Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology

genome

*Class 5 (1-28-20)*... *Evolution through Adaptation* -Organisms evolve through a series of adaptations which might be selected for or against by nature. -Adaptations -Natural Selection *History of Research on Evolution and Genetics* -Charles Darwin --Natural Selection --While he recognized that species had an ability to adapt to their environment, he did not know how it occurred... *History of Research on Evolution and Genetics* -Gregor Mendel is often referred to as the father of genetics. He provided the "how" of adaptation through his genetic work involving pea plants. -Today, having mapped the human _____ - the genetic design of a species - with its complete set of DNA, we can learn that our species shares most of its DNA with one other living primate, the chimpanzee.

species

*Class 5 (1-28-20)*... *Humans and Other Primates* -Humans are 1 of the 10 million _____ on earth today. -A _____ is a population having common attributes and the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Primate

*Class 5 (1-28-20)*... *Humans and Other _____s*... -The human species is one kind of _____ or subgroup of mammals that also include lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.

ethnology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... Alexander Ervin (2005: 2-5) suggests... a model comprised of the following five types of cultural anthropology (see also Table 3.1 and 3.2): 1. Ethnography or _____. For the past century, traditional ethnography (describing) and _____ (comparing or theorizing) have accounted for most of the anthropological studies conducted on cultures and subcultures throughout the world... 2. Studies of social issues... 3. Policy studies... 4. Applied anthropology... 5. Practicing anthropology.

Practicing anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... Alexander Ervin (2005: 2-5) suggests... a model comprised of the following five types of cultural anthropology (see also Table 3.1 and 3.2): 1. Ethnography or ethnology... 2. Studies of social issues... 3. Policy studies... 4. Applied anthropology... 5. _____. The term _____ has been popular since the 1970s to refer to that group of professionally trained anthropologists (at the MA or PhD level) who work full-time outside of academia by applying their cultural expertise to advance the goals of their employing organizations.

Policy studies

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... Alexander Ervin (2005: 2-5) suggests... a model comprised of the following five types of cultural anthropology (see also Table 3.1 and 3.2): 1. Ethnography or ethnology... 2. Studies of social issues... 3. _____. The purpose of policy research is to provide information to those in a position to make decisions on behalf of others, formulate policy, implement it, or possibly conduct evaluations on policy. 4. Applied anthropology... 5. Practicing anthropology.

Studies of social issues

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... Alexander Ervin (2005: 2-5) suggests... a model comprised of the following five types of cultural anthropology (see also Table 3.1 and 3.2): 1. Ethnography or ethnology... 2. _____. The ethnographic study of contemporary social issues often generates findings that have relevance to policy makers. 3. Policy studies... 4. Applied anthropology... 5. Practicing anthropology.

Ethnography

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... Alexander Ervin (2005: 2-5) suggests... a model comprised of the following five types of cultural anthropology (see also Table 3.1 and 3.2): 1. _____ or ethnology. For the past century, traditional _____ (describing) and ethnology (comparing or theorizing) have accounted for most of the anthropological studies conducted on cultures and subcultures throughout the world... 2. Studies of social issues... 3. Policy studies... 4. Applied anthropology... 5. Practicing anthropology.

action anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... In the discipline of anthropology, some circles make a further distinction between applied anthropologists and practicing anthropologists. Applied anthropologists generally work with community partners to establish a community-based research project while also employed at a university... practicing anthropologists, on the other hand, may be specialists in a topical area of anthropology or a particular methodology, but they use their anthropological knowledge in their places of employment... *Class 6 (1-30-20)*... *Applied Anthropologists*... -A third style of community research is _____ (begins with a premise that relationship between researchers and community should be one of equality).

people studied

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *Anthropologists' Major Areas of Ethical Responsibility* -Responsibility to the _____. According to the AAA and the SfAA, anthropologists' paramount responsibility is to the people they study... -Responsibility to the public and [to the] communities affected by our actions... -Responsibility to the discipline and social science colleagues... -Responsibility to students, interns, and trainees... -Responsibility to sponsors, employers, and funders... -Responsibility to one's own and the host governments.

public and [to the] communities affected by our actions

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *Anthropologists' Major Areas of Ethical Responsibility* -Responsibility to the people studied... -Responsibility to the _____. Anthropologists have a fundamental responsibility to respect the dignity, integrity, and worth of the communities that will be directly affected by the research findings... -Responsibility to the discipline and social science colleagues... -Responsibility to students, interns, and trainees... -Responsibility to sponsors, employers, and funders... -Responsibility to one's own and the host governments.

