material remains D)any human burial sites C) any human material remains

In the field, the anthropology should attempt to create a sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship, also known as.

A)identify key informants B)establish rapport C)chart kinship networks D)conduct a very selective literature review B)establish rapport

Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of what?

A)industry B)agriculture C)fossil fuels D)democracy B)agriculture

Blood ties, common ancestry, and social relationships that form families within human groups is known as

A)kinship B)ethnocentrism C)cultural relativism D)belief system A)kinhsip

Humans have all the same organs in the mouth and throat that the other great apes have except this is in a lower position in the throat in humans.

A)larynx B)tongue C)uvula D)tonsils A)larynx

This is a minimal unit of meaning in a language; it cannot be broken down into any smaller units that still relate to the original meaning.

A)morpheme B)rebound morpheme C)bounded morpheme D)phoneme A)morpheme

This is defined as the minimal unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning if substituted for another sound in a word that is otherwise identical.

A)morpheme B)rebound morpheme C)bounded morpheme D)phoneme D)phoneme

Anthropologists seek to counter ethnocentrism by:

A)objectively, accurately, and sensitively representing the diversity of human life and culture. B)explaining cultural difference as scientifically or biologically natural C)developing clear explanations about American norms and values for the populations they study. D)accurately critiquing the norms and values of other cultures against the standards of their home cultures. A)objectively, accurately, and sensitively representing the diversity of human life and culture.

This field focuses on the study of the meanings of words and other morphemes as well as how the meanings of phrases and sentences derive from them

A)phonetics B)morphetics C)predictive linguistics D)semantics D)semantics

What type of anthropologist focuses on how humans have adapted to their environments over time?

A)physical anthropologist B)descriptive linguist C)paleoanthropologist D)cultural anthropologist A)physical anthropologist

The sequencing mitochondrial DNA to trace changes in human ancestors over time involves which specialization of anthropology?

A)prehistoric archeology B)forensic anthropology C)paleoanthropology D)historic archaeology C)paleoanthropology

This type of leader, found in New Guinea and elsewhere, acquires followers by doing favors or creates alliances through marriage.

A)president B)big man C)chief D)conch holder B)big man

What do anthropologists call a nonstandard variation of a language?

A)prestige language B)type of displacement C)dialect D)morpheme C)dialect

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

A)racism B)stratification C)coercion D)hegemony B)stratification

Franz Boas' attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers is called salvage ethnography. Boas' method involved:

A)rapid gathering of available material and documenting, photographing and otherwise preserving cultural traditions. B)rapid assessment of local conditions and detailed interviews. C)observing many participants over a long period of time. D)collecting only material goods that were considered trash. A)rapid gathering of available material and documenting, photographing and otherwise preserving cultural traditions.

Many animals, such as dolphins and great apes, communicate with each other through gestures and sounds. Human language utilizes sounds, gestures, and ________.

A)smell B)symbols C)warning calls D)chemical information B)symbols

In 2014, police in Ferguson, MO, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide protest. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?

A)social movements B)social rationale C)social demonstration D)framing process A)social movements

In 2009, newly elected president Barack Obama visited a famous eatery in Washington, D.C., and, after paying his tab, was asked by the cashier if he wanted his change. The president's reply was, "Nah, we straight." Which of the following was the president doing?

A)speaking a dialect of English B)using language as cultural capital C)code switching D)speaking standard English C)code switching

This group, as evidenced by E.E. Evans-Pritchard believed that ethnography and culture could be approached scientifically.

A)structural functionalism B)cultural interpretivism C)historical particularism D)unilineal cultural evolution A)structural functionalism

Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?

A)structural functionalism B)cultural interpretivism C)historical particularism D)unilineal cultural evolution C)historical particularism

This is anything that serves to refer to something else, but has a meaning that cannot be guessed because there is no obvious connection between it and its referent.

A)symbol B)phoneme C)morpheme D)lexicon A)symbol

In the film Nanook of the North, Flaherty filmed the life of a man from this culture.

A)the Dakota B)the Kwakiutl C)the Inuit (Eskimo) D)the Mandan C)the Inuit (Eskimo)

This is a term that has been used to describe people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own.

A)the different B)the variant C)the outside D)the other D)the other

This field explores the more recent past, combining examination of physical remains and artifacts with written or oral records.

A)theoretical archaeology B)historic archaeology C)ancient archaeology D)classic archaeology B)historic archaeology

Why do linguistic anthropologists study the patterns and important sounds spoken by a group of people?

A)to decipher meaning B)to identify how emotions are conveyed through nonverbal communication C)to determine how long a specific language has existed D)to understand the elements and rules of a particular language D)to understand the elements and rules of a particular language

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

A)unconscious instruction B)contestation C)relativism D)enculturation D)enculturation

Linguist Noam Chomsky proposed that all languages share the properties this, a basic template for all human languages, which he believed was embedded in our genes, hard-wiring the brains of all human children to acquire language.

A)universal phonetics B)universal syntax C)universal grammar D)universal lexicons C)universal grammar

These theorists track the distribution of a system across the globe.

A)world system B)cultural system C)world specific D)cultural specific A)world system

This is the residence pattern in which a couple will live with the wife's mother's brother.

Avunculocal

This is an exchange of valuables given from a man's family to the family of his new wife.

Bridewealth

This type of cousin is either your mother's brother's child, or your father's sister's child.

Cross-cousin

This is a gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of marriage.

Dowry

Cultural rules emphasizing the need to marry within a cultural group are known as:

Endogamy

Cultural expectations for marriage outside a particular group are called:

Exogamy

Cultural anthropologists have found that kinship-like relationships are often built outside pf direct descent and marriage. These are known as:

Fictive kin

The prohibition against marrying outside of your ethnic group was once so strong that these types of marriages were illegal in much of the United States.

Interracial

This can be a powerful survival tool with its ability to forge supportive networks, as we've seen in African-American neighborhoods in Chicago.

Kinship

This is a word used to describe culturally recognized ties between members of a family.

Kinship

Jewish identity is viewed as inherited through this form of descent.

Matrilineal

This is the residence pattern in which a couple generally reside with the wife's family after marriage.

Matrilocal

Cultural change with regard to families has been quite drastic in the US. Prior to the 1950s, it was far more common to find Americans living in these types of homes.

Multigenerational

For anthropologists, this is any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting.

Status