colleagues

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *Anthropologists' Major Areas of Ethical Responsibility* -Responsibility to the people studied... -Responsibility to the public and [to the] communities affected by our actions... -Responsibility to the discipline and social science _____. Anthropologists bear responsibility for maintaining the reputation of the discipline and their _____. -Responsibility to students, interns, and trainees... -Responsibility to sponsors, employers, and funders... -Responsibility to one's own and the host governments.

sponsors, employers, and funders

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *Anthropologists' Major Areas of Ethical Responsibility* -Responsibility to the people studied... -Responsibility to the public and [to the] communities affected by our actions... -Responsibility to the discipline and social science colleagues... -Responsibility to students, interns, and trainees... -Responsibility to _____. Anthropologists have a professional responsibility to be honest about their qualifications, capabilities, and purposes... -Responsibility to one's own and the host governments.

governments

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *Anthropologists' Major Areas of Ethical Responsibility* -Responsibility to the people studied... -Responsibility to the public and [to the] communities affected by our actions... -Responsibility to the discipline and social science colleagues... -Responsibility to students, interns, and trainees... -Responsibility to sponsors, employers, and funders... -Responsibility to one's own and the host _____. Anthropologists should be honest and candid in their relationships with both their own and the host _____.

students, interns, and trainees

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *Anthropologists' Major Areas of Ethical Responsibility* -Responsibility to the people studied... -Responsibility to the public and [to the] the communities affected by our actions... -Responsibility to the discipline and social science colleagues... -Responsibility to _____. Anthropologists should be fair, candid, and non-exploitive when dealing with their students... -Responsibility to sponsors, employers, and funders... -Responsibility to one's own and the host governments.

people studied; public and [to the] communities affected by our actions; colleagues; students, interns, and trainees; sponsors, employers, and funders; governments

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *Anthropologists' Major Areas of Ethical Responsibility* The codes of professional ethics adopted by the AAA and the SfAA are not appreciably different. Both codes identify major areas of responsibility for all anthropologists, including the following: -Responsibility to the ___1___... -Responsibility to the ___2___... -Responsibility to the discipline and social science ___3___... -Responsibility to ___4___... -Responsibility to ___5___... -Responsibility to one's own and the host ___6___.

Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists)... One place that tends to hire a number of anthropologists is the federal government... Having experience is equally important before applying to the federal government... Fiske identifies three areas that could help applied anthropologists as well as other social scientists who want to be or who are already employed by the federal government. She recommends: 1. "Get methodological and statistics training."... 2. "Utilize internships, fellowships, and networking."... 3. "Prepare with training specific to government work."... *Summary*... 5. Applied anthropologists work in a wide range of settings, both at home and abroad. Moreover, they play a number of specialized roles, including policy researcher, impact assessor, expert witness, trainer, planner, and cultural broker.

information, policy, action

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... The work of applied anthropology involves (to varying degrees) three major products: ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___... Thus, as John Van Willigen (2002: 11) reminds us, "___1___ is obtained through research, ___1___ is used to formulate ___2___, and ___2___ guides ___3___."... *Examples of Applied Anthropology*... *An Ethnographic Study of Post-Disaster Relief (Development Anthropology)*... How can applied cultural anthropologists play a significant role in post-disaster situations? First, applied anthropologists can gather the necessary ___1___ that highlights the problem(s) at hand. Second, they can take this ___1___ to help move beyond the problem and to identify the needs or materials necessary for solutions to reduce the problems at hand... Third, in some cases applied anthropologists may help with changes in ___2___ or contribute to the ___3___s necessary for change to occur. In both cases, a ___2___ approach or ___3___-oriented approach, acting on the ___1___ gathered from the post-disaster situation can make a difference in improving people's quality of life.

information

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... The work of applied anthropology involves (to varying degrees) three major products: _____, policy, and action. The first of these products is the collection of solid sociocultural _____ on the people under study—the so-called project beneficiaries.

policy

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... The work of applied anthropology involves (to varying degrees) three major products: information, _____, and action... Using research findings as a foundation, applied anthropologists next develop _____, which can be used to help lessen a problem or condition identified during the information-gathering phase... *Summary*... 4. Cultural anthropology can make unique contributions as a _____ science. For example, anthropologists bring to a research setting their skills as participant observers, the capacity to view sociocultural phenomena from a holistic perspective, their regional and topical expertise, a willingness to see the world from the perspective of the local people (emic view), and the value orientation of cultural relativism... 7. Today, there is a growing need for applied anthropologists to develop strategies that will increase the likelihood of their research findings being used by _____ makers.

action

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... The work of applied anthropology involves (to varying degrees) three major products: information, policy, and _____... The final product of applied anthropologists is a plan of _____, or intervention, designed to correct a problem or undesirable condition.

All Anthropologists Are Not Applied Anthropologists

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (All Anthropologists Are Not Applied Anthropologists) The nature of anthropological research—which involves living with people, sharing their lives, and often befriending them—makes it difficult for cultural anthropologists to ignore the enormity of the problems these societies face on an everyday basis... Most anthropologists who identify with an applied perspective are cultural anthropologists, but the other three traditional subfields (archaeology, biological, and linguistics) are certainly involved in their share of applied activities... Some applied anthropologists share both an interest in biological and cultural anthropology and may combine these interests in the form of medical anthropology.

problem-oriented research

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... Although, to some extent, anthropologists have always applied their findings to the solution of human problems, an increasing number of anthropologists since the mid-twentieth century have conducted research aimed explicitly at practical applications. These practitioners share the applied perspective, which is characterized by _____ among the world's contemporary populations. ---------- *Definition* _____: A type of anthropological research designed to solve a particular societal problem rather than to test a theoretical position.

applied anthropologists, practicing anthropologists, action anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... In the discipline of anthropology, some circles make a further distinction between ___1___ and ___2___. ___1___ generally work with community partners to establish a community-based research project while also employed at a university... practicing anthropologists, on the other hand, may be specialists in a topical area of anthropology or a particular methodology, but they use their anthropological knowledge in their places of employment... *Class 6 (1-30-20)*... *___1___*... -A third style of community research is ___3___ (begins with a premise that relationship between researchers and community should be one of equality).

Applied anthropologists

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... In the discipline of anthropology, some circles make a further distinction between _____ and practicing anthropologists. _____ generally work with community partners to establish a community-based research project while also employed at a university... practicing anthropologists, on the other hand, may be specialists in a topical area of anthropology or a particular methodology, but they use their anthropological knowledge in their places of employment... *Class 6 (1-30-20)*... *_____*... -A third style of community research is action anthropology (begins with a premise that relationship between researchers and community should be one of equality).

practicing anthropologists

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology*... In the discipline of anthropology, some circles make a further distinction between applied anthropologists and _____. Applied anthropologists generally work with community partners to establish a community-based research project while also employed at a university... _____, on the other hand, may be specialists in a topical area of anthropology or a particular methodology, but they use their anthropological knowledge in their places of employment... *Class 6 (1-30-20)*... *Applied Anthropologists*... -A third style of community research is action anthropology (begins with a premise that relationship between researchers and community should be one of equality).

Development

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology*... *Medical Anthropology*... *Ecological Anthropology*... *International Business and Business Anthropology*... *Educational Anthropology*... *_____ Anthropology* _____ Anthropology takes international _____ and international aid as a primary focus. Within this specialization of anthropology, the term _____ refers to the social action made by different institutions, businesses, enterprises, states, and independent volunteers, who are trying to modify the economic, technical, political, and social life of a given place in the world, especially in impoverished areas... _____ anthropologists tend to be involved in projects that seek to improve the economic well-being of marginalized communities and to alleviate poverty... _____ anthropologists work both domestically and abroad in international _____ agencies such as the World Bank, the United Nations, or USAID.

Educational

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology*... *Medical Anthropology*... *Ecological Anthropology*... *International Business and Business Anthropology*... *_____ Anthropology* _____ Anthropology is a specialty in anthropology that relies on applying methods and theory of cultural anthropology to the _____ setting... *Development Anthropology*

Business

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology*... *Medical Anthropology*... *Ecological Anthropology*... *International _____ and _____ Anthropology* International _____ and _____ anthropologists work both at home and abroad in international development agencies such as the World Bank and USAID... _____ anthropologists apply anthropological theories, methods, and skills to research and identify solutions to solve all kinds of _____- and industry-related problems... *Educational Anthropology*... *Development Anthropology*

Ecological

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology*... *Medical Anthropology*... *_____ Anthropology* _____ Anthropology is a subspecialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time... Most _____ anthropologists get advanced degrees, at the master's or doctoral level, to provide them with skill sets to work in the field knowledgeably... *International Business and Business Anthropology*... *Educational Anthropology*... *Development Anthropology*

Medical, Ecological, Business, Educational, Development

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology*... *___1___ Anthropology*... *___2___ Anthropology*... *International ___3___ and ___3___ Anthropology*... *___4___ Anthropology*... *___5___ Anthropology*

Medical

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology*... *_____ Anthropology* _____ Anthropology is a subfield of sociocultural, biological, and applied anthropology. _____ Anthropology is an interdisciplinary and complex field, which studies human health, illness and disease, curing, healing and health care systems, nutrition, and biocultural adaptation from multiple perspectives... _____ anthropologists normally acquire a master's degree and a doctoral degree... *Ecological Anthropology*... *International Business and Business Anthropology*... *Educational Anthropology*... *Development Anthropology*

dengue fever

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology*... *How to Start to Become an Applied Anthropologist* On finishing a bachelor's degree, a student will need to complete a master's thesis and/or doctoral dissertation... Combining anthropology and another area of study such as biology, ecology, business, a second language, and statistics could be the building blocks for a career in anthropology. Take, for example, this scenario of a graduate student in medical anthropology who examined the transmission of tuberculosis in a South American community. Maybe his research methods and findings and language skills will enable him to work on additional health-related projects in South America. For example, on graduating with his PhD in hand, the graduate might find a postdoctoral position as an applied medical anthropologist and expand his career to learning about the spread of other infectious diseases such as _____ or HIV/AIDS and help to develop community-based prevention programs in affected areas. ---------- *Definition* _____: An infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus that is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. _____ also is known as breakbone fever. Symptoms include a high fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a skin rash.

Agrochemical Effects on the Human and Natural Environments (Ecological Anthropology)

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Examples of Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (Agrochemical Effects on the Human and Natural Environments (Ecological Anthropology)) As the world became increasingly industrialized and globalized during the twentieth century, environmental anthropologists became more and more interested in the effects of technology on both the natural and human environments. In the late 1990s, one of the authors (Susan Andreatta) studied the impact of the use of agrochemicals (that is, insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides) on the health of both local farmers and their physical environments (see Figure 3.7) in the Caribbean islands of Antigua, Barbados, and St. Vincent (1998)... Andreatta found that the increased use of chemical biocides was driven by a number of factors: a world marketplace demanding blemish-free fruits and vegetables, international chemical companies wishing to expand their markets into developing countries, growers interested in producing the most marketable produce possible, and a lack of government control of the importation and use of potentially dangerous chemical biocides... The widespread use and misuse of biocides also had major negative effects on the natural environments of these three Caribbean islands... After documenting the risks of agrochemicals on both human and environmental health, Andreatta offered some useful suggestions to help ameliorate some of the more negative consequences of using agrochemicals.

An Ethnographic Study of Post-Disaster Relief (Development Anthropology)

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Examples of Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (An Ethnographic Study of Post-Disaster Relief (Development Anthropology)) Haiti experienced a devastating earthquake on January 12, 2010... Within the first weeks U.S. citizens contributed hundreds of millions of dollars, mostly to large nongovernment organizations such as the Red Cross... Applied anthropologist Mark Schuller (2012) is asking the important questions: (1) Where did all the money go? (2) Where is the promised funding for development, rebuilding, and repairing for the Haitian people? And (3) for how much longer will there be "temporary" camps?... The conditions in the temporary camps are beyond capacity... Since the quake the United Nations reported that Haiti received nearly $10 billion pledged by more than 50 countries and multilateral agencies in the form of humanitarian assistance, recovery aid, and disaster relief. Yet, with all the money and donations pouring in, Haiti remains a poor country, and a new trend is emerging that has humanitarian aid groups worried.

Policy researcher, Evaluator, Impact assessor, Planner, Needs assessor, Trainer, Advocate, Expert witness, Administrator manager, Cultural broker

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists* Applied anthropologists also play a number of specialized roles, which are more thoroughly described by John Van Willigen: -___1___... -___2___... -___3___... -___4___... -___5___... -___6___... -___7___... -___8___... -___9___... -___10___... These specialized roles are not mutually exclusive.

Cultural broker

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -Advocate... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -_____: This role may involve serving as a liaison between the program planner and administrators on one hand and local ethnic communities on the other, or between mainstream hospital personnel and their ethnically distinct patients.

Administrator manager

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -Advocate... -Expert witness... -_____: An applied anthropologist who assumes direct administrative responsibility for a particular project is working in this specialized role. -Cultural broker...

Expert witness

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -Advocate... -_____: This role involves the presentation of culturally relevant research findings as part of judicial proceedings through legal briefs, depositions, or direct testimony. -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Advocate

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -_____: This rare role involves becoming an active supporter of a particular group of people... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Trainer

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -_____: Adopting what is essentially a teaching role, applied anthropologists impart cultural knowledge about certain populations to different professional groups working in cross-cultural situations (such as Peace Corps volunteers or international businesspeople). -Advocate... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Needs assessor

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -Planner... -_____: This role involves conducting research to determine ahead of time the need for a proposed program or project. -Trainer... -Advocate... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Planner

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -_____: In this fairly common role, applied anthropologists actively participate in the design of various programs and policies. -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -Advocate... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Impact assessor

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -Evaluator... -_____: This role entails measuring the effects of a particular project, program, or policy on local peoples... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -Advocate... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Evaluator

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -Policy researcher... -_____: In another role that is also quite common, _____s use their research skills to determine how well a program or policy has succeeded in fulfilling its objectives. -Impact assessor... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -Advocate... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Policy researcher

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists*... -_____: This role, perhaps the most common role for applied anthropologists, involves providing cultural data to policy makers so that they can make the most informed policy decisions. -Evaluator... -Impact assessor... -Planner... -Needs assessor... -Trainer... -Advocate... -Expert witness... -Administrator manager... -Cultural broker...

Project Camelot (1964-1965)

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied* All field anthropologists—both those who do applied work and those who do descriptive ethnographic fieldwork—find themselves in social situations that are varied and complex because they work with and have different role relationships with a wide range of people... Under such socially complex conditions, it is likely that anthropologists, having to choose among conflicting values, will face a number of ethical dilemmas... Though recognizing that anthropologists continually face such ethical decisions, the profession has made it clear that each member of the profession is ultimately responsible for anticipating these ethical dilemmas and for resolving them in a way that avoids causing harm to their subjects or to other scholars. Today, U.S. federal law and policies at most research-oriented universities require that any faculty research (in which human beings are subjects) must comply with accepted ethical and professional standards... Concern for professional ethics is hardly a recent phenomenon among anthropologists... Although the SfAA first published its statement of ethics in 1949, because of events that transpired during World War II, the independent publication of these professional codes of ethics in the 1970s was, to a large degree, precipitated by several controversial events that occurred in the 1960s. One controversy revolved around the allegation that U.S. anthropologists secretly had engaged in counterinsurgency research for the Pentagon during the Vietnam War. Another ethical crisis arose around _____, a $6 million research project funded by the U.S. Army to gather data on counterinsurgency that would enable the Army to cope more effectively with internal revolutions in foreign countries, primarily in Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Europe... Although the project never really got under way, it had enormous repercussions for the discipline of anthropology. The heated debate among anthropologists that followed revolved around two important questions. First, was _____ a legitimately objective attempt to gather social science data, or was it a cover for the U.S. Army to intervene in the internal political affairs of sovereign nations? And second, were the participating anthropologists misled into thinking that scientific research was the project's sole objective, while they were really (and perhaps unwittingly) serving as undercover spies? One practical and immediate consequence of the alleged activities of U.S. anthropologists in both Vietnam and _____ was the cloud of suspicion that fell over all legitimate anthropological research... As we discussed previously, the discipline of anthropology learned an important but costly lesson from Vietnam and _____: Anthropologists have a responsibility to their subjects, their profession, their colleagues, and themselves to become much more aware of the motives, objectives, and assumptions of the organizations that sponsor their research... All anthropologists have an ethical responsibility to avoid being hired by or receiving funds from any organization that might use their research findings in morally questionable ways. ---------- *Definition* _____: An aborted U.S. Army research project designed to study the causes of civil unrest and violence in developing countries. It created a controversy among anthropologists about whether the U.S. government was using participants as spies... *Class 7 (2-4-20)*... *_____ (1964 - 1965)* =Used to combat communism in Latin America, which was believed to be a threat to society =Set up with the intention of getting very broad social research that would allow our government to intervene. Only one anthropologist was involved in _____ except for some guy named Yugo something who was a consultant.

Ethical Consideration in Private and Public Sectors

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *_____* (Ethical Consideration in Private and Public Sectors) With the growth in applied anthropology in recent decades, many cultural anthropologists are finding employment in the private and public sectors. This raises some important ethical dilemmas because, as employees, such applied anthropologists may not have control over their own research... Fortunately, these and many other potential conflicts of interest are explicitly covered by the general guidelines of either the AAA or the SfAA. Similarly in academia, anthropologists must have their research approved by their university's internal review board (IRB) when working with human subjects... *Summary*... 3. Cultural anthropologists in general—but particularly applied anthropologists—face ethical problems when conducting their research. One important ethical issue to which applied anthropologists must be sensitive is whether the people being studied will benefit from the proposed changes. Both the AAA and the SfAA have identified areas of ethical responsibility for practicing anthropologists, including responsibilities to the people under study, the local communities, the host governments and their own government, other members of the scholarly community, organizations that sponsor research, and their own students.

Funding Applied Research

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... *_____* (Funding Applied Research) Much of the applied anthropology carried out in recent decades has been supported by large public and private organizations seeking to better understand the cultural dimensions of their sponsored programs... These private and public agencies not only are interested in what applied anthropologists' research has to offer, but also in some cases they are the funding agencies that the researchers apply to for financing their research or developing their project... Experience tells us there is no such thing as a free lunch, thus being a successful grant writer may help to provide the necessary funding for a project and help keep applied anthropologists employed.

Human Terrain System (HTS)

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied*... Profound changes occurred in the United States and elsewhere in the world after September 11, 2001, subsequent to the loss of life and destruction of the twin towers in New York City, the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and the downed plane in Pennsylvania... Some linguists and other social scientists are employed in military intelligence for the U.S. Army in a program referred to as the _____... Coming off the distant heels of Project Camelot and Vietnam, the _____ program has caused great controversy within the anthropological academy among anthropologists who believe working with or aiding the military violates both the SfAA and AAA code of professional responsibility... The public debate surrounding _____ has received widespread coverage in the media, at annual SfAA and AAA conferences, and has been the topic of numerous articles in academic journals. ---------- *Definition* _____: A U.S. Army, military intelligence support program in which personnel are hired from the social science disciplines—such as anthropology, sociology, political science, regional studies, and linguistics—to provide military commanders and staff with an understanding of the local population (that is, the "human terrain") in the regions in which they are deployed... *Class 7 (2-4-20)*... *_____*... =More and more anthropologists became anti-military throughout the Vietnam War and stood against its destructive nature. =Although most were against the way and cooperation with the military as they felt it was contrary to the goals of human life, some disagreed and worked for the national security state, providing information about cultural groups. Some worked for things like RAND and wrote papers on how to do this stuff better and others worked for the CIA... =The _____ no longer exists as it was de-funded by Department of Defense =Many anthropologists were opposed to the _____ for ethical reasons =-Ethics of going and advising who were "good guys" implied all the bad guys =-People were apparently getting rich off of this =-Anthropologists were showing up with guys in body armors and guns. The answers they got had potential to be refractive through local political interest of the community (support local agendas) =-Led anthropologists to revisit the question of anthropological ethics

Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology) With the cost of a college education continuing to skyrocket, more and more parents are asking their college-aged children why they are majoring in anthropology... For those not interested in pursuing a traditional career as an academic anthropologist, a bachelor's degree in anthropology provides valuable skills and insights that can be relevant for a wide variety of other professions... As more and more doctorate-level anthropologists are working in nonacademic jobs, employment opportunities for those with less than doctorate training in anthropology are also increasing... There are many career paths to becoming an applied anthropologist. Just remember it is a lifelong journey... *Summary*... 8. In the last several decades there has been significant growth in areas that have attracted applied and practicing anthropologists. These include architecture, environmental studies, fisheries research, geriatric services, the military, tourism, and water resource management.

Examples of Applied Anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (Examples of Applied Anthropology)... *Summary*... 6. _____ include Mark Schuller's work where he and his students examined the sanitary conditions after the earthquake in Haiti, and Susan Andreatta's research on the effects of agrochemicals on the human and natural environments in three Caribbean island nations.

History of Applied Anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (History of Applied Anthropology) Applied anthropology has always been a part of the discipline of anthropology... Throughout the history of anthropology, its anthropologists have been concerned with the use of their findings for solving social problems... Even though anthropologists have been applying their insights since the beginning of the twentieth century, the real stimulus came in the 1940s, when many of the leading cultural anthropologists were asked to participate in efforts related to World War II... Anthropologists were recruited by the National Research Council to examine national morale during wartime, to learn about food preferences and wartime rationing, and to perform national character studies on our adversaries—the Germans, Italians, and Japanese... From the 1970s to the present, however, a new brand of applied anthropology emerged. These new applied anthropologists are not university professors but full-time employees of the hiring agencies... This trend is largely the result of two factors essentially external to the discipline of anthropology... As a result of these two factors (fewer academic jobs and more applied research opportunities), more anthropologists with doctorates are finding permanent employment outside academia... *Summary*... 2. World War II provided many opportunities for anthropologists to turn their efforts to applied projects related to the war. The postwar boom in higher education lured many anthropologists back into academic positions during the 1950s and 1960s. But the decline in the number of academic positions for anthropologists since the 1970s has resulted in more applied types of employment outside the academic environment.

The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *_____* (The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge) This book focuses on how anthropological knowledge can be used to solve problems of architects, government officials, businesspeople, medical personnel (see Figure 3.8), educators, foreign aid personnel, court officials, family planners, and others... Before and particularly during World War II, cultural anthropologists played prominent roles in setting governmental policy in a variety of areas, including American Indian affairs, food-rationing programs, and how best to deal with our allies and our enemies during wartime... Will anthropologists be able to reclaim their public policy "mojo" in the twenty-first century? Cultural anthropology as a discipline—and recent research by many of its practitioners—certainly has policy relevance for a number of issues facing the nation and the world... Free-market economies, same-sex marriage, and religious differences in the Muslim world debates are areas in which anthropologists can contribute to public policy debate.

Applied Anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, Studies of social issues, Policy studies, Practicing anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: ___1___*... *___1___*... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... It is not surprising that the line between ethnographic and ___1___ is so murky because both groups receive the same form of training and draw on the same methods—notably, participant observation and interviewing. The line is blurred still further by the fact that the two have experienced parallel development, have been mutually supportive, and often exist in the same university departments. Thus, it would be misleading to think of cultural anthropology as being neatly divided into ethnographic or theoretical anthropology, on the one hand, and applied or problem-oriented anthropology, on the other. Rather, we should think more in terms of a continuum, with five different types of cultural anthropology ranging from most theoretical to most applied. Alexander Ervin (2005: 2-5) suggests such a model comprised of the following five types of cultural anthropology (see also Table 3.1 and 3.2): 1. ___2___ or ___3___... 2. ___4___... 3. ___5___... 4. ___1___... 5. ___6___.

applied [cultural] anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 3: _____*... *_____*... Simply put, _____ is characterized as being primarily aimed at changing human behavior to ameliorate contemporary problems... As you have seen, a number of terms have been given to the variety of uses for applying anthropological research for the improvement of human conditions: action anthropology, development anthropology, practicing anthropology, and advocacy anthropology. For the purposes of this chapter, however, we will use the more widely accepted and generic term _____ for all forms and interpretations of the term... *Applying the Anthropological Perspective*... Alexander Ervin (2005: 2-5) suggests... a model comprised of the following five types of cultural anthropology (see also Table 3.1 and 3.2): 1. Ethnography or ethnology... 2. Studies of social issues... 3. Policy studies... 4. _____. _____ is most often commissioned by organizations (businesses, governments, and nonprofits) that are interested in receiving concrete recommendations for solving specific problems... 5. Practicing anthropology... *Summary* 1. _____ is characterized by problem-oriented research among the world's contemporary populations. These pragmatic anthropologists attempt to apply anthropological data, concepts, and strategies to the solution of social, economic, environmental, and technological problems, both at home and abroad. ---------- *Definition* _____: The application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to the solution of specific societal problems.

applied perspective

*Cultural Anthropology - _____*... *Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology*... *Applied Anthropology* As we have pointed out in the first two chapters, cultural anthropologists are inquisitive and curious about people, their way of life, their beliefs and values, the way they do things and the material objects they make, use, collect, and discard over a lifetime... Among cultural anthropologists, another way of approaching one's research or career is to have an _____ from the outset. What is meant by this? Specifically, some cultural anthropologists purposefully conduct field research among populations experiencing serious societal problems with the goal of changing or improving these problems.